Transmission of material in this release is embargoed   	       USDL-11-0622
until 8:30 a.m. (EDT) Friday, May 6, 2011

Technical information:
 Household data:     (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  * www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data: (202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  * www.bls.gov/ces
 
Media contact:       (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                 THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- APRIL 2011


Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 244,000 in April, and the unemployment rate
edged up to 9.0 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
Job gains occurred in several service-providing industries, manufacturing,
and mining.

Household Survey Data

The number of unemployed persons, at 13.7 million, changed little in
April. The unemployment rate edged up from 8.8 to 9.0 percent over the
month but was 0.8 percentage point lower than in November. The labor
force also was little changed in April. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men
(8.8 percent), adult women (7.9 percent), teenagers (24.9 percent),
whites (8.0 percent), blacks (16.1 percent), and Hispanics (11.8 percent)
showed little change in April. The jobless rate for Asians was 6.4 percent,
not seasonally adjusted. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

The number of persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks increased by
242,000 in April. The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for
27 weeks and over) declined by 283,000 to 5.8 million; their share of 
unemployment declined to 43.4 percent. (See table A-12.)

The civilian labor force participation rate was 64.2 percent for the
fourth consecutive month. The employment-population ratio, at 58.4 percent,
changed little in April. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons
(sometimes referred to as involuntary part-time workers) was little
changed over the month, at 8.6 million. These individuals were working
part time because their hours had been cut back or because they were
unable to find a full-time job. (See table A-8.)

In April, 2.5 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force,
about the same as a year earlier. (These data are not seasonally adjusted.)
These individuals were not in the labor force, wanted and were available
for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They
were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in
the 4 weeks preceding the survey. (See table A-16.)

Among the marginally attached, there were 989,000 discouraged workers in
April, a decline of 208,000 from a year earlier. (These data are not 
seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are persons not currently 
looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them.
The remaining 1.5 million persons marginally attached to the labor force
in April had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey
for reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities.
(See table A-16.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 244,000 in April, and the
private sector added 268,000 jobs. Employment rose in a number of service-
providing industries, manufacturing, and mining. Since a recent low in 
February 2010, total payroll employment has grown by 1.8 million. Private
sector employment has increased by 2.1 million over the same period.
(See table B-1.)

In April, employment in retail trade rose by 57,000. Within the industry,
employment in general merchandise stores increased by 27,000, offsetting
a decline of similar magnitude in the prior month. Elsewhere in retail
trade, April job gains occurred in electronics and appliance stores
(+6,000), building material and garden supply stores (+6,000), and 
automobile dealers (+5,000).

Employment in professional and business services continued to expand in 
April, with an increase of 51,000. Job gains occurred in management and
technical consulting services (+11,000) and in computer systems design
and related services (+8,000). Employment in temporary help services
was little changed over the month, following an increase of 34,000 in March.

Health care continued to add jobs in April (+37,000). Within health care,
job gains continued in ambulatory health care (+22,000) and hospitals
(+10,000).

Employment in leisure and hospitality continued to increase in April
(+46,000). Over the past 3 months, this industry added 151,000 jobs, with
nearly two-thirds of the growth in food services and drinking places.

Employment in both state government and local government continued to trend
down, with April losses concentrated in the non-educational components.
Elsewhere in the service-providing sector, employment in information,
financial activities, and transportation and warehousing changed little
in April.

In the goods-producing sector of the economy, manufacturing employment
rose by 29,000 in April. Since reaching an employment low in December 2009,
manufacturing has added 250,000 jobs, including 141,000 in 2011. Over the
month, employment growth continued in machinery (+5,000), primary metals
(+4,000), and computer and electronic products (+4,000).

Mining added 11,000 jobs in April. More than half of the gain occurred in
support activities for mining. Since a recent low point in October 2009,
employment in mining has increased by 107,000.

Construction employment was about unchanged in April. This industry has shown
little net movement since early 2010, after having fallen sharply during the
prior 3 years.

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained
at 34.3 hours in April. The manufacturing workweek for all employees, at 
40.4 hours, also was unchanged over the month, while factory overtime 
increased by 0.1 hour to 3.3 hours. The average workweek for production
and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in
April at 33.6 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm
payrolls increased by 3 cents, or 0.1 percent, to $22.95. Over the past 12
months, average hourly earnings increased by 1.9 percent. In April, average
hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees
rose by 5 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $19.37. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised 
from +194,000 to +235,000, and the change for March was revised from 
+216,000 to +221,000.

_____________
The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday,
June 3, 2011, at 8:30 a.m. (EDT).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Change from: Mar. 2011- Apr. 2011
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	237,329	238,851	239,000	239,146	146
Civilian labor force	154,520	153,246	153,406	153,421	15
Participation rate	65.1	64.2	64.2	64.2	0.0
Employed	139,382	139,573	139,864	139,674	-190
Employment-population ratio	58.7	58.4	58.5	58.4	-0.1
Unemployed	15,138	13,673	13,542	13,747	205
Unemployment rate	9.8	8.9	8.8	9.0	0.2
Not in labor force	82,809	85,605	85,594	85,725	131
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	9.8	8.9	8.8	9.0	0.2
Adult men (20 years and over)	10.0	8.7	8.6	8.8	0.2
Adult women (20 years and over)	8.2	8.0	7.7	7.9	0.2
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	25.4	23.9	24.5	24.9	0.4
White	9.0	8.0	7.9	8.0	0.1
Black or African American	16.5	15.3	15.5	16.1	0.6
Asian (not seasonally adjusted)	6.8	6.8	7.1	6.4	-
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	12.4	11.6	11.3	11.8	0.5
Total, 25 years and over	8.3	7.6	7.4	7.6	0.2
Less than a high school diploma	14.7	13.9	13.7	14.6	0.9
High school graduates, no college	10.5	9.5	9.5	9.7	0.2
Some college or associate degree	8.3	7.8	7.4	7.5	0.1
Bachelor's degree and higher	4.8	4.3	4.4	4.5	0.1
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	9,237	8,334	8,209	8,144	-65
Job leavers	933	898	896	942	46
Reentrants	3,749	3,352	3,262	3,375	113
New entrants	1,217	1,337	1,360	1,346	-14
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,695	2,390	2,449	2,691	242
5 to 14 weeks	3,000	3,094	2,914	2,907	-7
15 to 26 weeks	2,274	2,179	1,957	2,006	49
27 weeks and over	6,659	5,993	6,122	5,839	-283
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	9,146	8,340	8,433	8,600	167
Slack work or business conditions	6,247	5,630	5,595	5,689	94
Could only find part-time work	2,492	2,415	2,332	2,480	148
Part time for noneconomic reasons	18,035	18,220	18,417	18,282	-135
Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)
Marginally attached to the labor force	2,432	2,730	2,434	2,466	-
Discouraged workers	1,197	1,020	921	989	-
- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data. NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	277	235	221	244
Total private	229	261	231	268
Goods-producing	61	81	37	44
Mining and logging	7	5	13	10
Construction	16	39	2	5
Manufacturing	38	37	22	29
Durable goods(1)	29	28	21	19
Motor vehicles and parts	5.0	-0.5	2.5	2.9
Nondurable goods	9	9	1	10
Private service-providing(1)	168	180	194	224
Wholesale trade	1.3	15.8	16.1	7.0
Retail trade	15.9	0.1	-3.2	57.1
Transportation and warehousing	4.8	17.0	3.0	4.1
Information	-2	-3	-2	2
Financial activities	5	-1	5	4
Professional and business services(1)	69	38	86	51
Temporary help services	21.1	11.5	34.4	-2.3
Education and health services(1)	27	43	33	49
Health care and social assistance	22.5	27.6	39.0	41.8
Leisure and hospitality	35	54	51	46
Other services	12	14	6	1
Government	48	-26	-10	-24
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES(2) AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES
Total nonfarm women employees	49.9	49.6	49.6	49.5
Total private women employees	48.4	48.1	48.1	48.1
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	82.4	82.4	82.4	82.4
HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.1	34.3	34.3	34.3
Average hourly earnings	$22.52	$22.88	$22.92	$22.95
Average weekly earnings	$767.93	$784.78	$786.16	$787.19
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	91.6	93.1	93.3	93.6
Over-the-month percent change	0.2	0.5	0.2	0.3
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	98.3	101.6	102.0	102.4
Over-the-month percent change	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.4
HOURS AND EARNINGS PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	33.4	33.6	33.6	33.6
Average hourly earnings	$18.98	$19.32	$19.32	$19.37
Average weekly earnings	$633.93	$649.15	$649.15	$650.83
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2002=100)(3)	98.6	100.2	100.5	100.7
Over-the-month percent change	0.5	0.8	0.3	0.2
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2002=100)(4)	125.0	129.4	129.7	130.4
Over-the-month percent change	0.8	0.9	0.2	0.5
DIFFUSION INDEX(5) (Over 1-month span)
Total private	63.9	70.8	64.4	64.6
Manufacturing	66.7	67.9	63.0	65.4
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
of employment and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
over-the-month employment change of about 100,000 is statistically significant in
the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant
change in the household survey is about 400,000. However, the household survey has
a more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes the self-
employed, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private household workers,
who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also provides
estimates of employment for demographic groups.

Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
born.

Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/cesbmart.htm.

Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
designed to maximize the reliability of the total nonfarm employment estimate; firms
from all size classes and industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.

Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because the
survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There is an
unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling
frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a
year.

Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving
unemployment insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work
are included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who have stopped
looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who
want a job, including those who have stopped looking because they believe no jobs
are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in The Employment
Situation news release.

How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact
on average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for
paid time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other
time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always,
results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be
off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while
some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.

In order for severe weather conditions to reduce the estimate of payroll employment,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. About half of
all employees in the payroll survey have a 2-week, semi-monthly, or monthly pay
period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
counted in the payroll employment figures. It is not possible to quantify the effect
of extreme weather on estimates of employment from the establishment survey.


In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week’s work for weather-
related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time off.
The household survey collects data on the number of persons who usually work full
time but had reduced hours, or had a job but were not at work due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey’s most requested
statistics page at http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the
Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment
Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears
in the "A" tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about
60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, 
and earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the 
"B" tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 
month from the payroll records of a sample of nonagricultural business
establishments. The sample includes about 140,000 businesses and government
agencies representing approximately 440,000 worksites and is drawn from a
sampling frame of roughly 9 million unemployment insurance tax accounts.
The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm payroll
employees. 

