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October 2019 Report 1082

Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2018

Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2018 image

In 2018, the overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States was 3.9 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher than the national rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.6 percent), Blacks or African Americans (6.5 percent), people categorized as being of Two or More Races (5.5 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (5.3 percent). Jobless rates were lower than the national rate for Asians (3.0 percent) and Whites (3.5 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 4.7 percent, was higher than the rate of 3.7 percent for non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Estimates of these additional groups are not included in all tables because of their relatively small sample sizes.

The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2018.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 24 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (15 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (7 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder (16 percent) were classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2). Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans made up another 10 percent. Eight percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 9 percent were classified as Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino.

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.5 percent), people of Two or More Races (66.6 percent), and Hispanics (66.3 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates. American Indians and Alaska Natives (59.6 percent) had the lowest rate. The participation rate for Asians was 63.5 percent; Whites, 62.8 percent; and Blacks, 62.3 percent. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.2 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (68.0 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (74.9 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among adult women (20 years and older), Blacks (62.4 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Hispanics (59.4 percent), Asians (58.6 percent), and Whites (57.6 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians (19.6 percent) were less likely to participate in the labor force than were Whites (37.2 percent), Hispanics (32.5 percent), and Blacks (30.5 percent). (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.6 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 64.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 58.3 percent for Blacks, 60.7 percent for Whites, 61.6 percent for Asians, 62.9 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, and 63.2 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.1 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Black men (63.7 percent) had the lowest, also continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.8 percent and 69.5 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 59.0 percent for Blacks, 56.9 percent for Asians, 56.6 percent for Hispanics, and 55.8 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)

The employment–population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (33.0 percent) was about 15 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (17.9 percent), about 9 percentage points higher than for Black teens (23.8 percent), and about 5 percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (27.8 percent).

Educational attainment

Among people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. Seventy-six percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at least a high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 63 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 41 percent of Whites, 31 percent of Blacks, and 21 percent of Hispanics (computed from table 6 and chart 2).

Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For almost all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were generally lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across all major race and ethnicity groups. Among full-time wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,065) and Hispanics ($1,101) with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than Asians ($1,465) and Whites ($1,342). (See table 17.)

Occupation

Fifty-four percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 31 percent of employed Blacks, and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)

Among employed men, 55 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 37 percent of Whites, 26 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 20 percent of employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas 13 percent of both employed Asian and White men worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-eight percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 12 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)

Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 53 percent of Asian women, compared with 45 percent of White women, 36 percent of Black women, and 27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 61 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 55 percent of Blacks, 48 percent of Whites, and 41 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (55 percent); miscellaneous agricultural workers (53 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for more than one-quarter of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (36 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (31 percent); and licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (30 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers, but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (57 percent); software developers, applications and system software (35 percent); and physicians and surgeons (20 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 96 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 92 percent of construction managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (21 percent) than were Whites (14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (4 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (13 percent). Twenty-one percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (13 percent), Hispanic men (11 percent), and Black men (11 percent). A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (40 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 9.)

Families and parents

Eighty-eight percent of both Asian families and Hispanic families had an employed family member. By contrast, White and Black families were less likely to have an employed family member: 80 percent and 79 percent, respectively.

Families maintained by women (no opposite-sex spouse present) accounted for 42 percent of Black families, 25 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 76 percent of Black families, 78 percent of White families, and 80 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member. (See table 10.)

Among mothers with children under 18 years old, Black mothers (77.2 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than White mothers (71.2 percent), Asian mothers (65.0 percent), or Hispanic mothers (63.9 percent). (See table 11.)

Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18 years. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.9 percent for White men, 93.8 percent for Hispanic men, 93.4 percent for Asian men, and 89.0 percent for Black men.

Unemployment

Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.6 percent) and Blacks (6.5 percent) had the highest unemployment rates, and the rate was lowest for Asians (3.0 percent). The jobless rates were 3.5 percent for Whites, 4.7 percent for Hispanics, 5.3 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 5.5 percent for individuals of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)

Among adults (20 years and older), the jobless rate for Black men (6.2 percent) was higher than that for Black women (5.6 percent). By contrast, adult Hispanic men (3.8 percent) had a lower rate than adult Hispanic women (4.7 percent). For Asians and Whites, the rates for adult men and women showed little or no difference. Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 21.9 percent, compared with 14.5 percent for Hispanics, 11.3 percent for Whites, and 8.9 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)

Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Asians and Blacks was 10.9 weeks and 10.8 weeks, respectively, whereas the figure for Whites was 8.8 weeks and Hispanics, 8.2 weeks. (See table 13.)

Of the 6.3 million unemployed, 47 percent were job losers (workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (31 percent), job leavers (13 percent), and new entrants (10 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, 49 percent of Whites and 49 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 46 percent of Blacks and 38 percent of Asians. Sixteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent of unemployed Hispanics, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, and 8 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)

Not in the labor force

As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, and 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who

  • were not in the labor force
  • wanted to work and were available to work
  • had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.

Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 78 percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (27 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2018 were $680 for Hispanics, $694 for Blacks, $916 for Whites, and $1,095 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,002), Black men ($735), and Hispanic men ($720) were 81 percent, 59 percent, and 58 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($1,241). The median earnings of White women ($817), Black women ($654), and Hispanic women ($617) were 87 percent, 70 percent, and 66 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($937). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,732 and $1,488, respectively, were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,174) and Black men ($1,164) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $528 for Asians, $517 for Whites, $490 for Blacks, and $489 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Gender and race Civilian
noninsti-
tutional
population
Civilian labor force Not
in
labor
force
Total Percent of
population
Employed Unemployed
Total Percent of
population
Total Percent of
labor force

Total

257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716

Men

124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582

Women

133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134

White

200,221 125,815 62.8 121,461 60.7 4,354 3.5 74,407

Men

97,933 68,082 69.5 65,702 67.1 2,380 3.5 29,850

Women

102,289 57,732 56.4 55,759 54.5 1,973 3.4 44,556

Black

32,761 20,414 62.3 19,091 58.3 1,322 6.5 12,347

Men

14,964 9,694 64.8 9,018 60.3 676 7.0 5,270

Women

17,797 10,720 60.2 10,073 56.6 646 6.0 7,077

Asian

15,961 10,137 63.5 9,832 61.6 304 3.0 5,825

Men

7,471 5,346 71.6 5,188 69.4 159 3.0 2,124

Women

8,491 4,790 56.4 4,644 54.7 146 3.0 3,700

American Indian and Alaska Native

2,881 1,716 59.6 1,603 55.6 113 6.6 1,165

Men

1,415 901 63.7 840 59.3 62 6.9 513

Women

1,466 815 55.6 763 52.1 52 6.3 651

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander

960 657 68.5 622 64.9 35 5.3 302

Men

468 347 74.1 329 70.3 18 5.2 121

Women

491 310 63.1 293 59.7 17 5.4 181

Two or More Races

5,006 3,336 66.6 3,151 62.9 185 5.5 1,670

Men

2,427 1,725 71.1 1,622 66.8 103 6.0 702

Women

2,579 1,611 62.5 1,529 59.3 82 5.1 968

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic Civilian
noninsti-
tutional
population
Civilian labor force Not
in
labor
force
Total Percent of
population
Employed Unemployed
Total Percent of
population
Total Percent of
labor force

Total

257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716

Men

124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582

Women

133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134

Asian

15,961 10,137 63.5 9,832 61.6 304 3.0 5,825

Men

7,471 5,346 71.6 5,188 69.4 159 3.0 2,124

Women

8,491 4,790 56.4 4,644 54.7 146 3.0 3,700

Asian Indian

3,460 2,385 68.9 2,318 67.0 67 2.8 1,075

Chinese

3,720 2,268 61.0 2,207 59.3 61 2.7 1,452

Filipino

2,353 1,534 65.2 1,486 63.2 47 3.1 819

Japanese

917 509 55.5 495 54.0 14 2.7 408

Korean

1,182 712 60.2 694 58.8 17 2.4 470

Vietnamese

1,699 1,081 63.6 1,056 62.2 25 2.3 618

Other Asian

2,630 1,649 62.7 1,575 59.9 74 4.5 981

Hispanic or Latino

42,734 28,336 66.3 27,012 63.2 1,323 4.7 14,398

Men

21,287 16,113 75.7 15,418 72.4 695 4.3 5,174

Women

21,447 12,223 57.0 11,594 54.1 628 5.1 9,224

Mexican

26,031 17,312 66.5 16,497 63.4 815 4.7 8,718

Men

13,204 10,107 76.5 9,667 73.2 439 4.3 3,097

Women

12,827 7,205 56.2 6,830 53.2 376 5.2 5,621

Puerto Rican

3,938 2,408 61.2 2,272 57.7 136 5.7 1,529

Men

1,875 1,266 67.5 1,193 63.6 73 5.8 609

Women

2,063 1,142 55.4 1,080 52.3 63 5.5 920

Cuban

1,905 1,181 62.0 1,139 59.8 41 3.5 725

Men

940 660 70.3 636 67.7 24 3.6 279

Women

966 520 53.9 503 52.1 17 3.3 446

Central American

4,053 2,934 72.4 2,815 69.4 119 4.1 1,119

Men

2,082 1,725 82.9 1,664 80.0 61 3.5 356

Women

1,972 1,209 61.3 1,150 58.3 58 4.8 763

Salvadoran

1,610 1,175 73.0 1,131 70.2 44 3.8 435

Men

805 661 82.2 638 79.3 23 3.5 143

Women

806 514 63.7 493 61.1 21 4.1 292

Other Central American

2,443 1,759 72.0 1,684 68.9 75 4.3 684

Men

1,277 1,064 83.3 1,026 80.3 38 3.6 213

Women

1,166 695 59.6 658 56.4 37 5.4 471

South American

2,887 2,022 70.0 1,936 67.0 86 4.2 866

Men

1,352 1,062 78.6 1,025 75.8 37 3.5 290

Women

1,535 959 62.5 910 59.3 49 5.1 576

Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino

3,920 2,479 63.2 2,353 60.0 126 5.1 1,441

Men

1,835 1,292 70.4 1,232 67.1 61 4.7 543

Women

2,085 1,187 56.9 1,121 53.8 65 5.5 898

Dominican

1,592 1,019 64.0 963 60.5 56 5.5 572

Men

705 492 69.7 466 66.1 25 5.2 213

Women

886 528 59.5 497 56.0 31 5.8 359

Other Hispanic or Latino

2,328 1,460 62.7 1,390 59.7 70 4.8 868

Men

1,130 801 70.9 765 67.8 35 4.4 329

Women

1,198 659 55.0 624 52.1 34 5.2 539

Hispanic or Latino

42,734 28,336 66.3 27,012 63.2 1,323 4.7 14,398

Men

21,287 16,113 75.7 15,418 72.4 695 4.3 5,174

Women

21,447 12,223 57.0 11,594 54.1 628 5.1 9,224

White Hispanic or Latino

37,989 25,147 66.2 23,992 63.2 1,156 4.6 12,841

Men

18,963 14,408 76.0 13,802 72.8 606 4.2 4,554

Women

19,026 10,739 56.4 10,190 53.6 549 5.1 8,287

Black Hispanic or Latino

1,899 1,248 65.8 1,177 62.0 72 5.7 650

Men

874 620 70.9 584 66.8 36 5.8 254

Women

1,025 629 61.4 593 57.9 35 5.6 396

Asian Hispanic or Latino

436 293 67.3 280 64.4 13 4.4 142

Men

221 160 72.2 153 69.3 7 4.1 61

Women

214 134 62.3 127 59.3 6 4.7 81

Non-Hispanic or Latino

215,057 133,739 62.2 128,749 59.9 4,990 3.7 81,318

Men

103,391 69,983 67.7 67,280 65.1 2,703 3.9 33,408

Women

111,666 63,756 57.1 61,468 55.0 2,288 3.6 47,910

White non-Hispanic or Latino

162,232 100,667 62.1 97,469 60.1 3,198 3.2 61,565

Men

78,970 53,674 68.0 51,900 65.7 1,774 3.3 25,296

Women

83,262 46,993 56.4 45,569 54.7 1,424 3.0 36,269

Black non-Hispanic or Latino

30,862 19,166 62.1 17,915 58.0 1,251 6.5 11,696

Men

14,090 9,075 64.4 8,435 59.9 640 7.1 5,016

Women

16,772 10,091 60.2 9,480 56.5 611 6.1 6,681

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino

15,526 9,843 63.4 9,552 61.5 292 3.0 5,682

Men

7,250 5,187 71.5 5,035 69.4 152 2.9 2,063

Women

8,276 4,657 56.3 4,517 54.6 140 3.0 3,619

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninsti-
tutional
population
Civilian labor force Not
in
labor
force
Total Percent of
population
Employed Unemployed
Total Percent of
population
Total Percent of
labor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older

