Department of Labor Logo United States Department of Labor
Dot gov

The .gov means it's official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

News Release Information

19-745-NEW
Friday, May 03, 2019

Contacts Technical information: Media contact:
  • (617) 565-4141

Alternative Measures of Labor Underutilization in New York – 2018

In 2018, the broadest measure of labor underutilization, designated U-6 (which includes the unemployed, workers employed part-time for economic reasons, and those marginally attached to the labor force), was 8.1 percent in New York State, not significantly different from the 7.7-percent rate for the nation, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Chief Regional Economist Martin Kohli noted that in New York City the U-6 rate was 8.4 percent, also not measurably different from the U.S. rate.

New York State’s U-3 and U-4 rates both declined significantly from 2017 to 2018 (-0.5 percentage point each). The other four alternative measures of labor underutilzation were little different in the state over the year. The six measures in New York City were little changed or unchanged over the year, while all six measures declined significantly nationwide. (See table 1.)

The official concept of unemployment, U-3 in the U-1 to U-6 range of measures, includes all jobless persons who are available to take a job and have actively sought work in the past 4 weeks. In New York State, 4.1 percent of the labor force was unemployed, as measured by U-3 in 2018, not significantly different from the national rate of 3.9 percent. (See chart 1.) In New York City, 4.2 percent of the labor force was unemployed. (The official measure of unemployment in states is derived using a statistical model that incorporates data from the Current Population Survey [CPS] and other sources, and this model-based estimate can differ from the direct CPS estimate discussed here.)

New York State had 401,900 unemployed residents in 2018 according to the CPS. In addition, there were 272,900 workers who were employed part time for economic reasons (also known as involuntary part time). These individuals were working part time because of slack work or business conditions or because they were unable to find a full-time job. New York City accounted for more than 40 percent of New York State’s unemployed residents and almost half of its involuntary part-time workers. (See chart 2.) Nationwide, there were 4.8 million individuals working part time for economic reasons in 2018.

In 2018, the number of individuals considered to be marginally attached to the labor force in New York State was 121,300, including 50,700 New York City residents. People marginally attached to the labor force are not working, but indicate that they would like to work, are available to work, and have looked for work at some time during the past 12 months, even though they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey for reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities. In the United States, the number marginally attached totaled 1.5 million in 2018.

Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, are persons who are not currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. In 2018, there were 39,600 discouraged workers in New York State, accounting for 33 percent of the marginally attached in the state. Over 20,000 of the state’s discouraged workers lived in New York City. The U-4 measure, which adds discouraged workers to the number of the unemployed (expressed as a percentage of the labor force plus the number of discouraged workers), was 4.5 percent in New York State, significantly higher than the 4.1-percent rate for the nation.

State comparisons

In 2018, nine states had rates lower than those of the nation for all six measures, while three states had rates higher than those of the nation for all six measures. (See table 2.)

The U-4 rate includes discouraged workers; thus, the difference between U-3 and U-4 reflects the degree of would-be job-seeker discouragement. At the national level in 2018, the difference between U-3 and U-4 was +0.2 percentage point. No state had a noteworthy difference between these two measures.

The U-5 rate includes all persons who are marginally attached to the labor force, and U-6 adds those who are involuntary part-time workers. Therefore, the larger the difference between U-5 and U-6, the higher the incidence of this form of "underemployment." In 2018, all states and the District of Columbia had differences between their U-5 and U-6 rates. Connecticut had the largest gap, +3.9 percentage points. North Dakota had the smallest gap, +1.5 percentage points, indicating comparatively low degrees of underemployment. At the national level, the difference between U-5 and U-6 was +2.9 percentage points.

Relative to 2017, three states (Florida, Illinois, and Texas) experienced decreases in all six measures of labor underutilization. For each measure, rates declined over the year for at least 11 states (U-1) and as many as 13 states (U-4 and U-5). No state had a significant over-the-year rate increase in any measure.

Some states with extreme measures, either low or high, maintained their general place in the rankings of alternative measures over the year. Hawaii, New Hampshire, and Vermont all had rates among the 10 lowest for each measure in 2017 and 2018. Similarly, three states (Alaska, Louisiana, and West Virginia) and the District of Columbia all had rates among the 10 highest for each measure in both periods.


Technical Note

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) produces six measures of labor underutilization based on Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Monthly, the BLS publishes these six measures for the United States in the Employment Situation news release. (See www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t15.htm.) State estimates and estimates for Los Angeles and New York City, presented as 4-quarter averages, are provided each quarter on the BLS website. (For the most recent data see www.bls.gov/lau/stalt.htm.)

The official concept of unemployment (as measured in the CPS) is equivalent to the U-3 in the U-1 to U-6 range of measures. The other measures are provided to data users and analysts who want more narrowly (U-1 and U-2) or broadly (U-4 through U-6) defined measures.

The unemployment rates (U-3) in this release are derived directly from the CPS, because this is the only source of data for the various components of the alternative measures. As a result, these U-3 measures may differ from the official state annual average unemployment rates. The latter are estimates developed from statistical models that greatly improve the reliability of the top-side labor force and unemployment estimates. Those models, developed by the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, incorporate CPS estimates, as well as input data from other sources. The model-based estimates are accessible through the LAUS home page at www.bls.gov/lau/home.htm.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Over-the-year change and measure of statistical significance in alternative measures of labor underutilization for the United States, New York State, and New York City 2017–18 annual averages (percent)
MeasureUnited StatesNew York StateNew York City
20172018Change 2017–1820172018Change 2017–1820172018Change 2017–18

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force

1.71.4-0.3*2.01.7-0.32.22.0-0.2

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force

2.11.8-0.3*2.22.0-0.22.02.00.0

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official concept of unemployment) (1)

4.43.9-0.5*4.64.1-0.5*4.54.2-0.3

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers (2)

4.64.1-0.5*5.04.5-0.5*5.04.7-0.3

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force (2)

5.34.8-0.5*5.85.3-0.55.75.4-0.3

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force (2)

8.57.7-0.8*8.68.1-0.58.48.40.0

Footnotes:
(1) The U-3 rates presented are unofficial state estimates derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The official measure is a model-based estimate available through the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program at www.bls.gov/lau/data.
(2) Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule.

Note: An asterisk indicates that the over-the-year change is statistically different at the 90-percent confidence level.

Table 2. Alternative measures of labor underutilization by state, 2018 annual averages (percent)
StateMeasure
U-1U-2U-3U-4U-5U-6

United States

1.41.83.94.14.87.7

Alabama

1.51.83.94.35.07.3

Alaska

2.43.76.67.18.312.0

Arizona

1.61.84.74.86.09.1

Arkansas

1.21.73.84.14.77.7

California

1.62.14.24.45.18.8

Colorado

1.11.43.33.53.86.3

Connecticut

2.12.24.14.45.08.9

Delaware

1.31.83.84.14.47.4

District of Columbia

2.92.15.65.96.89.2

Florida

1.41.63.63.94.57.6

Georgia

1.41.53.94.35.08.0

Hawaii

0.91.32.62.83.56.1

Idaho

0.61.43.03.13.66.3

Illinois

1.62.14.24.45.18.1

Indiana

1.01.73.53.74.26.6

Iowa

0.71.42.52.73.05.2

Kansas

0.91.63.43.64.06.0

Kentucky

1.31.84.44.65.38.1

Louisiana

1.92.44.95.46.39.4

Maine

1.01.43.53.64.77.8

Maryland

1.72.24.24.45.38.0

Massachusetts

1.51.93.43.64.27.0

Michigan

1.31.84.14.44.97.9

Minnesota

0.81.42.82.93.25.4

Mississippi

2.01.84.85.35.98.7

Missouri

1.11.73.23.54.06.8

Montana

1.11.93.73.94.57.5

Nebraska

0.71.22.83.03.75.8

Nevada

1.31.94.54.95.89.5

New Hampshire

0.91.22.62.73.05.6

New Jersey

2.12.24.24.55.17.7

New Mexico

1.91.74.75.05.69.1

New York

1.72.04.14.55.38.1

North Carolina

1.41.53.84.24.97.5

North Dakota

0.81.52.82.93.24.7

Ohio

1.42.14.54.75.48.3

Oklahoma

1.11.63.43.74.57.5

Oregon

1.22.04.14.35.18.3

Pennsylvania

1.62.34.34.55.28.4

Rhode Island

1.72.24.14.24.87.4

South Carolina

1.41.43.53.94.76.9

South Dakota

0.91.12.93.13.65.8

Tennessee

0.91.53.53.84.56.8

Texas

1.31.83.84.14.67.4

Utah

0.61.63.33.43.86.1

Vermont

0.81.42.72.93.55.7

Virginia

0.91.12.93.03.66.4

Washington

1.62.24.44.75.68.4

West Virginia

1.92.65.35.66.39.8

Wisconsin

0.91.63.03.13.56.0

Wyoming

1.02.04.24.34.87.9

Substate areas

Los Angeles County

1.82.44.74.95.610.4

New York City

2.02.04.24.75.48.4

Note: See table 1 for definitions of measures and related footnote information.

 

Last Modified Date: Friday, May 03, 2019