Figure 5. Nativity of U.S. civilian labor force in creative IT occupations in Silicon Valley, IT industries, 2005–14 average
Occupation Percent native origin Percent naturalized citizens Percent noncitizens

All creative IT occupations

 29.4 28.5 42.2

Computer programmers

 45.7 29.9 24.4

Computer scientists and systems analysts, network systems analysts, and web developers

 36.4 26.2 37.3

Software developers, applications and systems software

 23.8 27.8 48.5

Computer and information systems managers

 41.8 32.0 26.1

Computer hardware engineers

 29.1 33.6 37.3

Note: Because of rounding, percentages may not add up to 100.

Source: IPUMS-USA and authors' calculations.