For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, July 28, 2015 USDL-15-1483
Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • mfpweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
(Note: This release was reissued February 16, 2016 due to an error in the
labor composition estimates for manufacturing. All references to labor
composition have been excluded for this re-issue of the release.
In addition, measures for manufacturing sector, nondurable manufacturing
sector, and industry multifactor productivity and manufacturing sector
combined units of all inputs were affected by this error.)
MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING - 2013
Manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased at a 0.7 percent
annual rate in 2013, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. It
was the third consecutive decline in this measure. The 2013 decline reflected
a 1.5-percent increase in output and a 2.1-percent increase in combined
inputs. (See table A and table 1.)
Multifactor productivity measures the change in output relative to the change
in capital, labor, and intermediate inputs (energy, materials,
purchased business services) used to produce that output. It is designed
to measure the joint influences of technological change, efficiency
improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources, and other factors
of economic growth, allowing for the effects of capital, labor, and
intermediate inputs. Multifactor productivity annual measures differ from
BLS quarterly labor productivity or output per hour measures because the
former also include information on capital services and intermediate
inputs. Additionally, much of the source data needed to construct
multifactor productivity measures are not available on a quarterly basis.
Durable manufacturing sector multifactor productivity decreased 1.8
percent in 2013, following a 0.8-percent decrease in 2012. Nondurable
manufacturing sector multifactor productivity increased 0.4 percent
in 2013, following a 0.8-percent decrease in 2012. (See table C and table 3.)
Historical trends in manufacturing
Multifactor productivity in manufacturing grew 1.2 percent annually
from 1987 to 2013 with sectoral output increasing at an annual rate
of 2.2 percent, faster than the 1.0-percent annual increase in combined
inputs. During the same period, labor productivity increased 3.5 percent
annually. (See table A.) Of the 3.5-percent growth rate in labor
productivity, multifactor productivity contributed 1.2 percent,
capital intensity contributed 0.8 percent, materials intensity added
1.0 percent, and purchased business services intensity added 0.5 percent.
The contributions of energy intensity were unchanged. (See table B.)
For the 2007-2013 period, multifactor productivity declined at a 0.2
percent annual rate compared to a 1.9-percent annual increase in the
2000-2007 period. (See table A.) Sectoral output increased 0.1 percent
and combined inputs rose 0.3 percent over the 2007-2013 period.
In 2013, the number of NAICS three-digit manufacturing industries
exhibiting an increase in multifactor productivity growth remained
steady compared to 2012. In 2013, more manufacturing industries
exhibited an increase in sectoral output growth compared to 2012.
Fewer manufacturing industries had an increase in combined inputs
compared to 2012. Nine out of 18 manufacturing industries exhibited
an increase in multifactor productivity. Fourteen industries showed
increasing sectoral output. Thirteen industries showed an increase
in combined inputs. (See chart 2, table 3.)
Revised measures
Previous and revised productivity measures and related data for 2011
and 2012 for the manufacturing, durable manufacturing, and nondurable
manufacturing sectors are displayed in table C. In 2012, multifactor
productivity in the manufacturing sector decreased 0.8 percent compared
to the previously reported 0.6-percent increase. Multifactor productivity
in the durable manufacturing sector decreased 0.8 percent compared to the
previously reported 1.4-percent increase. In the nondurable manufacturing
sector, multifactor productivity decreased 0.8 percent. Previously,
multifactor productivity was reported as unchanged. In 2011, multifactor
productivity measures in the manufacturing, durable manufacturing, and
nondurable manufacturing sectors were also revised. The revisions in both
years were due to the annual revision of the National Income and Product
Accounts (NIPA) released on January 30, 2015.
