Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until           USDL-18-0683
8:30 a.m. (EDT) Friday, May 4, 2018.

Technical information:
 Household data:     (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data: (202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:      (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                         THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- APRIL 2018


Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 164,000 in April, and the unemployment
rate edged down to 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
Job gains occurred in professional and business services, manufacturing, health care,
and mining.

Household Survey Data

In April, the unemployment rate edged down to 3.9 percent, following 6 months at 4.1
percent. The number of unemployed persons, at 6.3 million, also edged down over the
month. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult women decreased to
3.5 percent in April. The jobless rates for adult men (3.7 percent), teenagers
(12.9 percent), Whites (3.6 percent), Blacks (6.6 percent), Asians (2.8 percent),
and Hispanics (4.8 percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See
tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs declined by 188,000 in April to 3.0 million. (See table A-11.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little
changed at 1.3 million in April and accounted for 20.0 percent of the unemployed.
Over the year, the number of long-term unemployed was down by 340,000. (See
table A-12.)

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.8 percent, and the employment-
population ratio, at 60.3 percent, changed little in April. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred
to as involuntary part-time workers) was essentially unchanged at 5.0 million in
April. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were
working part time because their hours had been reduced or because they were unable
to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

In April, 1.4 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, down
by 172,000 from a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) These
individuals were not in the labor force, wanted and were available for work, and
had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not counted as
unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the
survey. (See table A-16.)

Among the marginally attached, there were 408,000 discouraged workers in April,
little changed from a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.)
Discouraged workers are persons not currently looking for work because they
believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining 1.0 million persons 
marginally attached to the labor force in April had not searched for work for
reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 164,000 in April, compared with an
average monthly gain of 191,000 over the prior 12 months. In April, job gains
occurred in professional and business services, manufacturing, health care, and
mining. (See table B-1.)

In April, employment in professional and business services increased by 54,000. Over
the past 12 months, the industry has added 518,000 jobs.

Employment in manufacturing increased by 24,000 in April. Most of the gain was in
the durable goods component, with machinery adding 8,000 jobs and employment in
fabricated metal products continuing to trend up (+4,000). Manufacturing employment
has risen by 245,000 over the year, with about three-fourths of the growth in durable
goods industries.

Health care added 24,000 jobs in April and 305,000 jobs over the year. In April,
employment rose in ambulatory health care services (+17,000) and hospitals (+8,000).

In April, employment in mining increased by 8,000, with most of the gain occurring
in support activities for mining (+7,000). Since a recent low in October 2016,
employment in mining has risen by 86,000.

Employment changed little over the month in other major industries, including
construction, wholesale trade, retail trade, transportation and warehousing,
information, financial activities, leisure and hospitality, and government.

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at
34.5 hours in April. In manufacturing, the workweek increased by 0.2 hour to 41.1
hours, while overtime edged up by 0.1 hour to 3.7 hours. The average workweek for
production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by
0.1 hour to 33.8 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls
rose by 4 cents to $26.84. Over the year, average hourly earnings have increased by
67 cents, or 2.6 percent. Average hourly earnings of private-sector production and
nonsupervisory employees increased by 5 cents to $22.51 in April. (See tables B-3
and B-8.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised down from
+326,000 to +324,000, and the change for March was revised up from +103,000 to
+135,000. With these revisions, employment gains in February and March combined were
30,000 more than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional
reports received from businesses and government agencies since the last published
estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) After revisions, job
gains have averaged 208,000 over the last 3 months.

_____________
The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 1, 2018,
at 8:30 a.m. (EDT).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Change from: Mar. 2018- Apr. 2018
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	254,588	256,934	257,097	257,272	175
Civilian labor force	160,181	161,921	161,763	161,527	-236
Participation rate	62.9	63.0	62.9	62.8	-0.1
Employed	153,161	155,215	155,178	155,181	3
Employment-population ratio	60.2	60.4	60.4	60.3	-0.1
Unemployed	7,021	6,706	6,585	6,346	-239
Unemployment rate	4.4	4.1	4.1	3.9	-0.2
Not in labor force	94,407	95,012	95,335	95,745	410
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	4.4	4.1	4.1	3.9	-0.2
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.7	0.0
Adult women (20 years and over)	4.1	3.8	3.7	3.5	-0.2
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	14.7	14.4	13.5	12.9	-0.6
White	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.6	0.0
Black or African American	7.9	6.9	6.9	6.6	-0.3
Asian	3.2	2.9	3.1	2.8	-0.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	5.2	4.9	5.1	4.8	-0.3
Total, 25 years and over	3.6	3.4	3.4	3.3	-0.1
Less than a high school diploma	6.5	5.7	5.5	5.9	0.4
High school graduates, no college	4.6	4.4	4.3	4.3	0.0
Some college or associate degree	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.5	-0.1
Bachelor's degree and higher	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.1	-0.1
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	3,538	3,279	3,146	2,958	-188
Job leavers	785	780	864	815	-49
Reentrants	2,044	1,948	1,967	2,009	42
New entrants	707	704	625	623	-2
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,300	2,508	2,287	2,115	-172
5 to 14 weeks	2,140	1,906	2,009	2,017	8
15 to 26 weeks	1,087	934	880	1,036	156
27 weeks and over	1,633	1,397	1,322	1,293	-29
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	5,309	5,160	5,019	4,985	-34
Slack work or business conditions	3,183	3,302	3,005	2,994	-11
Could only find part-time work	1,787	1,541	1,625	1,586	-39
Part time for noneconomic reasons	20,406	21,061	21,399	21,258	-141
Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,534	1,602	1,454	1,362	-
Discouraged workers	455	373	450	408	-
- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data. NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	175	324	135	164
Total private	174	321	135	168
Goods-producing	16	107	20	49
Mining and logging	11	9	8	8
Construction	-5	67	-10	17
Manufacturing	10	31	22	24
Durable goods(1)	4	26	21	18
Motor vehicles and parts	-0.2	4.4	0.5	-0.9
Nondurable goods	6	5	1	6
Private service-providing	158	214	115	119
Wholesale trade	5.6	3.4	10.3	-9.8
Retail trade	-4.2	46.0	6.2	1.8
Transportation and warehousing	3.0	17.8	15.7	0.4
Utilities	-0.6	1.4	-0.3	1.0
Information	-11	-1	6	7
Financial activities	13	29	4	2
Professional and business services(1)	50	61	39	54
Temporary help services	5.5	22.2	-2.1	10.3
Education and health services(1)	46	32	24	31
Health care and social assistance	44.0	43.8	32.0	29.3
Leisure and hospitality	49	18	8	18
Other services	7	7	2	14
Government	1	3	0	-4
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	149	225	212	208
Total private	149	228	215	208
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.5	49.6	49.6	49.6
Total private women employees	48.1	48.2	48.2	48.2
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	82.4	82.4	82.4	82.4
HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.4	34.5	34.5	34.5
Average hourly earnings	$26.17	$26.74	$26.80	$26.84
Average weekly earnings	$900.25	$922.53	$924.60	$925.98
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	106.9	108.9	109.1	109.2
Over-the-month percent change	0.4	0.6	0.2	0.1
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	133.8	139.3	139.7	140.1
Over-the-month percent change	0.7	0.7	0.3	0.3
DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (258 industries)	60.5	70.2	64.1	57.6
Manufacturing (76 industries)	54.6	72.4	64.5	53.9
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

   The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
   of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
   employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
   month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
   over-the-month employment change of about 100,000 is statistically significant in
   the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
   in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a more
   expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
   workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
   workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
   The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
   For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
   https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

   It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
   neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
   status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
   either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
   workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
   native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
   born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
   The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

   The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
   incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
   initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
   monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
   additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
   adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
   https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.

   On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
   re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
   insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
   in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
   https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

   Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
   establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
   designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
   estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
   sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

   Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
   the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
   comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
   business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
   can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
   establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
   the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
   is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
   sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
   twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
   insurance benefits?

   No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
   All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
   included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
   they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
   unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
   looking for work?

   Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who
   want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
   jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
   underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
   officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
   Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
   measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

   In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
   the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
   average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
   time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
   The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
   a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
   part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
   such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
   
   Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on 
   payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
   employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
   period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
   counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
   are paid, please visit https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-
   businesses-pay-workers.htm.

   In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
   includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-
   related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
   off. The household survey collects data on the number of persons who had a job but
   were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
   persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
   Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
   statistics page, please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 149,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 651,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll employees.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the
4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those persons not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2017 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at https://www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment  surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable.  The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining
the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 115,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-65,000 to +165,000 (50,000 +/- 115,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90- percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro- level database, and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of
industries. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from -0.7 percent to 0.6 percent.

