Historical, technical USDL 00-155 information: (202) 691-5618 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EDT Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Friday, May 26, 2000 Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 1987-97 The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today on labor productivity and unit labor cost changes for selected industries in the manufacturing sector of the U.S. economy. This is the first industry productivity news release to include unit labor costs, introduced by BLS in 1999 for these industries. Labor productivity--defined as output per hour--rose in 1997 in nearly three-fourths of the industries reported here. More than half of the industries registering productivity growth also posted declines in unit labor costs. In 1997, the most recent year for which output data are available for manufacturing industries, output per hour increased in 74 percent of the manufacturing industries. Output, which is the production of goods and services, rose in 77 percent of the industries, while hours rose in 63 percent of the industries. The share of industries with productivity increases over a longer period was even greater. Over the 1987-97 period, labor productivity increased in 90 percent of the manufacturing industries. Output rose in 84 percent of the industries, while hours rose in 49 percent of the industries. The attached tables present data for manufacturing industries for which BLS publishes productivity series at the 3- digit level of the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual. Although the analysis that follows will focus on industries at the 3-digit level, BLS also publishes productivity series at the 2- and 4-digit level for these industries, as well as for service-producing and mining industries. (See section on "Productivity measurement" in the technical note.) ******************************************************* * Productivity and costs measures for the service- * * producing and mining industries, 1987-98, also are * * being released today by BLS. See news release * * USDL 00-156. * ******************************************************* Current trends Labor productivity in the overall manufacturing sector (previously published in the BLS quarterly productivity news release) increased 5.0 percent in 1997. Gains in output per hour were posted in 89 of the 120 manufacturing industries for which BLS publishes data at the 3-digit level. (See table 1.) More than three-fourths of the gains were greater than 2.5 percent: Double-digit productivity growth occurred in 17 industries; an additional 29 industries posted labor productivity growth in the 5.0-9.9 percent range; and output per hour advanced 2.6-4.9 percent in 25 industries. The largest gain--37.5 percent--occurred in computer and office equipment. The five largest manufacturing industries, those with more than 500,000 employees, all recorded growth in output per hour in 1997. Labor productivity rose 8.7 percent in motor vehicles and equipment; 4.4 percent in miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.; 18.6 percent in electronic components and accessories; 0.8 percent in commercial printing; and 0.9 percent in aircraft and parts. Unit labor costs, the ratio of total compensation to output, fell 1.3 percent in the manufacturing sector in 1997. Declines in unit labor costs were posted in 58 of the 120 industries in the manufacturing sector. The largest declines were in computer and office equipment (-25.3 percent); electronic components and accessories (-14.5 percent); women's and children's undergarments (-13.8 percent); industrial organic chemicals (-12.3 percent); and agricultural chemicals (-10.9 percent). Well over half of the manufacturing industries with increasing productivity, 51 of 89, also registered decreasing unit labor costs. Long-term trends More manufacturing industries posted productivity gains over a longer period than in 1997. Output per hour increased in 108 of the 120 industries during the 1987-97 period, as labor productivity in the overall manufacturing sector rose 3.0 percent on average per year. (See table 2.) Productivity advanced 5.0 percent per year or more in eight industries. Another 31 industries experienced annual productivity