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News Release Information

20-1258-CHI
Wednesday, July 01, 2020

Contacts Technical information: Media contact:
  • (312) 353-1138

Chicago Area Employment — May 2020

Area’s Rate of Employment Decline Similar to the National Average

Total nonfarm employment for the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area stood at 4,204,500 in May 2020, down 576,700, or 12.1 percent, over the year, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. During the same period, the national job count decreased by 11.8 percent. (See chart 1 and table 1.)  Acting Regional Commissioner Julie Wilson noted that the declines in May (-12.1 percent) and April (-12.7 percent) were the Chicago metropolitan area’s largest annual rates of decline for the series since January 1990 when comparable data were first made available. (The Technical Note at the end of this release contains metropolitan area definitions. All data in this release are not seasonally adjusted; accordingly, over-the-year analysis is used throughout.)

The Chicago metropolitan area is made up of four metropolitan divisions—separately identifiable employment centers within the larger metropolitan area. The Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights Metropolitan Division, which accounted for 80 percent of the area’s workforce, lost 455,200 jobs from May a year ago, followed by 51,100 jobs lost in the Lake County-Kenosha County Metropolitan Division. Over the year, the Elgin Metropolitan Division and the Gary Metropolitan Division posted declines of 38,500 jobs and 31,900 jobs, respectively.

Industry employment

In the greater Chicago metropolitan area, leisure and hospitality had the largest employment decline from May 2019 to May 2020, losing 233,800 jobs. All four divisions lost jobs in this sector, with the majority of losses in the Chicago metropolitan division (-194,200). The Chicago area’s 46.4-percent rate of job loss in leisure and hospitality compared to the nationwide drop of 40.6 percent. (See chart 2.)

Chicago’s second-largest employment loss occurred in the trade, transportation, and utilities supersector, which lost 82,800 jobs from May 2019 to May 2020. The 8.8-percent decrease in Chicago’s trade, transportation, and utilities supersector employment compared to a 10.0-percent loss nationally.

Two other local supersectors each lost more than 57,000 jobs from May a year ago: professional and business services (-70,900) and education and health services (-57,100). The Chicago area’s professional and business services job loss rate of 8.5 percent compared to the 8.7-percent national decrease. Education and health services employment fell 7.7 percent in the Chicago area; nationwide, employment in this supersector declined 7.6 percent. 

Employment in the 12 largest metropolitan areas

Chicago was 1 of the nation’s 12 largest metropolitan statistical areas in May 2020. All 12 areas had over-the-year job losses during the period, with the rates of job losses in 6 areas exceeding the national decrease of 11.8 percent. New York-Newark-Jersey City had the highest rate of job loss (-18.1 percent), followed by Boston-Cambridge-Nashua (-16.2 percent). Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale (-5.1 percent) had the slowest rate of job loss. (See chart 3 and table 2.)

New York lost the largest number of jobs over the year (-1,811,400), followed by Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim (-859,000). The smallest employment loss occurred in Phoenix (-111,000). Annual losses in the remaining nine metropolitan areas ranged from 576,700 in Chicago to 226,800 in Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington.

Over the year, leisure and hospitality lost the most jobs in all 12 metropolitan areas. New York had the largest loss of jobs for this sector (-589,100), followed by Los Angeles (-342,700). Phoenix had the smallest job loss for the leisure and hospitality sector (-62,500), followed by Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land (-86,600). The remaining eight areas had job losses of over 100,000 for this industry sector.

Dallas was the only area to have job gains over 1,000 in any supersector from May 2019 to May 2020, with an increase of 9,000 jobs in financial activities.