Other information

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HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Apr. 2017	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Dec. 2017	Jan. 2018	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	254,588	257,097	257,272	254,588	256,109	256,780	256,934	257,097	257,272
Civilian labor force	159,817	161,548	161,280	160,181	160,597	161,115	161,921	161,763	161,527
Participation rate	62.8	62.8	62.7	62.9	62.7	62.7	63.0	62.9	62.8
Employed	153,262	154,877	155,348	153,161	154,021	154,430	155,215	155,178	155,181
Employment-population ratio	60.2	60.2	60.4	60.2	60.1	60.1	60.4	60.4	60.3
Unemployed	6,555	6,671	5,932	7,021	6,576	6,684	6,706	6,585	6,346
Unemployment rate	4.1	4.1	3.7	4.4	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	3.9
Not in labor force	94,771	95,549	95,992	94,407	95,512	95,665	95,012	95,335	95,745
Persons who currently want a job	5,560	4,793	5,010	5,665	5,308	5,171	5,131	5,096	5,115
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	123,032	124,331	124,418	123,032	123,786	124,173	124,250	124,331	124,418
Civilian labor force	84,851	85,924	85,965	85,124	85,354	85,931	86,267	86,169	86,152
Participation rate	69.0	69.1	69.1	69.2	69.0	69.2	69.4	69.3	69.2
Employed	81,341	82,151	82,610	81,406	81,821	82,274	82,685	82,630	82,611
Employment-population ratio	66.1	66.1	66.4	66.2	66.1	66.3	66.5	66.5	66.4
Unemployed	3,509	3,773	3,355	3,718	3,533	3,658	3,582	3,539	3,541
Unemployment rate	4.1	4.4	3.9	4.4	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.1	4.1
Not in labor force	38,181	38,407	38,453	37,907	38,432	38,242	37,983	38,162	38,266
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	114,538	115,832	115,921	114,538	115,292	115,669	115,748	115,832	115,921
Civilian labor force	82,019	83,162	83,225	82,054	82,548	82,928	83,309	83,200	83,199
Participation rate	71.6	71.8	71.8	71.6	71.6	71.7	72.0	71.8	71.8
Employed	78,922	79,810	80,242	78,839	79,431	79,705	80,213	80,113	80,111
Employment-population ratio	68.9	68.9	69.2	68.8	68.9	68.9	69.3	69.2	69.1
Unemployed	3,096	3,352	2,983	3,215	3,117	3,223	3,096	3,087	3,088
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.0	3.6	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.7
Not in labor force	32,519	32,670	32,697	32,484	32,745	32,741	32,440	32,632	32,723
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	131,556	132,766	132,853	131,556	132,323	132,607	132,684	132,766	132,853
Civilian labor force	74,967	75,624	75,314	75,057	75,243	75,183	75,654	75,594	75,375
Participation rate	57.0	57.0	56.7	57.1	56.9	56.7	57.0	56.9	56.7
Employed	71,921	72,726	72,738	71,754	72,200	72,157	72,530	72,548	72,569
Employment-population ratio	54.7	54.8	54.8	54.5	54.6	54.4	54.7	54.6	54.6
Unemployed	3,046	2,898	2,576	3,303	3,043	3,027	3,124	3,046	2,805
Unemployment rate	4.1	3.8	3.4	4.4	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.0	3.7
Not in labor force	56,590	57,142	57,539	56,499	57,080	57,423	57,030	57,172	57,479
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	123,296	124,491	124,579	123,296	124,057	124,328	124,407	124,491	124,579
Civilian labor force	72,181	72,780	72,573	72,144	72,293	72,210	72,565	72,610	72,498
Participation rate	58.5	58.5	58.3	58.5	58.3	58.1	58.3	58.3	58.2
Employed	69,474	70,178	70,266	69,218	69,614	69,583	69,828	69,916	69,992
Employment-population ratio	56.3	56.4	56.4	56.1	56.1	56.0	56.1	56.2	56.2
Unemployed	2,707	2,602	2,307	2,927	2,679	2,627	2,737	2,695	2,506
Unemployment rate	3.7	3.6	3.2	4.1	3.7	3.6	3.8	3.7	3.5
Not in labor force	51,116	51,711	52,006	51,152	51,764	52,118	51,842	51,880	52,081
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,754	16,774	16,771	16,754	16,760	16,783	16,778	16,774	16,771
Civilian labor force	5,618	5,606	5,482	5,983	5,757	5,977	6,048	5,952	5,831
Participation rate	33.5	33.4	32.7	35.7	34.4	35.6	36.0	35.5	34.8
Employed	4,866	4,889	4,840	5,104	4,977	5,143	5,174	5,149	5,078
Employment-population ratio	29.0	29.1	28.9	30.5	29.7	30.6	30.8	30.7	30.3
Unemployed	752	717	642	879	780	834	874	803	752
Unemployment rate	13.4	12.8	11.7	14.7	13.6	13.9	14.4	13.5	12.9
Not in labor force	11,136	11,169	11,290	10,771	11,003	10,806	10,731	10,822	10,941
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Apr. 2017	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Dec. 2017	Jan. 2018	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	198,685	199,871	199,950	198,685	199,458	199,738	199,799	199,871	199,950
Civilian labor force	124,676	125,508	125,488	124,972	125,200	125,334	125,930	125,714	125,731
Participation rate	62.8	62.8	62.8	62.9	62.8	62.7	63.0	62.9	62.9
Employed	120,214	120,946	121,358	120,141	120,551	120,886	121,274	121,236	121,233
Employment-population ratio	60.5	60.5	60.7	60.5	60.4	60.5	60.7	60.7	60.6
Unemployed	4,462	4,562	4,130	4,831	4,649	4,447	4,656	4,478	4,498
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.6	3.3	3.9	3.7	3.5	3.7	3.6	3.6
Not in labor force	74,009	74,363	74,462	73,713	74,258	74,405	73,869	74,157	74,219
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	65,263	65,889	65,988	65,299	65,511	65,732	65,948	65,928	65,982
Participation rate	71.9	72.0	72.1	71.9	71.8	71.9	72.1	72.1	72.1
Employed	63,103	63,507	63,848	63,047	63,307	63,510	63,683	63,734	63,746
Employment-population ratio	69.5	69.4	69.8	69.4	69.4	69.5	69.6	69.7	69.7
Unemployed	2,160	2,382	2,140	2,252	2,204	2,222	2,265	2,194	2,235
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.6	3.2	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.3	3.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,066	55,271	55,210	55,034	55,161	54,896	55,243	55,176	55,179
Participation rate	57.6	57.5	57.4	57.6	57.5	57.2	57.5	57.4	57.4
Employed	53,269	53,543	53,641	53,060	53,275	53,255	53,448	53,385	53,429
Employment-population ratio	55.8	55.7	55.8	55.5	55.5	55.5	55.7	55.6	55.6
Unemployed	1,798	1,727	1,568	1,974	1,886	1,641	1,795	1,791	1,750
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.1	2.8	3.6	3.4	3.0	3.3	3.2	3.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,346	4,348	4,290	4,638	4,528	4,705	4,738	4,610	4,570
Participation rate	35.2	35.3	34.8	37.6	36.7	38.1	38.4	37.4	37.1
Employed	3,842	3,895	3,868	4,034	3,970	4,121	4,143	4,117	4,057
Employment-population ratio	31.1	31.6	31.4	32.7	32.2	33.4	33.6	33.4	32.9
Unemployed	504	453	421	605	559	584	595	492	512
Unemployment rate	11.6	10.4	9.8	13.0	12.3	12.4	12.6	10.7	11.2
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	32,161	32,638	32,672	32,161	32,436	32,575	32,607	32,638	32,672
Civilian labor force	20,046	20,347	20,172	20,097	20,153	20,211	20,495	20,466	20,220
Participation rate	62.3	62.3	61.7	62.5	62.1	62.0	62.9	62.7	61.9
Employed	18,577	18,955	18,953	18,507	18,790	18,663	19,087	19,051	18,892
Employment-population ratio	57.8	58.1	58.0	57.5	57.9	57.3	58.5	58.4	57.8
Unemployed	1,469	1,392	1,219	1,590	1,362	1,548	1,408	1,415	1,328
Unemployment rate	7.3	6.8	6.0	7.9	6.8	7.7	6.9	6.9	6.6
Not in labor force	12,116	12,291	12,500	12,064	12,283	12,364	12,112	12,172	12,452
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	9,135	9,258	9,248	9,153	9,178	9,254	9,438	9,314	9,257
Participation rate	68.1	67.8	67.6	68.2	67.7	67.9	69.2	68.2	67.7
Employed	8,505	8,670	8,681	8,485	8,576	8,564	8,880	8,749	8,663
Employment-population ratio	63.4	63.5	63.5	63.2	63.2	62.9	65.1	64.1	63.3
Unemployed	630	588	567	668	601	690	558	564	594
Unemployment rate	6.9	6.4	6.1	7.3	6.6	7.5	5.9	6.1	6.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,185	10,335	10,239	10,166	10,252	10,197	10,254	10,337	10,229
Participation rate	62.8	62.7	62.1	62.6	62.6	62.0	62.3	62.7	62.0
Employed	9,530	9,720	9,764	9,467	9,657	9,524	9,622	9,713	9,707
Employment-population ratio	58.7	59.0	59.2	58.3	59.0	57.9	58.5	59.0	58.9
Unemployed	655	616	475	699	595	673	632	624	522
Unemployment rate	6.4	6.0	4.6	6.9	5.8	6.6	6.2	6.0	5.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	726	754	685	778	723	759	803	816	734
Participation rate	28.9	30.1	27.4	31.0	28.8	30.3	32.0	32.6	29.3
Employed	542	566	508	555	557	575	584	588	521
Employment-population ratio	21.6	22.6	20.3	22.1	22.2	22.9	23.3	23.5	20.8
Unemployed	184	189	177	224	166	185	219	227	213
Unemployment rate	25.3	25.0	25.8	28.7	22.9	24.3	27.2	27.9	29.0
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	15,389	15,983	15,933	15,389	15,610	15,731	15,792	15,983	15,933
Civilian labor force	9,749	10,138	10,034	9,756	9,782	9,885	9,908	10,092	10,034
Participation rate	63.4	63.4	63.0	63.4	62.7	62.8	62.7	63.1	63.0
Employed	9,448	9,833	9,765	9,444	9,536	9,584	9,617	9,780	9,755
Employment-population ratio	61.4	61.5	61.3	61.4	61.1	60.9	60.9	61.2	61.2
Unemployed	301	305	269	311	246	300	291	313	280
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.0	2.7	3.2	2.5	3.0	2.9	3.1	2.8
Not in labor force	5,640	5,845	5,898	5,633	5,829	5,846	5,884	5,891	5,898
