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Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2021 Employment (thousands)	Annual percent change, 1987-2021
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2021 Employment (thousands)	Labor productivity	Unit labor costs	Output	Hours worked	Labor compensation
Utilities

Utilities	22	545.0	2.0	1.5	1.3	-0.7	2.8
Utilities	221	545.0	2.0	1.5	1.3	-0.7	2.8
Power generation and supply	2211	380.7	2.7	0.8	1.8	-0.9	2.6
Natural gas distribution	2212	110.3	0.7	3.1	0.1	-0.6	3.3
Water, sewage and other systems	2213	54.0	-1.5	4.6	0.7	2.2	5.3

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation	481	450.4	1.8	1.7	1.5	-0.3	3.2
Line-haul railroads	482111	131.2	3.5	-0.4	1.3	-2.2	0.8
Truck transportation(1)	484	1,771.5	0.9	1.0	2.2	1.3	3.2
General freight trucking(1)	4841	1,295.8	1.2	1.1	2.5	1.3	3.6
General freight trucking, local(1)	48411	364.0	2.9	-0.1	4.3	1.4	4.1
General freight trucking, long-distance	48412	931.8	1.2	0.7	2.3	1.0	3.0
Specialized freight trucking(2)	4842	475.7	1.5	1.4	2.3	0.8	3.7
Used household and office goods moving	48421	103.8	-0.4	2.6	0.0	0.3	2.6
Other specialized trucking, local(2)	48422	237.8	1.3	1.4	2.4	1.1	3.9
Other specialized trucking, long-distance(2)	48423	134.1	2.2	1.0	3.3	1.1	4.4
Postal service(3)	491	606.0	-0.1	3.0	-0.7	-0.6	2.3
Postal service(3)	4911	606.0	-0.1	3.0	-0.7	-0.6	2.3
Couriers and messengers	492	1,235.6	-2.4	3.1	1.3	3.8	4.5
Warehousing and storage(1)	493	1,705.6	0.7	1.4	5.7	5.0	7.2
Warehousing and storage(1)	4931	1,705.6	0.7	1.4	5.7	5.0	7.2
General warehousing and storage(1)	49311	1,578.3	1.8	0.7	7.1	5.2	7.9
Refrigerated warehousing and storage(1)	49312	67.3	0.5	1.3	3.4	2.9	4.8

Information

Publishing	511	833.2	4.2	1.5	4.1	-0.1	5.7
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers	5111	274.0	0.6	3.4	-2.7	-3.3	0.6
Newspaper publishers	51111	113.2	-0.1	3.6	-4.5	-4.3	-1.0
Periodical publishers	51112	75.3	0.3	3.7	-1.7	-2.0	2.0
Book publishers	51113	55.7	0.4	4.1	-1.0	-1.4	3.0
Software publishers	5112	559.2	10.2	-4.5	17.0	6.2	11.7
Motion picture and video exhibition	51213	74.8	0.6	2.6	-0.6	-1.1	2.0
Broadcasting, except Internet	515	243.4	3.3	1.2	2.9	-0.4	4.2
Radio and television broadcasting	5151	194.8	2.9	0.7	2.2	-0.7	2.9
Radio broadcasting	51511	69.1	4.0	0.6	2.4	-1.5	3.0
Cable and other subscription programming	5152	48.6	5.0	3.0	5.7	0.7	8.9
Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers	5173	585.7	6.5	-2.5	5.4	-1.0	2.8
Wired telecommunications carriers	517311	487.2	3.7	-0.5	2.3	-1.4	1.8
Wireless telecommunications carriers	517312	98.5	11.5	-5.7	16.7	4.7	10.0

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking	52211	1,366.3	2.8	2.3	2.7	-0.1	5.0

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental	532111	90.6	1.8	2.2	1.5	-0.3	3.7
Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing	53212	89.5	2.5	1.1	3.2	0.7	4.3
Video tape and disc rental	532282	3.8	5.1	2.5	-5.2	-9.8	-2.8