Metropolitan area employment data for June 2020 are scheduled to be released on Friday, July 17, 2020.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on May 2020 Establishment Survey Data

BLS has continued to review all estimation and methodological procedures for the establishment survey, which included the review of data, estimation processes, the application of the birth-death model, and seasonal adjustment. Business births and deaths cannot be adequately captured by the establishment survey as they occur. Therefore, the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program uses a model to account for the relatively stable net employment change generated by business births and deaths. Due to the impact of COVID-19, the relationship between business births and deaths is no longer stable. Typically, reports with zero employment are not included in estimation. For the April final estimates, CES included a portion of these reports in the estimates and made modifications to the birth-death model. For the May 2020 preliminary estimates, in addition to the inclusion of reported zeros and the modification of the model, the establishment survey included a portion of the reports that returned to reporting positive employment from reporting zero employment. For more information, see www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbd.htm.

In the establishment survey, workers who are paid by their employer for all or any part of the pay period including the 12th of the month are counted as employed, even if they were not actually at their jobs. Workers who are temporarily or permanently absent from their jobs and are not being paid are not counted as employed, even if they are continuing to receive benefits. The length of the reference period does vary across the respondents in the establishment survey; one-third of businesses have a weekly pay period, slightly over 40 percent a bi-weekly, about 20 percent semi-monthly, and a small amount monthly.


Technical Note

This release presents nonfarm payroll employment estimates from the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The CES survey is a Federal-State cooperative endeavor between State employment security agencies and the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Definitions. Employment data refer to persons on establishment payrolls who receive pay for any part of the pay period that includes the 12th of the month. Persons are counted at their place of work rather than at their place of residence; those appearing on more than one payroll are counted on each payroll. Industries are classified on the basis of their principal activity in accordance with the 2017 version of the North American Industry Classification System.

Method of estimation. CES State and Area employment data are produced using several estimation procedures. Where possible these data are produced using a "weighted link relative" estimation technique in which a ratio of current-month weighted employment to that of the previous-month weighted employment is computed from a sample of establishments reporting for both months. The estimates of employment for the current month are then obtained by multiplying these ratios by the previous month's employment estimates. The weighted link relative technique is utilized for data series where the sample size meets certain statistical criteria.

For some employment series, the sample of establishments is very small or highly variable. In these cases, a model-based approach is used in estimation. These models use the direct sample estimates (described above), combined with forecasts of historical (benchmarked) data to decrease volatility in estimation. Two different models (Fay-Herriot Model and Small Domain Model) are used depending on the industry level being estimated. For more detailed information about each model, refer to the BLS Handbook of Methods.

Annual revisions. Employment estimates are adjusted annually to a complete count of jobs, called benchmarks, derived principally from tax reports that are submitted by employers who are covered under state unemployment insurance (UI) laws. The benchmark information is used to adjust the monthly estimates between the new benchmark and the preceding one and also to establish the level of employment for the new benchmark month. Thus, the benchmarking process establishes the level of employment, and the sample is used to measure the month-to-month changes in the level for the subsequent months.

Reliability of the estimates. The estimates presented in this release are based on sample surveys, administrative data, and modeling and, thus, are subject to sampling and other types of errors. Sampling error is a measure of sampling variability–that is, variation that occurs by chance because a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed. Survey data also are subject to nonsampling errors, such as those which can be introduced into the data collection and processing operations. Estimates not directly derived from sample surveys are subject to additional errors resulting from the specific estimation processes used. The sums of individual items may not always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of rounding.

Employment estimates. Measures of sampling error for the total nonfarm employment series are available for metropolitan areas and metropolitan divisions at www.bls.gov/sae/additional-resources/reliability-of-state-and-area-estimates.htm. Measures of sampling error for more detailed series at the area and division level are available upon request. Measures of sampling error for states down to the supersector level and for the private service-providing, goods-producing, total private and total nonfarm levels are available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/sae/additional-resources/reliability-of-state-and-area-estimates.htm. Information on recent benchmark revisions is available online at www.bls.gov/sae/publications/benchmark-article/annual-benchmark-article.pdf.

Area definitions. The substate area data published in this release reflect the delineations issued by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget on April 10, 2018. A detailed list of the geographic definitions is available at www.bls.gov/lau/lausmsa.htm.

The Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area includes Cook, DeKalb, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, Kendall, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties in Illinois; Jasper, Lake, Newton, and Porter Counties in Indiana; and Kenosha County in Wisconsin.

  • The Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division includes Cook, DuPage, Grundy, Kendall, McHenry, and Will Counties in Illinois.
  • The Elgin, IL Metropolitan Division includes DeKalb and Kane Counties.
  • The Lake County-Kenosha County, IL-WI Metropolitan Division includes Lake County in Illinois and Kenosha County in Wisconsin.
  • The Gary, IN Metropolitan Division includes Jasper, Lake, Newton, and Porter Counties in Indiana.

Additional information

More complete information on the technical procedures used to develop these estimates and additional data appear in Employment and Earnings, which is available online at www.bls.gov/opub/ee/home.htm. Industry employment data for states and metropolitan areas from the CES program are also available in the news release State Employment and Unemployment and from the BLS website at www.bls.gov/sae/.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry supersector, the Chicago metropolitan area and its components, not seasonally adjusted (numbers in thousands)
Area and IndustryMay
2019
Mar
2020
Apr
2020
May
2020(p)
May 2019 to
May 2020(p)
Net
change
Percent
change

Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area

Total nonfarm

4,781.24,661.64,127.34,204.5-576.7-12.1

Mining and logging

1.91.81.72.10.210.5

Construction

185.4164.2154.2171.3-14.1-7.6

Manufacturing

420.7412.0380.9390.0-30.7-7.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

943.1929.5852.1860.3-82.8-8.8

Information

78.279.176.975.4-2.8-3.6

Financial activities

316.5316.5310.5309.4-7.1-2.2

Professional and business services

833.9801.7749.2763.0-70.9-8.5

Education and health services

740.1751.3678.1683.0-57.1-7.7

Leisure and hospitality

503.6456.6238.6269.8-233.8-46.4

Other services

201.1197.9160.3163.1-38.0-18.9

Government

556.7551.0524.8517.1-39.6-7.1

Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division

Total nonfarm

3,807.13,723.83,292.63,351.9-455.2-12.0

Mining and logging

1.41.31.21.60.214.3

Construction

136.5120.8113.6126.4-10.1-7.4

Manufacturing

285.3277.3253.5262.2-23.1-8.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

744.7734.0675.1679.0-65.7-8.8

Information

70.171.269.868.3-1.8-2.6

Financial activities

274.6276.6271.0269.9-4.7-1.7

Professional and business services

701.0680.5634.4645.1-55.9-8.0

Education and health services

606.6617.5558.5562.4-44.2-7.3

Leisure and hospitality

398.8363.2180.2204.6-194.2-48.7

Other services

162.7159.8131.3133.5-29.2-17.9

Government

425.4421.6404.0398.9-26.5-6.2

Elgin, IL Metropolitan Division

Total nonfarm

265.0257.5222.1226.5-38.5-14.5

Mining and logging

0.20.20.20.20.00.0

Construction

14.612.712.213.2-1.4-9.6

Manufacturing

37.236.632.432.7-4.5-12.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

49.348.742.444.6-4.7-9.5

Information

2.72.52.42.4-0.3-11.1

Financial activities

10.410.010.010.0-0.4-3.8

Professional and business services

34.735.031.431.7-3.0-8.6

Education and health services

33.333.329.230.4-2.9-8.7

Leisure and hospitality

28.123.312.914.0-14.1-50.2

Other services

9.99.86.26.3-3.6-36.4

Government

44.645.442.841.0-3.6-8.1

Lake County-Kenosha County, IL-WI Metropolitan Division

Total nonfarm

424.8402.6364.7373.7-51.1-12.0

Mining and logging

0.10.10.10.10.00.0

Construction

16.414.213.815.5-0.9-5.5

Manufacturing

62.362.059.860.8-1.5-2.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities

90.789.482.383.8-6.9-7.6

Information

3.63.52.92.9-0.7-19.4

Financial activities

22.721.221.020.9-1.8-7.9

Professional and business services

72.661.762.364.7-7.9-10.9

Education and health services

48.249.146.345.6-2.6-5.4

Leisure and hospitality

42.637.818.421.7-20.9-49.1

Other services

13.613.411.111.4-2.2-16.2

Government

52.050.246.746.3-5.7-11.0

Gary, IN Metropolitan Division

Total nonfarm

284.3277.7247.9252.4-31.9-11.2

Mining and logging

0.20.20.20.20.00.0

Construction

17.916.514.616.2-1.7-9.5

Manufacturing

35.936.135.234.3-1.6-4.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities

58.457.452.352.9-5.5-9.4

Information

1.81.91.81.80.00.0

Financial activities

8.88.78.58.6-0.2-2.3

Professional and business services

25.624.521.121.5-4.1-16.0

Education and health services

52.051.444.144.6-7.4-14.2

Leisure and hospitality

34.132.327.129.5-4.6-13.5

Other services

14.914.911.711.9-3.0-20.1

Government

34.733.831.330.9-3.8-11.0

Footnotes
(p) Preliminary

Table 2. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry supersector, United States and 12 largest metropolitan areas, not seasonally adjusted (numbers in thousands)
AreaMay
2019
Mar
2020
Apr
2020
May
2020(p)
May 2019 to
May 2020(p)
Net
change
Percent
change

United States(1)

Total nonfarm

151,109150,073130,411133,342-17,767-11.8

Mining and logging

739696641631-108-14.6

Construction

7,5407,2956,4867,110-430-5.7

Manufacturing

12,81012,74711,42711,677-1,133-8.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities

27,55427,39924,28324,790-2,764-10.0

Information

2,8422,8742,6132,570-272-9.6

Financial activities

8,7078,7808,5188,573-134-1.5

Professional and business services

21,23921,17319,22219,384-1,855-8.7

Education and health services

24,12124,51821,98522,281-1,840-7.6

Leisure and hospitality

16,78815,7148,5209,978-6,810-40.6

Other services

5,9135,8134,5724,870-1,043-17.6

Government

22,85623,06422,14421,478-1,378-6.0

Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA

Total nonfarm

2,843.42,855.42,547.52,582.7-260.7-9.2

Mining and logging

1.61.61.51.60.00.0

Construction

130.7128.9124.0125.8-4.9-3.7

Manufacturing

171.9170.5149.8151.4-20.5-11.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities

598.2607.1575.0572.0-26.2-4.4

Information

99.6101.994.090.2-9.4-9.4

Financial activities

176.7179.0167.6173.2-3.5-2.0

Professional and business services

545.5543.1494.4497.4-48.1-8.8

Education and health services

368.9385.6353.3353.1-15.8-4.3

Leisure and hospitality

309.9293.8176.7203.2-106.7-34.4

Other services

103.8104.881.388.7-15.1-14.5

Government

336.6339.1329.9326.1-10.5-3.1

Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH (NECTA)

Total nonfarm

2,820.92,758.32,319.72,364.1-456.8-16.2

Mining, logging, and construction

123.4114.078.392.9-30.5-24.7

Manufacturing

188.1185.5167.5172.4-15.7-8.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

423.6418.2339.2343.9-79.7-18.8

Information

80.782.981.980.2-0.5-0.6

Financial activities

185.2187.2184.1183.0-2.2-1.2

Professional and business services

515.8509.5477.6481.6-34.2-6.6

Education and health services

593.1595.0531.5533.4-59.7-10.1

Leisure and hospitality

285.3248.395.5113.9-171.4-60.1

Other services

104.398.760.465.4-38.9-37.3

Government

321.4319.0303.7297.4-24.0-7.5

Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI

Total nonfarm

4,781.24,661.64,127.34,204.5-576.7-12.1

Mining and logging

1.91.81.72.10.210.5

Construction

185.4164.2154.2171.3-14.1-7.6

Manufacturing

420.7412.0380.9390.0-30.7-7.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

943.1929.5852.1860.3-82.8-8.8

Information

78.279.176.975.4-2.8-3.6

Financial activities

316.5316.5310.5309.4-7.1-2.2

Professional and business services

833.9801.7749.2763.0-70.9-8.5

Education and health services

740.1751.3678.1683.0-57.1-7.7

Leisure and hospitality

503.6456.6238.6269.8-233.8-46.4

Other services

201.1197.9160.3163.1-38.0-18.9

Government

556.7551.0524.8517.1-39.6-7.1

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX

Total nonfarm

3,767.83,816.63,463.43,541.0-226.8-6.0

Mining, logging, and construction

225.4232.9222.8224.0-1.4-0.6

Manufacturing

287.9288.1277.7278.2-9.7-3.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities

782.5798.6761.8763.0-19.5-2.5

Information

81.782.580.079.5-2.2-2.7

Financial activities

315.9326.6322.4324.99.02.8

Professional and business services

634.6651.6597.4605.7-28.9-4.6

Education and health services

463.0467.3408.2431.1-31.9-6.9

Leisure and hospitality

398.6385.3238.1281.8-116.8-29.3

Other services

128.6126.9111.2116.2-12.4-9.6

Government

449.6456.8443.8436.6-13.0-2.9

Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX

Total nonfarm

3,155.63,185.92,853.72,927.5-228.1-7.2

Mining and logging

80.875.366.760.3-20.5-25.4

Construction

236.5238.1212.9221.0-15.5-6.6

Manufacturing

236.3230.3218.7217.9-18.4-7.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities

621.8632.9587.1601.1-20.7-3.3

Information

32.632.729.629.4-3.2-9.8

Financial activities

165.7167.3162.1164.5-1.2-0.7

Professional and business services

502.9512.6487.9489.2-13.7-2.7

Education and health services

404.8417.4370.0394.5-10.3-2.5

Leisure and hospitality

337.1331.3210.7250.5-86.6-25.7

Other services

117.2120.491.991.1-26.1-22.3

Government

419.9427.6416.1408.0-11.9-2.8

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA

Total nonfarm

6,229.76,205.45,323.75,370.7-859.0-13.8

Mining and logging

2.42.32.32.40.00.0

Construction

255.4249.5227.7245.7-9.7-3.8

Manufacturing

499.1486.4434.6448.8-50.3-10.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,100.91,102.2957.7967.9-133.0-12.1

Information

231.9260.0205.2195.9-36.0-15.5

Financial activities

340.1346.9329.5329.7-10.4-3.1

Professional and business services

964.9957.6855.5862.2-102.7-10.6

Education and health services

1,074.01,091.5982.6990.7-83.3-7.8

Leisure and hospitality

780.0732.8420.1437.3-342.7-43.9

Other services

211.0195.5151.9150.0-61.0-28.9

Government

770.0780.7756.6740.1-29.9-3.9

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL

Total nonfarm

2,719.72,726.92,352.72,427.9-291.8-10.7

Mining and logging

0.70.80.80.80.114.3

Construction

141.2141.0131.6140.1-1.1-0.8

Manufacturing

91.490.379.783.0-8.4-9.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

608.2617.7551.6558.1-50.1-8.2

Information

51.551.048.047.8-3.7-7.2

Financial activities

188.2191.1189.1187.3-0.9-0.5

Professional and business services

448.4454.0399.4409.1-39.3-8.8

Education and health services

411.7412.9370.6378.3-33.4-8.1

Leisure and hospitality

337.1323.1173.9208.0-129.1-38.3

Other services

120.7120.595.6104.1-16.6-13.8

Government

320.6324.5312.4311.3-9.3-2.9

New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA

Total nonfarm

9,998.49,785.18,007.28,187.0-1,811.4-18.1

Mining, logging, and construction

421.5400.4250.3315.2-106.3-25.2

Manufacturing

361.3359.0292.2313.4-47.9-13.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,724.81,692.81,337.91,389.0-335.8-19.5