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Apr. 2017	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Dec. 2017	Jan. 2018	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	41,162	42,419	42,507	41,162	41,831	42,249	42,335	42,419	42,507
Civilian labor force	27,155	27,926	28,193	27,229	27,498	27,826	28,021	27,922	28,229
Participation rate	66.0	65.8	66.3	66.2	65.7	65.9	66.2	65.8	66.4
Employed	25,897	26,463	26,970	25,824	26,141	26,432	26,646	26,500	26,860
Employment-population ratio	62.9	62.4	63.4	62.7	62.5	62.6	62.9	62.5	63.2
Unemployed	1,258	1,463	1,223	1,405	1,356	1,393	1,375	1,421	1,368
Unemployment rate	4.6	5.2	4.3	5.2	4.9	5.0	4.9	5.1	4.8
Not in labor force	14,007	14,493	14,314	13,933	14,334	14,423	14,315	14,497	14,278
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	14,890	15,369	15,517	14,924	15,084	15,320	15,319	15,370	15,535
Participation rate	80.3	80.3	80.9	80.5	80.1	80.4	80.2	80.3	81.0
Employed	14,331	14,624	14,949	14,296	14,507	14,659	14,723	14,688	14,901
Employment-population ratio	77.3	76.4	77.9	77.1	77.0	76.9	77.1	76.7	77.7
Unemployed	559	744	568	628	577	661	595	682	635
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.8	3.7	4.2	3.8	4.3	3.9	4.4	4.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	11,098	11,270	11,437	11,072	11,189	11,257	11,410	11,230	11,398
Participation rate	59.0	58.2	59.0	58.9	58.5	58.4	59.1	58.0	58.8
Employed	10,538	10,711	10,929	10,479	10,598	10,737	10,815	10,677	10,856
Employment-population ratio	56.1	55.3	56.3	55.7	55.4	55.7	56.0	55.2	56.0
Unemployed	561	559	508	593	591	520	595	553	541
Unemployment rate	5.1	5.0	4.4	5.4	5.3	4.6	5.2	4.9	4.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,166	1,287	1,239	1,233	1,225	1,249	1,292	1,321	1,296
Participation rate	30.4	32.9	31.6	32.2	31.6	32.0	33.0	33.7	33.0
Employed	1,028	1,128	1,091	1,049	1,037	1,036	1,108	1,135	1,103
Employment-population ratio	26.8	28.8	27.8	27.4	26.8	26.5	28.3	29.0	28.1
Unemployed	138	159	148	184	188	213	184	186	192
Unemployment rate	11.9	12.4	11.9	14.9	15.4	17.0	14.2	14.1	14.8
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2017	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Dec. 2017	Jan. 2018	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	10,249	10,180	10,438	10,074	10,148	10,274	10,258	10,234	10,285
Participation rate	45.6	45.5	46.6	44.8	44.8	44.8	46.8	45.7	45.9
Employed	9,594	9,519	9,836	9,417	9,507	9,715	9,673	9,666	9,683
Employment-population ratio	42.7	42.5	43.9	41.9	42.0	42.3	44.1	43.2	43.3
Unemployed	656	661	603	657	641	559	584	568	602
Unemployment rate	6.4	6.5	5.8	6.5	6.3	5.4	5.7	5.5	5.9
High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	36,186	35,969	35,538	36,079	35,927	35,735	36,092	35,863	35,468
Participation rate	58.0	57.3	57.0	57.8	57.8	57.5	57.5	57.1	56.9
Employed	34,603	34,290	34,086	34,417	34,425	34,134	34,487	34,305	33,940
Employment-population ratio	55.4	54.6	54.7	55.1	55.4	54.9	55.0	54.6	54.5
Unemployed	1,583	1,679	1,451	1,662	1,503	1,601	1,604	1,559	1,528
Unemployment rate	4.4	4.7	4.1	4.6	4.2	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.3
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	37,854	37,550	38,056	37,844	37,906	37,863	37,573	37,589	37,944
Participation rate	65.8	65.5	65.6	65.8	66.2	66.0	65.5	65.6	65.5
Employed	36,532	36,175	36,818	36,445	36,534	36,566	36,248	36,241	36,629
Employment-population ratio	63.5	63.1	63.5	63.4	63.8	63.7	63.2	63.2	63.2
Unemployed	1,321	1,375	1,238	1,399	1,372	1,297	1,325	1,348	1,315
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.7	3.3	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.5	3.6	3.5
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	54,821	57,097	56,823	54,832	55,852	55,922	56,669	56,785	56,794
Participation rate	74.1	74.6	74.2	74.1	73.5	73.4	73.7	74.2	74.2
Employed	53,585	55,846	55,735	53,500	54,653	54,720	55,386	55,534	55,616
Employment-population ratio	72.4	73.0	72.8	72.3	71.9	71.8	72.0	72.6	72.6
Unemployed	1,236	1,251	1,088	1,331	1,200	1,202	1,283	1,252	1,178
Unemployment rate	2.3	2.2	1.9	2.4	2.1	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.1
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	20,615	19,280	18,589	17,418	2,026	1,862
Civilian labor force	10,344	9,582	9,154	8,446	1,190	1,136
Participation rate	50.2	49.7	49.2	48.5	58.8	61.0
Employed	9,964	9,231	8,817	8,117	1,147	1,114
Employment-population ratio	48.3	47.9	47.4	46.6	56.6	59.8
Unemployed	380	351	337	329	43	22
Unemployment rate	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.6	1.9
Not in labor force	10,271	9,698	9,435	8,972	836	726
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,104	4,070	3,379	3,378	725	692
Civilian labor force	3,274	3,356	2,781	2,849	493	507
Participation rate	79.8	82.5	82.3	84.3	68.0	73.3
Employed	3,145	3,193	2,676	2,702	468	491
Employment-population ratio	76.6	78.5	79.2	80.0	64.6	70.9
Unemployed	129	163	104	147	25	16
Unemployment rate	3.9	4.9	3.8	5.2	5.0	3.2
Not in labor force	830	714	598	529	232	185
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,314	3,134	2,815	2,638	499	496
Civilian labor force	2,643	2,441	2,262	2,085	381	355
Participation rate	79.7	77.9	80.4	79.0	76.3	71.6
Employed	2,544	2,397	2,176	2,044	368	353
Employment-population ratio	76.8	76.5	77.3	77.5	73.7	71.2
Unemployed	99	43	86	41	13	2
Unemployment rate	3.7	1.8	3.8	2.0	3.3	0.6
Not in labor force	671	694	553	553	119	141
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	8,134	7,714	7,840	7,452	294	262
Civilian labor force	1,972	1,628	1,915	1,569	57	60
Participation rate	24.2	21.1	24.4	21.0	19.3	22.7
Employed	1,900	1,576	1,843	1,516	57	60
Employment-population ratio	23.4	20.4	23.5	20.3	19.3	22.7
Unemployed	72	52	72	52	0	0
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.2	3.7	3.3	-	-
Not in labor force	6,162	6,086	5,925	5,883	237	202
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,063	4,362	4,555	3,950	508	412
Civilian labor force	2,456	2,158	2,196	1,944	260	214
Participation rate	48.5	49.5	48.2	49.2	51.2	52.0
Employed	2,376	2,065	2,122	1,854	254	211
Employment-population ratio	46.9	47.3	46.6	46.9	50.0	51.2
Unemployed	80	93	74	89	6	3
Unemployment rate	3.3	4.3	3.4	4.6	2.3	1.5
Not in labor force	2,607	2,204	2,359	2,006	248	198
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	225,046	229,048	99,978	102,525	125,068	126,524
Civilian labor force	147,418	149,781	74,682	76,583	72,736	73,198
Participation rate	65.5	65.4	74.7	74.7	58.2	57.9
Employed	141,599	144,475	71,671	73,719	69,928	70,756
Employment-population ratio	62.9	63.1	71.7	71.9	55.9	55.9
Unemployed	5,819	5,306	3,011	2,864	2,808	2,442
Unemployment rate	3.9	3.5	4.0	3.7	3.9	3.3
Not in labor force	77,628	79,267	25,296	25,942	52,332	53,326
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	30,612	30,307	223,976	226,965
Civilian labor force	6,166	6,337	153,652	154,942
Participation rate	20.1	20.9	68.6	68.3
Employed	5,509	5,828	147,754	149,520
Employment-population ratio	18.0	19.2	66.0	65.9
Unemployed	657	509	5,898	5,423
Unemployment rate	10.7	8.0	3.8	3.5
Not in labor force	24,447	23,970	70,324	72,022
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,700	2,746	76,784	77,722
Participation rate	34.3	36.6	82.4	82.6
Employed	2,352	2,474	73,794	74,799
Employment-population ratio	29.8	33.0	79.2	79.5
Unemployed	348	272	2,989	2,923
Unemployment rate	12.9	9.9	3.9	3.8
Not in labor force	5,181	4,746	16,350	16,384
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,411	2,451	68,236	68,401
Participation rate	29.8	30.7	70.9	70.7
Employed	2,157	2,256	65,627	66,123
Employment-population ratio	26.6	28.2	68.2	68.3
Unemployed	254	194	2,610	2,279
Unemployment rate	10.5	7.9	3.8	3.3
Not in labor force	5,691	5,538	27,994	28,377
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,055	1,141	8,632	8,819
Participation rate	7.2	7.7	24.9	24.4
Employed	999	1,098	8,333	8,598
Employment-population ratio	6.8	7.4	24.1	23.8
Unemployed	55	43	299	222
Unemployment rate	5.2	3.8	3.5	2.5
Not in labor force	13,574	13,685	25,979	27,261
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	41,567	43,164	20,238	21,041	21,329	22,123
Civilian labor force	27,402	28,266	15,816	16,398	11,586	11,868
Participation rate	65.9	65.5	78.2	77.9	54.3	53.6
Employed	26,354	27,300	15,300	15,961	11,054	11,338
Employment-population ratio	63.4	63.2	75.6	75.9	51.8	51.2
Unemployed	1,049	967	516	437	532	530
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.4	3.3	2.7	4.6	4.5
Not in labor force	14,165	14,898	4,422	4,643	9,743	10,255
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	213,021	214,107	102,794	103,377	110,227	110,730
Civilian labor force	132,415	133,014	69,035	69,568	63,380	63,446
Participation rate	62.2	62.1	67.2	67.3	57.5	57.3
Employed	126,908	128,049	66,042	66,649	60,867	61,400
Employment-population ratio	59.6	59.8	64.2	64.5	55.2	55.5
Unemployed	5,507	4,965	2,993	2,919	2,514	2,046
Unemployment rate	4.2	3.7	4.3	4.2	4.0	3.2
Not in labor force	80,606	81,094	33,759	33,810	46,847	47,284
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]

Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2017	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Dec. 2017	Jan. 2018	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,587	2,266	2,230	2,631	2,552	2,513	2,474	2,314	2,294
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,663	1,409	1,438	1,727	1,717	1,712	1,679	1,495	1,517
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	900	840	759	871	793	781	768	803	745
Unpaid family workers	24	17	33	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	150,676	152,611	153,119	150,515	151,478	151,894	152,713	152,747	152,889
Wage and salary workers(1)	142,061	143,601	144,009	141,882	142,505	142,828	143,656	143,688	143,785
Government	20,901	21,368	21,453	20,723	20,642	20,815	20,986	20,957	21,222
Private industries	121,160	122,233	122,556	121,254	121,900	122,022	122,693	122,761	122,616
Private households	680	781	780	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	120,480	121,452	121,776	120,591	121,206	121,349	121,957	121,977	121,858
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	8,563	8,959	9,039	8,532	8,970	8,991	8,944	8,990	8,995
Unpaid family workers	53	50	70	-	-	-	-	-	-
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	5,058	5,080	4,734	5,309	4,915	4,989	5,160	5,019	4,985
Slack work or business conditions	3,059	3,023	2,867	3,183	3,097	3,009	3,302	3,005	2,994
Could only find part-time work	1,767	1,738	1,573	1,787	1,570	1,663	1,541	1,625	1,586
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,257	21,817	22,132	20,406	21,122	20,867	21,061	21,399	21,258
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	4,990	4,975	4,631	5,243	4,856	4,926	5,091	4,944	4,898
Slack work or business conditions	3,019	2,966	2,799	3,129	3,049	2,965	3,258	2,940	2,923
Could only find part-time work	1,750	1,726	1,559	1,772	1,563	1,659	1,533	1,619	1,575
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	20,849	21,382	21,763	20,010	20,703	20,434	20,641	20,999	20,891
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2017	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Dec. 2017	Jan. 2018	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	153,262	154,877	155,348	153,161	154,021	154,430	155,215	155,178	155,181
16 to 19 years	4,866	4,889	4,840	5,104	4,977	5,143	5,174	5,149	5,078
16 to 17 years	1,699	1,701	1,642	1,882	1,907	1,915	1,915	1,892	1,838
18 to 19 years	3,167	3,188	3,198	3,237	3,075	3,221	3,293	3,261	3,257
20 years and over	148,396	149,988	150,508	148,057	149,045	149,287	150,041	150,028	150,102
20 to 24 years	14,082	14,158	14,034	14,223	13,936	14,153	14,213	14,334	14,172
25 years and over	134,314	135,830	136,475	133,792	135,083	135,129	135,856	135,779	135,906
25 to 54 years	98,920	100,015	100,206	98,693	99,535	99,674	100,120	100,051	99,965
25 to 34 years	34,455	35,105	35,157	34,405	34,606	34,768	34,975	35,106	35,083
35 to 44 years	31,833	32,410	32,670	31,794	32,304	32,380	32,503	32,462	32,614
45 to 54 years	32,633	32,500	32,379	32,494	32,625	32,526	32,642	32,484	32,268
55 years and over	35,394	35,814	36,269	35,099	35,548	35,455	35,735	35,728	35,941
Men, 16 years and over	81,341	82,151	82,610	81,406	81,821	82,274	82,685	82,630	82,611
16 to 19 years	2,419	2,341	2,368	2,567	2,391	2,569	2,472	2,517	2,500
16 to 17 years	853	771	774	947	848	920	872	891	858
18 to 19 years	1,566	1,570	1,594	1,631	1,540	1,638	1,617	1,639	1,651
20 years and over	78,922	79,810	80,242	78,839	79,431	79,705	80,213	80,113	80,111
20 to 24 years	7,214	7,325	7,204	7,301	7,203	7,339	7,392	7,445	7,291
25 years and over	71,708	72,485	73,038	71,535	72,226	72,388	72,822	72,707	72,840
25 to 54 years	52,800	53,460	53,721	52,770	53,308	53,441	53,764	53,647	53,686
25 to 34 years	18,415	18,900	18,944	18,430	18,612	18,773	18,925	18,942	18,946
35 to 44 years	17,234	17,492	17,667	17,223	17,450	17,447	17,592	17,576	17,644
45 to 54 years	17,151	17,069	17,110	17,117	17,246	17,221	17,247	17,130	17,096
55 years and over	18,908	19,025	19,317	18,765	18,918	18,947	19,058	19,060	19,154
Women, 16 years and over	71,921	72,726	72,738	71,754	72,200	72,157	72,530	72,548	72,569
16 to 19 years	2,447	2,548	2,472	2,537	2,586	2,574	2,702	2,632	2,578
16 to 17 years	846	930	868	935	1,059	995	1,044	1,001	980
18 to 19 years	1,601	1,618	1,603	1,606	1,535	1,583	1,676	1,622	1,606
20 years and over	69,474	70,178	70,266	69,218	69,614	69,583	69,828	69,916	69,992
20 to 24 years	6,868	6,834	6,829	6,922	6,733	6,814	6,821	6,889	6,882
25 years and over	62,606	63,344	63,437	62,257	62,857	62,742	63,033	63,071	63,067
25 to 54 years	46,120	46,555	46,485	45,923	46,227	46,233	46,356	46,404	46,280
25 to 34 years	16,039	16,206	16,213	15,975	15,994	15,995	16,050	16,164	16,137
35 to 44 years	14,599	14,918	15,003	14,571	14,853	14,933	14,911	14,886	14,970
45 to 54 years	15,481	15,431	15,269	15,377	15,380	15,305	15,395	15,354	15,172
55 years and over	16,486	16,789	16,952	16,334	16,630	16,508	16,677	16,667	16,787
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	46,135	45,870	46,195	46,001	45,439	45,714	45,863	45,865	45,995
Married women, spouse present(1)	36,079	35,912	36,386	35,878	35,813	35,768	35,632	35,564	36,140
Women who maintain families(2)	9,654	9,595	9,492	-	-	-	-	-	-
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	125,532	126,424	127,340	125,963	126,723	127,016	127,745	127,434	127,753
Part-time workers(4)	27,731	28,453	28,008	27,204	27,257	27,271	27,548	27,858	27,508
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	7,609	7,771	7,637	7,635	7,647	7,845	7,864	7,609	7,667
Percent of total employed	5.0	5.0	4.9	5.0	5.0	5.1	5.1	4.9	4.9
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	5,861	5,891	5,787	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,463	9,799	9,798	9,403	9,763	9,773	9,713	9,793	9,741
Footnotes (1) Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
	Apr. 2017	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Dec. 2017	Jan. 2018	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	7,021	6,585	6,346	4.4	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	3.9
16 to 19 years	879	803	752	14.7	13.6	13.9	14.4	13.5	12.9
16 to 17 years	374	332	294	16.6	15.2	15.0	15.5	14.9	13.8
18 to 19 years	493	469	473	13.2	13.2	13.3	13.7	12.6	12.7
20 years and over	6,141	5,782	5,594	4.0	3.7	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.6
20 to 24 years	1,122	1,018	1,018	7.3	7.1	7.4	6.8	6.6	6.7
25 years and over	5,030	4,769	4,613	3.6	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.3
25 to 54 years	3,910	3,591	3,543	3.8	3.4	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.4
25 to 34 years	1,594	1,541	1,627	4.4	4.5	4.3	4.4	4.2	4.4
35 to 44 years	1,182	1,065	995	3.6	3.0	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.0
45 to 54 years	1,135	985	921	3.4	2.7	3.0	2.9	2.9	2.8
55 years and over	1,157	1,176	1,105	3.2	3.3	3.0	3.2	3.2	3.0
Men, 16 years and over	3,718	3,539	3,541	4.4	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.1	4.1
16 to 19 years	503	452	453	16.4	14.8	14.5	16.4	15.2	15.3
16 to 17 years	178	171	178	15.9	15.7	13.0	17.1	16.1	17.2
18 to 19 years	324	277	283	16.6	15.0	14.9	16.1	14.5	14.6
20 years and over	3,215	3,087	3,088	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.7
20 to 24 years	669	600	605	8.4	7.9	8.2	7.6	7.5	7.7
25 years and over	2,555	2,483	2,506	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.3	3.3
25 to 54 years	1,938	1,863	1,869	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.4	3.4
25 to 34 years	838	811	911	4.4	4.3	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.6
35 to 44 years	601	538	482	3.4	2.6	3.1	2.7	3.0	2.7
45 to 54 years	499	514	476	2.8	2.8	3.1	2.8	2.9	2.7
55 years and over	617	620	637	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.5	3.2	3.2
Women, 16 years and over	3,303	3,046	2,805	4.4	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.0	3.7
16 to 19 years	376	351	299	12.9	12.3	13.4	12.5	11.8	10.4
16 to 17 years	195	161	116	17.3	14.7	16.7	14.0	13.8	10.6
18 to 19 years	169	192	191	9.5	11.3	11.7	11.4	10.6	10.6
20 years and over	2,927	2,695	2,506	4.1	3.7	3.6	3.8	3.7	3.5
20 to 24 years	453	419	413	6.1	6.2	6.5	6.0	5.7	5.7
25 years and over	2,475	2,286	2,107	3.8	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.5	3.2
25 to 54 years	1,972	1,729	1,673	4.1	3.6	3.6	3.8	3.6	3.5
25 to 34 years	755	731	716	4.5	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.3	4.2
35 to 44 years	581	527	513	3.8	3.4	3.1	3.5	3.4	3.3
45 to 54 years	636	471	445	4.0	2.6	2.8	3.0	3.0	2.8
55 years and over	546	542	483	3.2	3.2	2.5	2.8	3.2	2.8
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	1,134	1,006	997	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.1
Married women, spouse present(1)	1,017	957	903	2.8	2.6	2.4	2.7	2.6	2.4
Women who maintain families(2)	615	569	548	6.0	5.3	6.5	6.2	5.6	5.5
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	5,628	5,271	5,193	4.3	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.0	3.9
Part-time workers(4)	1,417	1,303	1,200	5.0	4.5	4.7	4.5	4.5	4.2
Footnotes (1) Refers to persons in opposite-sex couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2017	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Dec. 2017	Jan. 2018	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	3,369	3,375	2,805	3,538	3,254	3,273	3,279	3,146	2,958
On temporary layoff	794	1,007	713	946	915	912	878	865	862
Not on temporary layoff	2,576	2,368	2,092	2,592	2,339	2,361	2,401	2,281	2,096
Permanent job losers	1,795	1,696	1,415	1,798	1,636	1,652	1,709	1,645	1,418
Persons who completed temporary jobs	781	672	677	794	703	709	692	637	678
Job leavers	726	850	761	785	715	716	780	864	815
Reentrants	1,858	1,912	1,836	2,044	2,003	1,958	1,948	1,967	2,009
New entrants	602	534	530	707	581	645	704	625	623
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	51.4	50.6	47.3	50.0	49.7	49.6	48.9	47.7	46.2
On temporary layoff	12.1	15.1	12.0	13.4	14.0	13.8	13.1	13.1	13.5
Not on temporary layoff	39.3	35.5	35.3	36.6	35.7	35.8	35.8	34.6	32.7
Job leavers	11.1	12.7	12.8	11.1	10.9	10.9	11.6	13.1	12.7
Reentrants	28.4	28.7	31.0	28.9	30.6	29.7	29.0	29.8	31.4
New entrants	9.2	8.0	8.9	10.0	8.9	9.8	10.5	9.5	9.7
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2.1	2.1	1.7	2.2	2.0	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.8
Job leavers	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reentrants	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2
New entrants	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2017	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Dec. 2017	Jan. 2018	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	1,953	1,994	1,782	2,300	2,235	2,280	2,508	2,287	2,115
5 to 14 weeks	1,735	2,203	1,666	2,140	1,994	1,943	1,906	2,009	2,017
15 weeks and over	2,868	2,475	2,483	2,719	2,397	2,402	2,330	2,202	2,329
15 to 26 weeks	1,206	1,059	1,158	1,087	882	981	934	880	1,036
27 weeks and over	1,662	1,416	1,325	1,633	1,515	1,421	1,397	1,322	1,293
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	25.7	24.8	24.2	24.3	23.6	24.1	22.9	24.1	23.1
Median duration, in weeks	12.1	10.2	11.9	10.3	9.1	9.4	9.3	9.1	9.8
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	29.8	29.9	30.1	32.1	33.7	34.4	37.2	35.2	32.7
5 to 14 weeks	26.5	33.0	28.1	29.9	30.1	29.3	28.3	30.9	31.2
15 weeks and over	43.7	37.1	41.9	38.0	36.2	36.3	34.6	33.9	36.0
15 to 26 weeks	18.4	15.9	19.5	15.2	13.3	14.8	13.8	13.5	16.0
27 weeks and over	25.4	21.2	22.3	22.8	22.9	21.5	20.7	20.3	20.0
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018
Total, 16 years and over(1)	153,262	155,348	6,555	5,932	4.1	3.7
Management, professional, and related occupations	61,317	62,561	1,254	1,134	2.0	1.8
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	25,455	25,742	581	460	2.2	1.8
Professional and related occupations	35,862	36,819	673	675	1.8	1.8
Service occupations	26,370	27,105	1,426	1,238	5.1	4.4
Sales and office occupations	33,529	33,170	1,337	1,242	3.8	3.6
Sales and related occupations	15,838	15,573	688	659	4.2	4.1
Office and administrative support occupations	17,692	17,597	650	583	3.5	3.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,174	14,036	925	926	6.1	6.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,225	969	120	127	8.9	11.6
Construction and extraction occupations	7,930	8,014	657	662	7.6	7.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	5,019	5,052	149	138	2.9	2.7
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	17,871	18,476	994	841	5.3	4.4
Production occupations	8,491	8,434	432	384	4.8	4.4
Transportation and material moving occupations	9,380	10,042	562	457	5.7	4.4
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018
Total, 16 years and over(1)	6,555	5,932	4.1	3.7
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	5,121	4,533	4.1	3.6
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	36	39	4.7	4.7
Construction	585	623	6.3	6.5
Manufacturing	620	521	3.9	3.3
Durable goods	389	308	3.9	3.1
Nondurable goods	230	212	3.8	3.5
Wholesale and retail trade	844	843	4.2	4.2
Transportation and utilities	216	207	3.5	3.0
Information	107	62	4.1	2.3
Financial activities	229	155	2.3	1.6
Professional and business services	819	596	4.9	3.5
Education and health services	612	555	2.6	2.3
Leisure and hospitality	819	719	5.9	5.2
Other services	234	212	3.4	3.1
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	118	137	6.9	9.0
Government workers	379	433	1.8	2.0
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	335	300	3.4	2.9
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]

Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2017	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Dec. 2017	Jan. 2018	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018	Apr. 2018
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.8	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.4
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	2.1	2.1	1.7	2.2	2.0	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.8
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	4.1	4.1	3.7	4.4	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	3.9
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	4.4	4.4	3.9	4.7	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.3	4.2
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	5.0	5.0	4.5	5.3	5.1	5.1	5.1	4.9	4.7
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	8.1	8.1	7.4	8.6	8.1	8.2	8.2	8.0	7.8
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Total		Men		Women
	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018	Apr. 2017	Apr. 2018
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	94,771	95,992	38,181	38,453	56,590	57,539
Persons who currently want a job	5,560	5,010	2,605	2,294	2,955	2,716
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,534	1,362	855	706	680	657
Discouraged workers(2)	455	408	319	242	135	165
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,080	955	535	463	544	491
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	7,609	7,637	3,782	3,841	3,827	3,797
Percent of total employed	5.0	4.9	4.6	4.6	5.3	5.2
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,184	4,237	2,285	2,337	1,900	1,900
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	2,027	2,040	707	756	1,319	1,284
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	304	273	185	163	119	111
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,043	1,053	582	572	461	480
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]

Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)	Change from: Mar.2018 - Apr.2018(p)
Total nonfarm	146,101	146,674	147,369	148,367	146,144	148,125	148,260	148,424	164
Total private	123,388	124,042	124,675	125,663	123,829	125,803	125,938	126,106	168
Goods-producing	19,825	20,037	20,173	20,396	19,998	20,490	20,510	20,559	49
Mining and logging	660	702	711	719	671	714	722	730	8
Logging	47.6	49.7	48.6	47.4	50.6	50.4	50.2	50.3	0.1
Mining	612.3	652.6	662.3	671.7	620.0	663.4	671.4	679.4	8.0
Oil and gas extraction	143.8	145.8	148.8	149.3	145.7	147.7	149.7	150.9	1.2
Mining, except oil and gas	184.8	180.3	182.0	185.2	185.5	186.5	186.6	186.4	-0.2
Coal mining	51.5	51.9	51.9	52.7	51.8	52.2	52.3	53.0	0.7
Metal ore mining	38.6	38.5	38.5	38.2	39.0	38.6	38.7	38.6	-0.1
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	94.7	89.9	91.6	94.3	94.6	95.6	95.5	94.8	-0.7
Support activities for mining	283.7	326.5	331.5	337.2	288.8	329.2	335.1	342.1	7.0
Construction	6,816	6,799	6,886	7,078	6,917	7,167	7,157	7,174	17
Construction of buildings	1,506.8	1,530.1	1,545.4	1,573.6	1,532.0	1,582.1	1,585.9	1,594.7	8.8
Residential building	734.3	752.5	757.9	775.2	747.0	780.0	781.3	785.0	3.7
Nonresidential building	772.5	777.6	787.5	798.4	785.0	802.1	804.6	809.7	5.1
Heavy and civil engineering construction	973.8	902.9	930.7	985.4	987.4	1,007.0	1,002.3	998.9	-3.4
Specialty trade contractors	4,335.2	4,365.8	4,410.3	4,518.8	4,397.2	4,578.0	4,569.1	4,580.2	11.1
Residential specialty trade contractors	1,900.9	1,920.0	1,939.8	1,989.5	1,928.2	2,021.8	2,011.9	2,015.7	3.8
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,434.3	2,445.8	2,470.5	2,529.3	2,469.0	2,556.2	2,557.2	2,564.5	7.3
Manufacturing	12,349	12,536	12,576	12,599	12,410	12,609	12,631	12,655	24
Durable goods	7,688	7,833	7,869	7,885	7,712	7,864	7,885	7,903	18
Wood products	395.2	398.5	401.6	402.3	397.4	403.1	404.0	403.3	-0.7
Nonmetallic mineral products	408.7	406.4	413.4	419.7	411.5	419.7	421.0	422.0	1.0
Primary metals	368.9	380.6	380.0	380.3	369.4	380.4	379.9	380.2	0.3
Fabricated metal products	1,415.3	1,462.9	1,472.5	1,477.2	1,418.7	1,466.8	1,475.2	1,479.1	3.9
Machinery	1,069.0	1,104.7	1,104.7	1,111.9	1,072.7	1,104.7	1,106.7	1,115.1	8.4
Computer and electronic products	1,035.2	1,053.9	1,059.2	1,058.7	1,038.9	1,057.5	1,061.0	1,061.9	0.9
Computer and peripheral equipment	156.2	167.0	168.9	169.1	157.1	168.0	169.2	169.7	0.5
Communications equipment	86.6	85.9	86.2	85.0	86.8	86.4	86.4	85.2	-1.2
Semiconductors and electronic components	360.0	365.8	367.5	368.5	361.1	367.1	368.3	369.6	1.3
Electronic instruments	398.5	402.8	404.4	404.5	399.7	403.6	404.8	405.7	0.9
Miscellaneous computer and electronic products	33.9	32.4	32.2	31.6	34.2	32.5	32.3	31.9	-0.4
Electrical equipment and appliances	383.3	396.7	398.6	400.1	384.7	398.2	399.7	401.5	1.8
Transportation equipment(1)	1,628.4	1,645.9	1,654.1	1,649.6	1,630.8	1,647.2	1,649.6	1,651.4	1.8
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	955.0	960.8	966.9	960.4	955.6	961.0	961.5	960.6	-0.9
Furniture and related products	393.9	391.2	391.5	389.8	394.8	391.9	391.8	390.7	-1.1
Miscellaneous durable goods manufacturing	590.1	592.4	593.5	595.6	592.8	594.9	596.1	597.5	1.4
Nondurable goods	4,661	4,703	4,707	4,714	4,698	4,745	4,746	4,752	6
Food manufacturing	1,575.3	1,608.5	1,606.8	1,605.5	1,599.9	1,626.7	1,630.2	1,630.7	0.5
Textile mills	111.8	111.5	111.2	111.3	112.0	111.3	111.3	111.5	0.2
Textile product mills	115.4	110.9	111.5	110.4	116.0	112.1	111.9	110.9	-1.0
Apparel	121.0	116.6	116.9	117.9	121.7	116.6	117.2	118.3	1.1
Paper and paper products	369.3	372.9	373.1	373.1	370.0	372.6	373.1	372.8	-0.3
Printing and related support activities	440.4	434.8	434.9	433.1	441.2	437.7	435.6	434.1	-1.5
Petroleum and coal products	113.3	112.8	111.4	113.9	114.8	116.7	114.7	115.4	0.7
Chemicals	819.0	823.8	823.2	825.8	820.2	826.9	824.5	827.3	2.8
Plastics and rubber products	712.6	722.7	724.5	725.7	712.9	724.9	725.2	726.7	1.5
Miscellaneous nondurable goods manufacturing	282.9	288.9	293.4	297.6	289.6	299.7	302.5	304.5	2.0
Private service-providing	103,563	104,005	104,502	105,267	103,831	105,313	105,428	105,547	119
Trade, transportation, and utilities	27,192	27,330	27,420	27,484	27,431	27,695	27,727	27,720	-7
Wholesale trade	5,874.8	5,915.7	5,941.3	5,939.0	5,887.3	5,952.2	5,962.5	5,952.7	-9.8
Durable goods	2,949.4	2,991.5	3,000.3	3,002.6	2,955.7	3,004.7	3,007.4	3,008.2	0.8
Nondurable goods	2,041.6	2,030.5	2,043.1	2,042.6	2,045.0	2,050.2	2,054.5	2,047.3	-7.2
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	883.8	893.7	897.9	893.8	886.6	897.3	900.6	897.2	-3.4
Retail trade	15,688.0	15,659.0	15,699.1	15,763.7	15,855.2	15,919.0	15,925.2	15,927.0	1.8
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,002.3	2,008.1	2,016.7	2,021.8	2,003.7	2,025.5	2,025.0	2,024.0	-1.0
Automobile dealers	1,290.7	1,301.1	1,302.8	1,302.3	1,293.7	1,307.1	1,305.8	1,305.3	-0.5
Other motor vehicle dealers	156.2	149.0	153.1	157.1	155.2	157.1	156.9	156.5	-0.4
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores	555.4	558.0	560.8	562.4	554.7	561.2	562.4	562.2	-0.2
Furniture and home furnishings stores	469.6	479.8	477.7	474.9	476.0	480.3	482.2	481.3	-0.9
Electronics and appliance stores	502.8	494.6	494.9	492.7	512.0	497.0	498.3	499.1	0.8
Building material and garden supply stores	1,312.5	1,269.9	1,323.0	1,360.2	1,266.3	1,314.9	1,316.6	1,311.8	-4.8
Food and beverage stores	3,061.8	3,070.2	3,062.8	3,068.5	3,091.3	3,097.7	3,095.2	3,097.5	2.3
Health and personal care stores	1,060.5	1,051.5	1,055.3	1,050.2	1,067.4	1,056.0	1,059.4	1,057.7	-1.7
Gasoline stations	921.7	923.8	927.6	929.0	929.1	936.5	937.6	936.7	-0.9
Clothing and clothing accessories stores	1,339.8	1,325.0	1,321.6	1,316.6	1,389.1	1,372.1	1,368.0	1,362.7	-5.3
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores	581.1	576.0	569.9	573.0	602.8	592.3	593.7	595.4	1.7
General merchandise stores	3,063.7	3,072.4	3,058.2	3,072.6	3,118.9	3,134.5	3,126.8	3,134.6	7.8
Department stores	1,138.9	1,146.9	1,130.8	1,131.0	1,173.7	1,176.4	1,168.9	1,167.8	-1.1
General merchandise stores, including warehouse clubs and supercenters	1,924.8	1,925.5	1,927.4	1,941.6	1,945.2	1,958.2	1,957.9	1,966.8	8.9
Miscellaneous store retailers	816.3	805.7	806.5	819.0	831.3	824.5	829.7	831.7	2.0
Nonstore retailers	555.9	582.0	584.9	585.2	567.3	587.7	592.7	594.5	1.8
Transportation and warehousing	5,074.9	5,204.1	5,226.8	5,227.8	5,132.6	5,269.3	5,285.0	5,285.4	0.4
Air transportation	488.7	497.9	499.1	501.1	489.2	502.6	501.4	502.0	0.6
Rail transportation	217.2	210.9	211.3	211.3	217.1	212.3	211.8	211.0	-0.8
Water transportation	64.2	61.6	62.3	64.2	64.8	64.4	64.3	64.8	0.5
Truck transportation	1,441.9	1,444.3	1,453.7	1,458.6	1,453.9	1,469.1	1,476.3	1,470.8	-5.5
Transit and ground passenger transportation	498.2	508.9	509.4	508.7	483.7	497.2	495.7	494.9	-0.8
Pipeline transportation	48.8	47.2	47.5	48.2	49.0	47.5	47.7	48.2	0.5
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	30.9	26.9	29.2	31.1	34.9	36.4	36.9	35.3	-1.6
Support activities for transportation	686.4	702.7	705.7	702.6	687.8	705.9	707.7	702.9	-4.8
Couriers and messengers	625.9	696.1	700.2	687.7	668.6	717.3	723.7	730.0	6.3
Warehousing and storage	972.7	1,007.6	1,008.4	1,014.3	983.6	1,016.6	1,019.5	1,025.5	6.0
Utilities	553.8	551.4	552.6	553.9	555.4	554.6	554.3	555.3	1.0
Information	2,793	2,753	2,755	2,768	2,798	2,759	2,765	2,772	7
Publishing industries, except Internet	722.4	712.7	712.7	710.7	725.1	714.7	714.6	713.4	-1.2
Motion picture and sound recording industries	432.1	397.8	400.8	417.8	428.8	399.8	406.7	413.4	6.7
Broadcasting, except Internet	266.2	261.8	263.7	265.0	266.4	262.8	263.2	264.9	1.7
Telecommunications	780.9	771.4	766.4	762.0	783.4	770.4	766.9	765.0	-1.9
Data processing, hosting and related services	313.7	324.4	326.6	326.7	314.7	325.5	327.6	327.6	0.0
Other information services	277.8	284.6	285.0	285.8	279.4	286.1	286.2	287.5	1.3
Financial activities	8,382	8,487	8,502	8,507	8,423	8,543	8,547	8,549	2
Finance and insurance	6,230.2	6,300.7	6,297.8	6,291.3	6,249.8	6,312.5	6,310.3	6,310.2	-0.1
Monetary authorities - central bank	18.9	18.9	18.9	18.9	19.0	18.9	19.0	19.0	0.0
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,635.9	2,658.4	2,655.0	2,655.3	2,642.7	2,663.8	2,660.6	2,661.9	1.3
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,709.4	1,714.2	1,716.6	1,718.0	1,711.8	1,717.3	1,718.1	1,720.3	2.2
Commercial banking	1,322.0	1,321.5	1,322.5	1,323.9	1,322.9	1,322.0	1,322.9	1,325.3	2.4
Nondepository credit intermediation	618.3	627.0	623.2	624.9	622.0	628.8	626.7	628.5	1.8
Activities related to credit intermediation	308.2	317.2	315.2	312.4	308.9	317.7	315.7	313.1	-2.6
Securities, commodity contracts, investments, and funds and trusts	929.9	956.8	957.4	959.5	935.3	960.2	961.9	964.3	2.4
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,645.5	2,666.6	2,666.5	2,657.6	2,652.8	2,669.6	2,668.8	2,665.0	-3.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,152.0	2,186.2	2,203.8	2,215.4	2,173.5	2,230.4	2,236.6	2,238.6	2.0
Real estate	1,579.4	1,594.9	1,605.7	1,611.8	1,590.2	1,618.4	1,623.0	1,623.6	0.6
Rental and leasing services	548.7	567.1	573.0	578.7	559.1	587.4	588.4	590.0	1.6
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets	23.9	24.2	25.1	24.9	24.2	24.6	25.2	25.0	-0.2
Professional and business services	20,300	20,466	20,571	20,819	20,351	20,776	20,815	20,869	54
Professional and technical services	9,021.3	9,171.5	9,169.9	9,223.4	8,963.7	9,121.2	9,138.8	9,164.6	25.8
Legal services	1,129.9	1,128.7	1,130.4	1,132.2	1,133.8	1,135.5	1,135.5	1,136.3	0.8
Accounting and bookkeeping services	1,081.5	1,087.3	1,087.8	1,080.6	988.7	975.5	985.7	988.8	3.1
Architectural and engineering services	1,418.0	1,444.0	1,443.4	1,456.7	1,428.0	1,465.3	1,461.6	1,466.8	5.2
Specialized design services	139.2	135.3	135.7	137.0	139.1	137.1	137.1	137.0	-0.1
Computer systems design and related services	2,025.8	2,079.1	2,066.9	2,086.6	2,032.4	2,078.3	2,084.6	2,091.3	6.7
Management and technical consulting services	1,383.2	1,421.9	1,418.8	1,429.9	1,391.1	1,436.1	1,435.1	1,438.0	2.9
Scientific research and development services	652.6	665.3	667.2	670.5	655.1	669.4	670.8	673.4	2.6
Advertising and related services	492.5	490.6	495.1	498.2	494.7	494.5	497.5	499.6	2.1
Other professional and technical services	698.6	719.3	724.6	731.7	700.8	729.5	730.8	733.4	2.6
Management of companies and enterprises	2,275.5	2,301.6	2,308.0	2,305.5	2,285.6	2,311.6	2,315.2	2,315.6	0.4
Administrative and waste services	9,003.5	8,992.9	9,093.5	9,290.1	9,101.3	9,343.3	9,361.4	9,389.0	27.6
Administrative and support services	8,596.2	8,579.4	8,676.5	8,868.0	8,689.9	8,922.0	8,938.1	8,963.7	25.6
Office administrative services	503.7	518.1	518.2	523.2	504.3	520.3	520.4	524.0	3.6
Facilities support services	149.6	154.4	156.0	155.3	149.5	155.5	155.6	155.4	-0.2
Employment services(1)	3,491.3	3,555.6	3,584.0	3,630.3	3,568.8	3,700.7	3,700.8	3,713.1	12.3
Temporary help services	2,844.6	2,889.9	2,913.8	2,953.8	2,912.9	3,018.6	3,016.5	3,026.8	10.3
Business support services	897.9	912.5	908.5	900.7	905.7	910.6	911.2	908.7	-2.5
Travel arrangement and reservation services	217.3	214.2	215.5	216.8	217.0	217.0	216.5	216.4	-0.1
Investigation and security services	909.7	924.2	927.8	933.1	913.7	933.5	934.3	936.5	2.2
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,106.7	1,972.8	2,030.8	2,169.5	2,110.9	2,151.8	2,162.2	2,170.8	8.6
Other support services	320.0	327.6	335.7	339.1	320.0	332.6	337.0	338.8	1.8
Waste management and remediation services	407.3	413.5	417.0	422.1	411.4	421.3	423.3	425.3	2.0
Education and health services	23,260	23,598	23,629	23,684	23,086	23,462	23,486	23,517	31
Educational services	3,831.5	3,869.2	3,867.7	3,875.8	3,649.3	3,703.3	3,695.8	3,696.9	1.1
Health care and social assistance	19,428.4	19,728.7	19,761.7	19,808.5	19,436.8	19,758.3	19,790.3	19,819.6	29.3
Health care(3)	15,628.0	15,885.1	15,898.3	15,930.8	15,659.1	15,919.0	15,940.1	15,964.5	24.4
Ambulatory health care services	7,239.6	7,401.2	7,412.0	7,441.5	7,251.6	7,420.5	7,436.6	7,453.5	16.9
Offices of physicians	2,566.9	2,615.9	2,620.4	2,628.6	2,573.1	2,621.6	2,627.2	2,634.3	7.1
Offices of dentists	928.3	934.3	935.8	938.2	930.4	936.2	940.0	940.8	0.8
Offices of other health practitioners	880.6	911.2	912.8	922.6	881.8	915.3	917.1	923.0	5.9
Outpatient care centers	887.7	919.3	923.2	923.9	888.3	920.1	923.1	924.7	1.6
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	267.8	276.0	276.9	276.0	267.8	276.2	276.9	276.2	-0.7
Home health care services	1,404.5	1,435.6	1,436.4	1,444.6	1,406.2	1,442.0	1,443.3	1,446.2	2.9
Other ambulatory health care services	303.8	308.9	306.5	307.6	304.0	309.2	308.9	308.3	-0.6
Hospitals	5,053.8	5,139.1	5,149.0	5,148.6	5,065.3	5,144.6	5,151.8	5,159.8	8.0
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,334.6	3,344.8	3,337.3	3,340.7	3,342.2	3,353.9	3,351.7	3,351.2	-0.5
Nursing care facilities	1,627.2	1,613.7	1,607.2	1,607.3	1,631.4	1,617.3	1,615.4	1,612.7	-2.7
Residential mental health facilities	627.5	633.1	630.2	632.2	627.7	634.5	631.3	632.8	1.5
Community care facilities for the elderly	912.9	927.8	928.8	929.5	915.3	930.9	932.4	933.5	1.1
Other residential care facilities	167.0	170.2	171.1	171.7	167.7	171.2	172.5	172.2	-0.3
Social assistance	3,800.4	3,843.6	3,863.4	3,877.7	3,777.7	3,839.3	3,850.2	3,855.1	4.9
Individual and family services	2,336.9	2,384.5	2,399.2	2,410.3	2,334.2	2,388.3	2,399.3	2,405.2	5.9
Emergency and other relief services	168.2	172.5	172.3	171.0	167.4	171.3	171.3	170.6	-0.7
Vocational rehabilitation services	343.0	343.2	343.6	343.6	344.7	346.6	346.4	345.1	-1.3