257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716

16 to 19 years

16,765 5,885 35.1 5,126 30.6 759 12.9 10,879

20 years and older

241,026 156,190 64.8 150,635 62.5 5,555 3.6 84,836

20 to 24 years

21,239 15,099 71.1 14,051 66.2 1,048 6.9 6,140

25 to 54 years

126,390 103,705 82.1 100,314 79.4 3,391 3.3 22,685

55 to 64 years

42,114 27,354 65.0 26,565 63.1 789 2.9 14,760

65 years and older

51,283 10,032 19.6 9,705 18.9 327 3.3 41,251

Men, 16 years and older

124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582

16 to 19 years

8,493 2,909 34.2 2,487 29.3 422 14.5 5,585

20 years and older

116,185 83,188 71.6 80,211 69.0 2,976 3.6 32,997

20 to 24 years

10,639 7,786 73.2 7,190 67.6 596 7.7 2,853

25 to 54 years

62,294 55,440 89.0 53,673 86.2 1,768 3.2 6,854

55 to 64 years

20,263 14,436 71.2 14,001 69.1 435 3.0 5,827

65 years and older

22,988 5,525 24.0 5,348 23.3 177 3.2 17,464

Women, 16 years and older

133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134

16 to 19 years

8,272 2,977 36.0 2,639 31.9 338 11.3 5,295

20 years and older

124,841 73,002 58.5 70,424 56.4 2,578 3.5 51,839

20 to 24 years

10,600 7,312 69.0 6,861 64.7 452 6.2 3,288

25 to 54 years

64,096 48,264 75.3 46,641 72.8 1,623 3.4 15,831

55 to 64 years

21,851 12,918 59.1 12,564 57.5 354 2.7 8,933

65 years and older

28,295 4,508 15.9 4,358 15.4 150 3.3 23,787

White

Total, 16 years and older

200,221 125,815 62.8 121,461 60.7 4,354 3.5 74,407

16 to 19 years

12,318 4,576 37.2 4,060 33.0 516 11.3 7,741

20 years and older

187,904 121,238 64.5 117,401 62.5 3,837 3.2 66,666

20 to 24 years

15,557 11,383 73.2 10,697 68.8 685 6.0 4,174

25 to 54 years

95,354 78,888 82.7 76,608 80.3 2,280 2.9 16,467

55 to 64 years

33,900 22,464 66.3 21,855 64.5 610 2.7 11,435

65 years and older

43,094 8,504 19.7 8,241 19.1 262 3.1 34,590

Men, 16 years and older

97,933 68,082 69.5 65,702 67.1 2,380 3.5 29,850

16 to 19 years

6,271 2,270 36.2 1,983 31.6 286 12.6 4,001

20 years and older

91,662 65,812 71.8 63,719 69.5 2,094 3.2 25,849

20 to 24 years

7,848 5,951 75.8 5,561 70.9 390 6.6 1,897

25 to 54 years

47,744 43,034 90.1 41,819 87.6 1,215 2.8 4,710

55 to 64 years

16,515 12,031 72.8 11,692 70.8 339 2.8 4,485

65 years and older

19,554 4,796 24.5 4,647 23.8 149 3.1 14,758

Women, 16 years and older

102,289 57,732 56.4 55,759 54.5 1,973 3.4 44,556

16 to 19 years

6,047 2,307 38.1 2,077 34.3 230 10.0 3,740

20 years and older

96,242 55,426 57.6 53,682 55.8 1,743 3.1 40,816

20 to 24 years

7,709 5,432 70.5 5,137 66.6 295 5.4 2,277

25 to 54 years

47,610 35,853 75.3 34,789 73.1 1,065 3.0 11,756

55 to 64 years

17,384 10,434 60.0 10,163 58.5 271 2.6 6,951

65 years and older

23,540 3,707 15.7 3,594 15.3 113 3.0 19,832

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older

32,761 20,414 62.3 19,091 58.3 1,322 6.5 12,347

16 to 19 years

2,499 763 30.5 596 23.8 167 21.9 1,736

20 years and older

30,262 19,651 64.9 18,496 61.1 1,155 5.9 10,611

20 to 24 years

3,172 2,173 68.5 1,940 61.2 234 10.8 998

25 to 54 years

17,205 13,776 80.1 13,016 75.7 760 5.5 3,429

55 to 64 years

5,037 2,846 56.5 2,728 54.2 117 4.1 2,191

65 years and older

4,848 856 17.7 812 16.7 44 5.2 3,992

Men, 16 years and older

14,964 9,694 64.8 9,018 60.3 676 7.0 5,270

16 to 19 years

1,241 367 29.6 273 22.0 94 25.7 874

20 years and older

13,723 9,327 68.0 8,745 63.7 582 6.2 4,396

20 to 24 years

1,535 1,046 68.1 913 59.5 133 12.7 490

25 to 54 years

7,932 6,560 82.7 6,191 78.0 369 5.6 1,373

55 to 64 years

2,282 1,343 58.9 1,281 56.1 62 4.6 939

65 years and older

1,974 379 19.2 361 18.3 18 4.7 1,595

Women, 16 years and older

17,797 10,720 60.2 10,073 56.6 646 6.0 7,077

16 to 19 years

1,257 395 31.4 322 25.6 73 18.4 862

20 years and older

16,539 10,324 62.4 9,751 59.0 573 5.6 6,215

20 to 24 years

1,636 1,128 68.9 1,027 62.7 101 8.9 509

25 to 54 years

9,273 7,216 77.8 6,825 73.6 391 5.4 2,057

55 to 64 years

2,755 1,503 54.5 1,448 52.5 55 3.7 1,252

65 years and older

2,875 478 16.6 451 15.7 26 5.5 2,397

Asian

Total, 16 years and older

15,961 10,137 63.5 9,832 61.6 304 3.0 5,825

16 to 19 years

928 182 19.6 166 17.9 16 8.9 746

20 years and older

15,034 9,955 66.2 9,666 64.3 288 2.9 5,079

20 to 24 years

1,368 719 52.6 660 48.2 59 8.2 649

25 to 54 years

9,117 7,285 79.9 7,106 77.9 179 2.5 1,832

55 to 64 years

2,160 1,472 68.1 1,434 66.4 38 2.6 689

65 years and older

2,389 478 20.0 467 19.5 11 2.4 1,910

Men, 16 years and older

7,471 5,346 71.6 5,188 69.4 159 3.0 2,124

16 to 19 years

459 91 19.8 85 18.5 6 7.0 368

20 years and older

7,012 5,255 74.9 5,103 72.8 152 2.9 1,756

20 to 24 years

685 363 53.0 330 48.2 33 9.0 322

25 to 54 years

4,324 3,879 89.7 3,787 87.6 93 2.4 445

55 to 64 years

976 761 77.9 739 75.7 22 2.9 216

65 years and older

1,026 253 24.6 248 24.1 5 2.0 774

Women, 16 years and older

8,491 4,790 56.4 4,644 54.7 146 3.0 3,700

16 to 19 years

469 91 19.4 81 17.3 10 10.8 378

20 years and older

8,022 4,699 58.6 4,563 56.9 136 2.9 3,323

20 to 24 years

683 357 52.2 330 48.3 27 7.4 327

25 to 54 years

4,792 3,406 71.1 3,319 69.3 87 2.6 1,386

55 to 64 years

1,184 711 60.1 695 58.7 16 2.3 473

65 years and older

1,362 226 16.6 219 16.1 6 2.8 1,137

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

42,734 28,336 66.3 27,012 63.2 1,323 4.7 14,398

16 to 19 years

3,938 1,280 32.5 1,094 27.8 186 14.5 2,658

20 years and older

38,795 27,056 69.7 25,918 66.8 1,138 4.2 11,740

20 to 24 years

4,744 3,399 71.6 3,160 66.6 239 7.0 1,345

25 to 54 years

24,745 19,725 79.7 18,998 76.8 727 3.7 5,021

55 to 64 years

4,892 3,113 63.6 2,982 61.0 131 4.2 1,779

65 years and older

4,414 819 18.6 778 17.6 42 5.1 3,595

Men, 16 years and older

21,287 16,113 75.7 15,418 72.4 695 4.3 5,174

16 to 19 years

1,998 649 32.5 545 27.3 104 16.0 1,349

20 years and older

19,289 15,464 80.2 14,873 77.1 591 3.8 3,825

20 to 24 years

2,402 1,841 76.6 1,705 71.0 136 7.4 561

25 to 54 years

12,596 11,375 90.3 11,018 87.5 356 3.1 1,221

55 to 64 years

2,374 1,776 74.8 1,704 71.8 73 4.1 598

65 years and older

1,917 472 24.6 446 23.3 26 5.5 1,445

Women, 16 years and older

21,447 12,223 57.0 11,594 54.1 628 5.1 9,224

16 to 19 years

1,940 631 32.5 549 28.3 82 12.9 1,309

20 years and older

19,507 11,592 59.4 11,045 56.6 547 4.7 7,915

20 to 24 years

2,342 1,558 66.5 1,456 62.1 103 6.6 784

25 to 54 years

12,149 8,350 68.7 7,980 65.7 370 4.4 3,800

55 to 64 years

2,518 1,337 53.1 1,278 50.8 58 4.4 1,181

65 years and older

2,497 347 13.9 331 13.3 16 4.5 2,150

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972

60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 - - - - - -

1973

60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 - - - 60.2 81.5 41.0

1974

61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 - - - 61.1 81.7 42.4

1975

61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 - - - 60.8 80.7 43.2

1976

61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 - - - 60.8 79.6 44.3

1977

62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 - - - 61.6 80.9 44.3

1978

63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 - - - 62.9 81.1 46.6

1979

63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 - - - 63.6 81.3 47.4

1980

63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 - - - 64.0 81.4 47.4

1981

63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 - - - 64.1 80.6 48.3

1982

64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 - - - 63.6 79.7 48.1

1983

64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 - - - 63.8 80.3 47.7

1984

64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 - - - 64.9 80.6 49.6

1985

64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 - - - 64.6 80.3 49.3

1986

65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 - - - 65.4 81.0 50.1

1987

65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 - - - 66.4 81.0 52.0

1988

65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 - - - 67.4 81.9 53.2

1989

66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 - - - 67.6 82.0 53.5

1990

66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 - - - 67.4 81.4 53.1

1991

66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 - - - 66.5 80.3 52.4

1992

66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 - - - 66.8 80.7 52.8

1993

66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 - - - 66.2 80.2 52.1

1994

66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 - - - 66.1 79.2 52.9

1995

66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 - - - 65.8 79.1 52.6

1996

66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 - - - 66.5 79.6 53.4

1997

67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 - - - 67.9 80.1 55.1

1998

67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 - - - 67.9 79.8 55.6

1999

67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 - - - 67.7 79.8 55.9

2000

67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5

2001

66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6

2002

66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6

2003

66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9

2004

66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1

2005

66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3

2006

66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1

2007

66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5

2008

66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2

2009

65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5

2010

64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5

2011

64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9

2012

63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6

2013

63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7

2014

62.9 69.2 57.0 63.1 69.8 56.7 61.2 63.6 59.2 63.6 72.4 55.8 66.1 76.1 56.0

2015

62.7 69.1 56.7 62.8 69.7 56.2 61.5 63.8 59.7 62.8 71.4 55.2 65.9 76.2 55.7

2016

62.8 69.2 56.8 62.9 69.8 56.3 61.6 64.1 59.4 63.2 72.1 55.5 65.8 76.0 55.8

2017

62.9 69.1 57.0 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.6 60.3 63.6 71.9 56.4 66.1 75.8 56.4

2018

62.9 69.1 57.1 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.8 60.2 63.5 71.6 56.4 66.3 75.7 57.0
Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003

64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4

2004

63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3

2005

63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3

2006

63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7

2007

63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8

2008

63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4

2009

59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0

2010

57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3

2011

59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5

2012

59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5

2013

59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8

2014

60.9 67.2 54.7 67.6 73.8 61.6 64.2 69.7 59.0

2015

60.6 65.9 55.5 66.6 73.7 59.7 64.5 68.4 60.9

2016

61.1 67.2 55.4 68.7 76.0 61.3 65.0 68.1 62.1

2017

60.3 65.8 54.8 67.0 72.6 61.7 66.9 70.7 63.3

2018

59.6 63.7 55.6 68.5 74.1 63.1 66.6 71.1 62.5

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972

57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 - - - - - -

1973

57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 - - - 55.6 76.0 37.3

1974

57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 - - - 56.2 75.7 38.4

1975

56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 - - - 53.4 71.5 37.4

1976

56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 - - - 53.8 71.1 38.6

1977

57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 - - - 55.4 73.6 39.1

1978

59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 - - - 57.2 74.9 41.3

1979

59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 - - - 58.3 75.6 42.5

1980

59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 - - - 57.6 73.5 42.4

1981

59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 - - - 57.4 72.4 43.0

1982

57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 - - - 54.9 68.9 41.3

1983

57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 - - - 55.1 69.4 41.1

1984

59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 - - - 57.9 72.1 44.2

1985

60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 - - - 57.8 72.1 43.8

1986

60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 - - - 58.5 72.5 44.7

1987

61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 - - - 60.5 74.0 47.4

1988

62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 - - - 61.9 75.3 48.8

1989

63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 - - - 62.2 75.8 48.8

1990

62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 - - - 61.9 74.9 48.6

1991

61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 - - - 59.8 72.1 47.3

1992

61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 - - - 59.1 71.2 46.8

1993

61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 - - - 59.1 71.7 46.3

1994

62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 - - - 59.5 71.7 47.2

1995

62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 - - - 59.7 72.1 47.3

1996

63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 - - - 60.6 73.3 47.9

1997

63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 - - - 62.6 74.5 50.2

1998

64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 - - - 63.1 74.7 51.0

1999

64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 - - - 63.4 75.3 51.7

2000

64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6

2001

63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3

2002

62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9

2003

62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2

2004

62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8

2005

62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5

2006

63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8

2007

63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0

2008

62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9

2009

59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1

2010

58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6

2011

58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3

2012

58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4

2013

58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4

2014

59.0 64.9 53.5 59.7 66.1 53.7 54.3 55.9 52.9 60.4 68.6 53.3 61.2 71.0 51.4

2015

59.3 65.3 53.7 59.9 66.5 53.7 55.7 57.2 54.4 60.4 68.6 53.2 61.6 71.5 51.8

2016

59.7 65.8 54.1 60.2 66.7 54.0 56.4 58.3 54.8 60.9 69.6 53.4 62.0 71.9 52.3

2017

60.1 66.0 54.6 60.4 66.9 54.2 57.6 59.4 56.1 61.5 69.5 54.5 62.7 72.3 53.2

2018

60.4 66.3 54.9 60.7 67.1 54.5 58.3 60.3 56.6 61.6 69.4 54.7 63.2 72.4 54.1
Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003