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series
of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years
and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed,
or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, 
profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 
hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed
if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: they had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be 
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility
for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of
the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is
the employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about
the household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as 
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay 
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector
for all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. 
Production and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and 
related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction
workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private service-
providing industries. 

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment’s principal
activity in accordance with the 2007 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/#technical.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and
methodological differences between the household and establishment
surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates
derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-
     employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers
     among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.
  
   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the
     employed. The establishment survey does not.
  
   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and
     older. The establishment survey is not limited by age.
  
   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than
     one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted
     separately for each appearance.
  
Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and
the levels of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring
fluctuations. These events may result from seasonal changes in weather, 
major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of 
such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern
each year, their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by
adjusting for regular seasonal variation. These adjustments make 
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in employment or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For
example, in the household survey, the large number of youth entering
the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that
have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if
the level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in
the establishment survey, payroll employment in education declines by
about 20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying employment trends
in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes at the end and
beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable.  The
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to
analyze changes in month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both
the household and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series
for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment
in most major sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed
by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example,
total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate
that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining
the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent
seasonal adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal factors
are calculated each month using all relevant data, up to and including
the data for the current month. In the household survey, new seasonal
factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month 
to adjust the three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months 
are routinely revised to incorporate additional sample reports and 
recalculated seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year revisions
to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are
subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather
than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the
sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending
on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by
the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, 
or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ 
by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value 
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 
90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in
total nonfarm employment from the establishment survey is on the order
of plus or minus 100,0001. Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment
increases by 50,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence
interval on the monthly change would range from -50,000 to +150,000 
(50,000 +/- 100,0002). These figures do not mean that the sample results
are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval.
Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month.
If, however, the reported nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all
of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater
than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an unemployment rate
of around 5.5 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly
change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is about 
+/- 280,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
about +/-0.19 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments
have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than
estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision
of estimates also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by
nonsampling error, which can occur for many reasons, including the failure
to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information
for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of 
respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes
made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of
the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most
recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these
estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two
successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey
is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by
new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment
growth, an estimation procedure with two components is used to account
for business births. The first component excludes employment losses from
business deaths from sample-based estimation in order to offset the 
missing employment gains from business births. This is incorporated into
the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same employment
trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for most
of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate
the residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the 
imputation. The historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA
model was derived from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and deaths over
the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and
the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as
a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, absolute
benchmark revisions  for total nonfarm employment have averaged 0.3 percent,
with a range from -0.7 to 0.6 percent.