growth in the 2.5-5.0 percent range. Computer and office equipment posted the largest increase in labor productivity each year, on average, 25.1 percent between 1987 and 1997. The five largest manufacturing industries all registered long-term growth in output per hour. Labor productivity rose in motor vehicles and equipment (1.5 percent); miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. (2.7 percent); electronic components and accessories (19.8 percent); commercial printing (0.9 percent); and aircraft and parts (1.3 percent). Unit labor costs over the longer term of 1987-97 rose 0.4 percent on average per year in the overall manufacturing sector. During that period, unit labor costs increased in 103 of the 120 industries in the manufacturing sector. Technical Note Coverage In the goods-producing sector, the BLS industry productivity series cover 100 percent of employment in manufacturing and 96 percent in mining; the construction sector is not covered. In the service-producing sector, the BLS industry productivity series cover 100 percent of employment in retail trade, 90 percent in communications and utilities, 57 percent in transportation, 17 percent in finance and services, and 2 percent in wholesale trade. In the sectors with low coverage, a lack of adequate basic data and, in some cases, serious conceptual issues have prevented development of productivity measures. (The coverage percentages noted here relate to unpublished as well as published series. For information on series that do not meet BLS publication standards, see discussion below.) Revisions The data in this news release reflect revisions to series as published in table 42 of the Monthly Labor Review; in the article "BLS Completes Major Expansion of Industry Productivity Series," by John Duke and Lisa Usher, Monthly Labor Review, September 1998, pp. 35-51; and in Unit Labor Costs for Selected Industries, 1987-97, BLS Report 939, November 1999. The revised series can be obtained in several ways: by visiting the Industry Productivity web site (http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm); by calling the Division of Industry Productivity Studies (202-691- 5618); or by sending a request by e-mail (dipsweb@bls.gov). Industry output indexes are prepared from basic data published by various public and private agencies, using the greatest level of detail available. Data from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, are used extensively in developing output statistics for manufacturing, trade, and service-producing industries. Data from the 1997 Economic Census of Manufactures were published primarily on the basis of the new North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), unlike earlier censuses, which were published according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. Implementation of NAICS by Federal agencies will be in phases. In order to update the productivity series for this news release, BLS converted the NAICS-based manufacturing data to SIC-based data. BLS will continue to publish the productivity series on an SIC basis until all the data underlying the productivity series have been converted to a NAICS basis. All of the measures for 1997 in this news release are preliminary and subject to revision. Productivity measurement The productivity measures in this release describe the relationship between output and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although these measures relate output to hours of employees or all persons engaged in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and effort of the workforce. The reader should note that, occasionally, the year-to-year movements in productivity measures might be somewhat erratic, particularly in the smaller industries. The annual changes in an industry's productivity are based on sample data, which are likely to differ from data generated by a census of establishments in the industry. As a result, long-term trends tend to be more reliable indicators of the performance of an industry than are the year-to-year changes. Unit labor cost measurement The unit labor cost series in this release describe the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output. Unit labor costs are calculated as the ratio of current dollar labor compensation to constant dollar output. The indexes of unit labor costs for each industry are computed by dividing an index of current dollar compensation by an index of constant dollar output. Compensation is a measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. It is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments. Payroll includes salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. Supplemental payments are divided into legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required expenditures include employers’ contributions to Social Security, unemployment insurance taxes, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. The indexes of industry output used in measuring labor productivity and unit labor costs are, wherever possible, calculated with a Tornqvist formula. This formula aggregates the growth rates of the various industry products between two periods using the products’ shares in industry value of production, averaged over the two periods, as weights. Published productivity and unit labor cost data for 452 industries in the goods-producing and service-producing sectors are available on the Internet at http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm. Productivity series for an additional 222 industries have been withheld from publication because they do not meet BLS publication standards. Among the unpublished industries are 32 previously published industries. An additional nine industries that were previously unpublished are now published, including computer and office equipment (SIC 357) and electronic components and accessories (SIC 367). Unpublished data can be requested by phoning 202-691-5618 or by sending e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series: manufacturing industries, 1996-97 1997 Annual percent change SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Total Unit (thousands) per hour Output hours Compensation Labor Costs 201 Meat products 488 6.0 7.7 1.6 8.8 1.0 202 Dairy products 141 3.0 2.1 -0.9 4.2 2.1 203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 232 2.4 0.9 -1.5 3.7 2.8 204 Grain mill products 125 9.9 9.5 -0.3 7.9 -1.5 205 Bakery products 207 3.9 2.8 -1.1 5.9 3.0 206 Sugar and confectionery products 97 2.9 2.2 -0.6 4.3 2.0 207 Fats and oils 33 9.0 7.8 -1.0 9.9 1.9 208 Beverages 180 0.5 2.3 1.9 7.5 5.1 209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 182 -4.8 -4.1 0.8 3.6 8.0 211 Cigarettes 28 0.0 -4.9 -4.9 0.3 5.4 221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 73 -4.6 -7.4 -2.9 -3.8 3.9 222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 64 9.7 8.2 -1.4 11.5 3.1 224 Narrow fabric mills 22 -14.7 -11.2 4.1 -0.8 11.7 225 Knitting mills 172 -0.2 -1.9 -1.7 3.0 5.0 226 Textile finishing, except wool 68 18.8 17.2 -1.3 6.1 -9.5 227 Carpets and rugs 63 0.1 1.5 1.5 -4.4 -5.8 228 Yarn and thread mills 87 5.5 8.0 2.3 8.1 0.1 229 Miscellaneous textile goods 54 -4.2 2.1 6.6 3.0 0.9 232 Men's and boys' furnishings 207 13.1 5.4 -6.8 4.1 -1.2 233 Women's and misses' outerwear 252 7.0 4.1 -2.7 -2.4 -6.2 234 Women's and children's undergarments 35 12.5 -1.5 -12.5 -15.1 -13.8 235 Hats, caps, and millinery 17 1.7 -4.8 -6.4 -1.8 3.2 238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 34 -12.4 -13.7 -1.5 -7.0 7.8 239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 219 10.7 9.8 -0.8 10.2 0.4 241 Logging 82 -15.8 -14.8 1.2 9.7 28.8 242 Sawmills and planing mills 183 1.6 3.8 2.2 7.8 3.8 243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 294 -2.7 0.6 3.4 5.1 4.5 244 Wood containers 55 -0.2 4.5 4.7 6.0 1.4 245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 93 4.6 8.7 3.9 15.1 5.8 249 Miscellaneous wood products 89 7.6 8.2 0.6 7.7 -0.5 251 Household furniture 277 0.1 2.1 2.0 3.5 1.3 252 Office furniture 65 10.8 18.5 6.9 10.5 -6.7 253 Public building and related furniture 44 2.7 3.0 0.3 -3.6 -6.4 254 Partitions and fixtures 88 24.6 31.2 5.3 29.1 -1.6 259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 39 -9.8 -5.4 4.8 -10.3 -5.1 261 Pulp mills 12 -21.3 -23.3 -2.6 -25.6 -3.0 262 Paper mills 159 -4.1 -5.6 -1.5 -3.8 1.9 263 Paperboard mills 50 5.3 4.1 -1.1 3.3 -0.8 265 Paperboard containers and boxes 221 3.7 5.5 1.8 4.6 -0.9 267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 242 7.1 