57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8

2004

57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0

2005

57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2

2006

58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2

2007

58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6

2008

57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2

2009

51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2

2010

49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5

2011

50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7

2012

52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5

2013

51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7

2014

54.0 59.2 48.9 63.5 69.6 57.5 57.6 62.1 53.4

2015

54.6 58.6 50.8 62.8 69.5 56.3 59.0 62.8 55.6

2016

55.7 61.0 50.6 65.7 72.7 58.5 60.2 62.9 57.6

2017

55.6 60.3 50.9 62.9 68.7 57.4 62.4 65.8 59.2

2018

55.6 59.3 52.1 64.9 70.3 59.7 62.9 66.8 59.3

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, gender, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 years
and older
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college(1)
Some college,
no degree
Associate's
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
higher(2)

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population

219,787 22,250 62,592 34,880 22,525 77,540

Civilian labor force

141,091 10,278 36,010 21,937 15,649 57,217

Percent of population

64.2 46.2 57.5 62.9 69.5 73.8

Employed

136,584 9,701 34,550 21,128 15,209 55,995

Employment-population ratio

62.1 43.6 55.2 60.6 67.5 72.2

Unemployed

4,507 576 1,461 808 440 1,222

Unemployment rate

3.2 5.6 4.1 3.7 2.8 2.1

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

105,546 11,110 31,216 16,679 9,829 36,711

Civilian labor force

75,401 6,537 21,145 11,667 7,383 28,670

Percent of population

71.4 58.8 67.7 70.0 75.1 78.1

Employed

73,021 6,201 20,294 11,279 7,182 28,066

Employment-population ratio

69.2 55.8 65.0 67.6 73.1 76.5

Unemployed

2,380 336 850 388 202 604

Unemployment rate

3.2 5.1 4.0 3.3 2.7 2.1

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

114,241 11,140 31,375 18,201 12,696 40,829

Civilian labor force

65,689 3,741 14,866 10,269 8,266 28,548

Percent of population

57.5 33.6 47.4 56.4 65.1 69.9

Employed

63,563 3,501 14,256 9,850 8,028 27,929

Employment-population ratio

55.6 31.4 45.4 54.1 63.2 68.4

Unemployed

2,127 240 610 420 238 619

Unemployment rate

3.2 6.4 4.1 4.1 2.9 2.2

White

Civilian noninstitutional population

172,347 16,900 49,050 27,256 18,021 61,121

Civilian labor force

109,855 8,126 27,859 16,818 12,383 44,669

Percent of population

63.7 48.1 56.8 61.7 68.7 73.1

Employed

106,704 7,713 26,870 16,281 12,067 43,772

Employment-population ratio

61.9 45.6 54.8 59.7 67.0 71.6

Unemployed

3,152 413 989 537 316 897

Unemployment rate

2.9 5.1 3.5 3.2 2.5 2.0

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

83,814 8,726 24,591 13,211 7,979 29,306

Civilian labor force

59,861 5,385 16,703 9,201 5,962 22,611

Percent of population

71.4 61.7 67.9 69.6 74.7 77.2

Employed

58,158 5,138 16,122 8,930 5,814 22,153

Employment-population ratio

69.4 58.9 65.6 67.6 72.9 75.6

Unemployed

1,703 247 581 271 148 458

Unemployment rate

2.8 4.6 3.5 2.9 2.5 2.0

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

88,534 8,174 24,458 14,044 10,042 31,815

Civilian labor force

49,994 2,741 11,156 7,617 6,421 22,058

Percent of population

56.5 33.5 45.6 54.2 63.9 69.3

Employed

48,546 2,575 10,748 7,351 6,253 21,619

Employment-population ratio

54.8 31.5 43.9 52.3 62.3 68.0

Unemployed

1,448 167 408 266 168 439

Unemployment rate

2.9 6.1 3.7 3.5 2.6 2.0

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population

27,091 3,139 8,927 5,174 2,838 7,011

Civilian labor force

17,478 1,126 5,343 3,479 2,079 5,451

Percent of population

64.5 35.9 59.8 67.2 73.2 77.7

Employed

16,556 1,009 4,986 3,276 1,994 5,291

Employment-population ratio

61.1 32.1 55.8 63.3 70.3 75.5

Unemployed

922 117 357 203 84 161

Unemployment rate

5.3 10.4 6.7 5.8 4.1 2.9

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

12,188 1,404 4,399 2,320 1,137 2,927

Civilian labor force

8,281 567 2,862 1,630 873 2,348

Percent of population

67.9 40.4 65.1 70.3 76.8 80.2

Employed

7,832 505 2,661 1,543 840 2,283

Employment-population ratio

64.3 35.9 60.5 66.5 73.8 78.0

Unemployed

449 63 201 87 34 65

Unemployment rate

5.4 11.0 7.0 5.3 3.9 2.8

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

14,903 1,735 4,528 2,854 1,701 4,084

Civilian labor force

9,197 559 2,481 1,849 1,205 3,103

Percent of population

61.7 32.2 54.8 64.8 70.9 76.0

Employed

8,724 504 2,325 1,733 1,155 3,007

Employment-population ratio

58.5 29.1 51.3 60.7 67.9 73.6

Unemployed

473 54 156 116 50 96

Unemployment rate

5.1 9.7 6.3 6.3 4.2 3.1

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population

13,666 1,218 2,549 1,171 914 7,814

Civilian labor force

9,235 493 1,504 770 641 5,827

Percent of population

67.6 40.5 59.0 65.8 70.2 74.6

Employed

9,006 479 1,468 752 621 5,687

Employment-population ratio

65.9 39.3 57.6 64.2 68.0 72.8

Unemployed

229 14 36 19 20 139

Unemployment rate

2.5 2.9 2.4 2.5 3.1 2.4

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

6,327 457 1,133 572 386 3,779

Civilian labor force

4,892 250 800 416 297 3,130

Percent of population

77.3 54.7 70.6 72.7 76.8 82.8

Employed

4,773 242 781 406 285 3,060

Employment-population ratio

75.4 52.8 68.9 71.0 73.9 81.0

Unemployed

119 9 19 10 11 70

Unemployment rate

2.4 3.4 2.4 2.5 3.9 2.2

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

7,339 761 1,416 600 528 4,035

Civilian labor force

4,343 243 704 355 345 2,697

Percent of population

59.2 31.9 49.7 59.2 65.3 66.8

Employed

4,233 237 687 346 336 2,627

Employment-population ratio

57.7 31.2 48.5 57.7 63.7 65.1

Unemployed

110 6 17 9 8 70

Unemployment rate

2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population

34,051 9,737 10,637 4,734 2,745 6,198

Civilian labor force

23,657 5,753 7,439 3,469 2,085 4,911

Percent of population

69.5 59.1 69.9 73.3 75.9 79.2

Employed

22,758 5,488 7,145 3,341 2,012 4,770

Employment-population ratio

66.8 56.4 67.2 70.6 73.3 77.0

Unemployed

899 265 293 128 72 141

Unemployment rate

3.8 4.6 3.9 3.7 3.5 2.9

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

16,887 5,038 5,538 2,345 1,172 2,794

Civilian labor force

13,623 3,828 4,528 1,881 982 2,404

Percent of population

80.7 76.0 81.8 80.2 83.8 86.0

Employed

13,168 3,679 4,369 1,822 951 2,346

Employment-population ratio

78.0 73.0 78.9 77.7 81.2 84.0

Unemployed

455 149 159 58 31 57

Unemployment rate

3.3 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.2 2.4

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

17,164 4,698 5,099 2,390 1,573 3,404

Civilian labor force

10,034 1,925 2,911 1,588 1,102 2,508

Percent of population

58.5 41.0 57.1 66.5 70.1 73.7

Employed

9,589 1,809 2,776 1,519 1,061 2,424

Employment-population ratio

55.9 38.5 54.4 63.6 67.4 71.2

Unemployed

444 116 134 69 41 84

Unemployment rate

4.4 6.0 4.6 4.4 3.7 3.3

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Occupation and gender Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

155,761 121,461 19,091 9,832 27,012

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations

40.1 40.8 31.3 53.7 22.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

16.6 17.5 11.1 18.0 9.4

Management occupations

11.7 12.6 7.2 11.0 6.9

Business and financial operations occupations

4.9 4.9 3.9 7.0 2.4

Professional and related occupations

23.5 23.3 20.2 35.7 13.0

Computer and mathematical occupations

3.3 2.8 2.3 11.5 1.4

Architecture and engineering occupations

2.1 2.1 1.1 4.0 1.1

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1.0 1.0 0.6 2.0 0.5

Community and social service occupations

1.7 1.6 2.9 1.1 1.2

Legal occupations

1.2 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.7

Education, training, and library occupations

6.0 6.2 5.2 5.0 3.7

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

2.2 2.3 1.3 1.9 1.5

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

6.0 5.8 6.2 9.5 3.0

Service occupations

17.2 15.9 24.4 16.5 24.3

Healthcare support occupations

2.3 1.9 5.0 2.1 2.5

Protective service occupations

2.1 1.9 3.4 0.8 1.6

Food preparation and serving related occupations

5.3 5.0 6.4 5.4 7.9

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

3.8 3.7 4.6 1.8 8.4

Personal care and service occupations

3.8 3.4 5.1 6.4 3.9

Sales and office occupations

21.5 21.6 22.4 16.8 20.6

Sales and related occupations

10.1 10.4 9.1 8.6 9.6

Office and administrative support occupations

11.3 11.2 13.3 8.2 11.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

9.3 10.3 5.8 3.3 17.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

0.7 0.8 0.2 0.3 1.9

Construction and extraction occupations

5.4 6.0 3.1 1.4 11.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

3.2 3.4 2.5 1.7 3.7

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

11.9 11.4 16.1 9.6 15.7

Production occupations

5.5 5.4 6.1 5.1 7.5

Transportation and material moving occupations

6.4 5.9 10.0 4.5 8.2

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

82,698 65,702 9,018 5,188 15,418

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations

36.6 37.1 25.9 54.9 18.8

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

17.5 18.6 10.8 18.2 9.1

Management occupations

13.3 14.3 7.6 12.3 7.2

Business and financial operations occupations

4.2 4.3 3.2 5.9 1.9

Professional and related occupations

19.1 18.5 15.1 36.7 9.7

Computer and mathematical occupations

4.6 4.0 3.0 15.9 1.8

Architecture and engineering occupations

3.3 3.3 1.8 6.1 1.6

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1.0 1.0 0.6 2.0 0.5

Community and social service occupations

1.1 1.0 1.8 0.9 0.6

Legal occupations

1.1 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.5

Education, training, and library occupations

3.0 3.0 2.8 3.5 1.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

2.2 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.5

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

2.8 2.6 2.8 6.1 1.5

Service occupations

13.8 12.8 20.3 12.7 19.0

Healthcare support occupations

0.6 0.4 1.4 0.9 0.6

Protective service occupations

3.0 2.9 4.6 1.3 2.2

Food preparation and serving related occupations

4.4 4.0 6.2 5.3 7.0

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

4.2 4.1 5.4 1.9 7.8

Personal care and service occupations

1.7 1.4 2.7 3.4 1.4

Sales and office occupations

15.7 15.6 17.3 13.9 13.9

Sales and related occupations

9.7 10.0 8.3 8.4 7.7

Office and administrative support occupations

6.1 5.6 9.0 5.5 6.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

16.6 18.1 11.5 5.7 28.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

1.0 1.2 0.3 0.3 2.4

Construction and extraction occupations

9.7 10.7 6.3 2.5 19.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

5.8 6.2 4.9 2.9 6.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

17.2 16.4 25.0 12.8 20.2

Production occupations

7.4 7.4 8.4 5.6 8.6

Transportation and material moving occupations

9.8 9.1 16.6 7.2 11.6

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

73,063 55,759 10,073 4,644 11,594

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations

44.0 45.2 36.2 52.5 27.2

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

15.6 16.3 11.4 17.8 9.8

Management occupations

10.0 10.7 6.9 9.5 6.6

Business and financial operations occupations

5.6 5.6 4.5 8.2 3.2

Professional and related occupations

28.4 28.9 24.8 34.7 17.4

Computer and mathematical occupations

1.8 1.5 1.6 6.6 0.9

Architecture and engineering occupations

0.7 0.7 0.5 1.6 0.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1.0 1.0 0.6 1.9 0.5