Other information

   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Apr. 2010	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Dec. 2010	Jan. 2011	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	237,329	239,000	239,146	237,329	238,889	238,704	238,851	239,000	239,146
Civilian labor force	153,911	153,022	152,898	154,520	153,690	153,186	153,246	153,406	153,421
Participation rate	64.9	64.0	63.9	65.1	64.3	64.2	64.2	64.2	64.2
Employed	139,302	138,962	139,661	139,382	139,206	139,323	139,573	139,864	139,674
Employment-population ratio	58.7	58.1	58.4	58.7	58.3	58.4	58.4	58.5	58.4
Unemployed	14,609	14,060	13,237	15,138	14,485	13,863	13,673	13,542	13,747
Unemployment rate	9.5	9.2	8.7	9.8	9.4	9.0	8.9	8.8	9.0
Not in labor force	83,418	85,977	86,248	82,809	85,199	85,518	85,605	85,594	85,725
Persons who currently want a job	5,865	6,250	6,482	5,928	6,471	6,410	6,410	6,509	6,539
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	114,910	115,988	116,067	114,910	115,731	115,828	115,907	115,988	116,067
Civilian labor force	82,014	81,491	81,354	82,355	81,845	81,544	81,720	81,674	81,684
Participation rate	71.4	70.3	70.1	71.7	70.7	70.4	70.5	70.4	70.4
Employed	73,315	73,187	73,761	73,526	73,600	73,800	74,122	74,108	73,973
Employment-population ratio	63.8	63.1	63.6	64.0	63.6	63.7	63.9	63.9	63.7
Unemployed	8,699	8,304	7,593	8,829	8,245	7,744	7,598	7,566	7,712
Unemployment rate	10.6	10.2	9.3	10.7	10.1	9.5	9.3	9.3	9.4
Not in labor force	32,897	34,497	34,713	32,556	33,886	34,284	34,187	34,313	34,382
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	106,301	107,381	107,469	106,301	107,216	107,203	107,292	107,381	107,469
Civilian labor force	79,122	78,788	78,702	79,279	78,906	78,506	78,795	78,764	78,856
Participation rate	74.4	73.4	73.2	74.6	73.6	73.2	73.4	73.4	73.4
Employed	71,226	71,207	71,822	71,348	71,480	71,589	71,954	71,959	71,939
Employment-population ratio	67.0	66.3	66.8	67.1	66.7	66.8	67.1	67.0	66.9
Unemployed	7,895	7,581	6,880	7,931	7,426	6,917	6,841	6,805	6,917
Unemployment rate	10.0	9.6	8.7	10.0	9.4	8.8	8.7	8.6	8.8
Not in labor force	27,179	28,593	28,767	27,022	28,310	28,698	28,497	28,617	28,612
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	122,419	123,012	123,079	122,419	123,158	122,876	122,944	123,012	123,079
Civilian labor force	71,898	71,532	71,544	72,165	71,845	71,642	71,526	71,732	71,737
Participation rate	58.7	58.1	58.1	58.9	58.3	58.3	58.2	58.3	58.3
Employed	65,988	65,775	65,900	65,856	65,605	65,523	65,451	65,756	65,702
Employment-population ratio	53.9	53.5	53.5	53.8	53.3	53.3	53.2	53.5	53.4
Unemployed	5,910	5,756	5,644	6,309	6,240	6,119	6,075	5,976	6,035
Unemployment rate	8.2	8.0	7.9	8.7	8.7	8.5	8.5	8.3	8.4
Not in labor force	50,521	51,481	51,535	50,253	51,313	51,234	51,418	51,280	51,342
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	114,066	114,792	114,868	114,066	114,894	114,637	114,714	114,792	114,868
Civilian labor force	69,101	68,903	68,863	69,167	69,027	68,839	68,802	68,898	68,896
Participation rate	60.6	60.0	59.9	60.6	60.1	60.0	60.0	60.0	60.0
Employed	63,746	63,681	63,733	63,501	63,428	63,392	63,319	63,566	63,479
Employment-population ratio	55.9	55.5	55.5	55.7	55.2	55.3	55.2	55.4	55.3
Unemployed	5,355	5,223	5,130	5,665	5,599	5,447	5,483	5,332	5,417
Unemployment rate	7.7	7.6	7.4	8.2	8.1	7.9	8.0	7.7	7.9
Not in labor force	44,965	45,888	46,005	44,899	45,867	45,798	45,912	45,894	45,972
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,962	16,827	16,809	16,962	16,780	16,863	16,845	16,827	16,809
Civilian labor force	5,689	5,331	5,333	6,074	5,757	5,841	5,649	5,744	5,669
Participation rate	33.5	31.7	31.7	35.8	34.3	34.6	33.5	34.1	33.7
Employed	4,330	4,075	4,106	4,533	4,298	4,341	4,300	4,339	4,255
Employment-population ratio	25.5	24.2	24.4	26.7	25.6	25.7	25.5	25.8	25.3
Unemployed	1,358	1,257	1,227	1,542	1,460	1,500	1,350	1,405	1,413
Unemployment rate	23.9	23.6	23.0	25.4	25.4	25.7	23.9	24.5	24.9
Not in labor force	11,273	11,496	11,476	10,888	11,022	11,022	11,196	11,083	11,140
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Apr. 2010	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Dec. 2010	Jan. 2011	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	191,749	192,688	192,771	191,749	192,749	192,516	192,601	192,688	192,771
Civilian labor force	125,062	124,156	124,140	125,739	124,700	124,192	124,237	124,497	124,650
Participation rate	65.2	64.4	64.4	65.6	64.7	64.5	64.5	64.6	64.7
Employed	114,302	113,877	114,597	114,465	114,079	114,197	114,330	114,706	114,652
Employment-population ratio	59.6	59.1	59.4	59.7	59.2	59.3	59.4	59.5	59.5
Unemployed	10,760	10,279	9,542	11,275	10,620	9,995	9,907	9,791	9,998
Unemployment rate	8.6	8.3	7.7	9.0	8.5	8.0	8.0	7.9	8.0
Not in labor force	66,687	68,532	68,632	66,009	68,049	68,325	68,364	68,191	68,122
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	65,392	64,890	64,904	65,600	65,041	64,673	64,919	64,864	65,032
Participation rate	74.9	73.8	73.7	75.1	74.0	73.6	73.9	73.7	73.9
Employed	59,460	59,254	59,869	59,528	59,484	59,586	59,860	59,850	59,903
Employment-population ratio	68.1	67.4	68.0	68.2	67.7	67.8	68.1	68.0	68.1
Unemployed	5,932	5,635	5,035	6,072	5,557	5,086	5,059	5,014	5,129
Unemployment rate	9.1	8.7	7.8	9.3	8.5	7.9	7.8	7.7	7.9
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	54,971	54,900	54,882	55,116	54,914	54,686	54,677	54,950	54,971
Participation rate	60.1	59.8	59.7	60.2	59.7	59.6	59.5	59.8	59.8
Employed	51,174	51,169	51,275	51,091	50,920	50,878	50,816	51,184	51,138
Employment-population ratio	55.9	55.7	55.8	55.8	55.3	55.4	55.3	55.7	55.6
Unemployed	3,797	3,730	3,606	4,025	3,994	3,808	3,860	3,766	3,833
Unemployment rate	6.9	6.8	6.6	7.3	7.3	7.0	7.1	6.9	7.0
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,699	4,367	4,354	5,024	4,746	4,833	4,641	4,683	4,646
Participation rate	36.3	34.0	33.9	38.8	37.1	37.5	36.1	36.4	36.2
Employed	3,668	3,454	3,453	3,846	3,676	3,732	3,654	3,672	3,610
Employment-population ratio	28.3	26.9	26.9	29.7	28.7	29.0	28.4	28.6	28.1
Unemployed	1,031	913	901	1,178	1,070	1,100	987	1,011	1,036
Unemployment rate	21.9	20.9	20.7	23.4	22.5	22.8	21.3	21.6	22.3
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	28,624	29,005	29,035	28,624	28,896	28,947	28,976	29,005	29,035
Civilian labor force	17,868	17,705	17,765	17,967	17,958	17,857	17,865	17,836	17,849
Participation rate	62.4	61.0	61.2	62.8	62.1	61.7	61.7	61.5	61.5
Employed	15,020	14,965	14,966	14,996	15,119	15,048	15,124	15,067	14,966
Employment-population ratio	52.5	51.6	51.5	52.4	52.3	52.0	52.2	51.9	51.5
Unemployed	2,848	2,740	2,799	2,971	2,839	2,809	2,741	2,769	2,882
Unemployment rate	15.9	15.5	15.8	16.5	15.8	15.7	15.3	15.5	16.1
Not in labor force	10,756	11,300	11,270	10,657	10,939	11,090	11,112	11,169	11,186
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	8,081	8,093	8,091	8,112	8,106	8,054	8,053	8,119	8,113
Participation rate	69.8	68.5	68.4	70.1	69.1	68.3	68.2	68.7	68.6
Employed	6,635	6,635	6,688	6,672	6,764	6,723	6,745	6,758	6,731
Employment-population ratio	57.3	56.1	56.5	57.6	57.6	57.1	57.2	57.2	56.9
Unemployed	1,446	1,458	1,403	1,440	1,341	1,331	1,309	1,361	1,382
Unemployment rate	17.9	18.0	17.3	17.7	16.5	16.5	16.2	16.8	17.0
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	9,151	8,990	9,032	9,175	9,204	9,146	9,185	9,050	9,054
Participation rate	63.7	61.7	61.9	63.8	63.3	62.9	63.1	62.1	62.0
Employed	7,971	7,953	7,877	7,904	7,993	7,966	7,993	7,923	7,836
Employment-population ratio	55.4	54.6	54.0	55.0	55.0	54.8	54.9	54.4	53.7
Unemployed	1,181	1,037	1,155	1,270	1,211	1,179	1,192	1,127	1,217
Unemployment rate	12.9	11.5	12.8	13.8	13.2	12.9	13.0	12.5	13.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	635	623	642	681	648	658	627	668	682
Participation rate	23.8	23.8	24.6	25.5	24.6	25.1	23.9	25.6	26.2
Employed	414	378	402	420	361	359	386	387	398
Employment-population ratio	15.5	14.5	15.4	15.7	13.7	13.7	14.7	14.8	15.3
Unemployed	221	245	241	261	287	299	241	281	284
Unemployment rate	34.8	39.3	37.5	38.3	44.2	45.4	38.4	42.1	41.6
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	11,138	11,301	11,378	-	-	-	-	-	-
Civilian labor force	7,300	7,410	7,295	-	-	-	-	-	-
Participation rate	65.5	65.6	64.1	-	-	-	-	-	-
Employed	6,806	6,881	6,832	-	-	-	-	-	-
Employment-population ratio	61.1	60.9	60.0	-	-	-	-	-	-
Unemployed	494	529	463	-	-	-	-	-	-
Unemployment rate	6.8	7.1	6.4	-	-	-	-	-	-
Not in labor force	3,838	3,892	4,083	-	-	-	-	-	-
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
- Data not available. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Apr. 2010	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Dec. 2010	Jan. 2011	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	33,498	34,155	34,233	33,498	34,188	34,001	34,079	34,155	34,233
Civilian labor force	22,554	22,585	22,672	22,674	22,868	22,823	22,519	22,676	22,798
Participation rate	67.3	66.1	66.2	67.7	66.9	67.1	66.1	66.4	66.6
Employed	19,872	19,896	20,124	19,854	19,906	20,099	19,912	20,105	20,110
Employment-population ratio	59.3	58.3	58.8	59.3	58.2	59.1	58.4	58.9	58.7
Unemployed	2,682	2,690	2,548	2,820	2,962	2,724	2,606	2,571	2,688
Unemployment rate	11.9	11.9	11.2	12.4	13.0	11.9	11.6	11.3	11.8
Not in labor force	10,944	11,570	11,561	10,824	11,320	11,178	11,561	11,479	11,435
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	12,838	12,889	12,899	-	-	-	-	-	-
Participation rate	82.4	81.6	81.4	-	-	-	-	-	-
Employed	11,405	11,452	11,568	-	-	-	-	-	-
Employment-population ratio	73.2	72.5	73.0	-	-	-	-	-	-
Unemployed	1,433	1,437	1,331	-	-	-	-	-	-
Unemployment rate	11.2	11.1	10.3	-	-	-	-	-	-
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	8,754	8,788	8,896	-	-	-	-	-	-
Participation rate	59.6	58.7	59.3	-	-	-	-	-	-
Employed	7,786	7,825	7,884	-	-	-	-	-	-
Employment-population ratio	53.0	52.3	52.6	-	-	-	-	-	-
Unemployed	969	963	1,012	-	-	-	-	-	-
Unemployment rate	11.1	11.0	11.4	-	-	-	-	-	-
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	961	909	878	-	-	-	-	-	-
Participation rate	29.7	26.8	25.9	-	-	-	-	-	-
Employed	681	619	672	-	-	-	-	-	-
Employment-population ratio	21.0	18.3	19.8	-	-	-	-	-	-
Unemployed	280	290	206	-	-	-	-	-	-
Unemployment rate	29.2	31.9	23.4	-	-	-	-	-	-
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
- Data not available. NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2010	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Dec. 2010	Jan. 2011	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	12,225	11,565	11,703	12,079	11,758	11,383	11,317	11,652	11,567
Participation rate	46.8	45.7	46.1	46.2	46.0	45.1	45.5	46.1	45.5
Employed	10,447	9,809	10,000	10,303	9,963	9,770	9,749	10,059	9,876
Employment-population ratio	40.0	38.8	39.4	39.4	39.0	38.7	39.2	39.8	38.9
Unemployed	1,778	1,756	1,703	1,776	1,795	1,613	1,568	1,593	1,691
Unemployment rate	14.5	15.2	14.5	14.7	15.3	14.2	13.9	13.7	14.6
High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	38,779	37,541	37,485	38,854	38,203	37,513	37,525	37,171	37,506
Participation rate	62.3	60.6	60.4	62.4	60.9	60.3	60.3	60.0	60.4
Employed	34,723	33,604	33,886	34,763	34,465	33,972	33,965	33,654	33,881
Employment-population ratio	55.8	54.3	54.6	55.8	54.9	54.6	54.6	54.4	54.6
Unemployed	4,056	3,937	3,599	4,091	3,738	3,541	3,560	3,517	3,626
Unemployment rate	10.5	10.5	9.6	10.5	9.8	9.4	9.5	9.5	9.7
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	36,547	36,519	36,463	36,650	36,809	36,841	36,784	36,653	36,637
Participation rate	70.8	69.5	69.3	71.0	70.2	70.2	69.5	69.7	69.7
Employed	33,590	33,708	33,829	33,625	33,821	33,878	33,919	33,938	33,907
Employment-population ratio	65.1	64.1	64.3	65.1	64.5	64.6	64.1	64.6	64.5
Unemployed	2,957	2,811	2,634	3,025	2,988	2,963	2,865	2,715	2,730
Unemployment rate	8.1	7.7	7.2	8.3	8.1	8.0	7.8	7.4	7.5
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	45,794	46,979	46,913	45,839	46,312	46,263	46,591	46,919	46,897
Participation rate	77.2	77.0	77.0	77.2	76.9	76.4	76.9	76.9	77.0
Employed	43,778	44,943	44,976	43,641	44,095	44,322	44,588	44,843	44,789
Employment-population ratio	73.8	73.6	73.8	73.5	73.2	73.2	73.6	73.5	73.5
Unemployed	2,015	2,036	1,937	2,198	2,217	1,941	2,003	2,076	2,109
Unemployment rate	4.4	4.3	4.1	4.8	4.8	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.5
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	22,093	21,697	20,310	19,898	1,783	1,799
Civilian labor force	11,742	11,318	10,632	10,191	1,110	1,128
Participation rate	53.1	52.2	52.4	51.2	62.2	62.7
Employed	10,679	10,445	9,669	9,427	1,010	1,018
Employment-population ratio	48.3	48.1	47.6	47.4	56.6	56.6
Unemployed	1,064	873	964	764	100	110
Unemployment rate	9.1	7.7	9.1	7.5	9.0	9.7
Not in labor force	10,351	10,379	9,678	9,707	673	671
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	2,101	2,466	1,748	1,996	353	470