Information

296.0293.1278.1275.1-20.9-7.1

Financial activities

784.8763.6744.5743.2-41.6-5.3

Professional and business services

1,607.91,594.41,386.41,402.2-205.7-12.8

Education and health services

2,075.12,094.51,813.51,813.5-261.6-12.6

Leisure and hospitality

960.3839.5314.0371.2-589.1-61.3

Other services

428.8422.5293.3299.9-128.9-30.1

Government

1,337.91,325.31,297.01,264.3-73.6-5.5

Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD

Total nonfarm

2,985.72,959.02,517.12,569.4-416.3-13.9

Mining, logging, and construction

121.6112.877.893.1-28.5-23.4

Manufacturing

183.7182.3167.5172.3-11.4-6.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

524.5522.2452.6460.8-63.7-12.1

Information

48.949.447.045.8-3.1-6.3

Financial activities

217.3217.5209.5211.6-5.7-2.6

Professional and business services

472.4470.0433.6434.8-37.6-8.0

Education and health services

669.1679.7596.6601.8-67.3-10.1

Leisure and hospitality

284.6258.4114.0132.8-151.8-53.3

Other services

123.5120.680.181.8-41.7-33.8

Government

340.1346.1338.4334.6-5.5-1.6

Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ

Total nonfarm

2,158.42,217.42,017.02,047.4-111.0-5.1

Mining and logging

3.53.63.63.70.25.7

Construction

133.8136.7134.0134.20.40.3

Manufacturing

132.2134.1126.3125.8-6.4-4.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities

401.8418.4392.0399.4-2.4-0.6

Information

39.940.437.437.5-2.4-6.0

Financial activities

201.1202.5201.5202.00.90.4

Professional and business services

362.2367.7342.2337.9-24.3-6.7

Education and health services

335.2352.1321.7327.4-7.8-2.3

Leisure and hospitality

233.3235.9146.0170.8-62.5-26.8

Other services

70.971.061.167.2-3.7-5.2

Government

244.5255.0251.2241.5-3.0-1.2

San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA

Total nonfarm

2,476.92,467.12,100.52,128.4-348.5-14.1

Mining and logging

0.30.30.30.30.00.0

Construction

126.9123.291.5109.5-17.4-13.7

Manufacturing

144.0143.9121.9122.8-21.2-14.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities

369.3365.9316.6315.6-53.7-14.5

Information

125.3129.6118.9117.9-7.4-5.9

Financial activities

145.7147.5143.6143.7-2.0-1.4

Professional and business services

496.4502.1468.6473.7-22.7-4.6

Education and health services

367.1371.4324.5329.7-37.4-10.2

Leisure and hospitality

285.6270.5135.5142.6-143.0-50.1

Other services

88.985.363.463.6-25.3-28.5

Government

327.4327.4315.7309.0-18.4-5.6

Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV

Total nonfarm

3,353.83,343.73,043.63,036.8-317.0-9.5

Mining, logging, and construction

165.4163.7156.5157.0-8.4-5.1

Manufacturing

56.957.252.954.1-2.8-4.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities

405.0405.3361.9361.7-43.3-10.7

Information

76.277.675.573.3-2.9-3.8

Financial activities

160.4161.4156.9159.2-1.2-0.7

Professional and business services

777.3778.4761.3755.0-22.3-2.9

Education and health services

446.1449.3399.4403.6-42.5-9.5

Leisure and hospitality

343.8321.5180.8180.7-163.1-47.4

Other services

210.4211.1197.3196.4-14.0-6.7

Government

712.3718.2701.1695.8-16.5-2.3

Footnotes
(1) U.S. data are preliminary for two months after they are first published.
(p) Preliminary

 

Last Modified Date: Wednesday, July 01, 2020