Community and social service occupations

2.4 2.3 3.8 1.3 1.9

Legal occupations

1.3 1.4 1.0 1.3 0.9

Education, training, and library occupations

9.3 10.1 7.3 6.5 6.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

2.2 2.4 0.7 2.2 1.5

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

9.7 9.6 9.3 13.3 4.9

Service occupations

21.1 19.6 28.0 20.8 31.4

Healthcare support occupations

4.3 3.7 8.2 3.5 5.0

Protective service occupations

1.0 0.8 2.3 0.3 0.9

Food preparation and serving related occupations

6.2 6.1 6.5 5.6 9.1

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

3.3 3.3 3.8 1.8 9.2

Personal care and service occupations

6.3 5.7 7.3 9.7 7.2

Sales and office occupations

28.0 28.7 27.0 20.0 29.5

Sales and related occupations

10.7 10.9 9.8 8.8 12.1

Office and administrative support occupations

17.3 17.8 17.2 11.3 17.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

1.0 1.1 0.6 0.5 2.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.2

Construction and extraction occupations

0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

5.9 5.4 8.1 6.2 9.6

Production occupations

3.4 3.1 4.1 4.5 5.9

Transportation and material moving occupations

2.5 2.2 4.1 1.6 3.7

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation Total
employed
Percent of total employed
White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

155,761 78.0 12.3 6.3 17.3

Management, professional, and related occupations

62,436 79.4 9.6 8.5 9.7

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

25,850 82.4 8.2 6.8 9.8

Management occupations

18,263 83.9 7.6 5.9 10.3

Chief executives

1,573 89.5 3.5 5.9 6.1

General and operations managers

1,037 84.5 7.5 4.8 10.5

Legislators

18 - - - -

Advertising and promotions managers

44 - - - -

Marketing and sales managers

1,083 85.8 6.7 5.4 9.7

Public relations and fundraising managers

69 85.8 10.7 3.1 3.1

Administrative services managers

161 85.4 7.4 3.0 13.0

Computer and information systems managers

623 77.0 5.8 14.3 6.6

Financial managers

1,231 81.7 8.1 7.4 9.4

Compensation and benefits managers

23 - - - -

Human resources managers

313 78.1 12.8 6.3 10.2

Training and development managers

58 86.3 10.1 0.0 15.5

Industrial production managers

264 85.7 6.3 6.0 12.5

Purchasing managers

219 85.3 9.0 4.0 10.7

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

303 84.9 7.2 4.4 13.7

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers

991 96.1 0.9 1.4 5.1

Construction managers

1,021 91.8 3.1 2.4 15.3

Education administrators

955 79.0 14.4 3.4 10.5

Architectural and engineering managers

156 84.5 5.0 9.9 4.6

Food service managers

1,273 75.7 10.7 10.0 18.5

Funeral service managers

3 - - - -

Gaming managers

28 - - - -

Lodging managers

153 76.2 11.1 10.2 11.5

Medical and health services managers

639 80.9 11.5 5.0 9.0

Natural sciences managers

9 - - - -

Postmasters and mail superintendents

24 - - - -

Property, real estate, and community association managers

717 85.5 7.3 4.6 13.6

Social and community service managers

437 78.4 13.8 4.0 7.6

Emergency management directors

10 - - - -

Managers, all other

4,827 83.2 7.8 6.5 9.9

Business and financial operations occupations

7,587 78.8 9.8 9.1 8.7

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes

54 79.3 7.5 11.0 12.2

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products

12 - - - -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products

193 80.7 10.7 5.7 11.1

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products

244 84.3 8.0 5.0 7.6

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators

344 74.9 19.1 3.7 10.9

Compliance officers

281 82.3 11.3 5.4 6.9

Cost estimators

117 93.3 1.9 4.0 10.5

Human resources workers

664 79.2 10.5 7.0 13.2

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists

48 - - - -

Training and development specialists

120 76.2 15.3 2.9 8.7

Logisticians

128 75.7 12.1 8.1 10.1

Management analysts

944 77.6 8.3 12.3 6.5

Meeting, convention, and event planners

126 77.7 8.6 5.3 10.5

Fundraisers

96 86.9 7.7 3.2 5.4

Market research analysts and marketing specialists

355 81.8 5.8 11.6 11.4

Business operations specialists, all other

236 70.6 15.8 9.0 9.4

Accountants and auditors

1,929 75.8 9.3 12.7 7.6

Appraisers and assessors of real estate

84 83.9 10.7 4.0 4.2

Budget analysts

51 72.6 11.2 14.5 13.8

Credit analysts

26 - - - -

Financial analysts

307 76.1 8.1 14.1 5.5

Personal financial advisors

537 86.3 5.0 6.9 6.6

Insurance underwriters

119 80.7 13.7 5.3 6.2

Financial examiners

13 - - - -

Credit counselors and loan officers

350 85.5 7.6 4.3 13.0

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents

47 - - - -

Tax preparers

113 76.1 16.7 5.1 13.1

Financial specialists, all other

48 - - - -

Professional and related occupations

36,586 77.2 10.5 9.6 9.6

Computer and mathematical occupations

5,126 67.0 8.4 22.0 7.5

Computer and information research scientists

19 - - - -

Computer systems analysts

652 66.5 10.0 20.4 7.9

Information security analysts

97 76.8 12.3 8.5 6.8

Computer programmers

477 68.8 9.3 19.4 7.8

Software developers, applications and systems software

1,682 58.6 3.9 35.4 5.3

Web developers

208 81.5 5.4 8.9 7.2

Computer support specialists

566 72.4 12.6 12.0 9.8

Database administrators

108 71.3 8.2 16.7 9.5

Network and computer systems administrators

204 75.8 12.1 8.5 9.3

Computer network architects

114 73.0 9.4 14.7 9.9

Computer occupations, all other

732 72.1 11.4 14.9 9.5

Actuaries

33 - - - -

Mathematicians

3 - - - -

Operations research analysts

131 76.9 10.9 9.8 9.9

Statisticians

90 57.0 15.3 25.5 3.7

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations

8 - - - -

Architecture and engineering occupations

3,263 79.3 6.5 11.9 8.9

Architects, except naval

239 83.5 4.5 11.5 10.1

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists

47 - - - -

Aerospace engineers

147 70.3 7.1 17.6 7.8

Agricultural engineers

5 - - - -

Biomedical engineers

11 - - - -

Chemical engineers

72 73.7 8.9 17.3 1.9

Civil engineers

456 84.8 4.4 9.3 7.9

Computer hardware engineers

71 58.0 6.9 30.9 14.1

Electrical and electronics engineers

269 70.2 8.4 17.8 8.1

Environmental engineers

36 - - - -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety

246 83.2 4.9 9.0 7.4

Marine engineers and naval architects

17 - - - -

Materials engineers

41 - - - -

Mechanical engineers

333 80.0 3.5 15.0 5.5

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers

8 - - - -

Nuclear engineers

14 - - - -

Petroleum engineers

27 - - - -

Engineers, all other

576 77.0 5.9 15.4 9.2

Drafters

133 88.5 4.8 4.6 11.0

Engineering technicians, except drafters

439 78.4 12.0 6.2 11.1

Surveying and mapping technicians

76 90.8 4.3 1.0 12.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1,529 78.1 7.1 12.8 8.7