Civilian labor force	1,694	1,962	1,441	1,646	254	315
Participation rate	80.6	79.5	82.4	82.5	71.9	67.1
Employed	1,472	1,748	1,249	1,454	223	293
Employment-population ratio	70.0	70.9	71.4	72.9	63.2	62.5
Unemployed	223	214	192	192	31	22
Unemployment rate	13.1	10.9	13.3	11.7	12.0	6.9
Not in labor force	407	505	308	350	99	155
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	2,989	2,855	2,500	2,417	489	437
Civilian labor force	2,610	2,406	2,226	2,087	383	319
Participation rate	87.3	84.3	89.0	86.3	78.4	72.9
Employed	2,397	2,248	2,047	1,953	350	296
Employment-population ratio	80.2	78.7	81.9	80.8	71.6	67.6
Unemployed	213	158	179	135	33	23
Unemployment rate	8.1	6.6	8.1	6.5	8.7	7.3
Not in labor force	380	449	274	330	106	119
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	11,103	10,529	10,725	10,201	377	327
Civilian labor force	4,019	3,582	3,904	3,444	116	139
Participation rate	36.2	34.0	36.4	33.8	30.7	42.4
Employed	3,726	3,354	3,614	3,235	112	119
Employment-population ratio	33.6	31.9	33.7	31.7	29.6	36.5
Unemployed	293	229	289	209	4	19
Unemployment rate	7.3	6.4	7.4	6.1	3.4	13.9
Not in labor force	7,083	6,946	6,822	6,758	262	189
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,900	5,847	5,336	5,283	564	565
Civilian labor force	3,419	3,368	3,062	3,013	357	355
Participation rate	58.0	57.6	57.4	57.0	63.3	62.9
Employed	3,084	3,095	2,759	2,786	325	309
Employment-population ratio	52.3	52.9	51.7	52.7	57.6	54.8
Unemployed	335	273	303	227	32	45
Unemployment rate	9.8	8.1	9.9	7.6	9.0	12.8
Not in labor force	2,481	2,479	2,274	2,270	207	210
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	206,378	208,727	90,114	91,652	116,264	117,075
Civilian labor force	140,337	139,957	70,471	70,399	69,867	69,558
Participation rate	68.0	67.1	78.2	76.8	60.1	59.4
Employed	127,291	128,072	63,007	63,803	64,284	64,269
Employment-population ratio	61.7	61.4	69.9	69.6	55.3	54.9
Unemployed	13,046	11,885	7,463	6,596	5,583	5,289
Unemployment rate	9.3	8.5	10.6	9.4	8.0	7.6
Not in labor force	66,041	68,771	19,644	21,253	46,397	47,518
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	26,590	27,603	210,739	211,543
Civilian labor force	5,897	5,699	148,015	147,199
Participation rate	22.2	20.6	70.2	69.6
Employed	4,999	4,873	134,303	134,789
Employment-population ratio	18.8	17.7	63.7	63.7
Unemployed	897	827	13,712	12,410
Unemployment rate	15.2	14.5	9.3	8.4
Not in labor force	20,693	21,904	62,725	64,344
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,731	2,591	75,654	74,820
Participation rate	37.8	34.5	83.2	82.0
Employed	2,258	2,172	67,665	67,901
Employment-population ratio	31.2	28.9	74.4	74.4
Unemployed	473	418	7,989	6,920
Unemployment rate	17.3	16.1	10.6	9.2
Not in labor force	4,496	4,929	15,316	16,399
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,393	2,229	66,545	66,156
Participation rate	31.4	28.9	71.6	71.0
Employed	2,035	1,890	61,148	61,012
Employment-population ratio	26.7	24.5	65.8	65.5
Unemployed	358	339	5,397	5,144
Unemployment rate	14.9	15.2	8.1	7.8
Not in labor force	5,227	5,497	26,395	27,047
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	773	879	5,816	6,223
Participation rate	6.6	7.1	21.7	22.9
Employed	707	810	5,490	5,876
Employment-population ratio	6.0	6.6	20.5	21.7
Unemployed	67	69	326	347
Unemployment rate	8.6	7.8	5.6	5.6
Not in labor force	10,970	11,478	21,014	20,898
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	34,996	35,737	17,581	17,848	17,415	17,889
Civilian labor force	23,916	23,915	14,179	14,174	9,737	9,741
Participation rate	68.3	66.9	80.7	79.4	55.9	54.5
Employed	21,816	21,741	12,940	12,911	8,876	8,830
Employment-population ratio	62.3	60.8	73.6	72.3	51.0	49.4
Unemployed	2,100	2,174	1,239	1,263	861	911
Unemployment rate	8.8	9.1	8.7	8.9	8.8	9.3
Not in labor force	11,080	11,822	3,402	3,674	7,678	8,148
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	202,333	203,409	97,329	98,219	105,003	105,191
Civilian labor force	129,995	128,984	67,834	67,180	62,161	61,804
Participation rate	64.2	63.4	69.7	68.4	59.2	58.8
Employed	117,486	117,920	60,374	60,850	57,112	57,070
Employment-population ratio	58.1	58.0	62.0	62.0	54.4	54.3
Unemployed	12,509	11,063	7,460	6,330	5,049	4,733
Unemployment rate	9.6	8.6	11.0	9.4	8.1	7.7
Not in labor force	72,337	74,425	29,495	31,039	42,843	43,387
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2010	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Dec. 2010	Jan. 2011	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,210	2,145	2,061	2,242	2,176	2,256	2,255	2,251	2,087
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,343	1,303	1,198	1,386	1,384	1,390	1,340	1,423	1,245
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	837	824	830	825	775	861	889	835	818
Unpaid family workers	30	17	33	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	137,092	136,818	137,601	137,134	137,001	137,088	137,443	137,738	137,595
Wage and salary workers(1)	128,031	128,060	128,814	128,107	128,043	128,151	128,664	128,800	128,840
Government	21,844	21,082	21,112	21,403	20,759	20,740	20,933	20,858	20,726
Private industries	106,187	106,978	107,702	106,720	107,303	107,409	107,681	107,946	108,186
Private households	711	695	671	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	105,476	106,283	107,031	105,995	106,665	106,774	106,965	107,251	107,510
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	8,948	8,652	8,693	8,892	8,783	8,864	8,688	8,773	8,650
Unpaid family workers	114	105	94	-	-	-	-	-	-
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	8,921	8,737	8,425	9,146	8,931	8,407	8,340	8,433	8,600
Slack work or business conditions	6,113	5,812	5,547	6,247	6,011	5,771	5,630	5,595	5,689
Could only find part-time work	2,571	2,529	2,605	2,492	2,568	2,510	2,415	2,332	2,480
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	18,853	18,912	19,163	18,035	18,184	17,929	18,220	18,417	18,282
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	8,830	8,537	8,305	9,048	8,789	8,242	8,248	8,265	8,475
Slack work or business conditions	6,063	5,708	5,448	6,186	5,911	5,661	5,558	5,504	5,581
Could only find part-time work	2,558	2,503	2,595	2,480	2,542	2,513	2,383	2,305	2,457
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	18,506	18,565	18,803	17,733	17,829	17,552	17,835	17,984	17,967
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2010	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Dec. 2010	Jan. 2011	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	139,302	138,962	139,661	139,382	139,206	139,323	139,573	139,864	139,674
16 to 19 years	4,330	4,075	4,106	4,533	4,298	4,341	4,300	4,339	4,255
16 to 17 years	1,333	1,172	1,145	1,450	1,434	1,406	1,311	1,326	1,247
18 to 19 years	2,998	2,903	2,961	3,052	2,869	2,939	3,000	2,990	2,989
20 years and over	134,972	134,887	135,555	134,850	134,908	134,982	135,274	135,525	135,419
20 to 24 years	12,434	12,823	12,864	12,562	12,713	12,941	12,954	13,021	12,978
25 years and over	122,539	122,064	122,691	122,279	122,196	122,026	122,245	122,479	122,423
25 to 54 years	94,543	93,442	93,762	94,422	93,962	93,758	93,764	93,949	93,690
25 to 34 years	30,221	30,303	30,318	30,219	30,345	30,438	30,412	30,538	30,354
35 to 44 years	30,912	30,453	30,483	30,872	30,447	30,373	30,409	30,605	30,441
45 to 54 years	33,410	32,686	32,961	33,331	33,170	32,946	32,943	32,806	32,895
55 years and over	27,995	28,622	28,929	27,857	28,234	28,268	28,481	28,530	28,733
Men, 16 years and over	73,315	73,187	73,761	73,526	73,600	73,800	74,122	74,108	73,973
16 to 19 years	2,088	1,980	1,939	2,177	2,121	2,211	2,168	2,149	2,033
16 to 17 years	638	604	531	694	695	717	668	688	582
18 to 19 years	1,450	1,376	1,408	1,491	1,420	1,471	1,495	1,454	1,441
20 years and over	71,226	71,207	71,822	71,348	71,480	71,589	71,954	71,959	71,939
20 to 24 years	6,319	6,579	6,651	6,391	6,568	6,784	6,715	6,731	6,712
25 years and over	64,907	64,628	65,171	64,933	64,904	64,789	65,179	65,207	65,193
25 to 54 years	50,285	49,659	49,988	50,364	50,117	50,005	50,247	50,241	50,107
25 to 34 years	16,299	16,401	16,447	16,374	16,428	16,542	16,627	16,677	16,557
35 to 44 years	16,650	16,319	16,401	16,666	16,522	16,394	16,477	16,481	16,428
45 to 54 years	17,336	16,939	17,140	17,324	17,168	17,070	17,143	17,083	17,123
55 years and over	14,623	14,969	15,183	14,570	14,787	14,784	14,932	14,966	15,087
Women, 16 years and over	65,988	65,775	65,900	65,856	65,605	65,523	65,451	65,756	65,702
16 to 19 years	2,242	2,095	2,167	2,355	2,177	2,130	2,132	2,190	2,222
16 to 17 years	694	568	614	756	739	689	644	638	665
18 to 19 years	1,548	1,527	1,554	1,561	1,449	1,468	1,506	1,537	1,548
20 years and over	63,746	63,681	63,733	63,501	63,428	63,392	63,319	63,566	63,479
20 to 24 years	6,115	6,244	6,213	6,171	6,145	6,157	6,239	6,290	6,266
25 years and over	57,631	57,436	57,520	57,346	57,292	57,237	57,065	57,272	57,230
25 to 54 years	44,259	43,783	43,774	44,058	43,845	43,752	43,517	43,708	43,584
25 to 34 years	13,922	13,902	13,871	13,845	13,917	13,897	13,785	13,862	13,798
35 to 44 years	14,263	14,135	14,082	14,206	13,925	13,979	13,931	14,124	14,014
45 to 54 years	16,074	15,746	15,821	16,007	16,003	15,877	15,800	15,723	15,772
55 years and over	13,373	13,653	13,746	13,288	13,447	13,485	13,549	13,564	13,646
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present	43,256	42,636	42,992	43,248	43,081	42,915	42,957	42,880	42,987
Married women, spouse present	34,812	34,292	34,211	34,592	34,612	34,571	34,496	34,236	34,062
Women who maintain families	8,907	8,744	8,968	-	-	-	-	-	-
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(1)	111,391	111,186	111,844	112,056	111,744	112,356	112,660	112,775	112,484
Part-time workers(2)	27,912	27,776	27,817	27,201	27,394	26,901	26,878	27,087	27,088
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	7,105	6,809	6,887	7,008	6,950	6,840	6,764	6,746	6,775
Percent of total employed	5.1	4.9	4.9	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.8	4.8	4.9
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	5,124	5,169	5,030	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,785	9,476	9,523	9,718	9,559	9,724	9,577	9,608	9,468
Footnotes (1) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (2) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
	Apr. 2010	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Dec. 2010	Jan. 2011	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	15,138	13,542	13,747	9.8	9.4	9.0	8.9	8.8	9.0
16 to 19 years	1,542	1,405	1,413	25.4	25.4	25.7	23.9	24.5	24.9
16 to 17 years	599	542	570	29.2	27.1	27.8	28.8	29.0	31.4
18 to 19 years	967	869	855	24.1	24.5	24.6	21.5	22.5	22.2
20 years and over	13,596	12,137	12,334	9.2	8.8	8.4	8.3	8.2	8.3
20 to 24 years	2,598	2,297	2,279	17.1	15.3	15.2	15.4	15.0	14.9
25 years and over	11,007	9,858	10,109	8.3	8.1	7.6	7.6	7.4	7.6
25 to 54 years	8,911	7,933	8,117	8.6	8.5	7.9	7.9	7.8	8.0
25 to 34 years	3,426	3,068	3,197	10.2	10.1	9.3	9.4	9.1	9.5
35 to 44 years	2,711	2,361	2,407	8.1	7.8	7.4	7.4	7.2	7.3
45 to 54 years	2,774	2,504	2,513	7.7	7.5	7.1	7.0	7.1	7.1
55 years and over	2,091	1,969	1,994	7.0	6.9	6.7	6.4	6.5	6.5
Men, 16 years and over	8,829	7,566	7,712	10.7	10.1	9.5	9.3	9.3	9.4
16 to 19 years	898	761	795	29.2	27.8	27.2	25.9	26.2	28.1
16 to 17 years	332	275	283	32.3	29.0	29.1	28.5	28.5	32.7
18 to 19 years	572	492	517	27.7	27.4	26.6	24.8	25.3	26.4
20 years and over	7,931	6,805	6,917	10.0	9.4	8.8	8.7	8.6	8.8
20 to 24 years	1,577	1,319	1,284	19.8	16.9	15.9	16.4	16.4	16.1
25 years and over	6,330	5,486	5,625	8.9	8.6	8.0	7.9	7.8	7.9
25 to 54 years	5,146	4,396	4,505	9.3	8.9	8.3	8.1	8.0	8.2
25 to 34 years	2,002	1,703	1,812	10.9	10.6	9.8	9.5	9.3	9.9
35 to 44 years	1,547	1,287	1,273	8.5	7.9	7.6	7.5	7.2	7.2
45 to 54 years	1,598	1,406	1,420	8.4	8.3	7.5	7.3	7.6	7.7
55 years and over	1,184	1,090	1,121	7.5	7.2	7.1	7.1	6.8	6.9
Women, 16 years and over	6,309	5,976	6,035	8.7	8.7	8.5	8.5	8.3	8.4
16 to 19 years	643	644	619	21.5	22.8	24.0	21.8	22.7	21.8
16 to 17 years	267	267	287	26.1	25.2	26.4	29.1	29.5	30.1
18 to 19 years	395	377	338	20.2	21.5	22.5	17.8	19.7	17.9
20 years and over	5,665	5,332	5,417	8.2	8.1	7.9	8.0	7.7	7.9
20 to 24 years	1,021	978	995	14.2	13.5	14.4	14.2	13.5	13.7
25 years and over	4,677	4,372	4,483	7.5	7.5	7.1	7.2	7.1	7.3
25 to 54 years	3,765	3,537	3,612	7.9	7.9	7.5	7.7	7.5	7.7
25 to 34 years	1,424	1,365	1,385	9.3	9.5	8.7	9.2	9.0	9.1
35 to 44 years	1,164	1,073	1,135	7.6	7.6	7.1	7.4	7.1	7.5
45 to 54 years	1,176	1,098	1,093	6.8	6.6	6.6	6.6	6.5	6.5
55 years and over(1)	815	846	782	5.7	5.8	6.3	5.7	5.8	5.4
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present	3,089	2,688	2,756	6.7	6.6	5.8	5.8	5.9	6.0
Married women, spouse present	2,286	2,076	2,056	6.2	5.6	5.6	5.4	5.7	5.7
Women who maintain families(1)	1,105	1,224	1,193	11.0	12.0	12.7	13.0	12.3	11.7