Table A. Compound annual growth rates for productivity, sectoral output, and
inputs in the manufacturing sector for selected periods, 1987 to 2013
Percent
1987- 1987- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2007- 2012-
2013 1990 1995 2000 2007 2013 2013
Productivity
Multifactor 1.2 0.4 1.3 2.1 1.9 -0.2 -0.7
productivity1
Labor productivity2 3.5 1.9 3.2 4.9 4.6 2.3 0.7
Output per unit of -0.1 -0.9 0.5 0.5 0.2 -1.2 0.5
capital services
Sectoral Output 2.2 1.8 3.2 4.7 1.5 0.1 1.5
Inputs
Combined Inputs3 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.6 -0.5 0.3 2.1
Hours4 -1.3 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -3.0 -2.1 0.8
Capital Services 2.3 2.7 2.7 4.2 1.2 1.4 1.0
Energy -0.4 1.9 1.6 6.6 -3.9 -4.6 -0.1
Materials 2.2 0.1 3.1 5.2 1.0 1.4 2.5
Purchased business 1.4 5.4 3.2 1.4 -0.6 0.5 5.3
services
1. Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials,
and purchased business services.
2. Output per hour worked.
3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of current dollar
costs.
4. Hours at work.
Table B. Compound annual growth rates in output per hour of all persons and
contributions of capital intensity, intermediate inputs intensity, and
multifactor productivity in the manufacturing sector for selected periods,
1987 to 2013
Percent
1987- 1987- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2007- 2012-
2013 1990 1995 2000 2007 2013 2013
Manufacturing
Labor productivity1 3.5 1.9 3.2 4.9 4.6 2.3 0.7
Contribution of 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.0
Capital Intensity2
Information 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
processing
equipment
intensity3
Research and 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1
Development
intensity4
All Other 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
intellectual
property products
intensity5
All other capital 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 -0.1
services intensity
Contribution of 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.3
Intermediate Inputs
Intensity6
Energy intensity7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 -0.1 0.0
Materials 1.0 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.7
intensity8
Purchased business 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6
services
intensity9
Multifactor 1.2 0.4 1.3 2.1 1.9 -0.2 -0.7
productivity10
1-Output per hour worked.
2-Capital intensity multiplied by capital's share of current dollar costs.
3-Information processing equipment per hour multiplied by its share of total
current dollar costs.
4-Research and development per hour multiplied by its share of total
current dollar costs.
5-Software and artistic originals per hout multiplied by its share of
total current dollar costs
6-Intermediate inputs per hour multiplied by intermediate inputs' share of
current dollar costs
7-Energy per hour multiplied by energy’s share of current dollar costs.
8-Materials per hour multiplied by materials’ share of current dollar costs.
9-Purchased business services per hour multiplied by purchased business'
services' share of current dollar costs.
10-Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials,
and purchased business services.
Table C. Previous and revised productivity and related measures for the
2011-2012 and 2010-2011 periods
Inputs
Multi- Pur-
factor Sec- Com- Capi- chased
pro- toral bined tal busi-
ducti- out- in- Ser- Mate- ness
Sector vity1 put puts2 Hours3 vices Energy rials services
Annual percent change,
2011-2012
Manufacturing
Previous 0.6 3.3 2.7 2.3 1.2 6.3 1.6 7.7
Revised -0.8 3.0 3.9 2.3 1.1 -0.4 5.8 6.3
Durable manufacturing
Previous 1.4 6.0 4.6 2.9 1.0 14.2 5.5 10.7
Revised -0.8 5.9 6.8 3.1 1.0 4.5 12.2 9.6
Nondurable manufacturing
Previous 0.0 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 0.3 4.3
Revised -0.8 0.7 1.5 0.9 1.2 -3.1 1.7 2.6
Annual percent change,
2010-2011
Manufacturing
Previous -0.5 2.9 3.4 2.1 1.0 6.5 7.0 1.1
Revised -1.4 7.8 9.3 2.2 1.1 8.6 23.5 1.4
Durable manufacturing
Previous 1.9 6.2 4.2 3.8 0.4 -4.9 13.3 1.3
Revised 0.9 8.9 7.9 3.9 0.5 -2.8 21.8 0.5
Nondurable manufacturing
Previous -2.3 0.3 2.7 -0.6 1.4 14.0 4.3 0.8
Revised -3.1 3.4 6.7 -0.4 1.5 16.3 11.9 2.4
1. Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials,
and purchased business services.