Agricultural and food scientists

37 - - - -

Biological scientists

104 83.6 1.6 13.7 3.6

Conservation scientists and foresters

22 - - - -

Medical scientists

169 68.8 9.5 20.7 8.6

Life scientists, all other

1 - - - -

Astronomers and physicists

20 - - - -

Atmospheric and space scientists

12 - - - -

Chemists and materials scientists

118 78.1 4.2 16.8 7.7

Environmental scientists and geoscientists

100 90.4 7.8 1.1 8.4

Physical scientists, all other

305 65.9 4.7 26.0 6.1

Economists

36 - - - -

Survey researchers

3 - - - -

Psychologists

224 89.0 7.7 3.0 11.2

Sociologists

5 - - - -

Urban and regional planners

29 - - - -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers

46 - - - -

Agricultural and food science technicians

36 - - - -

Biological technicians

19 - - - -

Chemical technicians

68 85.7 8.9 3.0 17.6

Geological and petroleum technicians

12 - - - -

Nuclear technicians

10 - - - -

Social science research assistants

2 - - - -

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians

152 77.8 9.1 11.5 11.2

Community and social service occupations

2,680 71.8 20.4 3.9 12.1

Counselors

895 70.0 22.2 3.9 12.7

Social workers

835 68.9 23.6 3.5 13.4

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists

104 69.3 27.0 0.6 15.9

Social and human service assistants

208 67.7 21.1 4.1 18.6

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers

71 68.8 21.5 3.3 12.4

Clergy

415 80.3 12.5 4.3 6.4

Directors, religious activities and education

76 79.7 8.2 10.6 8.3

Religious workers, all other

76 88.3 6.9 4.0 5.1

Legal occupations

1,891 85.7 7.3 4.7 9.9

Lawyers

1,199 88.0 5.5 4.9 6.1

Judicial law clerks

13 - - - -

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers

80 85.4 13.3 1.2 6.7

Paralegals and legal assistants

444 79.1 11.3 5.3 18.5

Miscellaneous legal support workers

156 86.8 7.2 2.9 16.6

Education, training, and library occupations

9,313 81.5 10.6 5.2 10.7

Postsecondary teachers

1,417 75.7 7.9 13.7 7.3

Preschool and kindergarten teachers

716 75.8 16.0 4.0 14.5

Elementary and middle school teachers

3,421 83.5 11.1 3.3 10.3

Secondary school teachers

1,062 88.3 7.3 2.6 9.0

Special education teachers

369 87.8 8.5 1.6 7.6

Other teachers and instructors

905 78.8 11.4 6.1 10.5

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians

45 - - - -

Librarians

178 85.5 6.6 4.7 8.4

Library technicians

33 - - - -

Teacher assistants

994 78.7 12.9 4.6 17.4

Other education, training, and library workers

173 79.1 12.8 5.4 14.3

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

3,362 83.6 7.4 5.5 11.8

Artists and related workers

232 82.7 6.0 5.8 9.6

Designers

984 86.5 3.7 7.2 13.1

Actors

36 - - - -

Producers and directors

201 83.6 11.3 2.3 7.1

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers

359 81.9 10.7 2.4 11.8

Dancers and choreographers

24 - - - -

Musicians, singers, and related workers

202 75.9 15.1 5.9 10.5

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other

68 68.3 11.3 9.7 8.0

Announcers

56 74.5 22.3 0.5 18.7

News analysts, reporters and correspondents

79 80.9 8.7 4.1 15.2

Public relations specialists

140 86.8 7.1 4.9 10.0

Editors

160 91.7 1.7 4.4 10.3

Technical writers

69 82.4 8.3 5.6 4.8

Writers and authors

227 89.1 5.4 4.0 4.5

Miscellaneous media and communication workers

111 72.9 6.0 16.0 24.9

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators

120 80.6 11.5 5.7 16.3

Photographers

208 83.6 6.8 5.8 11.4

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors

82 85.6 9.5 1.7 15.7

Media and communication equipment workers, all other

5 - - - -

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

9,420 75.2 12.6 9.9 8.5

Chiropractors

63 92.8 0.9 4.0 3.0

Dentists

162 79.0 1.6 17.6 4.3

Dietitians and nutritionists

104 78.6 9.6 9.1 9.6

Optometrists

54 84.9 2.1 9.1 8.5

Pharmacists

348 67.9 7.2 23.1 4.4

Physicians and surgeons

1,094 70.8 7.6 19.8 7.4

Physician assistants

132 90.3 2.9 5.1 8.2

Podiatrists

11 - - - -

Audiologists

10 - - - -

Occupational therapists

116 91.1 2.5 6.4 4.2

Physical therapists

286 76.4 7.4 14.3 4.3

Radiation therapists

16 - - - -

Recreational therapists

11 - - - -

Respiratory therapists

108 64.9 17.3 13.9 11.6

Speech-language pathologists

152 94.1 3.5 1.2 4.8

Exercise physiologists

5 - - - -

Therapists, all other

237 75.1 18.1 5.3 8.8

Veterinarians

102 92.9 0.0 4.1 2.3

Registered nurses

3,213 75.5 13.1 9.0 7.2

Nurse anesthetists

26 - - - -

Nurse midwives

3 - - - -

Nurse practitioners

212 79.1 11.2 8.8 2.6

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other

40 - - - -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians

318 70.0 18.6 8.5 12.9

Dental hygienists

178 88.3 5.6 3.8 8.6

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians

346 79.5 11.8 5.6 14.7

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics

214 84.3 11.9 2.2 13.9

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians

694 75.5 14.1 6.9 15.0

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

658 62.0 30.4 5.1 11.5

Medical records and health information technicians

171 72.3 15.5 9.2 9.2

Opticians, dispensing

61 85.4 7.3 4.9 6.8

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians

139 59.8 24.1 14.4 12.3

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

137 81.4 10.2 4.1 10.8

Service occupations

26,854 72.0 17.3 6.1 24.4

Healthcare support occupations

3,629 64.3 26.2 5.7 18.3

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides

2,035 55.8 35.8 5.4 16.3

Occupational therapy assistants and aides

35 - - - -

Physical therapist assistants and aides

88 85.0 6.1 6.7 7.1

Massage therapists

155 73.7 9.2 10.2 13.9

Dental assistants

293 80.8 9.9 3.5 27.7

Medical assistants

570 74.1 15.3 4.5 28.6

Medical transcriptionists

44 - - - -

Pharmacy aides

34 - - - -

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers

56 84.5 7.0 2.8 9.4

Phlebotomists

115 72.7 16.9 7.6 19.6

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers

204 63.5 26.4 8.6 11.9

Protective service occupations

3,203 73.5 20.1 2.4 13.8

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

45 - - - -

First-line supervisors of police and detectives

88 88.8 9.2 0.4 9.4

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers

49 - - - -

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other

86 72.5 22.1 1.8 8.7

Firefighters

306 87.1 8.9 1.1 7.4

Fire inspectors

23 - - - -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers

406 67.0 29.0 1.2 13.7

Detectives and criminal investigators

164 85.3 10.2 1.0 11.2

Fish and game wardens

7 - - - -

Parking enforcement workers

4 - - - -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers

728 81.7 12.7 2.1 13.5

Transit and railroad police

2 - - - -

Animal control workers

19 - - - -

Private detectives and investigators

96 78.2 15.7 3.3 20.2

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers

958 60.0 30.7 3.9 16.8

Crossing guards

66 58.4 26.5 1.9 20.9

Transportation security screeners

41 - - - -

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers

117 85.2 6.5 4.0 9.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations

8,220 73.2 14.8 6.5 25.9

Chefs and head cooks

427 61.0 17.2 16.6 26.6

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

563 74.5 17.8 2.8 16.8

Cooks

2,067 71.7 17.6 6.3 34.7

Food preparation workers

988 71.1 15.9 6.2 26.2

Bartenders

474 84.3 7.3 2.9 15.1

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food

322 73.2 17.8 3.5 21.0

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop

202 74.6 15.3 4.9 18.0

Waiters and waitresses

2,020 76.0 10.7 7.6 22.6

Food servers, nonrestaurant

226 61.2 25.5 8.4 22.2

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

309 73.1 13.5 6.0 29.2

Dishwashers

263 74.3 13.2 5.7 27.9

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

354 75.1 12.9 4.5 27.0

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other

5 - - - -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

5,854 77.3 14.8 3.1 38.8

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers

339 75.5 15.9 3.6 25.1

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers

254 88.3 6.5 1.5 26.2

Janitors and building cleaners

2,342 73.0 19.1 3.5 32.8

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

1,512 74.1 16.1 4.5 49.3

Pest control workers

79 84.9 10.6 0.0 12.2

Grounds maintenance workers

1,328 86.5 7.5 1.0 45.0

Personal care and service occupations

5,947 69.2 16.3 10.5 17.8

First-line supervisors of gaming workers

187 79.8 10.4 4.1 10.2

First-line supervisors of personal service workers

208 69.5 11.9 17.8 9.5

Animal trainers

55 87.2 1.7 4.4 10.5

Nonfarm animal caretakers

268 92.1 3.8 1.8 9.8

Gaming services workers

102 49.7 10.6 30.3 6.7

Motion picture projectionists

1 - - - -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers

35 - - - -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers

210 80.5 7.7 5.5 16.8

Embalmers and funeral attendants

17 - - - -

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors

34 - - - -

Barbers

132 62.0 30.2 5.3 27.3

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists

834 75.7 14.2 7.3 17.6

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers

449 31.2 9.1 57.2 10.8

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges

92 49.7 37.7 10.3 26.1

Tour and travel guides

65 85.0 6.4 2.9 13.4

Childcare workers

1,193 76.7 15.5 4.1 24.3

Personal care aides

1,354 62.3 24.6 8.3 22.4

Recreation and fitness workers

497 76.0 15.6 4.3 9.2

Residential advisors

41 - - - -

Personal care and service workers, all other

171 72.2 17.8 5.4 15.3

Sales and office occupations

33,461 78.6 12.8 4.9 16.6

Sales and related occupations

15,806 80.2 11.0 5.3 16.3

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers

3,366 80.8 10.2 5.3 13.9

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers

1,257 84.7 6.9 6.4 15.0

Cashiers

3,200 70.3 17.3 6.6 24.5

Counter and rental clerks

114 71.4 20.4 5.8 24.6

Parts salespersons

127 82.2 9.2 2.8 19.3

Retail salespersons

3,147 78.7 12.6 5.1 18.2

Advertising sales agents

221 81.2 10.4 4.8 14.9

Insurance sales agents

619 83.3 8.7 5.3 11.6

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents

231 85.6 6.3 6.8 11.9

Travel agents

79 77.9 17.7 4.4 9.9

Sales representatives, services, all other

516 89.0 6.5 2.9 7.5

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing

1,273 90.8 4.1 2.9 11.2

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters

60 79.0 8.8 7.2 13.4

Real estate brokers and sales agents

1,072 86.0 6.4 6.1 10.8

Sales engineers

34 - - - -

Telemarketers

58 69.3 23.3 3.7 22.9

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers

158 86.1 10.6 1.3 22.8

Sales and related workers, all other

275 85.0 8.7 4.5 7.2

Office and administrative support occupations

17,655 77.1 14.4 4.6 16.9

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

1,450 81.6 11.2 3.5 13.5

Switchboard operators, including answering service

23 - - - -

Telephone operators

30 - - - -

Communications equipment operators, all other

9 - - - -

Bill and account collectors

122 69.4 24.0 1.4 21.3

Billing and posting clerks

490 77.0 13.8 5.2 18.0

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

1,045 87.5 7.0 3.7 10.2

Gaming cage workers

8 - - - -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks

121 78.2 13.3 6.6 14.9

Procurement clerks

31 - - - -

Tellers

300 77.2 12.7 6.1 17.8

Financial clerks, all other

92 76.7 9.2 7.7 23.2

Brokerage clerks

4 - - - -

Correspondence clerks

4 - - - -

Court, municipal, and license clerks

83 79.1 12.6 2.9 16.1

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks

54 67.2 28.9 2.7 12.3

Customer service representatives

2,563 72.8 17.8 4.7 19.1

Eligibility interviewers, government programs

68 65.9 25.2 3.1 20.5

File clerks

161 78.3 15.1 5.5 15.5

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks

131 71.2 13.7 5.9 21.8

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

152 70.0 21.7 3.1 16.4

Library assistants, clerical

103 84.9 9.5 3.8 8.3

Loan interviewers and clerks

117 74.5 13.9 9.5 11.7

New accounts clerks

23 - - - -

Order clerks

78 70.3 13.2 8.2 17.7

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping

57 68.8 20.1 6.0 12.3

Receptionists and information clerks

1,324 79.5 13.2 3.2 20.4

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks

128 67.0 17.3 5.3 21.9

Information and record clerks, all other

121 79.7 11.7 6.8 15.2

Cargo and freight agents

30 - - - -

Couriers and messengers

293 70.8 21.1 4.3 20.3

Dispatchers

293 79.3 15.2 2.8 13.3

Meter readers, utilities

24 - - - -

Postal service clerks

120 46.5 40.9 8.3 8.6

Postal service mail carriers

302 64.8 23.6 6.9 13.3

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators

58 50.5 41.1 4.4 11.7

Production, planning, and expediting clerks

269 80.0 9.4 7.3 12.5

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks

578 76.2 15.2 3.1 23.6

Stock clerks and order fillers

1,527 70.2 19.7 4.5 22.9

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping

56 86.1 9.5 4.0 18.1

Secretaries and administrative assistants

2,569 84.8 8.9 3.3 13.5

Computer operators

73 72.4 16.8 9.5 10.7

Data entry keyers

270 71.7 17.0 9.1 18.1

Word processors and typists

67 62.9 22.2 8.0 15.9

Desktop publishers

1 - - - -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

244 80.7 14.9 2.6 14.8

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service

63 70.5 20.6 2.5 20.5

Office clerks, general

1,309 75.7 14.2 7.0 19.1

Office machine operators, except computer

24 - - - -

Proofreaders and copy markers

11 - - - -

Statistical assistants

40 - - - -

Office and administrative support workers, all other

540 78.1 14.0 5.0 14.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

14,471 86.2 7.6 2.2 31.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

1,121 89.9 3.8 2.2 46.0

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers

60 96.9 0.4 0.1 33.6

Agricultural inspectors

22 - - - -

Animal breeders

5 - - - -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products

85 84.0 7.6 5.3 44.2

Miscellaneous agricultural workers

833 90.3 3.6 1.7 52.8

Fishers and related fishing workers

39 - - - -

Hunters and trappers

3 - - - -

Forest and conservation workers

16 - - - -

Logging workers

58 94.6 1.0 3.1 8.5

Construction and extraction occupations

8,338 87.5 7.1 1.6 37.0

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

634 92.2 4.2 0.8 23.0

Boilermakers

20 - - - -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons

143 87.1 9.3 1.5 35.5

Carpenters

1,375 86.1 6.2 2.3 39.1

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers

164 86.5 8.4 0.7 46.4

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers

50 79.3 12.5 0.0 46.6

Construction laborers

2,110 87.4 7.5 1.6 47.6

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators

21 - - - -

Pile-driver operators

1 - - - -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators

342 89.0 7.5 0.3 17.4

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers

164 88.1 4.6 0.6 70.2

Electricians

887 86.9 8.2 1.8 23.3

Glaziers

45 - - - -

Insulation workers

60 84.2 8.7 1.9 38.9

Painters, construction and maintenance

607 87.6 5.7 2.3 54.9

Paperhangers

5 - - - -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters

641 88.5 8.2 1.3 26.6

Plasterers and stucco masons

19 - - - -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers

3 - - - -

Roofers

201 86.7 6.6 1.8 56.3

Sheet metal workers

147 88.5 7.7 1.3 23.3

Structural iron and steel workers

60 81.7 6.3 4.4 22.9

Solar photovoltaic installers

16 - - - -

Helpers, construction trades

77 80.6 13.3 1.7 35.9

Construction and building inspectors

108 85.6 7.7 2.2 8.4

Elevator installers and repairers

25 - - - -

Fence erectors

33 - - - -

Hazardous materials removal workers

36 - - - -

Highway maintenance workers

105 82.8 12.2 0.7 12.7

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators

10 - - - -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners

9 - - - -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers

28 - - - -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining

30 - - - -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

22 - - - -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

12 - - - -

Mining machine operators

65 86.0 6.7 0.8 18.1

Roof bolters, mining

1 - - - -

Roustabouts, oil and gas

10 - - - -

Helpers--extraction workers

2 - - - -

Other extraction workers

49 - - - -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

5,012 83.4 9.4 3.3 20.1

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers

280 87.0 7.4 1.6 12.9

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

185 75.6 14.0 7.6 14.7

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers

136 73.4 16.0 8.8 19.1

Avionics technicians

13 - - - -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers

26 - - - -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

1 - - - -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility

11 - - - -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

5 - - - -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers

38 - - - -

Security and fire alarm systems installers

63 86.9 7.9 1.0 22.7

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians

164 82.4 9.1 5.0 19.4

Automotive body and related repairers

152 91.3 5.0 1.6 30.9

Automotive glass installers and repairers

24 - - - -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

916 82.9 8.8 4.1 26.0

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

389 87.9 8.1 1.8 18.7

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics

211 84.2 6.4 2.1 12.4

Small engine mechanics

51 98.0 0.6 0.1 15.7

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers

93 78.7 12.9 2.3 31.1

Control and valve installers and repairers

20 - - - -

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

472 86.4 7.6 2.9 21.5

Home appliance repairers

41 - - - -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics

442 83.9 9.3 3.3 15.4

Maintenance and repair workers, general

507 79.8 12.7 3.1 19.0

Maintenance workers, machinery

25 - - - -

Millwrights

46 - - - -

Electrical power-line installers and repairers

137 86.0 10.0 0.9 12.1

Telecommunications line installers and repairers

210 77.4 13.1 4.2 19.2

Precision instrument and equipment repairers

65 74.0 12.8 7.7 12.2

Wind turbine service technicians

3 - - - -

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

36 - - - -

Commercial divers

1 - - - -

Locksmiths and safe repairers

34 - - - -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers

7 - - - -

Riggers

14 - - - -

Signal and track switch repairers

14 - - - -

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers

16 - - - -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers

167 83.6 9.4 3.6 24.4

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

18,539 74.4 16.6 5.1 22.8

Production occupations

8,621 76.6 13.5 5.8 23.4

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers

832 81.1 10.2 4.3 18.9

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

5 - - - -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers

124 69.7 12.2 15.1 22.5

Engine and other machine assemblers

10 - - - -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters

33 - - - -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

1,064 66.8 19.9 9.5 19.1

Bakers

219 74.6 12.8 7.3 29.5

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers

265 65.5 20.8 6.4 32.4

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders

6 - - - -

Food batchmakers

80 78.6 11.2 7.3 22.0

Food cooking machine operators and tenders

14 - - - -

Food processing workers, all other

158 67.4 22.6 4.8 39.4

Computer control programmers and operators

107 91.4 7.1 1.5 19.1

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

14 - - - -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

6 - - - -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

11 - - - -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

61 75.0 12.6 4.1 8.2

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

3 - - - -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

38 - - - -

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

8 - - - -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

3 - - - -

Machinists

344 83.7 7.2 5.8 13.6

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters

20 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic

6 - - - -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

40 - - - -

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

5 - - - -

Tool and die makers

50 96.1 1.8 1.7 12.4

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers

633 85.7 8.3 1.4 25.0

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

9 - - - -

Layout workers, metal and plastic

9 - - - -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

17 - - - -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

3 - - - -

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other

373 73.6 15.0 7.0 22.9

Prepress technicians and workers

18 - - - -

Printing press operators

164 82.1 10.2 3.6 20.6

Print binding and finishing workers

13 - - - -

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers

143 64.9 20.1 7.1 43.1

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

36 - - - -

Sewing machine operators

174 74.1 9.4 12.7 44.3

Shoe and leather workers and repairers

8 - - - -

Shoe machine operators and tenders

4 - - - -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers

85 67.7 3.6 25.3 23.5

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders

1 - - - -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders

6 - - - -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders

5 - - - -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders

5 - - - -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers

0 - - - -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers

3 - - - -

Upholsterers

31 - - - -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other

16 - - - -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters

65 88.3 5.7 3.3 14.4

Furniture finishers

20 - - - -

Model makers and patternmakers, wood

0 - - - -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood

37 - - - -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing

27 - - - -

Woodworkers, all other

28 - - - -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers

33 - - - -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators

79 77.8 8.8 9.4 10.6

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators

101 85.6 7.6 1.4 9.4

Miscellaneous plant and system operators

38 - - - -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders

75 90.3 7.5 0.5 11.2

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers

79 79.8 15.7 0.3 20.0

Cutting workers

60 77.0 11.4 8.4 30.6

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders

22 - - - -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders

25 - - - -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

807 77.1 13.9 6.0 19.1

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers

38 - - - -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians

87 70.8 10.1 13.2 19.9

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

277 67.0 22.3 7.6 38.9

Painting workers

165 80.7 11.2 1.8 36.0

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

17 - - - -

Semiconductor processors

1 - - - -

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders

8 - - - -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders

9 - - - -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders

4 - - - -

Etchers and engravers

11 - - - -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic

37 - - - -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders

21 - - - -

Tire builders

7 - - - -

Helpers--production workers

53 77.6 13.9 4.3 37.9

Production workers, all other

1,107 74.9 16.6 4.1 26.4

Transportation and material moving occupations

9,918 72.5 19.2 4.5 22.3

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers

217 68.3 19.5 6.7 14.2

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers

119 92.4 2.7 4.2 6.8

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists

37 - - - -

Flight attendants

104 66.1 20.8 10.6 9.7

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

12 - - - -

Bus drivers

599 64.8 29.4 3.8 15.1

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers

3,549 77.0 16.3 3.2 20.9

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs

777 52.5 27.9 14.9 18.3

Motor vehicle operators, all other

63 75.7 20.8 1.2 21.0

Locomotive engineers and operators

36 - - - -

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators

5 - - - -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters

53 76.1 15.0 5.6 13.4

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers

15 - - - -

Sailors and marine oilers

21 - - - -

Ship and boat captains and operators

33 - - - -

Ship engineers

6 - - - -

Bridge and lock tenders

7 - - - -

Parking lot attendants

87 74.3 17.1 7.8 44.2

Automotive and watercraft service attendants

102 76.3 9.5 7.7 20.8

Transportation inspectors

37 - - - -

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants

40 - - - -

Other transportation workers

24 - - - -

Conveyor operators and tenders

2 - - - -

Crane and tower operators

68 82.2 12.3 3.6 8.3

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators

24 - - - -

Hoist and winch operators

10 - - - -

Industrial truck and tractor operators

631 71.2 21.5 1.7 30.2

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment

329 73.2 19.8 2.0 32.9

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

2,106 74.0 18.9 3.1 22.0

Machine feeders and offbearers

30 - - - -

Packers and packagers, hand

607 68.1 19.8 7.9 42.6

Pumping station operators

16 - - - -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

91 68.8 23.5 2.8 28.6

Mine shuttle car operators

1 - - - -

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders

8 - - - -

Material moving workers, all other

51 74.9 24.3 0.1 25.7

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Industry and gender Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

155,761 121,461 19,091 9,832 27,012

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

1.6 1.9 0.3 0.4 2.3

Mining

0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.6

Construction

7.2 8.1 3.6 2.2 12.7

Manufacturing

10.0 10.2 8.5 10.9 9.6

Durable goods

6.3 6.5 4.8 7.5 5.2

Nondurable goods

3.7 3.7 3.7 3.4 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade

13.0 13.1 12.6 11.5 13.5

Wholesale trade

2.4 2.5 1.7 1.9 2.6

Retail trade

10.7 10.6 10.9 9.5 10.9

Transportation and utilities

5.5 5.0 8.6 4.8 5.8

Information

1.9 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.3

Financial activities

6.8 7.0 5.7 8.1 5.0

Professional and business services

12.2 12.2 9.8 17.3 11.2

Education and health services

22.5 21.8 27.8 22.7 16.7

Leisure and hospitality

9.2 8.7 10.0 9.9 12.2

Other services

5.0 4.9 4.4 6.6 5.8

Other services, except private households

4.5 4.4 4.0 6.4 4.6

Other services, private households

0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 1.3

Public administration

4.8 4.6 6.6 3.3 3.2

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

82,698 65,702 9,018 5,188 15,418

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

2.2 2.5 0.6 0.4 3.0

Mining

0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.9

Construction

12.2 13.6 7.1 3.6 21.0

Manufacturing

13.3 13.6 12.0 13.0 11.3

Durable goods

8.9 9.2 7.0 9.7 6.7

Nondurable goods

4.4 4.4 5.0 3.3 4.7

Wholesale and retail trade

13.5 13.6 14.0 12.2 13.0

Wholesale trade

3.2 3.4 2.6 2.3 3.1

Retail trade

10.4 10.2 11.5 9.9 9.9

Transportation and utilities

7.8 7.2 13.2 6.8 7.8

Information

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.6 1.5

Financial activities

6.1 6.2 5.1 8.0 4.1

Professional and business services

13.4 13.2 11.2 20.5 11.4

Education and health services

10.9 10.2 13.9 14.8 7.2

Leisure and hospitality

8.4 7.7 10.3 9.9 10.7

Other services

4.3 4.3 4.2 4.7 5.2

Other services, except private households

4.3 4.3 4.2 4.6 5.0

Other services, private households

0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1

Public administration

4.9 4.9 5.9 3.2 3.0

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

73,063 55,759 10,073 4,644 11,594

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

0.9 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.4

Mining

0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Construction

1.5 1.8 0.5 0.7 1.7

Manufacturing

6.2 6.2 5.4 8.6 7.3

Durable goods

3.4 3.4 2.8 5.0 3.2

Nondurable goods

2.8 2.8 2.6 3.6 4.1

Wholesale and retail trade

12.4 12.6 11.4 10.7 14.1

Wholesale trade

1.4 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.9

Retail trade

11.0 11.1 10.4 9.2 12.2

Transportation and utilities

2.9 2.6 4.6 2.5 3.1

Information

1.5 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.1

Financial activities

7.7 7.9 6.2 8.1 6.2

Professional and business services

10.8 11.0 8.6 13.7 10.9

Education and health services

35.7 35.5 40.3 31.5 29.5

Leisure and hospitality

10.1 9.9 9.7 9.9 14.2

Other services

5.7 5.6 4.6 8.8 6.7

Other services, except private households

4.7 4.6 3.9 8.4 4.0

Other services, private households

1.0 1.1 0.7 0.4 2.7

Public administration

4.6 4.2 7.2 3.5 3.6

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total families

82,502 65,042 10,008 4,977 13,194

With at least one family member employed

66,655 52,264 7,934 4,393 11,546

As a percent of total families

80.8 80.4 79.3 88.3 87.5

With at least one family member unemployed

4,300 3,042 837 233 918

As a percent of total families

5.2 4.7 8.4 4.7 7.0

Some family member(s) employed

3,012 2,184 504 197 657

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

70.0 71.8 60.3 84.5 71.5

Some family member(s) employed full time

2,636 1,917 437 175 584

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

61.3 63.0 52.3 75.1 63.6

Married-couple families(1)

60,094 50,102 4,549 4,014 8,157

With at least one family member employed

48,791 40,262 3,735 3,550 7,342

As a percent of total families

81.2 80.4 82.1 88.4 90.0

With at least one family member unemployed

2,528 1,977 287 177 514

As a percent of total families

100.0 3.9 6.3 4.4 6.3

Some family member(s) employed

2,075 1,627 224 156 422

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

82.1 82.3 78.0 87.8 82.0

Some family member(s) employed full time

1,863 1,457 205 139 384

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

73.7 73.7 71.3 78.3 74.8

Families maintained by women(2)

15,452 9,921 4,227 600 3,317

With at least one family member employed

12,003 7,712 3,227 512 2,654

As a percent of total families

77.7 77.7 76.3 85.4 80.0

With at least one family member unemployed

1,233 698 437 35 271

As a percent of total families

100.0 7.0 10.3 5.8 8.2

Some family member(s) employed

633 354 217 25 152

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

51.4 50.7 49.6 71.5 56.1

Some family member(s) employed full time

507 280 177 21 125

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

41.1 40.1 40.5 61.1 46.0

Families maintained by men(2)

6,956 5,019 1,232 364 1,721

With at least one family member employed

5,861 4,290 973 331 1,550

As a percent of total families

84.3 85.5 79.0 91.0 90.1

With at least one family member unemployed

539 367 112 21 133

As a percent of total families

100.0 7.3 9.1 5.8 7.7

Some family member(s) employed

303 204 63 16 83

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

56.2 55.5 56.4 78.0 62.6

Some family member(s) employed full time

267 180 56 15 75

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

49.5 49.1 49.4 71.6 56.2

(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.
(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year Total White Black or
African American
Asian Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