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services(4)	5412	1,190.9	2.1	1.6	2.7	0.5	4.4
Accounting and bookkeeping services(4)	54121	1,190.9	2.1	1.6	2.7	0.5	4.4
Offices of certified public accountants(4)	541211	520.2	2.2	1.9	3.1	0.9	5.1
Tax preparation services	541213	125.5	1.2	2.4	2.0	0.8	4.4
Other accounting services(4)	541219	359.9	3.2	-0.6	3.4	0.2	2.8
Architectural services	54131	204.4	1.8	1.4	2.7	0.9	4.2
Engineering services	54133	1,064.7	1.0	2.8	2.5	1.5	5.4
Advertising agencies	54181	220.3	2.3	1.5	2.8	0.5	4.4
Photography studios, portrait	541921	46.4	1.5	1.2	1.2	-0.3	2.4
Veterinary services(5)	54194	453.5	-0.7	3.8	2.5	3.2	6.4

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search(6)	56131	303.3	5.4	-0.9	6.4	1.0	5.5
Travel arrangement and reservation services(4)	5615	164.0	7.1	-1.9	3.5	-3.4	1.5
Travel agencies	56151	69.8	7.5	-2.1	4.9	-2.5	2.7
Janitorial services	56172	1,411.1	2.4	1.0	4.0	1.6	5.1

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories(6)	6215	327.7	2.4	0.5	5.6	3.1	6.2
Medical laboratories(6)	621511	237.6	2.6	0.3	5.9	3.2	6.3
Diagnostic imaging centers(6)	621512	90.1	2.0	0.9	5.0	3.0	6.0
Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals(7)	6221,3	5,005.7	0.0	3.4	1.5	1.4	5.0

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades(8)	7131	171.2	-0.5	3.7	-0.5	0.0	3.1
Amusement and theme parks	71311	145.4	-0.4	3.7	1.3	1.7	5.0
Gambling industries(4)	7132	103.3	2.7	1.3	1.7	-1.0	3.0
Golf courses and country clubs(2)	71391	378.0	-0.7	3.5	0.3	1.0	3.9
Fitness and recreational sports centers(2)	71394	536.5	3.8	-0.5	3.1	-0.7	2.5
Bowling centers	71395	58.6	0.7	2.9	-1.5	-2.1	1.5

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services	72	12,392.2	1.1	2.5	2.1	1.1	4.6
Accommodation	721	1,512.6	2.4	1.5	2.2	-0.2	3.7
Traveler accommodation	7211	1,426.2	2.4	1.5	2.2	-0.2	3.7
Hotels and motels, except casino hotels	72111	1,189.7	1.9	1.9	1.6	-0.3	3.5
Food services and drinking places	722	10,879.6	0.8	2.8	2.1	1.3	4.9
Special food services	7223	660.5	0.7	2.0	1.3	0.6	3.3
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages	7224	338.1	0.1	3.0	-0.2	-0.4	2.8
Restaurants and other eating places	72251	9,881.0	0.9	2.9	2.3	1.5	5.3
Full-service restaurants	722511	4,644.4	1.1	3.0	2.3	1.2	5.3
Limited-service eating places	722513,4,5	5,236.6	0.6	2.8	2.3	1.8	5.2

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance	8111	1,178.6	1.1	2.2	1.5	0.5	3.8
Reupholstery and furniture repair	81142	20.1	-0.3	3.1	-2.9	-2.6	0.1
Personal care services	8121	1,208.2	2.3	1.6	3.1	0.8	4.8
Hair, nail, and skin care services	81211	988.7	2.2	1.7	2.7	0.6	4.5
Funeral homes and funeral services	81221	110.3	-0.3	3.7	-0.1	0.2	3.6
Drycleaning and laundry services	8123	243.5	2.1	1.4	0.6	-1.5	2.0
Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners	81231	39.1	2.4	1.7	0.2	-2.1	2.0
Drycleaning and laundry services (except coin-operated)	81232	89.9	1.2	2.0	-2.0	-3.1	-0.1
Linen and uniform supply	81233	114.5	2.1	0.9	2.6	0.5	3.6
Photofinishing	81292	6.8	2.0	2.0	-5.2	-7.1	-3.3
Footnotes (1) For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, annual percent changes are for 1992-2021. (2) For NAICS industries 4842, 48422, 48423, 71391, and 71394, annual percent changes are for 2002-2021. (3) For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September. (4) For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, annual percent changes are for 1997-2021. (5) For NAICS industry 54194, annual percent changes are for 2004-2021. (6) For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, annual percent changes are for 1994-2021. (7) For NAICS industry 6221,3, annual percent changes are for 1993-2020. Employment is for 2020. (8) For NAICS industry 7131, annual percent changes are for 2007-2021.

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Last Modified Date: June 29, 2023