2. The growth rate of each input weighted by its share of current dollar cost
3. Hours at work.
Capital Services
Capital services are the services derived from the stock of physical
assets and intellectual property assets. There are 90 asset types for
fixed business equipment, structures, inventories, land, and
intellectual property products. The aggregate capital services
measures are obtained by Tornqvist aggregation of the capital stocks
for each asset type within each of the eighteen manufacturing NAICS
industry groupings using estimated rental prices for each asset type.
Each rental price reflects the nominal rate of return to all assets
within the industry and rates of economic depreciation and revaluation
for the specific asset; rental prices are adjusted for the effects of
taxes. Data on investment for fixed assets are obtained from BEA. Data
on inventories are estimated using data from BEA and additional
information from IRS Corporation Income Returns. Data for land in the
farm sector are obtained from USDA. Nonfarm industry detail for land
is based on IRS book value data. Current-dollar value-added data,
obtained from BEA, are used in estimating capital rental prices.
Labor Hours
The construction of the hours measures follows the methodology
described in USDL 15-0480, Multifactor Productivity Trends, 2013,
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/prod3_03262015.pdf. Hours in
manufacturing are directly aggregated and do not include the effects
of labor composition. Hours data for the manufacturing multifactor
productivity measures include hours for all persons working in the
manufacturing sector – wage and salary workers, the self-employed and
unpaid family workers. The primary source of hours data is the BLS
Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. Hours paid of production
workers are also obtained primarily from the CES survey. The hours of
these employees are then converted to an at-work basis by using
information from the Employment Cost Index (ECI) of the National
Compensation Survey (NCS) and the BLS Hours at Work Survey. Hours at
work for nonproduction workers are derived using data from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), the CES, and the NCS. The hours at work of
proprietors are derived from the CPS.
Hours at work data are based on underlying hours data published in the
February 5, 2015, USDL-15-0157, Productivity and Costs,
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/prod2_02052015.pdf.
Therefore, the data do not reflect the benchmark revisions to the
CES and other revisions to hours released on March 5, 2015.
Intermediate Inputs
In manufacturing, intermediate inputs consist of energy, materials,
and purchased business services, and represent a large share of
production costs. Research has shown that substitution among inputs,
including intermediate inputs, affects productivity change. Therefore,
it is important to account for intermediate inputs in productivity
measures at the level of manufacturing. In contrast, the more aggregate
productivity measures compare "value-added" output with two classes of
inputs, capital and labor. Because of these differences in concepts
and methodology, productivity change in manufacturing cannot be directly
compared with changes in private business or private nonfarm business.
Data on intermediate inputs are obtained from BEA based on BEA annual
input-output tables. Tornqvist indexes of each of these three input
classes are derived at the three-digit NAICS level and then aggregated
to the manufacturing sectors. Materials inputs are adjusted to exclude
transactions between establishments within the same sector.
Combined Inputs
The five input indexes (capital services, labor, energy, materials,
and purchased business services) are combined using chained superlative
Tornqvist aggregation, applying weights that represent each component's
share of total costs. Total costs are defined as the current dollar
value of manufacturing sectoral output. Most taxes on production and
imports, such as excise taxes, are excluded from costs; however,
property and motor vehicle taxes remain in total costs.
Capital Intensity
Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours worked
in the production process. The higher the capital to hours ratio,
the more capital intensive the production process is.
In a production process, profit maximizing/cost-minimizing firms
adjust the factor proportions of capital and labor if the price of
one factor falls relative to the price of the other factor; there
would be a tendency for the firms to substitute the less expensive
factor for the more expensive one. In the short run, changes in hours
worked are more variable than changes in capital services. Changes in
hours worked in business cycles can result in volatility of the capital
intensity ratio over short periods of time. In the long run an increase
in wages relative to the price of capital will induce the firm to
substitute capital for labor, resulting in an increase in capital intensity.