With no children under 18 years

1994

60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4 - - - 62.3 71.5 51.5

1995

60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7 - - - 61.2 70.9 50.2

1996

60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3 - - - 61.6 71.3 50.5

1997

60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5 - - - 62.6 72.1 51.4

1998

60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2 - - - 62.8 72.1 51.7

1999

60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6 - - - 62.5 71.6 52.2

2000

60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5 - - - 63.7 73.2 52.6

2001

60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4 - - - 63.0 72.4 52.6

2002

60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2

2003

59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5

2004

59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5

2005

59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9

2006

60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2

2007

59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4

2008

59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1

2009

59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8

2010

58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3

2011

58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6

2012

57.5 62.6 52.5 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0

2013

57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9

2014

56.7 61.7 51.7 56.9 62.2 51.6 54.8 57.5 52.1 57.0 63.0 51.7 60.5 68.0 51.8

2015

56.5 61.6 51.5 56.7 62.1 51.2 55.3 58.0 52.7 56.5 61.7 51.7 60.4 68.1 51.9

2016

56.7 61.9 51.6 56.8 62.3 51.4 55.2 58.4 52.2 57.1 63.1 51.8 60.3 67.9 52.0

2017

56.8 61.9 51.9 56.8 62.2 51.4 56.1 59.2 53.2 57.4 62.9 52.5 61.0 68.2 53.2

2018

56.8 61.7 51.9 56.7 62.1 51.3 56.3 59.1 53.8 57.0 62.0 52.5 60.7 67.8 53.0

With children under 18 years

1994

79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4 - - - 70.2 92.1 54.7

1995

80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3 - - - 71.0 92.2 55.6

1996

81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3 - - - 72.3 93.7 56.7

1997

81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0 - - - 74.0 93.4 59.6

1998

81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7 - - - 74.2 92.9 60.2

1999

82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5 - - - 74.6 93.8 60.3

2000

82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2 - - - 75.7 93.8 62.0

2001

81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9 - - - 75.7 93.6 62.0

2002

81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7

2003

81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2

2004

80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4

2005

80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6

2006

81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9

2007

81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4

2008

81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4

2009

81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5

2010

80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1

2011

80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8

2012

80.4 93.1 70.3 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2

2013

80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2

2014

80.1 92.8 70.1 80.6 93.5 69.8 79.9 87.9 75.4 77.4 93.3 64.3 75.8 93.1 62.0

2015

80.0 92.7 69.9 80.4 93.5 69.4 80.4 87.3 76.6 76.2 92.9 62.4 75.7 93.4 61.4

2016

80.4 92.8 70.5 80.8 93.6 70.0 80.8 87.3 77.2 76.7 92.6 63.4 76.0 93.4 61.8

2017

80.8 92.8 71.1 81.2 93.7 70.5 81.6 87.3 78.4 77.8 93.1 65.0 76.0 93.1 61.9

2018

81.3 93.3 71.5 81.7 93.9 71.2 81.6 89.0 77.2 78.0 93.4 65.0 77.4 93.8 63.9

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994

83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5 - - - 74.9 89.7 64.5

1995

83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4 - - - 75.4 89.7 65.5

1996

84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1 - - - 77.3 92.3 66.7

1997

84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7 - - - 77.6 91.2 68.2

1998

84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6 - - - 77.5 90.6 68.1

1999

84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4 - - - 78.6 91.2 69.5

2000

85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0 - - - 79.3 91.5 70.5

2001

85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1 - - - 79.6 91.7 70.9

2002

84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2

2003

84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4

2004

84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2

2005

83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7

2006

83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4

2007

84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4

2008

84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0

2009

84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9

2010

83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9

2011

83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0

2012

82.6 92.2 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1

2013

82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5

2014

82.2 91.6 74.7 82.7 92.4 74.6 81.7 86.5 79.0 80.1 92.6 70.1 78.4 91.9 68.2

2015

82.1 91.8 74.4 82.5 92.5 74.2 81.4 85.5 79.1 79.0 92.0 68.4 78.3 92.3 67.3

2016

82.5 91.9 75.0 82.8 92.7 74.6 81.9 85.6 79.9 80.0 92.2 69.9 78.5 92.4 67.7

2017

82.8 91.7 75.7 83.3 92.6 75.3 82.4 84.9 81.1 81.5 92.8 72.2 78.8 92.0 68.1

2018

83.4 92.2 76.4 83.9 93.0 76.1 82.1 87.0 79.5 81.5 92.0 72.9 80.1 93.1 69.7

With children under 6 years

1994

75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2 - - - 66.6 94.0 47.0

1995

76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9 - - - 67.6 94.1 47.7

1996

77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2 - - - 68.5 94.8 48.7

1997

78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8 - - - 70.9 95.1 52.3

1998

78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0 - - - 71.3 94.9 53.0

1999

78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9 - - - 71.2 95.9 52.1

2000

78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9 - - - 72.5 95.7 54.5

2001

78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9 - - - 72.2 95.2 53.8

2002

77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1

2003

77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4

2004

76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2

2005

77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9

2006

77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7

2007

77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0

2008

77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0

2009

77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1

2010

77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6

2011

77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7

2012

77.7 94.2 64.6 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0

2013

77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5

2014

77.5 94.2 64.2 78.0 94.9 63.7 77.6 89.6 71.0 74.3 94.0 57.4 73.1 94.4 55.2

2015

77.4 93.9 64.2 77.7 94.7 63.3 79.2 89.5 73.4 72.8 94.1 55.0 72.9 94.5 54.7

2016

77.8 94.0 64.7 78.2 94.8 63.9 79.4 89.5 73.6 72.8 93.2 55.6 72.9 94.6 54.8

2017

78.2 94.1 65.1 78.4 95.0 64.2 80.7 90.1 75.0 73.1 93.5 55.2 72.5 94.4 54.3

2018

78.5 94.5 65.1 78.9 95.1 64.7 80.9 91.4 74.4 73.8 95.0 55.1 74.0 94.6 56.5

With children under 3 years

1994

74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6 - - - 64.4 94.1 42.2

1995

74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0 - - - 65.7 94.1 43.7

1996

75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1 - - - 66.2 94.6 44.7

1997

76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1 - - - 68.6 94.6 48.0

1998

77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5 - - - 69.5 95.0 48.9

1999

77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0 - - - 68.8 96.2 47.4

2000

76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8 - - - 70.4 96.2 50.0

2001

76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7 - - - 69.7 95.3 48.7

2002

76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3

2003

75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9

2004

74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0

2005

74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0

2006

75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6

2007

75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6

2008

76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9

2009

76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1

2010

75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8

2011

75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1

2012

76.0 95.0 61.2 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4

2013

75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4

2014

76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6 72.6 94.5 53.4 70.8 95.1 50.6

2015

76.1 93.9 61.4 76.4 94.7 60.6 77.5 89.7 70.3 70.8 92.8 52.0 70.9 94.4 50.6

2016

76.5 94.2 61.8 77.1 95.1 61.3 78.2 90.2 70.8 69.3 92.5 49.8 70.9 94.5 50.6

2017

77.0 94.6 62.3 77.4 95.3 61.8 79.2 91.5 71.1 70.7 93.2 50.8 70.9 95.3 50.5

2018

76.9 94.8 61.9 77.4 95.4 61.6 79.0 91.0 71.2 71.2 95.0 50.2 71.2 94.4 51.4

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year Total White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

1972

5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 - - - - - -

1973

4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 - - - 7.5 6.7 9.0

1974

5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 - - - 8.1 7.3 9.4

1975

8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 - - - 12.2 11.4 13.5

1976

7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 - - - 11.5 10.8 12.7

1977

7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 - - - 10.1 9.0 11.9

1978

6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 - - - 9.1 7.7 11.3

1979

5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 - - - 8.3 7.0 10.3

1980

7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 - - - 10.1 9.7 10.7

1981

7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 - - - 10.4 10.2 10.8

1982

9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 - - - 13.8 13.6 14.1

1983

9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 - - - 13.7 13.6 13.8

1984

7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 - - - 10.7 10.5 11.1

1985

7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 - - - 10.5 10.2 11.0

1986

7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 - - - 10.6 10.5 10.8

1987

6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 - - - 8.8 8.7 8.9

1988

5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 - - - 8.2 8.1 8.3

1989

5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 - - - 8.0 7.6 8.8

1990

5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 - - - 8.2 8.0 8.4

1991

6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 - - - 10.0 10.3 9.6

1992

7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 - - - 11.6 11.7 11.4

1993

6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 - - - 10.8 10.6 11.0

1994

6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 - - - 9.9 9.4 10.7

1995

5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 - - - 9.3 8.8 10.0

1996

5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 - - - 8.9 7.9 10.2

1997

4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 - - - 7.7 7.0 8.9

1998

4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 - - - 7.2 6.4 8.2

1999

4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 - - - 6.4 5.6 7.6

2000

4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8

2001

4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5

2002

5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0

2003

6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4

2004

5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6

2005

5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9

2006

4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9

2007

4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1

2008

5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7

2009

9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5

2010

9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3

2011

8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8

2012

8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9

2013

7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5

2014

6.2 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.3 12.2 10.5 5.0 5.3 4.6 7.4 6.8 8.2

2015

5.3 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.5 9.6 10.3 8.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 6.6 6.3 7.1

2016

4.9 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.2 8.4 9.1 7.8 3.6 3.5 3.9 5.8 5.4 6.3

2017

4.4 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.5 8.1 6.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 5.1 4.7 5.7

2018

3.9 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 6.5 7.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.7 4.3 5.1
Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages (Percent)
Year American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races
Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women

2003

10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9

2004

9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7

2005

9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2

2006

7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0

2007

8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8

2008

9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7

2009

13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9

2010

15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0

2011

14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1

2012

12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5

2013

12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5

2014

11.3 11.9 10.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.2 10.9 9.5

2015

9.9 11.1 8.5 5.7 5.7 5.6 8.4 8.1 8.7

2016

8.9 9.2 8.7 4.4 4.3 4.5 7.5 7.6 7.3

2017

7.8 8.5 7.1 6.1 5.4 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.4

2018

6.6 6.9 6.3 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.5 6.0 5.1

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Duration of unemployment Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

6,314 4,354 1,322 304 1,323

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks

34.4 35.7 30.9 29.0 38.4

5 to 14 weeks

29.7 30.2 28.3 30.8 29.5

15 to 26 weeks

14.5 14.4 14.4 15.7 14.4

27 weeks and over

21.4 19.7 26.4 24.5 17.7

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)

22.7 21.5 25.9 27.3 19.1

Median duration, in weeks

9.3 8.8 10.8 10.9 8.2

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

3,398 2,380 676 159 695

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks

33.4 34.5 30.8 27.7 39.3

5 to 14 weeks

29.5 30.1 28.5 29.6 28.2

15 to 26 weeks

15.3 15.3 14.7 16.8 14.5

27 weeks and over

21.7 20.1 26.1 25.9 18.0

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)

23.1 21.9 26.0 29.6 19.1

Median duration, in weeks

9.7 9.2 10.9 11.5 8.1

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

2,916 1,973 646 146 628

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 weeks

35.5 37.1 31.1 30.4 37.3

5 to 14 weeks

30.0 30.4 28.1 32.0 31.0

15 to 26 weeks

13.6 13.3 14.2 14.6 14.3

27 weeks and over

21.0 19.2 26.7 23.0 17.4

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)

22.1 20.9 25.8 24.7 19.2

Median duration, in weeks

8.9 8.3 10.7 10.4 8.2

(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Reason for unemployment Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

6,314 4,354 1,322 304 1,323

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

47.4 48.9 46.1 38.4 48.5

On temporary layoff

13.5 15.6 8.2 7.8 15.6

Not on temporary layoff

33.9 33.2 37.9 30.6 32.9

Permanent job losers

23.0 23.1 23.9 24.1 20.6

Persons who completed temporary jobs

10.8 10.1 14.0 6.5 12.2

Job leavers

12.6 12.9 10.8 15.1 11.2

Reentrants

30.5 29.9 32.0 30.4 28.6

New entrants

9.5 8.4 11.1 16.1 11.7

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

3,398 2,380 676 159 695

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

52.2 54.0 49.3 45.0 55.8

On temporary layoff

14.7 16.8 8.8 8.3 18.1

Not on temporary layoff

37.5 37.1 40.4 36.7 37.7

Permanent job losers

25.0 25.3 24.6 29.9 23.3

Persons who completed temporary jobs

12.5 11.8 15.9 6.8 14.4

Job leavers

12.2 12.7 9.9 12.2 10.8

Reentrants

26.4 25.2 29.4 27.6 22.7

New entrants

9.3 8.2 11.4 15.2 10.8

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

2,916 1,973 646 146 628

Percent

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

41.8 42.7 42.9 31.2 40.5

On temporary layoff

12.1 14.2 7.5 7.3 12.9

Not on temporary layoff

29.6 28.5 35.3 23.9 27.6

Permanent job losers

20.8 20.5 23.2 17.7 17.7

Persons who completed temporary jobs

8.9 8.0 12.1 6.2 9.9

Job leavers

13.1 13.1 11.7 18.2 11.6

Reentrants

35.4 35.6 34.7 33.5 35.2

New entrants

9.8 8.6 10.7 17.0 12.7

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian labor
force(1)
Not in the labor force
Total Want a job Do not
want a
job now
Total Searched for work in previous year,
but not in past 4 weeks
Total Marginally attached
(available to work now)(2)
Total Discouraged
workers(3)
Other(4)