9.1 1.8 10.1 1.0 271 Newspapers 441 2.0 2.3 0.3 5.3 2.9 272 Periodicals 136 12.3 15.3 2.6 28.7 11.6 273 Books 128 3.0 4.2 1.2 10.0 5.5 274 Miscellaneous publishing 88 22.3 25.9 2.9 26.9 0.8 275 Commercial printing 574 0.8 2.8 2.0 4.5 1.6 276 Manifold business forms 43 4.8 3.0 -1.7 2.4 -0.6 277 Greeting cards 28 1.6 6.0 4.3 2.5 -3.3 278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 66 0.7 -0.4 -1.2 3.1 3.6 279 Printing trade services 50 -1.6 -3.0 -1.4 -2.0 1.0 281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 82 5.4 5.1 -0.3 2.4 -2.6 282 Plastics materials and synthetics 159 6.7 5.7 -1.0 3.8 -1.7 283 Drugs 269 0.5 3.7 3.2 -2.0 -5.5 284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 156 7.8 9.2 1.3 4.5 -4.3 285 Paints and allied products 52 1.3 1.5 0.2 6.6 5.0 286 Industrial organic chemicals 138 14.0 10.2 -3.3 -3.4 -12.3 287 Agricultural chemicals 52 9.4 7.0 -2.2 -4.6 -10.9 289 Miscellaneous chemical products 94 9.2 10.6 1.3 9.7 -0.9 291 Petroleum refining 98 5.0 2.4 -2.4 3.2 0.7 295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 29 6.8 8.6 1.7 7.0 -1.5 299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 11.6 9.8 -1.6 3.0 -6.2 301 Tires and inner tubes 78 7.0 5.4 -1.5 -0.1 -5.2 305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 69 4.7 8.0 3.1 9.5 1.4 306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 112 3.7 5.1 1.4 0.7 -4.2 308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 731 4.4 6.8 2.4 7.3 0.4 314 Footwear, except rubber 41 2.7 -5.0 -7.4 -9.1 -4.3 321 Flat glass 17 6.0 10.8 4.5 2.2 -7.7 322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 72 5.7 4.2 -1.4 -0.1 -4.1 323 Products of purchased glass 63 2.7 5.8 3.0 1.6 -4.0 324 Cement, hydraulic 17 3.4 4.2 0.8 4.9 0.7 325 Structural clay products 34 -2.9 0.8 3.7 2.2 1.4 326 Pottery and related products 39 -2.7 -5.8 -3.2 -8.2 -2.6 327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 218 1.7 4.1 2.4 5.6 1.4 329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 76 2.1 3.6 1.5 3.4 -0.2 331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 235 3.7 2.9 -0.8 0.9 -2.0 332 Iron and steel foundries 130 4.8 8.8 3.9 6.2 -2.4 333 Primary nonferrous metals 39 4.6 6.3 1.5 -1.8 -7.6 335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 169 8.1 9.6 1.4 8.2 -1.3 336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 92 3.4 8.0 4.4 8.3 0.3 339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 30 -5.8 -0.4 5.7 9.7 10.2 341 Metal cans and shipping containers 38 3.6 1.5 -2.0 -1.2 -2.7 342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 126 -4.3 -2.8 1.5 1.9 4.8 343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 58 7.2 8.6 1.3 21.9 12.2 344 Fabricated structural metal products 453 3.3 6.5 3.1 11.3 4.5 346 Metal forgings and stampings 255 5.8 7.2 1.3 8.9 1.6 347 Metal services, n.e.c. 140 -3.8 1.7 5.7 8.1 6.4 348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 43 14.9 2.8 -10.5 -0.5 -3.2 349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 263 -1.9 2.5 4.5 4.7 2.1 351 Engines and turbines 83 -1.8 -0.7 1.1 -1.3 -0.6 352 Farm and garden machinery 105 2.8 10.5 7.5 10.0 -0.5 353 Construction and related machinery 243 6.9 12.9 5.6 12.7 -0.1 354 Metalworking machinery 350 3.2 5.7 2.4 7.0 1.2 355 Special industry machinery 179 -2.9 -1.6 1.4 -0.2 1.3 356 General industrial machinery 264 0.6 3.4 2.8 6.7 3.2 357 Computer and office equipment 376 37.5 43.1 4.0 6.8 -25.3 358 Refrigeration and service machinery 202 0.1 -1.3 -1.3 5.0 6.3 359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 366 -8.3 -3.2 5.5 0.3 3.7 361 Electric distribution equipment 82 0.0 0.4 0.4 -7.1 -7.5 362 Electrical industrial apparatus 154 6.2 5.3 -0.9 2.6 -2.6 363 Household appliances 115 8.4 1.9 -6.0 4.2 2.3 364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 181 3.8 5.7 1.8 5.6 -0.1 366 Communications equipment 277 16.1 18.7 2.3 15.4 -2.8 367 Electronic components and accessories 650 18.6 27.4 7.4 8.9 -14.5 369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 149 1.2 -1.5 -2.7 0.3 1.9 371 Motor vehicles and equipment 986 8.7 11.0 2.1 6.2 -4.3 372 Aircraft and parts 501 0.9 12.4 11.4 11.3 -1.0 373 Ship and boat building and repairing 158 5.2 5.8 0.5 0.4 -5.1 374 Railroad equipment 34 23.5 17.8 -4.6 7.7 -8.6 375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 22 -4.0 3.9 8.2 0.4 -3.3 376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 91 -2.2 -0.9 1.3 -3.7 -2.8 381 Search and navigation equipment 161 4.7 5.5 0.8 -1.5 -6.7 382 Measuring and controlling devices 301 -5.0 -3.8 1.3 3.2 7.3 384 Medical instruments and supplies 276 4.7 8.1 3.3 7.5 -0.6 385 Ophthalmic goods 35 7.6 5.5 -2.0 8.1 2.5 386 Photographic equipment & supplies 86 -5.5 -4.5 1.1 5.0 10.0 391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 49 14.3 15.6 1.2 12.7 -2.5 393 Musical instruments 16 6.4 9.0 2.4 9.4 0.3 394 Toys and sporting goods 111 16.4 14.5 -1.7 6.0 -7.4 395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 -11.4 -11.6 -0.2 -10.4 1.3 396 Costume jewelry and notions 23 -16.3 -18.8 -3.0 -15.6 3.9 399 Miscellaneous manufactures 161 -3.1 3.2 6.5 4.1 0.8 (1) Employment figures are based primarily on data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour and related series: manufacturing industries, 1987-97 1997 Average annual percent change SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Total Unit (thousands) per hour Output hours Compensation Labor Costs 201 Meat products 488 0.3 2.9 2.5 5.6 2.7 202 Dairy products 141 1.8 0.7 -1.1 3.0 2.3 203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 232 1.1 1.6 0.5 3.9 2.2 204 Grain mill products 125 1.7 2.1 0.4 3.6 1.4 205 Bakery products 207 -0.1 -0.3 -0.3 3.5 3.8 206 Sugar and confectionery products 97 1.6 1.7 0.1 3.4 1.7 207 Fats and oils 33 1.8 1.7 -0.2 2.6 0.9 208 Beverages 180 3.1 2.3 -0.9 2.3 0.0 209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 182 0.4 1.6 1.2 4.2 2.6 211 Cigarettes 28 3.9 0.1 -3.7 0.9 0.8 221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 73 2.7 -0.8 -3.5 -0.5 0.3 222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 64 4.9 1.6 -3.2 2.7 1.1 224 Narrow fabric mills 22 0.7 0.0 -0.8 2.6 2.6 225 Knitting mills 172 4.1 1.8 -2.3 1.8 0.0 226 Textile finishing, except wool 68 -0.6 0.6 1.2 3.1 2.6 227 Carpets and rugs 63 0.0 0.4 0.4 2.7 2.2 228 Yarn and thread mills 87 4.5 1.8 -2.6 0.8 -1.0 229 Miscellaneous textile goods 54 1.7 2.2 0.5 4.5 2.2 232 Men's and boys' furnishings 207 4.3 0.2 -3.9 0.2 -0.1 233 Women's and misses' outerwear 252 4.2 0.9 -3.2 0.5 -0.4 234 Women's and children's undergarments 35 7.0 -0.6 -7.1 -4.0 -3.4 235 Hats, caps, and millinery 17 -1.8 0.1 1.9 4.1 3.9 238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 34 0.5 -1.7 -2.2 -0.1 1.6 239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 219 1.6 3.0 1.4 4.9 1.9 241 Logging 82 -3.3 -3.4 -0.1 3.0 6.6 242 Sawmills and planing mills 183 1.6 0.8 -0.8 3.0 2.2 243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 294 -1.1 -0.1 1.0 3.7 3.7 244 Wood containers 55 0.6 3.5 2.8 7.0 3.4 245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 93 0.1 3.1 3.0 7.1 3.8 249 Miscellaneous wood products 89 2.1 2.3 0.2 4.2 1.9 251 Household furniture 277 2.0 0.9 -1.1 2.9 2.0 252 Office furniture 65 1.7 1.2 -0.5 3.1 1.9 253 Public building and related furniture 44 6.4 10.9 4.2 9.8 -1.0 254 Partitions and fixtures 88 2.0 4.0 2.0 6.4 2.3 259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 39 0.2 1.0 0.7 2.8 1.8 261 Pulp mills 12 0.4 -1.5 -1.9 0.1 1.6 262 Paper mills 159 0.7 -0.2 -0.9 1.9 2.1 263 Paperboard mills 50 2.2 1.4 -0.7 4.1 2.6 265 Paperboard containers and boxes 221 1.0 2.0 1.0 4.5 2.4 267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 242 2.0 2.5 0.5 4.6 2.1 271 Newspapers 441 -2.3 -3.0 -0.6 2.9 6.0 272 Periodicals 136 0.0 1.0 1.0 7.2 6.2 273 Books 128 0.2 1.7 1.5 6.4 4.6 274 Miscellaneous publishing 88 1.4 2.8 1.4 5.5 2.7 275 Commercial printing 574 0.9 2.0 1.1 4.3 2.3 276 Manifold business forms 43 -2.3 -3.7 -1.4 0.3 4.1 277 Greeting cards 28 -0.8 1.4 2.2 3.6 2.1 278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 66 1.4 0.7 -0.7 2.6 1.9 279 Printing trade services 50 2.2 0.9 -1.3 1.2 0.4 281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 82 1.5 1.2 -0.3 2.4 1.3 282 Plastics materials and synthetics 159 3.0 2.5 -0.5 3.7 1.2 283 Drugs 269 1.2 3.5 2.2 6.5 3.0 284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 156 2.7 2.9 0.2 4.2 1.2 285 Paints and allied products 52 2.4 0.7 -1.7 3.6 2.9 286 Industrial organic chemicals 138 1.2 0.6 -0.6 4.1 3.5 287 Agricultural chemicals 52 1.9 2.2 0.3 3.0 0.8 289 Miscellaneous chemical products 94 1.9 1.9 0.0 3.6 1.7 291 Petroleum refining 98 4.1 1.4 -2.5 3.7 2.2 295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 29 1.9 2.3 0.4 3.0 0.7 299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 -0.3 1.4 1.7 4.3 2.9 301 Tires and inner tubes 78 4.0 3.0 -1.0 3.4 0.3 305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 69 1.2 3.8 2.6 5.8 1.9 306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 112 2.3 3.1 0.8 3.4 0.3 308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 731 2.7 5.0 2.3 6.4 1.4 314 Footwear, except rubber 41 2.6 -4.6 -7.1 -3.1 1.6 321 Flat glass 17 0.7 1.8 1.0 0.5 -1.2 322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 72 2.5 0.8 -1.7 1.0 0.3 323 Products of purchased glass 63 2.3 4.5 2.2 5.6 1.1 324 Cement, hydraulic 17 2.9 1.6 -1.2 2.4 0.7 325 Structural clay products 34 1.5 0.5 -1.0 2.5 2.0 326 Pottery and related products 39 1.5 2.0 0.5 3.3 1.3 327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 218 0.9 1.3 0.4 3.6 2.2 329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 76 1.2 1.5 0.3 3.1 1.6 331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 235 4.9 3.7 -1.1 2.3 -1.4 332 Iron and steel foundries 130 2.0 2.6 0.6 3.4 0.7 333 Primary nonferrous metals 39 1.5 1.5 0.0 3.6 2.1 335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 169 1.2 0.9 -0.3 3.7 2.8 336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 92 2.4 3.4 1.0 5.0 1.5 339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 30 3.5 5.5 1.9 5.0 -0.4 341 Metal cans and shipping containers 38 4.9 0.7 -3.9 -1.0 -1.8 342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 126 1.2 0.8 -0.5 2.8 2.0 343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 58 2.4 1.9 -0.5 4.3 2.4 344 Fabricated structural metal products 453 1.0 2.0 1.0 4.5 2.4 346 Metal forgings and stampings 255 1.9 3.3 1.4 3.8 0.6 347 Metal services, n.e.c. 140 2.1 4.5 2.3 5.6 1.1 348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 43 0.1 -5.7 -5.7 -4.7 1.0 349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 263 0.6 2.7 2.1 4.8 2.0 351 Engines and turbines 83 3.0 2.3 -0.7 1.2 -1.0 352 Farm and garden machinery 105 3.5 4.9 1.4 5.6 0.7 353 Construction and related machinery 243 2.8 4.6 1.8 4.4 -0.2 354 Metalworking machinery 350 1.7 3.2 1.5 4.8 1.5 355 Special industry machinery 179 2.7 4.5 1.8 4.8 0.3 356 General industrial machinery 264 1.0 2.7 1.7 4.6 1.9 357 Computer and office equipment 376 25.1 22.5 -2.0 1.4 -17.2 358 Refrigeration and service machinery 202 1.4 3.1 1.7 4.0 0.9 359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 366 2.6 4.8 2.1 6.0 1.2 361 Electric distribution equipment 82 3.7 1.6 -2.0 2.5 0.9 362 Electrical industrial apparatus 154 5.1 3.7 -1.3 3.8 0.1 363 Household appliances 115 3.3 1.6 -1.6 2.4 0.8 364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 181 2.0 1.5 -0.4 3.0 1.4 366 Communications equipment 277 8.3 8.3 0.0 5.8 -2.3 367 Electronic components and accessories 650 19.8 21.0 1.0 5.3 -13.0 369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 149 2.2 1.2 -1.0 0.9 -0.3 371 Motor vehicles and equipment 986 1.5 3.4 1.8 4.2 0.8 372 Aircraft and parts 501 1.3 -1.4 -2.7 0.5 1.9 373 Ship and boat building and repairing 158 0.4 -0.9 -1.3 0.4 1.3 374 Railroad equipment 34 6.2 9.3 2.9 6.6 -2.4 375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 22 1.9 9.1 7.1 13.1 3.7 376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 91 2.4 -5.6 -7.8 -5.4 0.2 381 Search and navigation equipment 161 4.1 -3.1 -6.9 -2.3 0.9 382 Measuring and controlling devices 301 3.7 3.5 -0.3 3.6 0.2 384 Medical instruments and supplies 276 3.9 6.5 2.5 7.9 1.4 385 Ophthalmic goods 35 7.3 6.6 -0.7 5.7 -0.9 386 Photographic equipment & supplies 86 2.0 -0.3 -2.2 0.9 1.2 391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 49 1.6 1.0 -0.5 2.5 1.5 393 Musical instruments 16 -1.7 0.5 2.3 5.4 4.8 394 Toys and sporting goods 111 3.4 5.0 1.5 5.8 0.8 395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 2.5 1.8 -0.6 3.3 1.4 396 Costume jewelry and notions 23 1.8 -1.8 -3.5 -0.2 1.6 399 Miscellaneous manufactures 161 0.9 2.6 1.7 4.7 2.0 (1) Employment figures are based primarily on data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.