Rising labor costs are, in fact, an incentive for firms to introduce
automated production processes. Industry estimates of capital to hours
ratios can be obtained at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm.
Sectoral Output
The output concept used for multifactor productivity in manufacturing
is “sectoral output”. Sectoral output equals gross output
(sales, receipts, and other operating income, plus commodity taxes plus
changes in inventories), excluding transactions between establishments
within the same sector. In contrast, the output concept used for private
business and private nonfarm business is “real value-added”. Real value-added
output in private business equals gross domestic product less general
government, government enterprises, private households (including the
rental value of owner-occupied real estate), and non-profit institutions.
Real value-added output excludes intermediate transactions between businesses.
The output index for manufacturing is constructed using a chained superlative
index (Tornqvist) of three-digit NAICS industry outputs. Industry output is
measured as sectoral output, the total value of goods and services leaving the
industry. The indexes of industry output are calculated with the Tornqvist
index formula. This index formula aggregates the growth rates of the various
industry outputs between two periods, using their relative shares in industry
value of production averaged over the two periods as weights. BLS industry
output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data from
the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes, primarily
from BLS.
Multifactor Productivity
The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the relationship
between output in real terms and the inputs involved in its production.
Multifactor productivity measures are not intended to measure the specific
contributions of labor, capital, or intermediate inputs. Rather, they are
designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological
change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources
and other factors of economic growth, allowing for the effects of capital,
labor, and intermediate inputs. The multifactor productivity indexes are
derived by dividing an output index by an index of the combined inputs of
labor, capital services, energy, non-energy materials, and purchased business
services.
Other information
Comprehensive tables containing more detailed data than that which is
published in this press release are available upon request at 202-691-5606
or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. More detailed information on
methods, limitations, and data sources of capital and labor are provided in
BLS Bulletin 2178 (September 1983), Trends in Multifactor Productivity,
1948-81 and on the BLS Multifactor Productivity website under the title
“Technical Information About the BLS Multifactor Productivity Measures”
for Major Sectors and 18 NAICS 3-digit Manufacturing Industries at
http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprtech.pdf. General information is available
on the BLS Multifactor Productivity website at
http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprover.htm. Additional data not contained in
the release can be obtained in print or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp.
A number of comprehensive tables set up as zip files can be obtained