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(2)	13,258	11,746	11,938	10.6	10.2	9.7	9.5	9.4	9.6
Part-time workers(3)	1,894	1,835	1,840	6.5	6.0	6.2	6.5	6.3	6.4
Footnotes (1) Not seasonally adjusted. (2) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (3) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2010	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Dec. 2010	Jan. 2011	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	9,110	8,841	7,958	9,237	8,923	8,519	8,334	8,209	8,144
On temporary layoff	1,296	1,489	1,186	1,356	1,402	1,249	1,270	1,197	1,251
Not on temporary layoff	7,814	7,352	6,772	7,881	7,521	7,270	7,064	7,013	6,894
Permanent job losers	6,521	5,877	5,449	6,494	5,995	5,879	5,671	5,625	5,480
Persons who completed temporary jobs	1,293	1,475	1,323	1,387	1,526	1,391	1,393	1,388	1,414
Job leavers	895	857	911	933	914	910	898	896	942
Reentrants	3,558	3,233	3,217	3,749	3,408	3,357	3,352	3,262	3,375
New entrants	1,047	1,129	1,151	1,217	1,311	1,351	1,337	1,360	1,346
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	62.4	62.9	60.1	61.0	61.3	60.3	59.9	59.8	59.0
On temporary layoff	8.9	10.6	9.0	9.0	9.6	8.8	9.1	8.7	9.1
Not on temporary layoff	53.5	52.3	51.2	52.1	51.7	51.4	50.7	51.1	49.9
Job leavers	6.1	6.1	6.9	6.2	6.3	6.4	6.4	6.5	6.8
Reentrants	24.4	23.0	24.3	24.8	23.4	23.7	24.1	23.8	24.4
New entrants	7.2	8.0	8.7	8.0	9.0	9.6	9.6	9.9	9.8
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	5.9	5.8	5.2	6.0	5.8	5.6	5.4	5.4	5.3
Job leavers	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
Reentrants	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.4	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.2
New entrants	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2010	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Dec. 2010	Jan. 2011	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,304	2,161	2,325	2,695	2,725	2,678	2,390	2,449	2,691
5 to 14 weeks	2,594	3,230	2,478	3,000	3,184	3,016	3,094	2,914	2,907
15 weeks and over	9,710	8,669	8,434	8,933	8,647	8,495	8,172	8,078	7,845
15 to 26 weeks	2,691	2,407	2,333	2,274	2,205	2,285	2,179	1,957	2,006
27 weeks and over	7,020	6,263	6,101	6,659	6,441	6,210	5,993	6,122	5,839
Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)	35.8	39.8	41.4	33.1	34.2	36.9	37.1	39.0	38.3
Median duration, in weeks	25.8	22.7	24.3	21.6	22.4	21.8	21.2	21.7	20.7
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	15.8	15.4	17.6	18.4	18.7	18.9	17.5	18.2	20.0
5 to 14 weeks	17.8	23.0	18.7	20.5	21.9	21.3	22.7	21.7	21.6
15 weeks and over	66.5	61.7	63.7	61.1	59.4	59.9	59.8	60.1	58.4
15 to 26 weeks	18.4	17.1	17.6	15.5	15.2	16.1	16.0	14.6	14.9
27 weeks and over	48.1	44.5	46.1	45.5	44.3	43.8	43.9	45.5	43.4
Footnotes (1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011
Total, 16 years and over(1)	139,302	139,661	14,609	13,237	9.5	8.7
Management, professional, and related occupations	52,355	53,216	2,464	2,196	4.5	4.0
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	21,215	21,640	1,139	1,050	5.1	4.6
Professional and related occupations	31,140	31,576	1,325	1,146	4.1	3.5
Service occupations	24,474	24,354	2,733	2,598	10.0	9.6
Sales and office occupations	33,577	32,974	3,173	2,929	8.6	8.2
Sales and related occupations	15,416	15,134	1,554	1,402	9.2	8.5
Office and administrative support occupations	18,160	17,841	1,619	1,528	8.2	7.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13,013	12,735	2,673	2,110	17.0	14.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	960	862	193	206	16.7	19.3
Construction and extraction occupations	7,083	7,042	1,931	1,448	21.4	17.1
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,971	4,831	549	455	10.0	8.6
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	15,884	16,382	2,478	2,208	13.5	11.9
Production occupations	7,836	8,098	1,252	1,074	13.8	11.7
Transportation and material moving occupations	8,048	8,284	1,226	1,134	13.2	12.0
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011
Total, 16 years and over(1)	14,609	13,237	9.5	8.7
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	11,967	10,560	10.1	8.9
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	69	28	9.4	3.5
Construction	1,919	1,501	21.8	17.8
Manufacturing	1,688	1,444	11.1	9.4
Durable goods	1,100	951	11.6	9.8
Nondurable goods	588	493	10.2	8.6
Wholesale and retail trade	1,967	1,776	9.5	8.8
Transportation and utilities	530	500	9.1	8.4
Information	302	218	9.4	7.1
Financial activities	708	621	7.6	6.7
Professional and business services	1,586	1,340	11.1	9.1
Education and health services	1,051	1,088	5.0	5.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,633	1,482	12.8	11.7
Other services	515	564	8.4	9.2
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	232	182	15.0	13.7
Government workers	769	778	3.4	3.5
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	594	565	5.6	5.5
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2010	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Dec. 2010	Jan. 2011	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011	Apr. 2011
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	6.3	5.7	5.5	5.8	5.6	5.5	5.3	5.3	5.1
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	5.9	5.8	5.2	6.0	5.8	5.6	5.4	5.4	5.3
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	9.5	9.2	8.7	9.8	9.4	9.0	8.9	8.8	9.0
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	10.2	9.7	9.2	10.5	10.2	9.6	9.5	9.4	9.5
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	10.9	10.6	10.1	11.2	10.9	10.7	10.5	10.3	10.4
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	16.6	16.2	15.5	17.0	16.7	16.1	15.9	15.7	15.9
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category	Total		Men		Women
	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011	Apr. 2010	Apr. 2011
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	83,418	86,248	32,897	34,713	50,521	51,535
Persons who currently want a job	5,865	6,482	2,795	3,159	3,070	3,323
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	2,432	2,466	1,294	1,361	1,138	1,105
Discouraged workers(2)	1,197	989	736	566	461	423
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,234	1,477	557	795	677	682
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	7,105	6,887	3,453	3,302	3,651	3,585
Percent of total employed	5.1	4.9	4.7	4.5	5.5	5.4
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	3,636	3,586	1,971	1,896	1,665	1,691
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,888	1,831	600	618	1,288	1,213
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	289	221	183	149	106	72
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,256	1,211	684	626	571	586
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)	Change from: Mar.2011 - Apr.2011(p)
Total nonfarm	129,698	128,994	129,919	131,088	129,715	130,563	130,784	131,028	244
Total private	106,707	106,515	107,335	108,494	107,145	108,363	108,594	108,862	268
Goods-producing	17,520	17,330	17,506	17,776	17,762	17,916	17,953	17,997	44
Mining and logging	677	726	743	756	687	744	757	767	10
Logging	47.3	47.4	47.4	44.5	51.0	48.4	49.9	47.9	-2.0
Mining	629.6	678.6	695.2	711.9	636.2	695.1	707.5	718.9	11.4
Oil and gas extraction	156.1	163.6	165.7	167.7	157.8	165.0	167.1	169.1	2.0
Mining, except oil and gas(1)	198.5	195.4	199.6	207.8	201.3	206.1	207.4	210.1	2.7
Coal mining	78.9	82.6	83.8	85.1	79.3	83.0	83.9	85.5	1.6
Support activities for mining	275.0	319.6	329.9	336.4	277.1	324.0	333.0	339.7	6.7
Construction	5,420	5,072	5,184	5,385	5,566	5,517	5,519	5,524	5
Construction of buildings	1,214.1	1,146.8	1,167.6	1,187.9	1,249.7	1,221.4	1,224.4	1,221.1	-3.3
Residential building	560.9	527.5	535.8	543.5	582.7	565.7	566.4	564.3	-2.1
Nonresidential building	653.2	619.3	631.8	644.4	667.0	655.7	658.0	656.8	-1.2
Heavy and civil engineering construction	805.2	725.1	757.1	826.8	831.6	839.0	840.2	852.9	12.7
Specialty trade contractors	3,400.8	3,199.7	3,259.2	3,369.8	3,484.7	3,456.5	3,454.4	3,449.6	-4.8
Residential specialty trade contractors	1,442.7	1,339.9	1,358.5	1,414.2	1,479.6	1,456.0	1,451.0	1,447.7	-3.3
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	1,958.1	1,859.8	1,900.7	1,955.6	2,005.1	2,000.5	2,003.4	2,001.9	-1.5
Manufacturing	11,423	11,532	11,579	11,635	11,509	11,655	11,677	11,706	29
Durable goods	7,004	7,150	7,187	7,224	7,039	7,211	7,232	7,251	19
Wood products	340.7	332.8	333.4	337.0	345.1	343.1	342.9	341.0	-1.9
Nonmetallic mineral products	371.0	352.1	358.3	372.0	372.2	371.4	372.0	372.7	0.7
Primary metals	355.7	372.4	375.0	378.5	357.8	374.5	376.0	380.1	4.1
Fabricated metal products	1,260.2	1,318.0	1,331.0	1,334.7	1,271.2	1,329.8	1,338.4	1,343.5	5.1
Machinery	982.0	1,023.4	1,027.3	1,031.9	986.8	1,025.8	1,030.6	1,035.8	5.2
Computer and electronic products(1)	1,090.4	1,114.7	1,118.9	1,121.8	1,094.8	1,117.9	1,120.4	1,124.4	4.0
Computer and peripheral equipment	158.7	169.4	169.9	170.3	159.6	169.7	169.7	170.6	0.9
Communication equipment	115.7	117.3	117.0	120.0	116.1	117.8	118.4	120.8	2.4
Semiconductors and electronic components	366.4	379.0	383.2	382.8	368.0	380.1	382.8	383.3	0.5
Electronic instruments	404.6	404.0	403.5	403.2	405.6	405.2	404.2	404.2	0.0
Electrical equipment and appliances	355.9	367.5	364.8	365.8	358.0	368.5	367.3	367.7	0.4
Transportation equipment(1)	1,324.1	1,349.3	1,359.0	1,361.9	1,326.3	1,354.0	1,360.3	1,364.6	4.3
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	670.3	691.9	697.0	699.2	669.4	693.3	695.8	698.7	2.9
Furniture and related products	358.4	346.0	347.3	348.2	359.5	350.6	350.1	348.5	-1.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing	565.8	574.1	572.3	571.9	567.3	575.5	574.0	572.4	-1.6
Nondurable goods	4,419	4,382	4,392	4,411	4,470	4,444	4,445	4,455	10
Food manufacturing	1,417.2	1,419.3	1,420.8	1,428.0	1,450.8	1,452.6	1,451.7	1,458.9	7.2
Beverages and tobacco products	179.0	173.6	173.6	176.8	183.4	180.2	179.5	180.8	1.3
Textile mills	119.2	119.9	120.2	121.1	119.7	120.8	120.7	121.3	0.6
Textile product mills	118.5	114.9	116.1	115.7	119.5	116.4	116.5	116.2	-0.3
Apparel	157.7	155.5	155.2	155.3	158.3	156.3	155.9	155.8	-0.1
Leather and allied products	26.5	28.8	29.3	29.2	26.7	29.1	29.2	29.2	0.0
Paper and paper products	395.1	395.4	395.0	397.0	397.6	397.4	397.9	398.4	0.5
Printing and related support activities	487.1	470.7	471.5	470.3	490.4	474.5	473.9	473.3	-0.6
Petroleum and coal products	114.0	107.0	109.0	111.6	115.6	112.6	113.0	113.2	0.2
Chemicals	782.9	772.3	774.0	776.1	785.4	774.9	776.3	778.5	2.2
Plastics and rubber products	621.8	624.1	626.8	629.8	622.5	629.5	630.5	629.4	-1.1
Private service-providing	89,187	89,185	89,829	90,718	89,383	90,447	90,641	90,865	224
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,365	24,385	24,499	24,663	24,581	24,775	24,790	24,861	71
Wholesale trade	5,429.1	5,454.7	5,493.0	5,517.6	5,445.9	5,508.2	5,524.3	5,531.3	7.0
Durable goods	2,699.8	2,736.3	2,751.2	2,759.0	2,710.1	2,755.9	2,765.2	2,769.1	3.9
Nondurable goods	1,929.8	1,913.8	1,932.0	1,943.6	1,934.5	1,941.7	1,945.8	1,946.0	0.2
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	799.5	804.6	809.8	815.0	801.3	810.6	813.3	816.2	2.9
Retail trade	14,256.3	14,199.6	14,256.1	14,379.0	14,424.3	14,477.8	14,474.6	14,531.7	57.1
Motor vehicle and parts dealers(1)	1,618.9	1,629.3	1,644.2	1,665.1	1,621.3	1,656.2	1,661.1	1,668.0	6.9
Automobile dealers	1,001.3	1,016.1	1,023.8	1,032.1	1,003.2	1,026.9	1,029.9	1,034.6	4.7
Furniture and home furnishings stores	430.2	428.3	428.1	428.0	436.6	434.7	434.8	434.8	0.0
Electronics and appliance stores	486.9	493.9	491.5	493.1	492.4	496.4	494.0	499.6	5.6
Building material and garden supply stores	1,175.4	1,066.5	1,113.6	1,171.1	1,146.5	1,115.2	1,128.2	1,133.8	5.6
Food and beverage stores	2,784.0	2,787.9	2,788.8	2,799.8	2,814.2	2,818.1	2,818.8	2,825.6	6.8
Health and personal care stores	974.0	965.8	963.2	966.3	979.6	971.1	970.1	972.2	2.1
Gasoline stations	810.8	800.4	803.2	810.7	816.4	813.2	813.8	815.7	1.9
Clothing and clothing accessories stores	1,331.4	1,366.2	1,372.1	1,383.6	1,373.9	1,417.0	1,421.0	1,427.1	6.1
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores	582.7	588.5	583.2	577.2	602.7	598.3	599.4	596.8	-2.6
General merchandise stores(1)	2,902.2	2,917.8	2,918.1	2,931.5	2,959.2	2,984.7	2,958.1	2,985.5	27.4
Department stores	1,441.1	1,464.0	1,454.9	1,454.0	1,486.1	1,499.5	1,488.4	1,497.8	9.4
Miscellaneous store retailers	752.5	748.9	745.6	751.7	763.9	758.9	762.3	761.0	-1.3
Nonstore retailers	407.3	406.1	404.5	400.9	417.6	414.0	413.0	411.6	-1.4
Transportation and warehousing	4,128.0	4,182.0	4,200.6	4,215.3	4,156.3	4,238.2	4,241.2	4,245.3	4.1
Air transportation	462.9	469.5	472.4	471.1	461.9	470.5	471.6	468.4	-3.2
Rail transportation	212.0	218.9	219.9	221.1	211.8	220.1	220.6	220.6	0.0
Water transportation	60.6	62.8	62.7	62.7	61.9	66.2	64.9	64.2	-0.7
