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Tables 1 ‐ 10; Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2010

Tables 1 - 10

Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage, 2010 annual averages:

by selected characteristics
by census region and division
by State
by major occupation group
by major industry group
by educational attainment
by age and sex
by marital status, age, and sex
by usual hours worked per week
by sex (1979-2010 annual averages)

Table 1. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2010 annual averages
Characteristic	Number of workers (in thousands)				Percent distribution				Percent of workers paid hourly rates
	Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			At or below minimum wage
	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	72,902	4,361	1,820	2,541	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.0	2.5	3.5
16 to 24 years	14,061	2,135	955	1,180	19.3	49.0	52.5	46.4	15.2	6.8	8.4
16 to 19 years	3,985	994	514	480	5.5	22.8	28.2	18.9	24.9	12.9	12.0
25 years and over	58,842	2,225	865	1,360	80.7	51.0	47.5	53.5	3.8	1.5	2.3
Men, 16 years and over	35,498	1,612	669	943	48.7	37.0	36.8	37.1	4.5	1.9	2.7
16 to 24 years	6,913	851	413	438	9.5	19.5	22.7	17.2	12.3	6.0	6.3
16 to 19 years	1,889	412	236	176	2.6	9.4	13.0	6.9	21.8	12.5	9.3
25 years and over	28,585	762	257	505	39.2	17.5	14.1	19.9	2.7	0.9	1.8
Women, 16 years and over	37,404	2,749	1,151	1,598	51.3	63.0	63.2	62.9	7.3	3.1	4.3
16 to 24 years	7,148	1,286	543	743	9.8	29.5	29.8	29.2	18.0	7.6	10.4
16 to 19 years	2,096	581	277	304	2.9	13.3	15.2	12.0	27.7	13.2	14.5
25 years and over	30,256	1,463	608	855	41.5	33.5	33.4	33.6	4.8	2.0	2.8
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
White (1)	58,529	3,429	1,414	2,015	80.3	78.6	77.7	79.3	5.9	2.4	3.4
Men	28,949	1,254	538	716	39.7	28.8	29.6	28.2	4.3	1.9	2.5
Women	29,580	2,174	875	1,299	40.6	49.9	48.1	51.1	7.3	3.0	4.4
Black or African American (1)	9,436	650	301	349	12.9	14.9	16.5	13.7	6.9	3.2	3.7
Men	4,137	244	92	152	5.7	5.6	5.1	6.0	5.9	2.2	3.7
Women	5,299	406	209	197	7.3	9.3	11.5	7.8	7.7	3.9	3.7
Asian (1)	2,920	140	36	104	4.0	3.2	2.0	4.1	4.8	1.2	3.6
Men	1,406	59	12	47	1.9	1.4	0.7	1.8	4.2	0.9	3.3
Women	1,513	81	24	57	2.1	1.9	1.3	2.2	5.4	1.6	3.8
Hispanic or Latino (1)	12,977	822	360	462	17.8	18.8	19.8	18.2	6.3	2.8	3.6
Men	7,474	355	154	201	10.3	8.1	8.5	7.9	4.7	2.1	2.7
Women	5,503	468	207	261	7.5	10.7	11.4	10.3	8.5	3.8	4.7
FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS AND SEX
Full-time workers (2)	52,803	1,634	595	1,039	72.4	37.5	32.7	40.9	3.1	1.1	2.0
Men	28,574	699	255	444	39.2	16.0	14.0	17.5	2.4	0.9	1.6
Women	24,229	935	340	595	33.2	21.4	18.7	23.4	3.9	1.4	2.5
Part-time workers (2)	19,994	2,716	1,220	1,496	27.4	62.3	67.0	58.9	13.6	6.1	7.5
Men	6,871	911	413	498	9.4	20.9	22.7	19.6	13.3	6.0	7.2
Women	13,123	1,805	807	998	18.0	41.4	44.3	39.3	13.8	6.1	7.6
Footnotes: (1) Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. (2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

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Table 2. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by census region and division, 2010 annual averages
Region and division	Number of workers (in thousands)				Percent distribution				Percent of workers paid hourly rates
	Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			At or below minimum wage
	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage
Total, 16 years and over	72,902	4,361	1,820	2,541	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.0	2.5	3.5
Northeast	12,577	717	255	462	17.3	16.4	14.0	18.2	5.7	2.0	3.7
New England	3,589	134	29	105	4.9	3.1	1.6	4.1	3.7	0.8	2.9
Middle Atlantic	8,989	584	226	358	12.3	13.4	12.4	14.1	6.5	2.5	4.0
Midwest	17,815	1,041	403	638	24.4	23.9	22.1	25.1	5.8	2.3	3.6
East North Central	12,075	652	217	435	16.6	15.0	11.9	17.1	5.4	1.8	3.6
West North Central	5,740	389	186	203	7.9	8.9	10.2	8.0	6.8	3.2	3.5
South	25,324	2,082	962	1,120	34.7	47.7	52.9	44.1	8.2	3.8	4.4
South Atlantic	12,613	934	394	540	17.3	21.4	21.6	21.3	7.4	3.1	4.3
East South Central	4,426	383	200	183	6.1	8.8	11.0	7.2	8.7	4.5	4.1
West South Central	8,284	765	368	397	11.4	17.5	20.2	15.6	9.2	4.4	4.8
West	17,186	520	200	320	23.6	11.9	11.0	12.6	3.0	1.2	1.9
Mountain	5,307	292	123	169	7.3	6.7	6.8	6.7	5.5	2.3	3.2
Pacific	11,879	228	77	151	16.3	5.2	4.2	5.9	1.9	0.6	1.3

NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

The four major regions and nine census divisions of the United States are as follows:

Northeast:
- New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont
- Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania
Midwest:
- East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin
- West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota
South:
- South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia
- East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee
- West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
West:
- Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming
- Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington

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Table 3. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by State, 2010 annual averages
State	Number of workers (in thousands)				Percent distribution				Percent of workers paid hourly rates
	Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			At or below minimum wage
	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage
Total, 16 years and over	72,902	4,361	1,820	2,541	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.0	2.5	3.5
Alabama	1,141	106	59	47	1.6	2.4	3.2	1.8	9.3	5.2	4.1
Alaska	208	4	1	3	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	1.9	0.5	1.4
Arizona	1,492	83	38	45	2.0	1.9	2.1	1.8	5.6	2.5	3.0
Arkansas	705	56	32	24	1.0	1.3	1.8	0.9	7.9	4.5	3.4
California	8,619	174	55	119	11.8	4.0	3.0	4.7	2.0	0.6	1.4
Colorado	1,135	55	14	41	1.6	1.3	0.8	1.6	4.8	1.2	3.6
Connecticut	866	35	5	30	1.2	0.8	0.3	1.2	4.0	0.6	3.5
Delaware	203	14	6	8	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	6.9	3.0	3.9
District of Columbia	97	5	1	4	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	5.2	1.0	4.1
Florida	3,778	253	100	153	5.2	5.8	5.5	6.0	6.7	2.6	4.0
Georgia	1,912	163	85	78	2.6	3.7	4.7	3.1	8.5	4.4	4.1
Hawaii	318	15	8	7	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.3	4.7	2.5	2.2
Idaho	396	30	15	15	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.6	7.6	3.8	3.8
Illinois	3,145	126	34	92	4.3	2.9	1.9	3.6	4.0	1.1	2.9
Indiana	1,610	126	60	66	2.2	2.9	3.3	2.6	7.8	3.7	4.1
Iowa	947	61	33	28	1.3	1.4	1.8	1.1	6.4	3.5	3.0
Kansas	771	59	30	29	1.1	1.4	1.6	1.1	7.7	3.9	3.8
Kentucky	1,119	91	43	48	1.5	2.1	2.4	1.9	8.1	3.8	4.3
Louisiana	981	87	29	58	1.3	2.0	1.6	2.3	8.9	3.0	5.9
Maine	369	14	3	11	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.4	3.8	0.8	3.0
Maryland	1,311	77	21	56	1.8	1.8	1.2	2.2	5.9	1.6	4.3
Massachusetts	1,519	45	10	35	2.1	1.0	0.5	1.4	3.0	0.7	2.3
Michigan	2,478	137	30	107	3.4	3.1	1.6	4.2	5.5	1.2	4.3
Minnesota	1,497	90	39	51	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.0	6.0	2.6	3.4
Mississippi	663	63	34	29	0.9	1.4	1.9	1.1	9.5	5.1	4.4
Missouri	1,531	123	55	68	2.1	2.8	3.0	2.7	8.0	3.6	4.4
Montana	255	17	12	5	0.3	0.4	0.7	0.2	6.7	4.7	2.0
Nebraska	536	30	17	13	0.7	0.7	0.9	0.5	5.6	3.2	2.4
Nevada	651	23	10	13	0.9	0.5	0.5	0.5	3.5	1.5	2.0
New Hampshire	356	19	5	14	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.6	5.3	1.4	3.9
New Jersey	1,612	113	31	82	2.2	2.6	1.7	3.2	7.0	1.9	5.1
New Mexico	476	26	6	20	0.7	0.6	0.3	0.8	5.5	1.3	4.2
New York	4,122	264	103	161	5.7	6.1	5.7	6.3	6.4	2.5	3.9
North Carolina	2,121	168	73	95	2.9	3.9	4.0	3.7	7.9	3.4	4.5
North Dakota	200	13	7	6	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.2	6.5	3.5	3.0
Ohio	3,185	172	49	123	4.4	3.9	2.7	4.8	5.4	1.5	3.9
Oklahoma	835	72	39	33	1.1	1.7	2.1	1.3	8.6	4.7	4.0
Oregon	994	16	6	10	1.4	0.4	0.3	0.4	1.6	0.6	1.0
Pennsylvania	3,255	206	91	115	4.5	4.7	5.0	4.5	6.3	2.8	3.5
Rhode Island	294	14	4	10	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.4	4.8	1.4	3.4
South Carolina	1,050	78	32	46	1.4	1.8	1.8	1.8	7.4	3.0	4.4
South Dakota	257	15	7	8	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.3	5.8	2.7	3.1
Tennessee	1,503	124	64	60	2.1	2.8	3.5	2.4	8.3	4.3	4.0
Texas	5,763	550	268	282	7.9	12.6	14.7	11.1	9.5	4.7	4.9
Utah	739	45	21	24	1.0	1.0	1.2	0.9	6.1	2.8	3.2
Vermont	184	6	1	5	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.2	3.3	0.5	2.7
Virginia	1,712	136	53	83	2.3	3.1	2.9	3.3	7.9	3.1	4.8
Washington	1,739	19	7	12	2.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	1.1	0.4	0.7
West Virginia	430	40	23	17	0.6	0.9	1.3	0.7	9.3	5.3	4.0
Wisconsin	1,657	91	44	47	2.3	2.1	2.4	1.8	5.5	2.7	2.8
Wyoming	163	12	6	6	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	7.4	3.7	3.7

NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Users are reminded that these data are based on a sample and are therefore subject to sampling error; the degree of error may be quite large for less populous States. It is not possible to determine clearly whether workers surveyed in the CPS are actually covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or by individual State minimum wage laws. Thus, some workers reported as earning the prevailing Federal minimum wage may not in fact be covered by Federal or State minimum wage laws. Also, there are a number of States that have minimum wages that exceed the Federal minimum wage. At the same time, the presence of a sizable number of workers with wages below the prevailing Federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the FLSA or applicable State laws, because there are numerous exclusions and exemptions to these minimum wage statutes.

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Table 4. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by major occupation group, 2010 annual averages
Occupation	Number of workers (in thousands)				Percent distribution				Percent of workers paid hourly rates
	Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			At or below minimum wage
	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage
Total, 16 years and over	72,902	4,361	1,820	2,541	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.0	2.5	3.5
Management, professional, and related occupations	15,208	224	97	127	20.9	5.1	5.3	5.0	1.5	0.6	0.8
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	4,013	53	22	31	5.5	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	0.5	0.8
Professional and related occupations	11,195	172	75	97	15.4	3.9	4.1	3.8	1.5	0.7	0.9
Service occupations	17,732	2,511	825	1,686	24.3	57.6	45.3	66.4	14.2	4.7	9.5
Healthcare support occupations	2,727	135	83	52	3.7	3.1	4.6	2.0	5.0	3.0	1.9
Protective service occupations	2,093	76	30	46	2.9	1.7	1.6	1.8	3.6	1.4	2.2
Food preparation and serving related occupations	6,604	1,694	449	1,245	9.1	38.8	24.7	49.0	25.7	6.8	18.9
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3,606	281	126	155	4.9	6.4	6.9	6.1	7.8	3.5	4.3
Personal care and service occupations	2,703	325	137	188	3.7	7.5	7.5	7.4	12.0	5.1	7.0
Sales and office occupations	19,773	1,059	646	413	27.1	24.3	35.5	16.3	5.4	3.3	2.1
Sales and related occupations	7,670	734	463	271	10.5	16.8	25.4	10.7	9.6	6.0	3.5
Office and administrative support occupations	12,103	326	184	142	16.6	7.5	10.1	5.6	2.7	1.5	1.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	8,200	104	27	77	11.2	2.4	1.5	3.0	1.3	0.3	0.9
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	621	34	14	20	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	5.5	2.3	3.2
Construction and extraction occupations	4,355	39	4	35	6.0	0.9	0.2	1.4	0.9	0.1	0.8
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	3,224	32	9	23	4.4	0.7	0.5	0.9	1.0	0.3	0.7
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	11,989	462	225	237	16.4	10.6	12.4	9.3	3.9	1.9	2.0
Production occupations	6,356	171	86	85	8.7	3.9	4.7	3.3	2.7	1.4	1.3
Transportation and material moving occupations	5,633	291	139	152	7.7	6.7	7.6	6.0	5.2	2.5	2.7

NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

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Table 5. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by major industry group, 2010 annual averages
Industry	Number of workers (in thousands)				Percent distribution				Percent of workers paid hourly rates
	Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			At or below minimum wage
	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage
Total, 16 years and over	72,902	4,361	1,820	2,541	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.0	2.5	3.5
Private sector	63,201	4,089	1,711	2,378	86.7	93.8	94.0	93.6	6.5	2.7	3.8
Agriculture and related industries	726	31	15	16	1.0	0.7	0.8	0.6	4.3	2.1	2.2
Nonagricultural industries	62,475	4,058	1,696	2,362	85.7	93.1	93.2	93.0	6.5	2.7	3.8
Mining	422	-	-	-	0.6	-	-	-	-	-	-
Construction	4,252	46	9	37	5.8	1.1	0.5	1.5	1.1	0.2	0.9
Manufacturing	8,355	159	71	88	11.5	3.6	3.9	3.5	1.9	0.8	1.1
Durable goods	5,072	60	29	31	7.0	1.4	1.6	1.2	1.2	0.6	0.6
Nondurable goods	3,283	98	42	56	4.5	2.2	2.3	2.2	3.0	1.3	1.7
Wholesale and retail trade	12,123	811	482	329	16.6	18.6	26.5	12.9	6.7	4.0	2.7
Wholesale trade	1,613	46	28	18	2.2	1.1	1.5	0.7	2.9	1.7	1.1
Retail trade	10,510	764	454	310	14.4	17.5	24.9	12.2	7.3	4.3	2.9
Transportation and utilities	2,973	52	23	29	4.1	1.2	1.3	1.1	1.7	0.8	1.0
Information	1,267	49	28	21	1.7	1.1	1.5	0.8	3.9	2.2	1.7
Financial activities	3,154	73	35	38	4.3	1.7	1.9	1.5	2.3	1.1	1.2
Professional and business services	5,617	175	96	79	7.7	4.0	5.3	3.1	3.1	1.7	1.4
Education and health services	12,658	425	238	187	17.4	9.7	13.1	7.4	3.4	1.9	1.5
Leisure and hospitality	8,751	2,015	615	1,400	12.0	46.2	33.8	55.1	23.0	7.0	16.0
Other services	2,905	255	100	155	4.0	5.8	5.5	6.1	8.8	3.4	5.3
Public sector	9,701	272	109	163	13.3	6.2	6.0	6.4	2.8	1.1	1.7
Federal	1,878	33	9	24	2.6	0.8	0.5	0.9	1.8	0.5	1.3
State	2,666	102	44	58	3.7	2.3	2.4	2.3	3.8	1.7	2.2
Local	5,157	137	56	81	7.1	3.1	3.1	3.2	2.7	1.1	1.6

NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

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Table 6. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by educational attainment, 2010 annual averages
Educational attainment	Number of workers (in thousands)				Percent distribution				Percent of workers paid hourly rates
	Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			At or below minimum wage
	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage
Total, 16 years and over	72,902	4,361	1,820	2,541	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.0	2.5	3.5
Less than a high school diploma	9,768	1,285	630	655	13.4	29.5	34.6	25.8	13.2	6.4	6.7
Less than 1 year of high school	2,915	245	105	140	4.0	5.6	5.8	5.5	8.4	3.6	4.8
1 to 3 years of high school	5,773	935	476	459	7.9	21.4	26.2	18.1	16.2	8.2	8.0
4 years of high school, no diploma	1,079	106	49	57	1.5	2.4	2.7	2.2	9.8	4.5	5.3
High school graduates or more	63,135	3,075	1,190	1,885	86.6	70.5	65.4	74.2	4.9	1.9	3.0
High school graduates, no college	25,768	1,334	573	761	35.3	30.6	31.5	29.9	5.2	2.2	3.0
Some college or associate degree	25,030	1,414	546	868	34.3	32.4	30.0	34.2	5.6	2.2	3.5
Some college, no degree	16,614	1,155	447	708	22.8	26.5	24.6	27.9	7.0	2.7	4.3
Associate degree	8,416	259	99	160	11.5	5.9	5.4	6.3	3.1	1.2	1.9
Occupational program	4,071	124	46	78	5.6	2.8	2.5	3.1	3.0	1.1	1.9
Academic program	4,345	135	53	82	6.0	3.1	2.9	3.2	3.1	1.2	1.9
Bachelor's degree and higher	12,336	327	71	256	16.9	7.5	3.9	10.1	2.7	0.6	2.1
Bachelor's degree	9,715	288	57	231	13.3	6.6	3.1	9.1	3.0	0.6	2.4
Master's degree	2,089	32	11	21	2.9	0.7	0.6	0.8	1.5	0.5	1.0
Professional degree	290	5	2	3	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.1	1.7	0.7	1.0
Doctoral degree	243	2	1	1	0.3	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.8	0.4	0.4

NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

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Table 7. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by age and sex, 2010 annual averages
Age and sex	Number of workers (in thousands)				Percent distribution				Percent of workers paid hourly rates
	Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			At or below minimum wage
	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage
BOTH SEXES
Total, 16 years and over	72,902	4,361	1,820	2,541	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.0	2.5	3.5
Under 25 years	14,061	2,135	955	1,180	19.3	49.0	52.5	46.4	15.2	6.8	8.4
16 to 19 years	3,985	994	514	480	5.5	22.8	28.2	18.9	24.9	12.9	12.0
20 to 24 years	10,076	1,141	441	700	13.8	26.2	24.2	27.5	11.3	4.4	6.9
25 years and over	58,842	2,225	865	1,360	80.7	51.0	47.5	53.5	3.8	1.5	2.3
25 to 34 years	16,827	844	271	573	23.1	19.4	14.9	22.6	5.0	1.6	3.4
25 to 29 years	9,091	502	163	339	12.5	11.5	9.0	13.3	5.5	1.8	3.7
30 to 34 years	7,735	342	108	234	10.6	7.8	5.9	9.2	4.4	1.4	3.0
35 to 44 years	14,362	530	216	314	19.7	12.2	11.9	12.4	3.7	1.5	2.2
35 to 39 years	7,043	265	105	160	9.7	6.1	5.8	6.3	3.8	1.5	2.3
40 to 44 years	7,319	265	111	154	10.0	6.1	6.1	6.1	3.6	1.5	2.1
45 to 54 years	15,316	457	200	257	21.0	10.5	11.0	10.1	3.0	1.3	1.7
45 to 49 years	7,805	242	101	141	10.7	5.5	5.5	5.5	3.1	1.3	1.8
50 to 54 years	7,511	214	98	116	10.3	4.9	5.4	4.6	2.8	1.3	1.5
55 to 64 years	9,584	227	103	124	13.1	5.2	5.7	4.9	2.4	1.1	1.3
55 to 59 years	5,864	136	56	80	8.0	3.1	3.1	3.1	2.3	1.0	1.4
60 to 64 years	3,719	91	47	44	5.1	2.1	2.6	1.7	2.4	1.3	1.2
65 years and over	2,753	167	75	92	3.8	3.8	4.1	3.6	6.1	2.7	3.3
65 to 69 years	1,535	77	36	41	2.1	1.8	2.0	1.6	5.0	2.3	2.7
70 years and over	1,218	90	39	51	1.7	2.1	2.1	2.0	7.4	3.2	4.2
MEN
Total, 16 years and over	35,498	1,612	669	943	48.7	37.0	36.8	37.1	4.5	1.9	2.7
Under 25 years	6,913	851	413	438	9.5	19.5	22.7	17.2	12.3	6.0	6.3
16 to 19 years	1,889	412	236	176	2.6	9.4	13.0	6.9	21.8	12.5	9.3
20 to 24 years	5,024	437	176	261	6.9	10.0	9.7	10.3	8.7	3.5	5.2
25 years and over	28,585	762	257	505	39.2	17.5	14.1	19.9	2.7	0.9	1.8
25 to 34 years	8,819	308	85	223	12.1	7.1	4.7	8.8	3.5	1.0	2.5
25 to 29 years	4,736	195	56	139	6.5	4.5	3.1	5.5	4.1	1.2	2.9
30 to 34 years	4,083	112	28	84	5.6	2.6	1.5	3.3	2.7	0.7	2.1
35 to 44 years	7,123	192	69	123	9.8	4.4	3.8	4.8	2.7	1.0	1.7
35 to 39 years	3,554	97	25	72	4.9	2.2	1.4	2.8	2.7	0.7	2.0
40 to 44 years	3,569	94	44	50	4.9	2.2	2.4	2.0	2.6	1.2	1.4
45 to 54 years	7,133	128	54	74	9.8	2.9	3.0	2.9	1.8	0.8	1.0
45 to 49 years	3,645	65	30	35	5.0	1.5	1.6	1.4	1.8	0.8	1.0
50 to 54 years	3,487	62	23	39	4.8	1.4	1.3	1.5	1.8	0.7	1.1
55 to 64 years	4,267	78	30	48	5.9	1.8	1.6	1.9	1.8	0.7	1.1
55 to 59 years	2,650	40	14	26	3.6	0.9	0.8	1.0	1.5	0.5	1.0
60 to 64 years	1,617	38	16	22	2.2	0.9	0.9	0.9	2.4	1.0	1.4
65 years and over	1,243	56	19	37	1.7	1.3	1.0	1.5	4.5	1.5	3.0
65 to 69 years	698	26	9	17	1.0	0.6	0.5	0.7	3.7	1.3	2.4
70 years and over	545	30	10	20	0.7	0.7	0.5	0.8	5.5	1.8	3.7
WOMEN
Total, 16 years and over	37,404	2,749	1,151	1,598	51.3	63.0	63.2	62.9	7.3	3.1	4.3
Under 25 years	7,148	1,286	543	743	9.8	29.5	29.8	29.2	18.0	7.6	10.4
16 to 19 years	2,096	581	277	304	2.9	13.3	15.2	12.0	27.7	13.2	14.5
20 to 24 years	5,052	704	265	439	6.9	16.1	14.6	17.3	13.9	5.2	8.7
25 years and over	30,256	1,463	608	855	41.5	33.5	33.4	33.6	4.8	2.0	2.8
25 to 34 years	8,008	535	186	349	11.0	12.3	10.2	13.7	6.7	2.3	4.4
25 to 29 years	4,355	306	106	200	6.0	7.0	5.8	7.9	7.0	2.4	4.6
30 to 34 years	3,652	229	80	149	5.0	5.3	4.4	5.9	6.3	2.2	4.1
35 to 44 years	7,239	338	147	191	9.9	7.8	8.1	7.5	4.7	2.0	2.6
35 to 39 years	3,489	168	80	88	4.8	3.9	4.4	3.5	4.8	2.3	2.5
40 to 44 years	3,750	171	67	104	5.1	3.9	3.7	4.1	4.6	1.8	2.8
45 to 54 years	8,183	329	146	183	11.2	7.5	8.0	7.2	4.0	1.8	2.2
45 to 49 years	4,160	177	71	106	5.7	4.1	3.9	4.2	4.3	1.7	2.5
50 to 54 years	4,024	152	75	77	5.5	3.5	4.1	3.0	3.8	1.9	1.9
55 to 64 years	5,317	149	73	76	7.3	3.4	4.0	3.0	2.8	1.4	1.4
55 to 59 years	3,215	96	42	54	4.4	2.2	2.3	2.1	3.0	1.3	1.7
60 to 64 years	2,102	53	31	22	2.9	1.2	1.7	0.9	2.5	1.5	1.0
65 years and over	1,510	111	56	55	2.1	2.5	3.1	2.2	7.4	3.7	3.6
65 to 69 years	837	51	27	24	1.1	1.2	1.5	0.9	6.1	3.2	2.9
70 years and over	672	61	29	32	0.9	1.4	1.6	1.3	9.1	4.3	4.8

NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

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Table 8. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by marital status, age, and sex, 2010 annual averages
Marital status, age and sex	Number of workers (in thousands)				Percent distribution				Percent of workers paid hourly rates
	Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			At or below minimum wage
	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage
BOTH SEXES
Total, 16 years and over	72,902	4,361	1,820	2,541	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.0	2.5	3.5
Never married	25,988	2,719	1,124	1,595	35.6	62.3	61.8	62.8	10.5	4.3	6.1
16 to 24 years	12,517	1,980	886	1,094	17.2	45.4	48.7	43.1	15.8	7.1	8.7
25 years and over	13,471	739	238	501	18.5	16.9	13.1	19.7	5.5	1.8	3.7
25 to 54 years	12,507	698	224	474	17.2	16.0	12.3	18.7	5.6	1.8	3.8
Married, spouse present	34,519	1,053	436	617	47.3	24.1	24.0	24.3	3.1	1.3	1.8
16 to 24 years	1,145	99	46	53	1.6	2.3	2.5	2.1	8.6	4.0	4.6
25 years and over	33,374	955	390	565	45.8	21.9	21.4	22.2	2.9	1.2	1.7
25 to 54 years	25,617	749	295	454	35.1	17.2	16.2	17.9	2.9	1.2	1.8
Other marital status	12,395	589	260	329	17.0	13.5	14.3	12.9	4.8	2.1	2.7
16 to 24 years	399	57	23	34	0.5	1.3	1.3	1.3	14.3	5.8	8.5
25 years and over	11,997	532	237	295	16.5	12.2	13.0	11.6	4.4	2.0	2.5
25 to 54 years	8,381	383	168	215	11.5	8.8	9.2	8.5	4.6	2.0	2.6
MEN
Total, 16 years and over	35,498	1,612	669	943	48.7	37.0	36.8	37.1	4.5	1.9	2.7
Never married	18,177	1,119	478	641	24.9	25.7	26.3	25.2	6.2	2.6	3.5
16 to 24 years	6,443	808	391	417	8.8	18.5	21.5	16.4	12.5	6.1	6.5
25 years and over	11,733	311	87	224	16.1	7.1	4.8	8.8	2.7	0.7	1.9
25 to 54 years	10,183	289	81	208	14.0	6.6	4.5	8.2	2.8	0.8	2.0
Married, spouse present	17,321	349	133	216	23.8	8.0	7.3	8.5	2.0	0.8	1.2
16 to 24 years	469	23	11	12	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.5	4.9	2.3	2.6
25 years and over	16,852	325	122	203	23.1	7.5	6.7	8.0	1.9	0.7	1.2
25 to 54 years	12,892	243	87	156	17.7	5.6	4.8	6.1	1.9	0.7	1.2
Other marital status	4,662	146	59	87	6.4	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.1	1.3	1.9
16 to 24 years	158	20	11	9	0.2	0.5	0.6	0.4	12.7	7.0	5.7
25 years and over	4,505	126	48	78	6.2	2.9	2.6	3.1	2.8	1.1	1.7
25 to 54 years	3,414	96	40	56	4.7	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.8	1.2	1.6
WOMEN
Total, 16 years and over .	37,404	2,749	1,151	1,598	51.3	63.0	63.2	62.9	7.3	3.1	4.3
Never married	12,474	1,600	646	954	17.1	36.7	35.5	37.5	12.8	5.2	7.6
16 to 24 years	6,231	1,172	495	677	8.5	26.9	27.2	26.6	18.8	7.9	10.9
25 years and over	6,243	428	151	277	8.6	9.8	8.3	10.9	6.9	2.4	4.4
25 to 54 years	5,738	410	144	266	7.9	9.4	7.9	10.5	7.1	2.5	4.6
Married, spouse present	17,198	705	303	402	23.6	16.2	16.6	15.8	4.1	1.8	2.3
16 to 24 years	676	75	35	40	0.9	1.7	1.9	1.6	11.1	5.2	5.9
25 years and over	16,522	630	268	362	22.7	14.4	14.7	14.2	3.8	1.6	2.2
25 to 54 years	12,725	506	208	298	17.5	11.6	11.4	11.7	4.0	1.6	2.3
Other marital status	7,733	443	201	242	10.6	10.2	11.0	9.5	5.7	2.6	3.1
16 to 24 years	241	37	12	25	0.3	0.8	0.7	1.0	15.4	5.0	10.4
25 years and over	7,492	406	189	217	10.3	9.3	10.4	8.5	5.4	2.5	2.9
25 to 54 years	4,966	287	128	159	6.8	6.6	7.0	6.3	5.8	2.6	3.2

NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

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Table 9. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by usual hours worked on primary job, 2010 annual averages
Usual hours worked per week on primary job	Number of workers (in thousands)				Percent distribution				Percent of workers paid hourly rates
	Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			Total paid hourly rates	At or below minimum wage			At or below minimum wage
	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total paid hourly rates	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage	Total	At minimum wage	Below minimum wage
Total, 16 years and over	72,902	4,361	1,820	2,541	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.0	2.5	3.5
Hours vary	4,877	544	230	314	6.7	12.5	12.6	12.4	11.2	4.7	6.4
0 to 34 hours	17,966	2,406	1,102	1,304	24.6	55.2	60.5	51.3	13.4	6.1	7.3
0 to 4 hours	391	56	25	31	0.5	1.3	1.4	1.2	14.3	6.4	7.9
5 to 9 hours	993	197	86	111	1.4	4.5	4.7	4.4	19.8	8.7	11.2
10 to 14 hours	1,580	268	133	135	2.2	6.1	7.3	5.3	17.0	8.4	8.5
15 to 19 hours	2,379	373	181	192	3.3	8.6	9.9	7.6	15.7	7.6	8.1
20 to 24 hours	5,299	724	338	386	7.3	16.6	18.6	15.2	13.7	6.4	7.3
25 to 29 hours	2,445	316	150	166	3.4	7.2	8.2	6.5	12.9	6.1	6.8
30 to 34 hours	4,879	472	189	283	6.7	10.8	10.4	11.1	9.7	3.9	5.8
35 hours or more	50,060	1,410	488	922	68.7	32.3	26.8	36.3	2.8	1.0	1.8
35 to 39 hours	6,012	414	143	271	8.2	9.5	7.9	10.7	6.9	2.4	4.5
40 hours or more	44,048	998	346	652	60.4	22.9	19.0	25.7	2.3	0.8	1.5
40 hours	38,857	884	312	572	53.3	20.3	17.1	22.5	2.3	0.8	1.5
41 hours or more	5,190	113	33	80	7.1	2.6	1.8	3.1	2.2	0.6	1.5
41 to 44 hours	619	12	5	7	0.8	0.3	0.3	0.3	1.9	0.8	1.1
45 to 48 hours	1,831	37	14	23	2.5	0.8	0.8	0.9	2.0	0.8	1.3
49 to 59 hours	1,862	39	7	32	2.6	0.9	0.4	1.3	2.1	0.4	1.7
60 hours or more	878	25	8	17	1.2	0.6	0.4	0.7	2.8	0.9	1.9

NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

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Table 10. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by sex, 1979-2010 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Year and sex	Total wage and salary workers	Workers paid hourly rates
		Total	Percent of total wage and salary workers	Below prevailing Federal minimum wage	At prevailing Federal minimum wage	Total at or below prevailing Federal minimum wage
		Total	Percent of total wage and salary workers	Below prevailing Federal minimum wage	At prevailing Federal minimum wage	Number	Percent of hourly paid workers
BOTH SEXES
1979	87,529	51,721	59.1	2,916	3,997	6,912	13.4
1980	87,644	51,335	58.6	3,087	4,686	7,773	15.1
1981	88,516	51,869	58.6	3,513	4,311	7,824	15.1
1982	87,368	50,846	58.2	2,348	4,148	6,496	12.8
1983	88,290	51,820	58.7	2,077	4,261	6,338	12.2
1984	92,194	54,143	58.7	1,838	4,125	5,963	11.0
1985	94,521	55,762	59.0	1,639	3,899	5,538	9.9
1986 (1)	96,903	57,529	59.4	1,599	3,461	5,060	8.8
1987	99,303	59,552	60.0	1,468	3,229	4,698	7.9
1988	101,407	60,878	60.0	1,319	2,608	3,927	6.5
1989	103,480	62,389	60.3	1,372	1,790	3,162	5.1
1990 (1)	104,876	63,172	60.2	(2)2,132	(2)1,096	(2)3,228	(2)5.1
1991	103,723	62,627	60.4	(2)2,377	(2)2,906	(2)5,283	(2)8.4
1992	104,668	63,610	60.8	1,939	2,982	4,921	7.7
1993	106,101	64,274	60.6	1,707	2,625	4,332	6.7
1994 (1)	107,989	66,549	61.6	1,995	2,132	4,128	6.2
1995	110,038	68,354	62.1	1,699	1,956	3,656	5.3
1996	111,960	69,255	61.9	(2)1,863	(2)1,861	(2)3,724	(2)5.4
1997 (1)	114,533	70,735	61.8	(2)2,990	(2)1,764	(2)4,754	(2)6.7
1998 (1)	116,730	71,440	61.2	2,834	1,593	4,427	6.2
1999 (1)	118,963	72,306	60.8	2,194	1,146	3,340	4.6
2000 (1)	122,089	73,496	60.2	1,752	898	2,650	3.6
2001	122,229	73,392	60.0	1,518	656	2,174	3.0
2002	121,826	72,508	59.5	1,579	567	2,146	3.0
2003 (1)	122,358	72,946	59.6	1,555	545	2,100	2.9
2004 (1)	123,554	73,939	59.8	1,483	520	2,003	2.7
2005	125,889	75,609	60.1	1,403	479	1,882	2.5
2006	128,237	76,514	59.7	1,283	409	1,692	2.2
2007	129,767	75,873	58.5	(2)1,462	(2)267	(2)1,729	(2)2.3
2008 (1)	129,377	75,305	58.2	(2)1,940	(2)286	(2)2,226	(2)3.0
2009 (1)	124,490	72,611	58.3	(2)2,592	(2)980	(2)3,572	(2)4.9
2010	124,073	72,902	58.8	2,541	1820	4,361	6.0
MEN
1979	49,400	28,392	57.5	846	1,353	2,199	7.7
1980	48,700	27,709	56.9	983	1,696	2,678	9.7
1981	48,844	27,576	56.5	1,119	1,533	2,652	9.6
1982	47,591	26,481	55.6	697	1,587	2,284	8.6
1983	47,856	26,831	56.1	585	1,658	2,243	8.4
1984	50,022	28,140	56.3	490	1,626	2,116	7.5
1985	51,015	28,893	56.6	440	1,544	1,984	6.9
1986 (1)	51,942	29,666	57.1	408	1,336	1,743	5.9
1987	52,938	30,474	57.6	364	1,283	1,647	5.4
1988	53,912	31,058	57.6	311	1,066	1,377	4.4
1989	54,789	31,687	57.8	379	733	1,112	3.5
1990 (1)	55,553	32,104	57.8	(2)712	(2)385	(2)1,097	(2)3.4
1991	54,618	31,639	57.9	(2)795	(2)1,114	(2)1,909	(2)6.0
1992	54,826	32,155	58.6	653	1,231	1,885	5.9
1993	55,475	32,337	58.3	573	1,091	1,664	5.1
1994 (1)	56,570	33,528	59.3	674	891	1,565	4.7
1995	57,669	34,420	59.7	542	796	1,338	3.9
1996	58,473	34,838	59.6	(2)619	(2)755	(2)1,374	(2)3.9
1997 (1)	59,825	35,521	59.4	(2)1,147	(2)673	(2)1,820	(2)5.1
1998 (1)	60,973	35,761	58.7	1,039	628	1,667	4.7
1999 (1)	61,914	36,073	58.3	768	446	1,214	3.4
2000 (1)	63,662	36,720	57.7	582	319	901	2.5
2001	63,647	36,544	57.4	497	247	744	2.0
2002	63,272	36,000	56.9	582	217	799	2.2
2003 (1)	63,236	35,853	56.7	493	213	706	2.0
2004 (1)	64,145	36,806	57.4	470	210	680	1.8
2005	65,466	37,652	57.5	459	189	648	1.7
2006	66,811	38,193	57.2	422	146	568	1.5
2007	67,468	37,790	56.0	(2)460	(2)86	(2)546	(2)1.4
2008 (1)	66,846	37,334	55.9	(2)638	(2)90	(2)728	(2)1.9
2009 (1)	63,539	35,185	55.4	(2)990	(2)368	(2)1,358	(2)3.9
2010	63,531	35,498	55.9	943	669	1,612	4.5
WOMEN
1979	38,129	23,329	61.2	2,070	2,644	4,714	20.2
1980	38,944	23,626	60.7	2,104	2,990	5,095	21.6
1981	39,672	24,294	61.2	2,394	2,778	5,172	21.3
1982	39,777	24,365	61.3	1,651	2,561	4,212	17.3
1983	40,433	24,989	61.8	1,492	2,603	4,095	16.4
1984	42,172	26,003	61.7	1,348	2,499	3,847	14.8
1985	43,506	26,869	61.8	1,198	2,356	3,554	13.2
1986 (1)	44,961	27,863	62.0	1,192	2,125	3,317	11.9
1987	46,365	29,078	62.7	1,105	1,946	3,051	10.5
1988	47,495	29,820	62.8	1,008	1,542	2,550	8.6
1989	48,691	30,702	63.1	994	1,056	2,050	6.7
1990 (1)	49,323	31,069	63.0	(2)1,420	(2)711	(2)2,131	(2)6.9
1991	49,105	30,988	63.1	(2)1,582	(2)1,792	(2)3,374	(2)10.9
1992	49,842	31,454	63.1	1,286	1,751	3,036	9.7
1993	50,626	31,937	63.1	1,133	1,534	2,667	8.4
1994 (1)	51,419	33,021	64.2	1,322	1,241	2,563	7.8
1995	52,369	33,934	64.8	1,157	1,161	2,318	6.8
1996	53,488	34,418	64.3	(2)1,244	(2)1,106	(2)2,350	(2)6.8
1997 (1)	54,708	35,214	64.4	(2)1,843	(2)1,092	(2)2,935	(2)8.3
1998 (1)	55,757	35,680	64.0	1,794	965	2,760	7.7
1999 (1)	57,050	36,233	63.5	1,426	700	2,126	5.9
2000 (1)	58,427	36,777	62.9	1,170	579	1,749	4.8
2001	58,582	36,848	62.9	1,021	409	1,430	3.9
2002	58,555	36,508	62.3	997	350	1,347	3.7
2003 (1)	59,122	37,093	62.7	1,062	332	1,394	3.8
2004 (1)	59,408	37,133	62.5	1,013	310	1,323	3.6
2005	60,423	37,957	62.8	944	290	1,234	3.3
2006	61,426	38,321	62.4	861	263	1,124	2.9
2007	62,299	38,082	61.1	(2)1,002	(2)181	(2)1,183	(2)3.1
2008 (1)	62,532	37,972	60.7	(2)1,302	(2)196	(2)1,498	(2)3.9
2009 (1)	60,951	37,426	61.4	(2)1,603	(2)612	(2)2,215	(2)5.9
2010	60,542	37,404	61.8	1,598	1,151	2,749	7.3
Footnotes: (1) The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability section of the Household Data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. (2) Data for 1990-91, 1996-97, and 2007-09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.

NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $2.90 in 1979, $3.10 in 1980, and $3.35 in 1981-89. The minimum wage rose to $3.80 on April 1, 1990, to $4.25 on April 1, 1991, to $4.75 on October 1, 1996, to $5.15 on September 1, 1997, to $5.85 on July 24, 2007, to $6.55 on July 24, 2008, and to $7.25 on July 24, 2009. Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. The presence of a sizable number of workers with reported wages below the minimum does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are numerous exemptions to the minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, the relatively large number of workers with reported wages below the minimum in some years may reflect rounding on the part of survey respondents.

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Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2010

Last Modified Date: March 9, 2011