at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprdload.htm. Methods for measuring
manufacturing multifactor productivity are discussed in the July 1995
issue of the Monthly Labor Review, "Measurement of productivity growth
in U.S. manufacturing”. See http://www.bls.gov/mfp/mprgul95.pdf.
Table 1. Manufacturing sector: productivity and related measures for the
1987 to 2013 period
Annual percent change from previous year
Productivity Inputs
Output Multi- Pur- Com-
per factor Sec- Capi- chased bined
Labor unit pro- toral tal busi- units
produc- of ducti- out- Ser- Mate- ness of all
Year tivity1 capital vity2 put Hours3 vices Energy rials services Inputs4
1988 2.0 1.6 2.7 4.0 1.9 2.4 4.2 -4.1 8.7 1.3
1989 -0.3 -1.7 -0.7 1.0 1.3 2.8 -0.4 -0.5 6.0 1.8
1990 3.9 -2.4 -0.6 0.5 -3.3 3.0 1.9 5.2 1.6 1.1
1991 2.2 -4.2 -0.6 -1.7 -3.8 2.6 -0.3 -0.5 -0.7 -1.1
1992 5.9 2.5 -0.6 5.1 -0.8 2.5 -1.0 17.8 7.5 5.7
1993 2.4 1.2 2.8 3.7 1.2 2.4 3.2 -0.9 0.5 0.9
1994 2.9 2.7 2.9 5.3 2.3 2.5 3.6 1.1 3.8 2.3
1995 2.8 0.4 2.0 3.9 1.1 3.5 2.8 -0.7 4.9 1.8
1996 4.9 0.0 0.3 4.2 -0.7 4.2 -2.7 13.3 -0.5 3.9
1997 4.4 1.9 2.7 6.8 2.3 4.8 -1.9 5.8 3.9 4.0
1998 2.6 -1.9 1.6 2.8 0.2 4.8 4.7 -3.6 4.9 1.2
1999 5.4 0.1 2.0 4.1 -1.3 4.0 23.7 3.9 0.7 2.0
2000 7.5 2.4 3.9 5.7 -1.6 3.3 11.5 7.3 -2.1 1.8
2001 0.4 -8.2 -1.5 -6.3 -6.6 2.1 14.5 -16.4 2.7 -4.8
2002 4.7 -3.6 2.8 -2.4 -6.8 1.3 -24.4 -8.5 -1.3 -5.1
2003 6.4 0.7 5.8 1.3 -4.8 0.6 -12.3 -6.4 -5.4 -4.2
2004 5.5 4.7 2.7 4.9 -0.6 0.2 -5.2 16.8 -6.2 2.1
2005 5.9 3.9 0.6 5.0 -0.8 1.0 7.0 11.4 6.8 4.3
2006 3.5 2.6 2.3 4.1 0.5 1.4 -7.6 6.8 -3.0 1.7
2007 6.0 2.2 1.1 4.4 -1.5 2.1 6.5 8.0 2.9 3.3
2008 3.9 -3.2 0.3 -0.3 -4.0 3.0 -1.0 3.2 -8.8 -0.5
2009 -6.5 -19.9 -1.9 -18.9 -13.2 1.2 -27.4 -35.3 -3.1 -17.3
2010 10.1 9.8 3.7 10.6 0.5 0.8 -2.7 21.5 2.9 6.7
2011 5.4 6.6 -1.4 7.8 2.2 1.1 8.6 23.5 1.4 9.3
2012 0.7 1.9 -0.8 3.0 2.3 1.1 -0.4 5.8 6.3 3.9
2013 0.7 0.5 -0.7 1.5 0.8 1.0 -0.1 2.5 5.3 2.1
1. Output per hour worked.
2. Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials,
and purchased business services.
3. Hours at work.
4. Combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and
purchased business services, chained superlative index.
Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures
using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours
data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied
by the BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in
this release.
Table 2. Manufacturing sector: indexes of productivity and related
measures, 1987 to 2013
Indexes 2009=100.000
Productivity Inputs
Output Multi- Pur- Com-
per factor Sec- Capi- chased bined
Labor unit pro- toral tal busi- units
produc- of ducti- out- Ser- Mate- ness of all
Year tivity1 capital vity2 put Hours3 vices Energy rials services Inputs4
1987 47.6 124.0 74.1 71.6 150.5 57.8 116.1 92.4 80.7 96.7
1988 48.6 126.0 76.1 74.5 153.4 59.1 121.1 88.6 87.7 98.0
1989 48.4 123.8 75.5 75.2 155.4 60.8 120.6 88.1 93.0 99.7
1990 50.3 120.8 75.0 75.6 150.3 62.6 122.8 92.7 94.4 100.8
1991 51.4 115.8 74.6 74.3 144.6 64.2 122.5 92.3 93.8 99.7
1992 54.5 118.6 74.1 78.1 143.4 65.8 121.3 108.6 100.8 105.3
1993 55.8 120.1 76.2 81.0 145.2 67.4 125.2 107.6 101.3 106.2
1994 57.4 123.4 78.4 85.3 148.5 69.1 129.7 108.8 105.2 108.7
1995 59.0 123.8 80.0 88.6 150.1 71.5 133.3 108.1 110.4 110.7
1996 61.9 123.8 80.3 92.3 149.1 74.6 129.7 122.5 109.8 115.0