Child day care services	952.3	943.4	948.3	952.8	931.4	933.2	933.1	934.2	1.1
Leisure and hospitality	15,888	15,591	15,825	16,158	15,993	16,246	16,254	16,272	18
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,264.6	2,105.3	2,164.9	2,285.6	2,318.9	2,346.2	2,344.7	2,344.5	-0.2
Performing arts and spectator sports	503.0	450.0	466.6	508.2	486.8	494.3	491.2	493.1	1.9
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	160.7	156.7	161.8	169.2	164.4	172.2	172.2	173.1	0.9
Amusements, gambling, and recreation	1,600.9	1,498.6	1,536.5	1,608.2	1,667.7	1,679.7	1,681.3	1,678.3	-3.0
Accommodation and food services	13,622.9	13,485.9	13,659.8	13,872.8	13,673.6	13,900.2	13,909.0	13,927.9	18.9
Accommodation	1,955.5	1,926.9	1,955.3	1,982.6	2,001.5	2,018.2	2,023.3	2,027.4	4.1
Food services and drinking places	11,667.4	11,559.0	11,704.5	11,890.2	11,672.1	11,882.0	11,885.7	11,900.5	14.8
Other services	5,748	5,780	5,800	5,847	5,749	5,832	5,834	5,848	14
Repair and maintenance	1,309.0	1,306.4	1,313.5	1,321.4	1,303.8	1,312.5	1,314.3	1,316.5	2.2
Personal and laundry services	1,476.5	1,493.8	1,497.1	1,524.7	1,473.0	1,514.6	1,511.6	1,521.0	9.4
Membership associations and organizations	2,962.3	2,979.9	2,989.8	3,000.4	2,972.1	3,005.3	3,008.5	3,010.1	1.6
Government	22,713	22,632	22,694	22,704	22,315	22,322	22,322	22,318	-4
Federal	2,794.0	2,777.0	2,774.0	2,787.0	2,801.0	2,792.0	2,793.0	2,794.0	1.0
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,179.7	2,170.7	2,169.2	2,178.1	2,188.6	2,184.8	2,185.2	2,187.0	1.8
U.S. Postal Service	613.9	606.0	604.9	608.4	612.6	607.6	607.3	606.8	-0.5
State government	5,329.0	5,248.0	5,270.0	5,268.0	5,157.0	5,112.0	5,111.0	5,104.0	-7.0
State government education	2,645.1	2,593.8	2,609.6	2,607.1	2,473.8	2,448.2	2,448.3	2,443.6	-4.7
State government, excluding education	2,683.6	2,654.6	2,660.1	2,660.5	2,682.9	2,663.6	2,663.0	2,660.3	-2.7
Local government	14,590.0	14,607.0	14,650.0	14,649.0	14,357.0	14,418.0	14,418.0	14,420.0	2.0
Local government education	8,227.5	8,249.3	8,272.3	8,248.2	7,912.8	7,938.0	7,935.0	7,937.5	2.5
Local government, excluding education	6,362.7	6,358.1	6,377.5	6,400.7	6,443.8	6,479.8	6,483.0	6,482.4	-0.6
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.4	34.5	34.5	34.5
Goods-producing	40.4	40.6	40.5	40.7
Mining and logging	45.4	46.0	45.8	45.6
Construction	39.3	39.4	39.3	39.5
Manufacturing	40.7	41.0	40.9	41.1
Durable goods	41.2	41.5	41.3	41.5
Nondurable goods	40.0	40.3	40.2	40.2
Private service-providing	33.3	33.3	33.3	33.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.4	34.5	34.5	34.4
Wholesale trade	39.0	39.0	39.0	38.9
Retail trade	31.1	31.1	31.1	31.0
Transportation and warehousing	38.7	38.9	38.8	38.9
Utilities	42.0	41.9	42.1	42.1
Information	36.3	36.0	36.1	36.1
Financial activities	37.4	37.6	37.5	37.6
Professional and business services	36.1	36.2	36.2	36.2
Education and health services	32.9	33.0	33.0	33.0
Leisure and hospitality	26.1	26.1	26.1	26.1
Other services	31.8	31.7	31.8	31.8
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.2	3.7	3.6	3.7
Durable goods	3.2	3.7	3.6	3.7
Nondurable goods	3.3	3.6	3.6	3.6
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)
Total private	$26.17	$26.74	$26.80	$26.84	$900.25	$922.53	$924.60	$925.98
Goods-producing	27.44	27.95	27.97	28.06	1,108.58	1,134.77	1,132.79	1,142.04
Mining and logging	31.86	32.33	32.54	32.54	1,446.44	1,487.18	1,490.33	1,483.82
Construction	28.62	29.51	29.44	29.63	1,124.77	1,162.69	1,156.99	1,170.39
Manufacturing	26.55	26.83	26.87	26.91	1,080.59	1,100.03	1,098.98	1,106.00
Durable goods	27.80	28.10	28.15	28.24	1,145.36	1,166.15	1,162.60	1,171.96
Nondurable goods	24.43	24.65	24.68	24.64	977.20	993.40	992.14	990.53
Private service-providing	25.88	26.45	26.52	26.55	861.80	880.79	883.12	884.12
Trade, transportation, and utilities	22.64	23.08	23.12	23.16	778.82	796.26	797.64	796.70
Wholesale trade	29.92	30.26	30.27	30.24	1,166.88	1,180.14	1,180.53	1,176.34
Retail trade	18.06	18.45	18.47	18.57	561.67	573.80	574.42	575.67
Transportation and warehousing	23.63	24.24	24.30	24.26	914.48	942.94	942.84	943.71
Utilities	39.47	39.86	40.23	40.34	1,657.74	1,670.13	1,693.68	1,698.31
Information	38.00	39.05	39.11	39.25	1,379.40	1,405.80	1,411.87	1,416.93
Financial activities	32.87	34.20	34.35	34.20	1,229.34	1,285.92	1,288.13	1,285.92
Professional and business services	31.53	32.03	32.14	32.23	1,138.23	1,159.49	1,163.47	1,166.73
Education and health services	26.19	26.74	26.82	26.80	861.65	882.42	885.06	884.40
Leisure and hospitality	15.39	15.74	15.80	15.83	401.68	410.81	412.38	413.16
Other services	23.70	24.26	24.26	24.33	753.66	769.04	771.47	773.69
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2018 - Apr. 2018(p)	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2018 - Apr. 2018(p)
Total private	106.9	108.9	109.1	109.2	0.1	133.8	139.3	139.7	140.1	0.3
Goods-producing	92.0	94.8	94.6	95.3	0.7	114.2	119.7	119.6	120.9	1.1
Mining and logging	95.7	103.2	103.9	104.6	0.7	122.4	134.0	135.8	136.7	0.7
Construction	93.7	97.3	97.0	97.7	0.7	116.5	124.8	124.0	125.8	1.5
Manufacturing	90.9	93.0	92.9	93.6	0.8	112.2	116.0	116.1	117.1	0.9
Durable goods	89.5	91.9	91.7	92.3	0.7	110.4	114.7	114.6	115.8	1.0
Nondurable goods	93.8	95.4	95.2	95.4	0.2	116.3	119.4	119.3	119.2	-0.1
Private service-providing	111.2	112.8	112.9	113.1	0.2	139.9	145.0	145.6	145.9	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	102.6	103.9	104.0	103.7	-0.3	125.1	129.1	129.5	129.3	-0.2
Wholesale trade	100.2	101.3	101.5	101.0	-0.5	125.1	127.9	128.2	127.5	-0.5
Retail trade	100.2	100.6	100.6	100.3	-0.3	119.6	122.7	122.8	123.1	0.2
Transportation and warehousing	113.7	117.3	117.4	117.7	0.3	136.3	144.3	144.7	144.9	0.1
Utilities	100.9	100.5	101.0	101.1	0.1	131.6	132.4	134.2	134.8	0.4
Information	92.8	90.7	91.2	91.4	0.2	125.5	126.1	126.9	127.7	0.6
Financial activities	103.2	105.2	105.0	105.3	0.3	132.3	140.3	140.6	140.4	-0.1
Professional and business services	115.6	118.3	118.5	118.8	0.3	147.6	153.5	154.3	155.1	0.5
Education and health services	124.0	126.4	126.6	126.7	0.1	156.3	162.6	163.3	163.4	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	119.1	121.0	121.0	121.2	0.2	147.9	153.6	154.3	154.8	0.3
Other services	105.4	106.6	107.0	107.2	0.2	136.9	141.7	142.2	143.0	0.6
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)
Total nonfarm	72,390	73,423	73,512	73,627	49.5	49.6	49.6	49.6
Total private	59,592	60,587	60,674	60,788	48.1	48.2	48.2	48.2
Goods-producing	4,378	4,505	4,523	4,537	21.9	22.0	22.1	22.1
Mining and logging	92	92	93	93	13.7	12.9	12.9	12.7
Construction	870	916	917	918	12.6	12.8	12.8	12.8
Manufacturing	3,416	3,497	3,513	3,526	27.5	27.7	27.8	27.9
Durable goods	1,806	1,845	1,853	1,860	23.4	23.5	23.5	23.5
Nondurable goods	1,610	1,652	1,660	1,666	34.3	34.8	35.0	35.1
Private service-providing	55,214	56,082	56,151	56,251	53.2	53.3	53.3	53.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,060	11,129	11,123	11,135	40.3	40.2	40.1	40.2
Wholesale trade	1,735.3	1,768.4	1,773.9	1,772.7	29.5	29.7	29.8	29.8
Retail trade	7,945.5	7,938.7	7,924.6	7,934.1	50.1	49.9	49.8	49.8
Transportation and warehousing	1,251.8	1,293.5	1,296.7	1,299.2	24.4	24.5	24.5	24.6
Utilities	127.6	127.9	128.1	128.5	23.0	23.1	23.1	23.1
Information	1,117	1,091	1,093	1,096	39.9	39.5	39.5	39.5
Financial activities	4,764	4,816	4,820	4,824	56.6	56.4	56.4	56.4
Professional and business services	9,144	9,386	9,411	9,443	44.9	45.2	45.2	45.2
Education and health services	17,786	18,050	18,087	18,109	77.0	76.9	77.0	77.0
Leisure and hospitality	8,306	8,513	8,523	8,546	51.9	52.4	52.4	52.5
Other services	3,037	3,097	3,094	3,098	52.8	53.1	53.0	53.0
Government	12,798	12,836	12,838	12,839	57.4	57.5	57.5	57.5
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]