Truck transportation	1,218.5	1,229.8	1,241.1	1,254.2	1,237.5	1,265.2	1,268.4	1,272.9	4.5
Transit and ground passenger transportation	437.9	454.2	455.7	460.5	425.5	445.1	444.9	448.0	3.1
Pipeline transportation	42.4	42.5	42.9	43.1	42.5	42.6	43.1	43.1	0.0
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	24.7	20.4	21.6	23.2	27.6	27.2	27.3	26.3	-1.0
Support activities for transportation	534.6	547.9	547.6	552.8	538.1	550.5	552.4	555.4	3.0
Couriers and messengers	511.5	514.7	514.1	507.4	521.0	522.2	522.0	521.4	-0.6
Warehousing and storage	622.9	621.3	622.6	619.2	628.5	628.6	626.0	625.0	-1.0
Utilities	551.8	548.6	548.9	550.7	554.1	550.6	550.3	552.3	2.0
Information	2,715	2,674	2,678	2,683	2,716	2,684	2,682	2,684	2
Publishing industries, except Internet	760.3	755.2	754.5	756.3	762.4	757.7	756.0	757.9	1.9
Motion picture and sound recording industries	374.8	357.4	366.0	372.7	370.2	365.2	368.4	368.7	0.3
Broadcasting, except Internet	292.8	296.0	295.3	295.0	294.6	297.1	296.1	296.6	0.5
Telecommunications	901.5	878.7	872.8	866.9	906.5	875.9	872.9	871.9	-1.0
Data processing, hosting and related services	246.2	238.4	240.4	242.4	243.2	239.8	239.7	239.3	-0.4
Other information services	139.0	148.2	148.5	149.7	139.5	148.3	149.2	150.0	0.8
Financial activities	7,618	7,560	7,574	7,589	7,648	7,606	7,611	7,615	4
Finance and insurance	5,687.1	5,662.7	5,664.7	5,657.1	5,695.7	5,669.8	5,668.3	5,664.6	-3.7
Monetary authorities - central bank	20.7	20.8	21.1	21.0	20.6	21.0	21.0	21.0	0.0
Credit intermediation and related activities(1)	2,537.3	2,539.6	2,534.5	2,531.6	2,540.3	2,539.7	2,536.3	2,534.5	-1.8
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,725.9	1,742.0	1,742.0	1,745.3	1,729.9	1,744.2	1,745.8	1,747.4	1.6
Commercial banking	1,302.9	1,315.0	1,315.2	1,317.9	1,305.2	1,316.3	1,317.8	1,320.4	2.6
Securities, commodity contracts, investments	798.8	805.6	807.9	806.1	802.0	806.7	807.8	808.5	0.7
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,243.5	2,209.5	2,214.4	2,211.8	2,245.8	2,215.1	2,216.0	2,213.7	-2.3
Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles	86.8	87.2	86.8	86.6	87.0	87.3	87.2	86.9	-0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	1,930.4	1,897.1	1,908.8	1,931.6	1,952.2	1,935.7	1,943.0	1,950.2	7.2
Real estate	1,393.3	1,373.1	1,375.4	1,390.4	1,406.0	1,394.7	1,396.3	1,401.2	4.9
Rental and leasing services	511.9	498.6	507.8	515.5	520.9	515.4	521.0	523.3	2.3
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets	25.2	25.4	25.6	25.7	25.3	25.6	25.7	25.7	0.0
Professional and business services	16,597	16,727	16,879	17,126	16,615	16,991	17,077	17,128	51
Professional and technical services(1)	7,490.4	7,584.7	7,616.2	7,665.9	7,416.2	7,507.1	7,548.2	7,581.2	33.0
Legal services	1,108.5	1,106.1	1,108.2	1,110.6	1,113.2	1,113.5	1,113.2	1,114.7	1.5
Accounting and bookkeeping services	994.3	1,019.6	1,020.6	1,014.1	891.3	879.5	901.0	904.4	3.4
Architectural and engineering services	1,268.6	1,269.4	1,274.0	1,289.2	1,278.5	1,289.2	1,292.6	1,298.2	5.6
Computer systems design and related services	1,431.0	1,473.3	1,476.6	1,491.3	1,433.5	1,477.6	1,485.3	1,493.2	7.9
Management and technical consulting services	980.3	1,010.3	1,015.5	1,030.1	987.4	1,020.4	1,024.9	1,036.2	11.3
Management of companies and enterprises	1,851.5	1,859.7	1,868.2	1,866.8	1,859.0	1,870.5	1,873.3	1,874.2	0.9
Administrative and waste services	7,254.7	7,282.8	7,394.3	7,593.1	7,339.6	7,613.6	7,655.2	7,672.7	17.5
Administrative and support services(1)	6,906.7	6,930.6	7,040.9	7,234.4	6,987.8	7,252.3	7,293.7	7,310.4	16.7
Employment services(1)	2,598.9	2,745.6	2,804.1	2,850.9	2,664.8	2,881.2	2,916.9	2,915.4	-1.5
Temporary help services	1,973.4	2,103.6	2,160.0	2,193.9	2,027.3	2,217.6	2,252.0	2,249.7	-2.3
Business support services	801.8	808.3	810.5	804.6	804.3	806.1	806.6	807.4	0.8
Services to buildings and dwellings	1,738.5	1,598.9	1,635.0	1,768.3	1,741.0	1,765.1	1,765.2	1,770.0	4.8
Waste management and remediation services	348.0	352.2	353.4	358.7	351.8	361.3	361.5	362.3	0.8
Education and health services	19,645	19,928	20,002	20,078	19,482	19,832	19,865	19,914	49
Educational services	3,294.6	3,349.2	3,351.4	3,365.3	3,135.2	3,205.6	3,199.4	3,206.7	7.3
Health care and social assistance	16,350.2	16,578.9	16,650.7	16,712.3	16,346.3	16,626.1	16,665.1	16,706.9	41.8
Health care(3)	13,716.2	13,911.9	13,966.0	14,014.2	13,739.5	13,962.8	13,997.2	14,034.5	37.3
Ambulatory health care services(1)	5,938.7	6,052.1	6,075.7	6,107.5	5,942.4	6,073.0	6,089.7	6,111.2	21.5
Offices of physicians	2,304.3	2,329.0	2,338.8	2,344.7	2,309.8	2,334.4	2,343.2	2,349.8	6.6
Outpatient care centers	598.2	613.6	615.8	619.8	597.9	614.7	616.5	619.0	2.5
Home health care services	1,075.2	1,107.6	1,110.4	1,118.0	1,073.5	1,113.4	1,113.0	1,117.1	4.1
Hospitals	4,666.7	4,706.1	4,720.3	4,729.1	4,679.6	4,718.8	4,729.4	4,739.5	10.1
Nursing and residential care facilities(1)	3,110.8	3,153.7	3,170.0	3,177.6	3,117.5	3,171.0	3,178.1	3,183.8	5.7
Nursing care facilities	1,652.6	1,667.9	1,676.6	1,675.2	1,656.4	1,677.5	1,680.5	1,679.3	-1.2
Social assistance(1)	2,634.0	2,667.0	2,684.7	2,698.1	2,606.8	2,663.3	2,667.9	2,672.4	4.5
Child day care services	872.9	870.3	878.9	884.6	851.3	858.3	860.3	862.3	2.0
Leisure and hospitality	12,907	12,529	12,785	13,141	12,998	13,125	13,176	13,222	46
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,864.1	1,691.1	1,747.6	1,878.8	1,908.0	1,897.0	1,906.8	1,921.6	14.8
Performing arts and spectator sports	408.4	380.4	390.3	416.4	404.2	413.8	415.8	413.5	-2.3
Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks	125.6	117.6	121.4	128.9	127.6	129.5	129.9	130.3	0.4
Amusements, gambling, and recreation	1,330.1	1,193.1	1,235.9	1,333.5	1,376.2	1,353.7	1,361.1	1,377.8	16.7
Accommodation and food services	11,042.7	10,837.7	11,037.6	11,262.4	11,090.4	11,228.2	11,269.4	11,300.0	30.6
Accommodation	1,706.1	1,689.5	1,719.1	1,745.9	1,750.7	1,773.1	1,783.8	1,787.6	3.8
Food services and drinking places	9,336.6	9,148.2	9,318.5	9,516.5	9,339.7	9,455.1	9,485.6	9,512.4	26.8
Other services	5,340	5,382	5,412	5,438	5,343	5,434	5,440	5,441	1
Repair and maintenance	1,139.8	1,139.3	1,149.0	1,153.6	1,134.7	1,149.8	1,151.0	1,147.9	-3.1
Personal and laundry services	1,269.6	1,261.1	1,273.2	1,283.8	1,265.4	1,276.0	1,279.4	1,279.1	-0.3
Membership associations and organizations	2,930.2	2,981.8	2,989.5	3,000.7	2,943.1	3,007.8	3,009.2	3,014.0	4.8
Government	22,991	22,479	22,584	22,594	22,570	22,200	22,190	22,166	-24
Federal	2,983.0	2,828.0	2,834.0	2,849.0	2,985.0	2,853.0	2,855.0	2,853.0	-2.0
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,318.8	2,196.0	2,204.4	2,213.8	2,323.3	2,216.5	2,221.7	2,221.0	-0.7
U.S. Postal Service	663.8	632.3	629.8	634.9	662.0	636.5	633.5	632.2	-1.3
State government	5,283.0	5,235.0	5,255.0	5,253.0	5,138.0	5,121.0	5,119.0	5,111.0	-8.0
State government education	2,511.7	2,517.7	2,542.6	2,546.0	2,364.5	2,393.3	2,398.8	2,400.1	1.3
State government, excluding education	2,770.9	2,716.9	2,712.8	2,706.8	2,773.7	2,728.0	2,720.2	2,711.1	-9.1
Local government	14,725.0	14,416.0	14,495.0	14,492.0	14,447.0	14,226.0	14,216.0	14,202.0	-14.0
Local government education	8,410.2	8,234.8	8,304.3	8,285.2	8,058.1	7,932.2	7,929.1	7,924.4	-4.7
Local government, excluding education	6,314.4	6,181.2	6,190.6	6,206.4	6,388.5	6,293.3	6,287.0	6,277.8	-9.2
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.1	34.3	34.3	34.3
Goods-producing	39.7	39.9	39.8	39.9
Mining and logging	43.3	44.1	44.3	43.6
Construction	38.1	38.1	37.9	38.2
Manufacturing	40.2	40.5	40.4	40.4
Durable goods	40.4	40.9	40.8	40.8
Nondurable goods	39.8	40.0	39.8	39.9
Private service-providing	33.0	33.2	33.2	33.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.2	34.5	34.5	34.6
Wholesale trade	38.1	38.5	38.5	38.6
Retail trade	31.3	31.4	31.4	31.6
Transportation and warehousing	38.1	38.7	38.9	38.9
Utilities	40.8	41.5	42.1	42.4
Information	36.5	36.5	36.6	36.5
Financial activities	36.9	37.0	37.0	37.1
Professional and business services	35.3	35.7	35.6	35.6
Education and health services	32.8	32.7	32.7	32.8
Leisure and hospitality	25.8	25.9	25.9	26.0
Other services	31.7	31.6	31.7	31.8
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.0	3.3	3.2	3.3
Durable goods	2.9	3.2	3.2	3.2
Nondurable goods	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)
Total private	$22.52	$22.88	$22.92	$22.95	$767.93	$784.78	$786.16	$787.19
Goods-producing	23.94	24.27	24.30	24.35	950.42	968.37	967.14	971.57
Mining and logging	27.19	28.00	28.02	28.37	1,177.33	1,234.80	1,241.29	1,236.93
Construction	25.12	25.39	25.38	25.42	957.07	967.36	961.90	971.04
Manufacturing	23.18	23.52	23.56	23.60	931.84	952.56	951.82	953.44
Durable goods	24.66	25.01	25.06	25.09	996.26	1,022.91	1,022.45	1,023.67
Nondurable goods	20.82	21.04	21.06	21.11	828.64	841.60	838.19	842.29
Private service-providing	22.18	22.55	22.59	22.62	731.94	748.66	749.99	753.25
Trade, transportation, and utilities	19.66	19.88	19.96	20.05	672.37	685.86	688.62	693.73
Wholesale trade	26.15	26.24	26.06	26.27	996.32	1,010.24	1,003.31	1,014.02
Retail trade	15.62	15.69	15.70	15.76	488.91	492.67	492.98	498.02
Transportation and warehousing	20.88	21.38	21.44	21.54	795.53	827.41	834.02	837.91
Utilities	32.24	33.40	37.15	36.89	1,315.39	1,386.10	1,564.02	1,564.14
Information	30.25	31.44	31.87	31.61	1,104.13	1,147.56	1,166.44	1,153.77
Financial activities	27.20	27.56	27.59	27.57	1,003.68	1,019.72	1,020.83	1,022.85
Professional and business services	27.11	27.50	27.56	27.60	956.98	981.75	981.14	982.56
Education and health services	22.82	23.37	23.38	23.42	748.50	764.20	764.53	768.18
Leisure and hospitality	13.07	13.16	13.18	13.19	337.21	340.84	341.36	342.94
Other services	20.09	20.48	20.37	20.35	636.85	647.17	645.73	647.13
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2011 - Apr. 2011(p)	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2011 - Apr. 2011(p)
Total private	91.6	93.1	93.3	93.6	0.3	98.3	101.6	102.0	102.4	0.4
Goods-producing	80.3	81.4	81.4	81.8	0.5	86.9	89.3	89.4	90.0	0.7
Mining and logging	93.5	103.1	105.4	105.1	-0.3	102.0	115.9	118.5	119.7	1.0
Construction	73.1	72.4	72.1	72.7	0.8	79.8	79.9	79.5	80.3	1.0
Manufacturing	83.2	84.9	84.9	85.1	0.2	89.7	92.9	93.0	93.4	0.4
Durable goods	80.1	83.0	83.1	83.3	0.2	87.7	92.2	92.5	92.8	0.3
Nondurable goods	88.8	88.7	88.3	88.7	0.5	93.8	94.7	94.4	95.0	0.6
Private service-providing	94.7	96.4	96.6	97.2	0.6	101.8	105.4	105.8	106.5	0.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	91.4	92.9	92.9	93.5	0.6	96.7	99.4	99.9	100.9	1.0
Wholesale trade	90.5	92.5	92.8	93.2	0.4	98.8	101.3	100.9	102.1	1.2
Retail trade	91.7	92.3	92.3	93.3	1.1	94.7	95.8	95.8	97.2	1.5
Transportation and warehousing	90.6	93.9	94.4	94.5	0.1	96.0	101.8	102.7	103.3	0.6
Utilities	97.8	98.8	100.2	101.3	1.1	104.2	109.1	123.0	123.5	0.4
Information	90.5	89.5	89.6	89.5	-0.1	97.5	100.2	101.7	100.7	-1.0
Financial activities	93.0	92.7	92.8	93.1	0.3	98.7	99.8	99.9	100.2	0.3
Professional and business services	92.2	95.4	95.6	95.9	0.3	101.3	106.3	106.8	107.2	0.4
Education and health services	104.0	105.5	105.7	106.3	0.6	111.2	115.6	115.8	116.6	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	95.7	97.0	97.4	98.1	0.7	100.9	103.0	103.5	104.4	0.9
Other services	93.8	95.1	95.5	95.9	0.4	107.0	110.6	110.5	110.7	0.2
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)
Total nonfarm	64,698	64,736	64,811	64,924	49.9	49.6	49.6	49.5
Total private	51,842	52,121	52,194	52,318	48.4	48.1	48.1	48.1
Goods-producing	4,104	4,068	4,074	4,071	23.1	22.7	22.7	22.6
Mining and logging	98	102	103	104	14.3	13.7	13.6	13.6
Construction	731	714	713	713	13.1	12.9	12.9	12.9
Manufacturing	3,275	3,252	3,258	3,254	28.5	27.9	27.9	27.8
Durable goods	1,730	1,723	1,725	1,719	24.6	23.9	23.9	23.7
Nondurable goods	1,545	1,529	1,533	1,535	34.6	34.4	34.5	34.5
Private service-providing	47,738	48,053	48,120	48,247	53.4	53.1	53.1	53.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	10,025	10,001	9,997	10,026	40.8	40.4	40.3	40.3
Wholesale trade	1,640.1	1,656.5	1,660.5	1,662.5	30.1	30.1	30.1	30.1
Retail trade	7,245.1	7,205.3	7,197.0	7,219.3	50.2	49.8	49.7	49.7
Transportation and warehousing	999.3	1,005.0	1,004.3	1,008.8	24.0	23.7	23.7	23.8
Utilities	140.0	134.5	134.7	135.2	25.3	24.4	24.5	24.5
Information	1,110	1,092	1,093	1,092	40.9	40.7	40.8	40.7
Financial activities	4,506	4,441	4,444	4,446	58.9	58.4	58.4	58.4
Professional and business services	7,411	7,548	7,579	7,606	44.6	44.4	44.4	44.4
Education and health services	15,043	15,250	15,263	15,303	77.2	76.9	76.8	76.8
Leisure and hospitality	6,815	6,850	6,879	6,902	52.4	52.2	52.2	52.2
Other services	2,828	2,871	2,865	2,872	52.9	52.8	52.7	52.8
Government	12,856	12,615	12,617	12,606	57.0	56.8	56.9	56.9
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

[In thousands]

Industry	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)
Total private	88,331	89,281	89,504	89,730
Goods-producing	12,791	12,897	12,939	12,975
Mining and logging	509	557	569	579
Construction	4,210	4,178	4,185	4,182
Manufacturing	8,072	8,162	8,185	8,214
Durable goods	4,815	4,929	4,948	4,967
Nondurable goods	3,257	3,233	3,237	3,247
Private service-providing	75,540	76,384	76,565	76,755
Trade, transportation, and utilities	20,851	20,964	20,977	21,041
Wholesale trade	4,383.0	4,409.8	4,423.2	4,429.8
Retail trade	12,413.2	12,470.9	12,467.6	12,517.3
Transportation and warehousing	3,610.0	3,644.9	3,646.9	3,653.5
Utilities	445.1	438.5	438.8	440.7
Information	2,177	2,159	2,154	2,158
Financial activities	5,912	5,831	5,835	5,834
Professional and business services	13,595	13,957	14,032	14,076
Education and health services	17,076	17,374	17,407	17,447
Leisure and hospitality	11,465	11,548	11,605	11,643
Other services	4,464	4,551	4,555	4,556
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	33.4	33.6	33.6	33.6
Goods-producing	40.5	40.7	40.8	40.9
Mining and logging	44.7	45.9	46.2	47.5
Construction	38.8	38.7	38.6	38.8
Manufacturing	41.2	41.3	41.5	41.4
Durable goods	41.4	41.7	41.9	41.8
Nondurable goods	40.9	40.8	40.8	40.9
Private service-providing	32.2	32.4	32.4	32.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	33.2	33.6	33.7	33.7
Wholesale trade	37.9	38.4	38.4	38.4
Retail trade	30.1	30.3	30.4	30.5
Transportation and warehousing	37.1	38.0	38.1	38.0
Utilities	41.8	42.3	42.8	43.0
Information	36.4	36.4	36.3	36.4
Financial activities	36.2	36.3	36.3	36.3
Professional and business services	35.0	35.2	35.1	35.2
Education and health services	32.2	32.2	32.2	32.3
Leisure and hospitality	24.9	24.8	24.9	24.9
Other services	30.7	30.8	30.8	30.8
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.8	4.2	4.3	4.2
Durable goods	3.8	4.3	4.4	4.2
Nondurable goods	3.9	4.0	4.1	4.2
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)
Total private	$18.98	$19.32	$19.32	$19.37	$633.93	$649.15	$649.15	$650.83
Goods-producing	20.18	20.57	20.58	20.60	817.29	837.20	839.66	842.54
Mining and logging	23.79	24.18	24.27	24.06	1,063.41	1,109.86	1,121.27	1,142.85
Construction	23.07	23.51	23.50	23.58	895.12	909.84	907.10	914.90
Manufacturing	18.51	18.89	18.90	18.90	762.61	780.16	784.35	782.46
Durable goods	19.70	20.12	20.11	20.14	815.58	839.00	842.61	841.85
Nondurable goods	16.74	16.98	17.01	16.95	684.67	692.78	694.01	693.26
Private service-providing	18.73	19.05	19.05	19.11	603.11	617.22	617.22	619.16
Trade, transportation, and utilities	16.78	17.05	17.08	17.13	557.10	572.88	575.60	577.28
Wholesale trade	21.45	21.86	21.84	21.91	812.96	839.42	838.66	841.34
Retail trade	13.20	13.39	13.42	13.44	397.32	405.72	407.97	409.92
Transportation and warehousing	19.14	19.36	19.31	19.42	710.09	735.68	735.71	737.96
Utilities	29.83	30.33	31.38	31.65	1,246.89	1,282.96	1,343.06	1,360.95
Information	25.63	26.35	26.27	26.45	932.93	959.14	953.60	962.78
Financial activities	21.43	21.62	21.71	21.77	775.77	784.81	788.07	790.25
Professional and business services	22.69	23.03	23.04	23.10	794.15	810.66	808.70	813.12
Education and health services	19.98	20.49	20.46	20.50	643.36	659.78	658.81	662.15
Leisure and hospitality	11.32	11.36	11.38	11.39	281.87	281.73	283.36	283.61
Other services	17.01	17.24	17.17	17.24	522.21	530.99	528.84	530.99
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