1997 64.6 126.2 82.5 98.6 152.6 78.1 127.1 129.6 114.2 119.6
1998 66.3 123.7 83.8 101.4 152.9 81.9 133.1 124.9 119.7 121.0
1999 69.9 123.8 85.5 105.5 150.9 85.2 164.6 129.8 120.5 123.4
2000 75.1 126.8 88.8 111.5 148.4 87.9 183.6 139.3 118.0 125.6
2001 75.4 116.4 87.5 104.5 138.6 89.8 210.2 116.5 121.3 119.5
2002 79.0 112.1 89.9 102.0 129.1 91.0 158.9 106.6 119.7 113.4
2003 84.0 112.9 95.1 103.3 123.0 91.5 139.3 99.8 113.2 108.7
2004 88.7 118.3 97.7 108.4 122.2 91.7 132.1 116.6 106.2 111.0
2005 93.9 122.9 98.3 113.8 121.2 92.6 141.3 129.9 113.4 115.8
2006 97.2 126.1 100.5 118.4 121.8 93.9 130.5 138.7 110.0 117.8
2007 103.0 128.9 101.6 123.6 120.0 95.9 139.1 149.8 113.2 121.6
2008 107.0 124.8 101.9 123.3 115.2 98.8 137.7 154.6 103.2 121.0
2009 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2010 110.1 109.8 103.7 110.6 100.5 100.8 97.3 121.5 102.9 106.7
2011 116.1 117.0 102.2 119.2 102.7 101.9 105.7 150.1 104.4 116.6
2012 117.0 119.2 101.4 122.8 105.0 103.1 105.2 158.8 111.0 121.2
2013 117.7 119.7 100.7 124.6 105.8 104.1 105.1 162.7 116.8 123.8
1. Output per hour worked.
2. Output per combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials,
and purchased business services.
3. Hours at work.
4. Combined units of hours, capital services, energy, materials, and
purchased business services, chained superlative index.
Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops productivity measures
using output data published by the Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and modified by BLS. Compensation and hours
data are from the BLS. Capital measures are based on data supplied
by the BEA, U.S. Department of Commerce. See also Technical Notes in
this release.
Table 3. Multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing industries
in selected periods, 1987 to 2013
Compound annual growth rates
1987- 1987- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2007- 2012-
2013 1990 1995 2000 2007 2013 2013
Manufacturing 1.2 0.4 1.3 2.1 1.9 -0.2 -0.7
Nondurable 0.2 -0.3 0.6 -0.1 0.7 -0.4 0.4
manufacturing
Food, beverage, and -0.1 -1.5 1.5 -1.7 0.7 -0.4 -0.1
tobacco products
Textile mills and 0.8 1.3 0.7 1.5 1.0 -0.3 3.0
textile product
mills
Apparel, leather, and 0.0 0.1 3.0 0.8 2.5 -5.6 9.4
allied products
Paper products 0.2 -0.3 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 2.1
Printing and related 1.2 1.0 -0.2 0.2 2.6 1.5 3.3
support activities
Petroleum and coal 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.6 0.4 0.5 3.0
products
Chemical products -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -0.4 0.9 -1.9 -3.3
Plastics and rubber 0.7 0.8 0.4 1.5 0.2 0.6 -0.2
products
Durable manufacturing 1.9 1.0 1.7 3.4 2.7 0.1 -1.8
Wood products 0.1 1.4 -1.5 -0.5 0.9 0.3 -5.0
Nonmetallic mineral 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.0
products
Primary metals 0.4 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.6 -0.6 1.7
Fabricated metal 0.1 0.0 0.9 -0.2 0.6 -1.0 -0.6
products
Machinery -0.3 1.2 -2.0 -1.1 1.5 -1.1 -5.9
Computer and 8.5 5.7 10.2 15.5 7.5 4.1 -1.1
electronic products
Electrical equipment, -0.7 -1.7 -2.5 -2.6 1.9 -0.3 -0.8
appliances, and
components
Transportation 0.2 -1.5 -0.1 0.4 1.9 -0.6 -1.7
equipment
Furniture and related 0.2 -0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 -0.2 0.7
products
Miscellaneous 0.8 2.7 -0.1 1.2 1.1 -0.1 2.7
manufacturing
United States Department of Labor