Industry	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)
Total private	102,074	103,642	103,747	103,867
Goods-producing	14,403	14,752	14,749	14,782
Mining and logging	484	528	534	539
Construction	5,201	5,370	5,352	5,354
Manufacturing	8,718	8,854	8,863	8,889
Durable goods	5,302	5,407	5,418	5,442
Nondurable goods	3,416	3,447	3,445	3,447
Private service-providing	87,671	88,890	88,998	89,085
Trade, transportation, and utilities	23,091	23,399	23,431	23,434
Wholesale trade	4,716.8	4,775.2	4,782.7	4,770.2
Retail trade	13,467.6	13,601.1	13,612.6	13,625.0
Transportation and warehousing	4,458.9	4,577.9	4,590.3	4,593.6
Utilities	447.3	445.2	445.2	445.3
Information	2,258	2,220	2,222	2,232
Financial activities	6,547	6,622	6,627	6,624
Professional and business services	16,650	16,914	16,949	16,984
Education and health services	20,274	20,613	20,637	20,657
Leisure and hospitality	14,090	14,297	14,305	14,316
Other services	4,761	4,825	4,827	4,838
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	33.7	33.8	33.7	33.8
Goods-producing	41.3	41.6	41.6	41.8
Mining and logging	46.1	47.0	46.8	46.8
Construction	39.9	40.0	40.0	40.2
Manufacturing	41.9	42.3	42.2	42.4
Durable goods	42.3	42.6	42.5	42.7
Nondurable goods	41.1	41.7	41.7	42.0
Private service-providing	32.4	32.5	32.4	32.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	33.8	33.9	33.9	33.8
Wholesale trade	38.8	38.9	38.9	38.9
Retail trade	30.2	30.3	30.3	30.2
Transportation and warehousing	38.4	38.5	38.3	38.4
Utilities	42.5	42.7	42.9	42.9
Information	35.9	35.8	35.9	36.1
Financial activities	37.0	37.0	37.0	37.0
Professional and business services	35.4	35.4	35.3	35.3
Education and health services	32.2	32.3	32.3	32.3
Leisure and hospitality	24.8	25.0	24.9	24.9
Other services	30.7	30.7	30.7	30.8
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	4.2	4.8	4.7	4.8
Durable goods	4.3	4.9	4.8	4.9
Nondurable goods	4.1	4.6	4.5	4.6
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)
Total private	$21.94	$22.39	$22.46	$22.51	$739.38	$756.78	$756.90	$760.84
Goods-producing	23.00	23.71	23.72	23.79	949.90	986.34	986.75	994.42
Mining and logging	27.14	27.77	27.82	27.89	1,251.15	1,305.19	1,301.98	1,305.25
Construction	26.45	27.41	27.37	27.49	1,055.36	1,096.40	1,094.80	1,105.10
Manufacturing	20.79	21.32	21.36	21.41	871.10	901.84	901.39	907.78
Durable goods	21.76	22.26	22.29	22.40	920.45	948.28	947.33	956.48
Nondurable goods	19.22	19.81	19.86	19.83	789.94	826.08	828.16	832.86
Private service-providing	21.72	22.10	22.19	22.23	703.73	718.25	718.96	720.25
Trade, transportation, and utilities	19.23	19.54	19.66	19.73	649.97	662.41	666.47	666.87
Wholesale trade	24.59	24.82	24.84	24.85	954.09	965.50	966.28	966.67
Retail trade	15.23	15.49	15.66	15.77	459.95	469.35	474.50	476.25
Transportation and warehousing	21.13	21.65	21.72	21.76	811.39	833.53	831.88	835.58
Utilities	36.24	36.38	36.81	36.43	1,540.20	1,553.43	1,579.15	1,562.85
Information	30.59	31.18	31.46	31.27	1,098.18	1,116.24	1,129.41	1,128.85
Financial activities	26.49	26.74	26.84	26.89	980.13	989.38	993.08	994.93
Professional and business services	25.89	26.40	26.49	26.55	916.51	934.56	935.10	937.22
Education and health services	22.96	23.41	23.44	23.45	739.31	756.14	757.11	757.44
Leisure and hospitality	13.31	13.63	13.67	13.72	330.09	340.75	340.38	341.63
Other services	19.93	20.49	20.49	20.54	611.85	629.04	629.04	632.63
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2018 - Apr. 2018(p)	Apr. 2017	Feb. 2018	Mar. 2018(p)	Apr. 2018(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2018 - Apr. 2018(p)
Total private	114.6	116.7	116.5	117.0	0.4	168.0	174.6	174.8	175.9	0.6
Goods-producing	90.9	93.8	93.8	94.4	0.6	128.0	136.1	136.2	137.5	1.0
Mining and logging	118.6	131.9	132.8	134.0	0.9	187.1	213.0	214.9	217.4	1.2
Construction	103.9	107.6	107.2	107.8	0.6	148.4	159.2	158.4	160.0	1.0
Manufacturing	83.9	86.0	85.9	86.5	0.7	114.0	119.9	119.9	121.1	1.0
Durable goods	84.3	86.6	86.5	87.3	0.9	114.5	120.3	120.4	122.1	1.4
Nondurable goods	82.7	84.7	84.6	85.3	0.8	112.4	118.6	118.8	119.5	0.6
Private service-providing	121.0	123.0	122.8	122.9	0.1	180.2	186.4	186.9	187.4	0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	108.8	110.6	110.7	110.4	-0.3	149.3	154.1	155.3	155.4	0.1
Wholesale trade	107.8	109.4	109.6	109.3	-0.3	156.1	159.9	160.3	160.0	-0.2
Retail trade	103.0	104.3	104.4	104.2	-0.2	134.4	138.5	140.1	140.8	0.5
Transportation and warehousing	128.9	132.7	132.3	132.8	0.4	172.8	182.2	182.3	183.3	0.5
Utilities	97.2	97.2	97.7	97.7	0.0	147.1	147.6	150.1	148.6	-1.0
Information	92.5	90.7	91.0	92.0	1.1	140.1	140.0	141.8	142.4	0.4
Financial activities	114.0	115.3	115.4	115.4	0.0	185.8	189.8	190.6	190.9	0.2
Professional and business services	132.1	134.2	134.1	134.4	0.2	203.5	210.8	211.4	212.3	0.4
Education and health services	139.2	142.0	142.1	142.3	0.1	210.9	219.3	219.9	220.2	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	128.0	130.9	130.5	130.6	0.1	193.5	202.7	202.5	203.4	0.4
Other services	102.5	103.9	103.9	104.5	0.6	148.9	155.1	155.2	156.4	0.8
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.