[2002=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2011 - Apr. 2011(p)	Apr. 2010	Feb. 2011	Mar. 2011(p)	Apr. 2011(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2011 - Apr. 2011(p)
Total private	98.6	100.2	100.5	100.7	0.2	125.0	129.4	129.7	130.4	0.5
Goods-producing	79.2	80.2	80.7	81.1	0.5	97.8	101.0	101.7	102.3	0.6
Mining and logging	120.9	135.9	139.7	146.2	4.7	167.3	191.1	197.2	204.5	3.7
Construction	81.8	81.0	80.9	81.2	0.4	101.9	102.8	102.6	103.4	0.8
Manufacturing	76.3	77.4	78.0	78.0	0.0	92.4	95.6	96.4	96.5	0.1
Durable goods	74.9	77.2	77.9	78.0	0.1	92.1	97.0	97.8	98.1	0.3
Nondurable goods	78.5	77.7	77.8	78.2	0.5	92.8	93.3	93.5	93.7	0.2
Private service-providing	104.0	105.8	106.1	106.3	0.2	133.6	138.2	138.5	139.3	0.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	96.5	98.2	98.6	98.9	0.3	115.5	119.4	120.1	120.8	0.6
Wholesale trade	97.8	99.7	100.0	100.2	0.2	123.6	128.4	128.7	129.3	0.5
Retail trade	94.6	95.6	95.9	96.6	0.7	107.0	109.8	110.4	111.3	0.8
Transportation and warehousing	100.8	104.3	104.6	104.5	-0.1	122.4	128.0	128.1	128.7	0.5
Utilities	95.2	94.9	96.1	96.9	0.8	118.5	120.1	125.8	128.0	1.7
Information	90.5	89.7	89.3	89.7	0.4	114.8	117.0	116.1	117.4	1.1
Financial activities	102.4	101.3	101.4	101.3	-0.1	135.7	135.4	136.1	136.4	0.2
Professional and business services	106.6	110.1	110.4	111.0	0.5	144.0	150.9	151.3	152.6	0.9
Education and health services	118.6	120.7	120.9	121.6	0.6	155.8	162.6	162.6	163.8	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	104.6	105.0	105.9	106.3	0.4	134.5	135.4	136.9	137.4	0.4
Other services	96.1	98.3	98.4	98.4	0.0	119.2	123.5	123.1	123.7	0.5
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary