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Economic News Release
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Employment Characteristics of Families News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, April 19, 2023 		                USDL-23-0723

Technical information:  (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps 
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


		     EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES -- 2022


In 2022, 4.7 percent of families included an unemployed person, down from 6.7 percent in
2021, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Of the nation's 83.8 million
families, 80.1 percent had at least one employed member in 2022.

These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are collected as part
of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households. 
Data in this news release are annual averages. Families are classified either as married-
couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses present. Unless
otherwise noted, families include those with and without children under age 18. For 
further information, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Families and Unemployment

The number of families with at least one family member unemployed fell to 4.0 million
in 2022. The proportion of families with an unemployed person shrank by 2.0 percentage
points from the prior year to 4.7 percent as the labor market continued to recover from
the recession induced by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. This was lower than the 4.9
percent of families that included at least one unemployed person in 2019 prior to the
pandemic. In 2022, the proportion of families with an unemployed person declined for 
White (to 4.2 percent of families), Black (8.0 percent), Asian (4.3 percent), and 
Hispanic (6.6 percent) families. Black and Hispanic families remained more likely to have
an unemployed member than White or Asian families. (See table 1.)

Among families with an unemployed member in 2022, 70.9 percent also had at least one
family member employed, up by 3.5 percentage points from the prior year. The proportion
of families with an unemployed member that had at least one family member working full 
time also rose by 3.5 percentage points to 62.0 percent in 2022. Among families with an
unemployed member, Black families remained less likely to also have at least one family 
member working in 2022 (61.6 percent of families) than White (73.4 percent), Asian (85.4
percent), and Hispanic (72.4 percent) families. (See table 1.)

In 2022, 3.8 percent of married-couple families had an unemployed member, which was smaller
than the shares of families maintained by women (7.5 percent) and of those maintained
by men (7.1 percent). Among families with an unemployed member, those maintained by women
remained less likely to also include an employed family member (53.5 percent) than families
maintained by men (60.5 percent) and married-couple families (82.2 percent). (See tables
2 and 3.)

Families and Employment

The share of families with at least one employed family member rose from 78.5 percent of
families in 2021 to 80.1 percent in 2022. The likelihood of having an employed family
member increased for White (to 79.4 percent of families), Black (80.0 percent), Asian (88.1
percent), and Hispanic (87.3 percent) families. In 2022, Asian and Hispanic families were
more likely than White and Black families to have an employed family member. (See table 1.)

Families maintained by women remained less likely to have an employed member (78.5 percent)
in 2022 than families maintained by men (84.8 percent) or married-couple families (80.0 
percent). Among married-couple families, both spouses were employed in 48.9 percent of 
families, up from 46.8 percent in the prior year. In 2022, only one spouse was employed in
24.5 percent of married-couple families, down from 25.3 percent in 2021. (See table 2.)

Families with Children

In 2022, 33.3 million families, or two-fifths of all families, included children under age
18. (Children are biological, step-, or adopted children living in the household who are
under age 18. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related and unrelated
children, and children not living in the household.) At least one parent was employed in
91.2 percent of families with children, up from 89.1 percent in 2021 and little different
from its 2019 value of 91.4 percent. Among married-couple families with children, 97.4
percent had at least one employed parent in 2022, and in 65.0 percent of these families
both parents were employed. Among families maintained by fathers, 85.7 percent of fathers
were employed, a greater share than the 75.0 percent of mothers who were employed in 
families maintained by mothers. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Parents

The labor force participation rate--the percent of the population working or looking for
work--for all mothers with children under age 18 was 72.9 percent in 2022, up by 1.7
percentage points from the prior year and higher than the 2019 value of 72.3 percent. The
participation rate for fathers with children under age 18 rose from 92.5 percent in 2021
to 92.9 percent in 2022--still lower than the rate in 2019 (93.3 percent). (See table 5.)

In 2022, the labor force participation rate increased for mothers and fathers, regardless
of marital status. The rate for married fathers increased by 0.2 percentage point from the
prior year to 93.7 percent in 2022 and the rate for fathers with other marital statuses
increased by 1.4 percentage points to 88.4 percent. Among mothers, the rate for married
mothers increased by 1.8 percentage points to 71.1 percent and the rate for mothers with
other marital statuses rose by 1.6 percentage points to 76.9 percent. Married mothers 
remained less likely to participate in the labor force in 2022 than mothers with other
marital statuses. By contrast, married fathers remained more likely to participate in the
labor force than fathers with other marital statuses. (Other marital status includes persons
who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.) (See
table 5.)

Mothers of younger children remained less likely to participate in the labor force than
mothers with older children. In 2022, 67.9 percent of mothers with children under age 6
participated in the labor force compared with 76.7 percent of mothers whose youngest child
was age 6 to 17. By contrast, fathers with children under age 6 were more likely to 
participate in the labor force than those whose youngest child was age 6 to 17 (94.4 percent
versus 91.8 percent). (See table 5.)

In 2022, the unemployment rate for mothers decreased by 1.6 percentage points from the 
prior year to 3.4 percent, and the rate for fathers decreased by 1.6 percentage points to
2.2 percent. In 2022, the unemployment rate for married mothers remained considerably 
lower than the rate for mothers with other marital statuses--2.2 percent compared with 
5.8 percent. Married fathers also continued to have a lower unemployment rate than fathers
with other marital statuses (1.8 percent versus 4.0 percent). Among mothers who had children
under age 3, the unemployment rate for those with other marital statuses was about four
times higher than that for married mothers (8.9 percent versus 2.1 percent). (See tables
5 and 6.)

Employed fathers remained more likely to work full time than employed mothers in 2022--95.6
percent compared with 80.5 percent. Among employed mothers, those with older children
remained more likely to work full time than those with younger children. In 2022, 82.2 
percent of employed mothers whose youngest child was age 6 to 17 worked full time compared
with 77.9 percent of mothers with children under age 6. Whereas employed fathers of older
and younger children were about equally likely to work full time: 95.6 percent of those
with older children and 95.7 percent of those with younger children worked full time. 
(See table 5.)




Technical Note 

   The estimates in this release are based on annual average data from the Current
Population Survey (CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible
households that provides information on the labor force status, demographics, and
other characteristics of the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16
and over.

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 
7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.

Definitions

   Definitions of the principal terms used in this release are described briefly
below.

   Householder. The householder is the family reference person. This is the person
(or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The
relationship of other individuals in the household is defined in terms of their
relationship to the householder. The race and Hispanic ethnicity of the family is
determined by that of the householder.

   Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing together who are
related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such individuals are considered 
members of one family. The count of families is for "primary" families only. A 
primary family consists of a householder and all other persons related to and
residing with the householder. Sub-families are excluded from the count of 
families. A sub-family is a family that does not maintain their own household,
such as a married couple living in the home of a friend and their family. In this
example, the report would include only one family (the householder's or primary
family), not two.

   Families include those with and without children under age 18. Families are 
further categorized as follows:

   --Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex and same-sex married couples
residing together and any of their family members residing in the household.

   --Families maintained by women or men are made up of householders residing 
with one or more family members but no spouse of either sex present. Unmarried 
domestic partners of either sex may or may not be present in the household.

   This release presents data for two marital status categories, defined below.
Marital status is based on a person's status at the time of the survey.

   Total married, spouse present. Married, spouse present, includes persons in
either opposite-sex or same-sex marriages living together in the same household,
even though one may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit,
in a hospital, or for other reasons.

   Other marital status. Other marital status includes persons who are never 
married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent. Separated 
includes persons with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of 
obtaining a divorce, and other persons permanently or temporarily separated 
because of marital discord. Married, spouse absent, includes married persons 
living apart because either a husband or wife was employed and living at a 
considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces,
had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other 
reason except separation as defined above.

   Children. Data on children refer to own children under age 18 that live in 
the household. Included are biological, step-, and adopted children of the 
husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, 
nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children 
living in the household. Children not living in the household are also not 
included.

   Employed. Employed persons are all those who, during the survey reference
week, (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own 
business, profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as
unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family. Persons 
who were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, vacation, 
labor disputes, or another reason also are counted as employed.

   Full-time workers. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or
more per week at all jobs.

   Part-time workers. Part-time workers are those who usually work fewer than
35 hours per week at all jobs.

   Unemployed. The unemployed are persons who had no employment during the 
reference week, were available for work at that time, and had made specific 
efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 
reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which 
they had been laid off need not be looking for work to be classified as 
unemployed.

   Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all persons 
classified as employed or unemployed.

   Labor force participation rate. The labor force participation rate is the
number of persons in the labor force as a percent of the population.

   Employment-population ratio. The employment-population ratio is the number
of employed persons as a percent of the population.

   Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed persons
as a percent of the civilian labor force.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling 
error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values
they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on 
the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the 
standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level 
of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than
1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error.
BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can
occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the 
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct 
information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

   Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and guidance on 
estimating standard errors are available at 
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Comparability of the estimates

   Effective with data for 2020, estimates of the number of married persons
refer to those in opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, 
estimates of the number of married persons referred to those in opposite-sex
marriages only. The definition of families incorporated this change by 
expanding the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex 
married couples. This new classification resulted in a larger estimate of 
the number of persons who are married with a spouse present. It also resulted
in a larger estimate of the number of married-couple families and the total 
number of families. The 2019 estimates mentioned in this news release are 
revised data that incorporate the new classification of married persons. 
These revised 2019 estimates, as published in the "Employment Characteristics
of Families--2020" news release, do not match those originally published in 
the "Employment Characteristics of Families--2019" news release or in the BLS
online database. Additional information about the classification change is
available from the Census Bureau at 
www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2019/demo/SEHSD-WP-2018-30.pdf.

   In addition, the data presented in this release are not strictly comparable
with data for earlier years due to the introduction of updated population 
estimates, or controls, used in the CPS. The population controls are updated
each year in January to reflect the latest information about population change.
Additional information is available from the BLS website at 
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.




Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2021-2022 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic 2021 2022

EMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families

83,179 83,798

With at least one family member employed

65,286 67,159

As a percent of total families

78.5 80.1

With at least one family member employed full time(1)

59,839 61,745

With no family member employed

17,894 16,639

As a percent of total families

21.5 19.9

White

Total families

65,279 65,498

With at least one family member employed

50,967 52,007

As a percent of total families

78.1 79.4

With at least one family member employed full time(1)

46,757 47,799

With no family member employed

14,312 13,491

As a percent of total families

21.9 20.6

Black or African American

Total families

10,248 10,372

With at least one family member employed

7,851 8,295

As a percent of total families

76.6 80.0

With at least one family member employed full time(1)

7,063 7,551

With no family member employed

2,397 2,076

As a percent of total families

23.4 20.0

Asian

Total families

5,141 5,305

With at least one family member employed

4,432 4,675

As a percent of total families

86.2 88.1

With at least one family member employed full time(1)

4,149 4,425

With no family member employed

709 630

As a percent of total families

13.8 11.9

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families

13,734 14,037

With at least one family member employed

11,671 12,255

As a percent of total families

85.0 87.3

With at least one family member employed full time(1)

10,744 11,306

With no family member employed

2,063 1,782

As a percent of total families

15.0 12.7

UNEMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families

83,179 83,798

With at least one family member unemployed

5,594 3,975

As a percent of total families

6.7 4.7

Some family member(s) employed

3,771 2,819

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

67.4 70.9

Some family member(s) employed full time(1)

3,272 2,466

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

58.5 62.0

White

Total families

65,279 65,498

With at least one family member unemployed

3,894 2,724

As a percent of total families

6.0 4.2

Some family member(s) employed

2,723 2,000

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

69.9 73.4

Some family member(s) employed full time(1)

2,368 1,747

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

60.8 64.1

Black or African American

Total families

10,248 10,372

With at least one family member unemployed

1,050 830

As a percent of total families

10.3 8.0

Some family member(s) employed

595 511

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

56.7 61.6

Some family member employed full time(1)

513 446

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

48.8 53.7

Asian

Total families

5,141 5,305

With at least one family member unemployed

395 228

As a percent of total families

7.7 4.3

Some family member(s) employed

299 194

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

75.6 85.4

Some family member(s) employed full time(1)

258 176

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

65.2 77.1

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families

13,734 14,037

With at least one family member unemployed

1,391 932

As a percent of total families

10.1 6.6

Some family member(s) employed

951 675

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

68.4 72.4

Some family member(s) employed full time(1)

821 586

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

59.0 62.8

Footnotes
(1) Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

NOTE: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Beginning in 2020, family estimates reflect a change in the classification of marital status. This change expanded the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex married couples. As a result, data under the new definition are not strictly comparable with data prior to 2020.


Table 2. Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2021-2022 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Number Percent distribution
2021 2022 2021 2022

TOTAL MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES(1)

Total

60,471 60,877 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed

47,612 48,707 78.7 80.0

With only one spouse employed

15,300 14,892 25.3 24.5

With both spouses employed

28,275 29,783 46.8 48.9

Other employment combinations

4,037 4,032 6.7 6.6

With no family member employed

12,859 12,170 21.3 20.0

Opposite-sex married-couple families

Total

59,843 60,186 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed

47,067 48,092 78.7 79.9

Husband only

10,897 10,652 18.2 17.7

Wife only

4,250 4,075 7.1 6.8

Husband and wife

27,900 29,353 46.6 48.8

Other employment combinations

4,019 4,012 6.7 6.7

With no family member employed

12,776 12,093 21.3 20.1

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN(2)

Total

15,515 15,574 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed

11,748 12,224 75.7 78.5

Householder only

6,065 6,267 39.1 40.2

Householder and other member(s)

3,520 3,709 22.7 23.8

Other member(s), not householder

2,163 2,248 13.9 14.4

With no family member employed

3,767 3,350 24.3 21.5

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN(2)

Total

7,194 7,348 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed

5,926 6,228 82.4 84.8

Householder only

2,784 2,893 38.7 39.4

Householder and other member(s)

2,161 2,369 30.0 32.2

Other member(s), not householder

982 966 13.6 13.2

With no family member employed

1,268 1,119 17.6 15.2

Footnotes
(1) Includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families.
(2) Includes families with no spouse of either sex present.

NOTE: In families maintained by women or men with no spouse present, householder refers to the woman or man maintaining the family. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Beginning in 2020, family estimates reflect a change in the classification of marital status. This change expanded the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex married couples. As a result, data under the new definition are not strictly comparable with data prior to 2020.


Table 3. Unemployment in families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2021-2022 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Number Percent distribution
2021 2022 2021 2022

TOTAL MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES(1)

With at least one family member unemployed, total

3,313 2,284 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed

2,602 1,878 78.5 82.2

No family member employed

711 406 21.5 17.8

Unemployment of family members

At least one spouse unemployed(2)

2,340 1,478 70.6 64.7

One spouse employed

1,633 1,074 49.3 47.0

Other family member(s) unemployed

972 806 29.4 35.3

Opposite-sex married-couple families

With at least one family member unemployed, total

3,279 2,255 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed

2,574 1,854 78.5 82.2

No family member employed

705 401 21.5 17.8

Unemployment of family members

Husband unemployed(3)

1,314 787 40.1 34.9

Wife employed

784 484 23.9 21.5

Wife unemployed, husband employed or not in labor force

994 667 30.3 29.6

Husband employed

824 572 25.1 25.4

Other family member(s) unemployed

971 801 29.6 35.5

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN(4)

With at least one family member unemployed, total

1,528 1,171 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed

745 627 48.7 53.5

No family member employed

783 545 51.3 46.5

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed

749 508 49.0 43.3

Other member(s) employed

185 136 12.1 11.6

Other family member(s) unemployed

780 664 51.0 56.7

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN(4)

With at least one family member unemployed, total

753 519 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed

425 314 56.4 60.5

No family member employed

328 205 43.6 39.5

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed

456 289 60.6 55.7

Other member(s) employed

187 132 24.8 25.4

Other family member(s) unemployed

296 230 39.4 44.3

Footnotes
(1) Includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families.
(2) Includes families with both spouses unemployed.
(3) Total opposite-sex married couple families with unemployed husbands, including those with unemployed wives.
(4) Includes families with no spouse of either sex present.

NOTE: In families maintained by women or men with no spouse present, householder refers to the woman or man maintaining the family. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Beginning in 2020, family estimates reflect a change in the classification of marital status. This change expanded the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex married couples. As a result, data under the new definition are not strictly comparable with data prior to 2020.


Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type, 2021-2022 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Number Percent distribution
2021 2022 2021 2022

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Total families

32,756 33,253 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

29,198 30,318 89.1 91.2

No parent employed

3,558 2,934 10.9 8.8

Total married-couple families(1)

Total

22,156 22,672 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

21,372 22,088 96.5 97.4

Both parents employed

13,794 14,746 62.3 65.0

Only one parent employed

7,577 7,342 34.2 32.4

Neither parent employed

784 584 3.5 2.6

Opposite-sex married couple families

Total

22,050 22,528 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

21,269 21,946 96.5 97.4

Mother employed

14,955 15,808 67.8 70.2

Both parents employed

13,720 14,648 62.2 65.0

Mother employed, not father

1,234 1,160 5.6 5.1

Father employed, not mother

6,315 6,139 28.6 27.2

Neither parent employed

780 581 3.5 2.6

Families maintained by mother(2)

Total

7,904 7,852 100.0 100.0

Mother employed

5,624 5,892 71.2 75.0

Mother not employed

2,280 1,960 28.8 25.0

Families maintained by father(2)

Total

2,696 2,729 100.0 100.0

Father employed

2,202 2,338 81.7 85.7

Father not employed

494 391 18.3 14.3

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Total families

19,029 19,379 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

17,058 17,722 89.6 91.5

No parent employed

1,971 1,657 10.4 8.5

Total married-couple families(1)

Total

12,553 12,848 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

12,085 12,472 96.3 97.1

Both parents employed

8,140 8,679 64.9 67.6

Only one parent employed

3,945 3,793 31.4 29.5

Neither parent employed

467 376 3.7 2.9

Opposite-sex married couple families

Total

12,491 12,763 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

12,026 12,389 96.3 97.1

Mother employed

8,908 9,377 71.3 73.5

Both parents employed

8,098 8,622 64.8 67.6

Mother employed, not father

810 755 6.5 5.9

Father employed, not mother

3,118 3,011 25.0 23.6

Neither parent employed

464 374 3.7 2.9

Families maintained by mother(2)

Total

4,881 4,846 100.0 100.0

Mother employed

3,687 3,818 75.5 78.8

Mother not employed

1,194 1,028 24.5 21.2

Families maintained by father(2)

Total

1,595 1,684 100.0 100.0

Father employed

1,286 1,432 80.6 85.0

Father not employed

309 253 19.4 15.0

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Total families

13,727 13,874 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

12,140 12,596 88.4 90.8

No parent employed

1,587 1,278 11.6 9.2

Total married-couple families(1)

Total

9,603 9,824 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

9,286 9,616 96.7 97.9

Both parents employed

5,654 6,066 58.9 61.8

Only one parent employed

3,632 3,549 37.8 36.1

Neither parent employed

317 208 3.3 2.1

Opposite-sex married couple families

Total

9,559 9,765 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

9,243 9,558 96.7 97.9

Mother employed

6,046 6,430 63.3 65.9

Both parents employed

5,622 6,026 58.8 61.7

Mother employed, not father

424 404 4.4 4.1

Father employed, not mother

3,197 3,127 33.4 32.0

Neither parent employed

316 207 3.3 2.1

Families maintained by mother(2)

Total

3,023 3,005 100.0 100.0

Mother employed

1,937 2,074 64.1 69.0

Mother not employed

1,086 931 35.9 31.0

Families maintained by father(2)

Total

1,101 1,045 100.0 100.0

Father employed

916 906 83.2 86.7

Father not employed

185 139 16.8 13.3

Footnotes
(1) Includes both opposite-sex and same-sex married-couple families.
(2) Includes families with no spouse of either sex present.

NOTE: Own children include biological, step-, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Beginning in 2020, family estimates reflect a change in the classification of marital status. This change expanded the definition of married-couple families to include same-sex married couples. As a result, data under the new definition are not strictly comparable with data prior to 2020.


Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children under 18, 2021-2022 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic 2021 2022
Total Men Women Total Men Women

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population

62,258 27,990 34,269 63,029 28,424 34,605

Civilian labor force

50,308 25,902 24,406 51,635 26,411 25,224

Participation rate

80.8 92.5 71.2 81.9 92.9 72.9

Employed

48,091 24,912 23,179 50,213 25,844 24,369

Full-time workers(1)

42,253 23,802 18,451 44,327 24,712 19,615

Part-time workers(2)

5,838 1,110 4,728 5,886 1,132 4,755

Employment-population ratio

77.2 89.0 67.6 79.7 90.9 70.4

Unemployed

2,217 989 1,228 1,422 568 854

Unemployment rate

4.4 3.8 5.0 2.8 2.2 3.4

Total married, spouse present(3)

Civilian noninstitutional population

47,140 23,645 23,495 48,079 24,151 23,928

Civilian labor force

38,413 22,120 16,293 39,649 22,633 17,016

Participation rate

81.5 93.5 69.3 82.5 93.7 71.1

Employed

37,188 21,432 15,756 38,859 22,218 16,642

Full-time workers(1)

33,073 20,561 12,512 34,739 21,364 13,374

Part-time workers(2)

4,115 871 3,244 4,121 853 3,267

Employment-population ratio

78.9 90.6 67.1 80.8 92.0 69.6

Unemployed

1,225 688 537 790 415 374

Unemployment rate

3.2 3.1 3.3 2.0 1.8 2.2

Other marital status(4)

Civilian noninstitutional population

15,118 4,344 10,774 14,950 4,273 10,677

Civilian labor force

11,895 3,782 8,113 11,986 3,778 8,208

Participation rate

78.7 87.0 75.3 80.2 88.4 76.9

Employed

10,903 3,480 7,423 11,353 3,626 7,728

Full-time workers(1)

9,180 3,241 5,939 9,588 3,347 6,240

Part-time workers(2)

1,723 240 1,484 1,766 278 1,487

Employment-population ratio

72.1 80.1 68.9 75.9 84.9 72.4

Unemployed

992 301 690 632 152 480

Unemployment rate

8.3 8.0 8.5 5.3 4.0 5.8

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Civilian noninstitutional population

35,127 15,644 19,483 35,857 16,129 19,728

Civilian labor force

29,019 14,310 14,710 29,935 14,810 15,125

Participation rate

82.6 91.5 75.5 83.5 91.8 76.7

Employed

27,823 13,791 14,032 29,167 14,498 14,669

Full-time workers(1)

24,588 13,199 11,390 25,910 13,855 12,055

Part-time workers(2)

3,234 592 2,642 3,257 643 2,614

Employment-population ratio

79.2 88.2 72.0 81.3 89.9 74.4

Unemployed

1,197 519 678 768 312 456

Unemployment rate

4.1 3.6 4.6 2.6 2.1 3.0

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population

27,131 12,345 14,786 27,172 12,295 14,877

Civilian labor force

21,289 11,592 9,697 21,700 11,602 10,098

Participation rate

78.5 93.9 65.6 79.9 94.4 67.9

Employed

20,268 11,121 9,147 21,046 11,346 9,700

Full-time workers(1)

17,665 10,603 7,061 18,416 10,857 7,560

Part-time workers(2)

2,604 518 2,085 2,629 489 2,141

Employment-population ratio

74.7 90.1 61.9 77.5 92.3 65.2

Unemployed

1,020 471 550 654 256 398

Unemployment rate

4.8 4.1 5.7 3.0 2.2 3.9

WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population

199,187 98,498 100,689 200,945 100,194 100,751

Civilian labor force

110,896 59,603 51,293 112,652 61,009 51,643

Participation rate

55.7 60.5 50.9 56.1 60.9 51.3

Employed

104,490 55,917 48,573 108,078 58,359 49,719

Full-time workers(1)

84,907 47,709 37,197 87,918 49,764 38,154

Part-time workers(2)

19,583 8,207 11,376 20,160 8,595 11,565

Employment-population ratio

52.5 56.8 48.2 53.8 58.2 49.3

Unemployed

6,406 3,686 2,720 4,574 2,650 1,923

Unemployment rate

5.8 6.2 5.3 4.1 4.3 3.7

Footnotes
(1) Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.
(2) Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.
(3) Includes persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages.
(4) Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

NOTE: Own children include biological, step-, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Estimates for 2020 introduced a change in the classification of marital status; estimates of married persons refer to those in opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. As a result, data by marital status are not strictly comparable with data prior to 2020.


Table 6. Employment status of mothers with own children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest child and marital status, 2021-2022 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic 2021 2022
With own children under 3 years old With own children under 3 years old
Total 2 years 1 year Under 1
year
Total 2 years 1 year Under 1
year

TOTAL MOTHERS

Civilian noninstitutional population

8,224 2,657 2,957 2,609 8,256 2,666 2,874 2,716

Civilian labor force

5,187 1,714 1,878 1,594 5,413 1,825 1,915 1,672

Participation rate

63.1 64.5 63.5 61.1 65.6 68.5 66.6 61.6

Employed

4,883 1,616 1,767 1,500 5,192 1,764 1,829 1,600

Full-time workers(1)

3,700 1,224 1,340 1,136 3,989 1,361 1,392 1,236

Part-time workers(2)

1,183 393 427 364 1,204 403 437 364

Employment-population ratio

59.4 60.8 59.7 57.5 62.9 66.2 63.6 58.9

Unemployed

304 98 111 94 220 61 87 72

Unemployment rate

5.9 5.7 5.9 5.9 4.1 3.3 4.5 4.3

Total married, spouse present(3)

Civilian noninstitutional population

5,794 1,873 2,075 1,847 5,917 1,882 2,052 1,983

Civilian labor force

3,628 1,183 1,295 1,149 3,872 1,254 1,358 1,259

Participation rate

62.6 63.2 62.4 62.2 65.4 66.6 66.2 63.5

Employed

3,499 1,140 1,248 1,110 3,789 1,237 1,323 1,230

Full-time workers(1)

2,673 863 953 857 2,949 964 1,018 967

Part-time workers(2)

825 277 295 253 840 273 305 263

Employment-population ratio

60.4 60.9 60.2 60.1 64.0 65.7 64.4 62.0

Unemployed

129 43 47 39 83 18 36 29

Unemployment rate

3.6 3.6 3.7 3.4 2.1 1.4 2.6 2.3

Other marital status(4)

Civilian noninstitutional population

2,430 785 883 762 2,339 784 822 733

Civilian labor force

1,559 531 583 445 1,541 571 557 413

Participation rate

64.2 67.7 66.0 58.4 65.9 72.8 67.8 56.3

Employed

1,385 476 519 390 1,403 528 506 369

Full-time workers(1)

1,027 360 387 280 1,040 397 374 268

Part-time workers(2)

358 116 132 110 364 130 132 101

Employment-population ratio

57.0 60.7 58.8 51.2 60.0 67.3 61.6 50.4

Unemployed

174 55 64 55 137 43 51 43

Unemployment rate

11.2 10.4 11.0 12.4 8.9 7.6 9.1 10.5

Footnotes
(1) Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.
(2) Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.
(3) Includes persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages.
(4) Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

NOTE: Own children include biological, step-, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Estimates for 2020 introduced a change in the classification of marital status; estimates of married persons refer to those in opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. As a result, data by marital status are not strictly comparable with data prior to 2020.


Last Modified Date: April 19, 2023