Total

Total, 16 years and older

162,075 95,716 5,249 2,088 1,517 423 1,094 90,467

16 to 24 years

20,984 17,020 1,590 665 433 93 340 15,430

25 to 54 years

103,705 22,685 2,172 977 709 211 499 20,513

55 years and older

37,386 56,010 1,487 447 375 120 255 54,524

Men, 16 years and older

86,096 38,582 2,448 1,049 817 266 551 36,133

16 to 24 years

10,695 8,437 836 359 248 62 186 7,601

25 to 54 years

55,440 6,854 917 459 366 129 237 5,937

55 years and older

19,961 23,290 695 232 203 75 129 22,595

Women, 16 years and older

75,978 57,134 2,800 1,039 700 158 542 54,334

16 to 24 years

10,289 8,583 754 306 185 31 154 7,829

25 to 54 years

48,264 15,831 1,255 518 343 81 262 14,576

55 years and older

17,425 32,720 791 215 172 46 126 31,929

White

Total, 16 years and older

125,815 74,407 3,656 1,414 1,012 270 743 70,750

16 to 24 years

15,959 11,915 1,082 446 273 56 217 10,833

25 to 54 years

78,888 16,467 1,467 638 464 130 334 15,000

55 years and older

30,968 46,025 1,108 330 275 83 192 44,917

Men, 16 years and older

68,082 29,850 1,711 721 552 173 379 28,139

16 to 24 years

8,221 5,898 572 243 160 38 122 5,326

25 to 54 years

43,034 4,710 621 304 240 79 160 4,090

55 years and older

16,827 19,242 518 174 152 55 97 18,724

Women, 16 years and older

57,732 44,556 1,945 694 460 97 363 42,611

16 to 24 years

7,738 6,017 509 203 113 18 95 5,507

25 to 54 years

35,853 11,756 846 334 225 51 173 10,910

55 years and older

14,141 26,783 590 157 123 28 95 26,193

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older

20,414 12,347 1,007 439 347 113 234 11,340

16 to 24 years

2,936 2,734 316 136 106 25 81 2,418

25 to 54 years

13,776 3,429 438 222 169 62 107 2,992

55 years and older

3,702 6,183 253 81 73 26 47 5,930

Men, 16 years and older

9,694 5,270 476 212 182 67 115 4,794

16 to 24 years

1,413 1,363 163 69 57 16 40 1,200

25 to 54 years

6,560 1,373 197 104 90 39 51 1,175

55 years and older

1,722 2,534 116 39 35 12 23 2,418

Women, 16 years and older

10,720 7,077 530 227 166 47 119 6,547

16 to 24 years

1,523 1,371 153 66 49 9 40 1,218

25 to 54 years

7,216 2,057 240 118 79 23 55 1,817

55 years and older

1,980 3,649 138 42 38 14 24 3,511

Asian

Total, 16 years and older

10,137 5,825 324 123 77 21 55 5,501

16 to 24 years

901 1,394 80 32 18 4 13 1,314

25 to 54 years

7,285 1,832 165 67 40 10 30 1,667

55 years and older

1,950 2,599 79 25 18 7 12 2,520

Men, 16 years and older

5,346 2,124 136 58 39 14 25 1,988

16 to 24 years

454 690 41 17 10 2 8 649

25 to 54 years

3,879 445 54 28 18 7 11 391

55 years and older

1,013 989 41 14 11 5 6 949

Women, 16 years and older

4,790 3,700 187 66 37 8 30 3,513

16 to 24 years

447 705 39 15 8 3 6 665

25 to 54 years

3,406 1,386 110 40 22 3 19 1,276

55 years and older

937 1,609 38 11 7 2 5 1,571

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

28,336 14,398 1,084 418 300 88 212 13,314

16 to 24 years

4,679 4,003 388 163 108 23 86 3,615

25 to 54 years

19,725 5,021 511 202 147 48 99 4,510

55 years and older

3,932 5,374 185 53 45 18 27 5,189

Men, 16 years and older

16,113 5,174 468 201 155 57 98 4,706

16 to 24 years

2,490 1,910 196 84 59 17 41 1,714

25 to 54 years

11,375 1,221 187 91 73 29 44 1,034

55 years and older

2,248 2,043 85 27 23 11 12 1,958

Women, 16 years and older

12,223 9,224 616 217 145 31 114 8,608

16 to 24 years

2,189 2,094 192 79 50 6 44 1,901

25 to 54 years

8,350 3,800 324 112 74 19 55 3,475

55 years and older

1,684 3,331 100 26 21 7 15 3,231

(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.
(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2018 annual averages
Year Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total

1979

$241 $248 $199 - $194

1980

262 269 212 - 209

1981

284 291 235 - 223

1982

302 310 245 - 240

1983

313 320 261 - 250

1984

326 336 269 - 259

1985

344 356 277 - 270

1986

359 371 291 - 277

1987

374 384 301 - 285

1988

385 395 314 - 290

1989

399 409 319 - 298

1990

412 424 329 - 304

1991

426 442 348 - 312

1992

440 458 357 - 321

1993

459 475 369 - 331

1994

467 484 371 - 324

1995

479 494 383 - 329

1996

490 506 387 - 339

1997

503 519 400 - 351

1998

523 545 426 - 370

1999

549 573 445 - 385

2000

576 590 474 $615 399

2001

596 610 491 639 417

2002

608 623 498 658 424

2003

620 636 514 693 440

2004

638 657 525 708 456

2005

651 672 520 753 471

2006

671 690 554 784 486

2007

695 716 569 830 503

2008

722 742 589 861 529

2009

739 757 601 880 541

2010

747 765 611 855 535

2011

756 775 615 866 549

2012

768 792 621 920 568

2013

776 802 629 942 578

2014

791 816 639 953 594

2015

809 835 641 993 604

2016

832 862 678 1,021 624

2017

860 890 682 1,043 655

2018

886 916 694 1,095 680

Men

1979

$292 $298 $227 - $219

1980

313 320 244 - 234

1981

340 350 268 - 251

1982

364 375 278 - 269

1983

379 387 294 - 274

1984

392 401 303 - 287

1985

407 418 305 - 296

1986

419 433 319 - 299

1987

434 450 327 - 306

1988

449 465 348 - 308

1989

468 482 348 - 315

1990

481 494 361 - 318

1991

493 506 375 - 323

1992

501 514 380 - 339

1993

510 524 392 - 346

1994

522 547 400 - 343

1995

538 566 411 - 350

1996

557 580 412 - 356

1997

579 595 432 - 371

1998

598 615 468 - 390

1999

618 638 488 - 406

2000

641 662 510 $685 417

2001

670 689 529 732 440

2002

679 702 524 756 451

2003

695 715 555 772 464

2004

713 732 569 802 480

2005

722 743 559 825 489

2006

743 761 591 882 505

2007

766 788 600 936 520

2008

798 825 620 966 559

2009

819 845 621 952 569

2010

824 850 633 936 560

2011

832 856 653 970 571

2012

854 879 665 1,055 592

2013

860 884 664 1,059 594

2014

871 897 680 1,080 616

2015

895 920 680 1,129 631

2016

915 942 718 1,151 663

2017

941 971 710 1,207 690

2018

973 1,002 735 1,241 720

Women

1979

$182 $184 $169 - $157

1980

201 203 185 - 172

1981

219 221 206 - 190

1982

239 242 217 - 203

1983

252 254 232 - 215

1984

265 268 241 - 223

1985

277 281 252 - 230

1986

291 294 264 - 241

1987

303 307 276 - 251

1988

315 318 288 - 260

1989

328 334 301 - 269

1990

346 353 308 - 278

1991

366 373 323 - 292

1992

380 387 335 - 302

1993

393 401 348 - 313

1994

399 408 346 - 305

1995

406 415 355 - 305

1996

418 428 362 - 316

1997

431 444 375 - 318

1998

456 468 400 - 337

1999

473 483 409 - 348

2000

493 502 429 $547 366

2001

512 522 454 563 388

2002

529 547 473 566 397

2003

552 567 491 598 410

2004

573 584 505 613 419

2005

585 596 499 665 429

2006

600 609 519 699 440

2007

614 626 533 731 473

2008

638 654 554 753 501

2009

657 669 582 779 509

2010

669 684 592 773 508

2011

684 703 595 751 518

2012

691 710 599 770 521

2013

706 722 606 819 541

2014

719 734 611 841 548

2015

726 743 615 877 566

2016

749 766 641 902 586

2017

770 795 657 903 603

2018

789 817 654 937 617

Women's earnings as
a percent of men's

1979

62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7

1980

64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5

1981

64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7

1982

65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5

1983

66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5

1984

67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7

1985

68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7

1986

69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6

1987

69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0

1988

70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4

1989

70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4

1990

71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4

1991

74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4

1992

75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1

1993

77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5

1994

76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9

1995

75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1

1996

75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8

1997

74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7

1998

76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4

1999

76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7

2000

76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8

2001

76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2

2002

77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0

2003

79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4

2004

80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3

2005

81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7

2006

80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1

2007

80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0

2008

79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6

2009

80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5

2010

81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7

2011

82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7

2012

80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0

2013

82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1

2014

82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0

2015

81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7

2016

81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4

2017

81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4

2018

81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older

$932 $965 $727 $1,140 $710

Less than a high school diploma

553 565 487 521 544

High school graduates, no college(1)

730 768 604 659 672

Some college, no degree

802 845 666 806 754

Associate's degree

862 900 717 837 778

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)

1,324 1,342 1,065 1,465 1,101

Men, 25 years and older

1,026 1,064 775 1,280 755

Less than a high school diploma

607 612 526 579 598

High school graduates, no college(1)

819 861 667 748 738

Some college, no degree

918 965 732 871 853

Associate's degree

994 1,026 793 910 920

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)

1,524 1,550 1,139 1,685 1,234

Women, 25 years and older

830 857 683 974 644

Less than a high school diploma

469 473 423 491 457

High school graduates, no college(1)

616 641 546 583 582

Some college, no degree

694 721 617 711 664

Associate's degree

746 769 653 724 694

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)

1,145 1,152 1,013 1,242 991

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages
Occupation and gender Total White Black or
African
American
Asian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

$886 $916 $694 $1,095 $680

Management, professional, and related occupations

1,246 1,255 1,009 1,515 1,026

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

1,355 1,376 1,140 1,546 1,082

Management occupations

1,429 1,456 1,147 1,735 1,103

Business and financial operations occupations

1,216 1,216 1,118 1,357 1,029

Professional and related occupations

1,176 1,181 945 1,497 995

Computer and mathematical occupations

1,539 1,510 1,228 1,758 1,292

Architecture and engineering occupations

1,484 1,476 1,346 1,659 1,368

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1,270 1,296 1,062 1,328 1,043

Community and social services occupations

913 936 840 967 851

Legal occupations

1,467 1,498 1,226 1,572 1,212

Education, training, and library occupations

1,002 1,019 859 1,140 907

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

1,086 1,081 1,075 1,159 950

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

1,140 1,154 917 1,361 944

Service occupations

569 585 512 569 528

Healthcare support occupations

561 579 516 579 552

Protective service occupations

848 953 608 806 763

Food preparation and serving related occupations

501 505 464 534 507

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

551 563 499 598 520

Personal care and service occupations

544 554 517 538 502

Sales and office occupations

742 763 639 766 647

Sales and related occupations

798 849 598 758 637

Office and administrative support occupations

717 727 666 770 652

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

824 839 754 875 691

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

581 587 463 474 535

Construction and extraction occupations

808 817 730 849 706

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

934 949 796 975 759

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations

707 733 617 677 612

Production occupations

723 759 595 690 612

Transportation and material-moving occupations

689 706 637 662 612

Men, 16 years and older

$973 $1,002 $735 $1,241 $720

Management, professional, and related occupations

1,468 1,488 1,164 1,732 1,174

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

1,537 1,562 1,206 1,728 1,167

Management occupations

1,585 1,623 1,201 1,882 1,161

Business and financial operations occupations

1,383 1,421 1,219 1,506 1,202

Professional and related occupations

1,425 1,421 1,129 1,734 1,183

Computer and mathematical occupations

1,604 1,575 1,234 1,840 1,326

Architecture and engineering occupations

1,528 1,520 1,346 1,768 1,442

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1,357 1,366 1,223 1,372 1,337

Community and social services occupations

984 1,035 856 1,014 969

Legal occupations

1,910 1,929 1,730 1,772 1,442

Education, training, and library occupations

1,235 1,236 1,079 1,613 1,033

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

1,151 1,153 1,087 1,527 1,034

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

1,383 1,405 1,133 1,523 1,079

Service occupations

641 670 579 615 589

Healthcare support occupations

661 687 608 519 596

Protective service occupations

922 1,009 672 876 829

Food preparation and serving related occupations

533 546 481 577 560

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

604 609 548 689 578

Personal care and service occupations

638 646 619 640 585

Sales and office occupations

846 895 657 892 687

Sales and related occupations

949 1,006 680 943 753

Office and administrative support occupations

738 760 638 841 640

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

834 851 750 892 699

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

602 608 423 488 574

Construction and extraction occupations

809 818 723 838 707

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

936 951 791 996 761

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations

762 790 643 752 670

Production occupations

793 822 617 788 690

Transportation and material-moving occupations

724 749 664 710 654

Women, 16 years and older

$789 $817 $654 $937 $617

Management, professional, and related occupations

1,078 1,087 918 1,317 915

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

1,168 1,171 1,052 1,384 997

Management occupations

1,236 1,246 1,072 1,547 1,026

Business and financial operations occupations

1,105 1,101 1,019 1,255 944

Professional and related occupations

1,024 1,033 870 1,255 873

Computer and mathematical occupations

1,345 1,243 1,209 1,633 1,152

Architecture and engineering occupations

1,259 1,248 1,343 1,329 1,060

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1,156 1,172 965 1,193 861

Community and social services occupations

886 905 834 935 830

Legal occupations

1,243 1,234 1,073 1,468 1,088

Education, training, and library occupations

934 959 806 916 852

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

997 989 997 1,055 822

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

1,078 1,100 878 1,270 891

Service occupations

511 517 490 528 489

Healthcare support occupations

548 570 508 582 546

Protective service occupations

613 708 518 568 600

Food preparation and serving related occupations

473 472 448 512 450

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

477 482 450 524 466

Personal care and service occupations

517 525 492 513 489

Sales and office occupations

696 710 631 731 624

Sales and related occupations

651 687 529 657 556

Office and administrative support occupations

711 716 675 758 657

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

638 618 892 606 506

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

483 481 597 466 467

Construction and extraction occupations

785 760 1,117 1,190 639

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

823 815 940 627 719

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations

561 563 539 587 499

Production occupations

575 581 531 601 504

Transportation and material-moving occupations

538 533 560 539 491

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. This group is made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed. People, who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.

Unemployed. People who had no employment during the reference week, but were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. The length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

  • Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.

  • Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.

  • Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.

  • New entrants, people who had never worked.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

Not in the labor force. All people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed are classified as out of the labor force. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.

Occupation and industry. Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.[1]

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.[2]

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[3]

Usual weekly earnings. These data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

Median earnings. The numerical value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.

Family. A group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:

  • Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples only.

  • Families maintained by women and families maintained by men are each made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard error from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.[4]


[1] Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and industry data from the Current Population Survey,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 30, 2018), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

[2] More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[3] See Bowler, et al, www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[4] A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey Estimates,” Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2018), https://www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf.