Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 98-441 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Establishment data: 606-6555 For release: 1:30 P.M. (EST) Media contact: 606-5902 Thursday, November 5, 1998 THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: OCTOBER 1998 Payroll employment grew modestly, and the unemployment rate was unchanged at 4.6 percent in October, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The number of payroll jobs was up by 116,000, following a rise of 157,000 in September (as revised). Growth in services and most other industries in October was partly offset by a large decline in manufacturing. The increase in average hourly earnings was small for the second month in a row. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The number of unemployed persons, 6.3 million in October, was unchanged over the month. The unemployment rate remained at 4.6 percent; it has been at or below 5.0 percent since April 1997. Among the major worker groups, the jobless rates for adult men (3.7 percent), adult women (4.0 percent), teenagers (16.0 percent), whites (4.0 percent), blacks (8.6 percent), and Hispanics (7.2 percent) showed little or no change in October. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) Among the major educational attainment categories, the unemployment rate for college graduates 25 years and older rose to 2.0 percent, about the same as earlier this year. Jobless rates for persons with less than a high school diploma (6.8 percent), high school graduates with no college (4.0 percent), and persons with some college experience but no bachelor's degree (3.0 percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See table A-3.) The number of persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks increased by 218,000 to 2.9 million in October. The number of unemployed who were new entrants--persons who were looking for their first jobs--increased by 102,000. (See tables A-6 and A-7.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment was essentially unchanged over the month at 131.7 million, after seasonal adjustment. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population age 16 and older with jobs--was 63.9 percent, little changed from the previous month. (See table A-1.) About 8.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in October. These multiple jobholders comprised 6.2 percent of total employment, the same proportion as a year earlier. (See table A-10.) The civilian labor force also was about unchanged in October, at 138.0 million, seasonally adjusted. Over the year, the labor force has grown by 1.9 million, after adjusting for the changes in the composite estimation - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________|Sept.- Category | 1998 1/ | 1998 1/ | Oct. |_________________|__________________________|change | II | III | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 137,351| 137,596| 137,415| 138,075| 137,976| -99 Employment..........| 131,349| 131,333| 131,168| 131,765| 131,677| -88 Unemployment........| 6,002| 6,262| 6,247| 6,310| 6,299| -11 Not in labor force....| 67,554| 67,887| 68,064| 67,624| 67,943| 319 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.4| 4.6| 4.5| 4.6| 4.6| .0 Adult men...........| 3.6| 3.8| 3.7| 3.8| 3.7| -0.1 Adult women.........| 4.0| 4.0| 4.1| 4.0| 4.0| .0 Teenagers...........| 14.0| 14.7| 15.0| 15.4| 16.0| .6 White...............| 3.8| 3.9| 4.0| 3.9| 4.0| .1 Black...............| 8.7| 9.3| 9.0| 9.2| 8.6| -.6 Hispanic origin.....| 6.9| 7.4| 7.5| 7.4| 7.2| -.2 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA 2/| Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 125,516|p126,136| 126,191|p126,348|p126,464| p116 Goods-producing 2/..| 25,315| p25,203| 25,253| p25,221| p25,183| p-38 Construction......| 5,931| p5,976| 5,989| p5,968| p5,987| p19 Manufacturing.....| 18,804| p18,657| 18,693| p18,683| p18,631| p-52 Service-producing 2/| 100,201|p100,933| 100,938|p101,127|p101,281| p154 Retail trade......| 22,402| p22,567| 22,545| p22,608| p22,598| p-10 Services..........| 37,347| p37,687| 37,691| p37,756| p37,851| p95 Government........| 19,802| p19,897| 19,922| p19,942| p19,966| p24 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.6| p34.5| 34.6| p34.4| p34.6| p0.2 Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.7| 41.7| p41.6| p41.8| p.2 Overtime..........| 4.6| p4.6| 4.6| p4.5| p4.5| p.0 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 144.6| p145.1| 145.3| p144.7| p145.6| p0.9 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.73| p$12.84| $12.85| p$12.87| p$12.88| p$0.01 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 440.46| p443.29| 444.61| p442.73| p445.65| p2.92 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1998, household data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - procedure introduced with the January 1998 data. In October, the labor force participation rate was 67.0 percent, about unchanged from the prior year. (See table A-1.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in October. These were people who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them--was 333,000 in October, about the same as a year earlier. (See table A-10.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 116,000 in October to 126.5 million, seasonally adjusted. Employment in manufacturing fell sharply, while the number of jobs in construction and in several service-producing industries grew. Employment growth has slowed in recent months, with gains averaging about 148,000 a month since July, compared with 247,000 during the first 7 months of the year (after adjustment for the effects of the strikes in automobile-related manufacturing). Manufacturing employment decreased by 52,000 in October; since March it has fallen by 198,000. Over-the-month losses were widespread throughout the industry. The largest declines were in apparel (-14,000) and in electronic equipment (-12,000). Each of these industries has lost nearly 50,000 jobs since March. Employment declines also occurred in October in primary metals, industrial machinery, instruments, and miscellaneous manufacturing. Motor vehicles added 7,000 jobs; auto inventories were still low, following the recent strikes and related plant shutdowns. Construction employment increased by 19,000 in October, following a loss of similar magnitude in September. Gains occurred in general building and special trade contractors. Mining continued its long-term downward trend, shedding 5,000 jobs in October. Since September 1997, employment in the industry has declined by 29,000. In the service-producing sector, the services industry added 95,000 jobs in October, more than in either of the prior 2 months, but still less than the average for the first 7 months of 1998 (117,000). Employment in business services rose by 58,000, following a decline in September. Within business services, employment in personnel supply was up by 21,000 over the month but remained below its June peak. Gains in computer services and in engineering and management services continued in October, with each industry adding 13,000 jobs. Since July, however, the pace of growth has slackened in both industries. Health services employment rose by 12,000 in October, as continued losses in home health care services partially offset increases in hospitals and offices and clinics of medical doctors. Over- the-month employment declines occurred in amusement and recreation services (-17,000) and hotels and other lodging places (-12,000); however, these industries had experienced strong hiring during much of the year. Employment in finance rose by 18,000 in October, following no growth in the prior month. Employment in commercial banks increased by 3,000, the - 4 - first gain since March. Mortgage brokerages had an especially large job gain (7,000), and security brokerages continued their growth trend, adding 4,000 jobs. Employment in real estate was little changed in October and has shown no net growth since July. Transportation employment grew by 13,000 in October, with much of the increase occurring in trucking (8,000). Returning strikers accounted for most of the 8,000 increase in employment in the communications industry. Employment in retail trade edged down in October, following a large increase in September. In general merchandise stores, employment declined by 28,000 in October, following a similar increase in the prior month. Apparel and accessory stores had an employment loss of 13,000 in October. Other retail industries showed employment gains, with the largest occurring in auto dealers and service stations (11,000). Employment in wholesale trade was little changed in October, following a substantial increase in September. Government employment increased by 24,000 over the month, with most of the gain taking place in federal government. The large increase in federal government (18,000) resulted from the hiring of workers in preparation for the decennial census. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.2 hour in October to 34.6 hours, seasonally adjusted, returning to its August level. The manufacturing workweek also increased by 0.2 hour to 41.8 hours, while factory overtime was unchanged at 4.5 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.6 percent to 145.6 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index increased by 0.2 percent in October to 108.0, reflecting the increase in the factory workweek. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls edged up 1 cent in October to $12.88, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings increased by 0.7 percent in October to $445.65. Over the year, both average hourly and weekly earnings have risen by 3.6 percent. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for November 1998 is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 4, at 8:30 A.M. (EST). --------------------------------------------------------------- | Changes in Establishment-based Data Series | | | | Following usual practice, the 6-month updates to seasonal | |adjustment factors for the establishment survey data will be | |introduced with next month's release of November data. These | |factors will be used for the September 1998 through April 1999 | |estimates and will be published in the December 1998 issue of | |Employment and Earnings. As a service to users, these factors | |will be available about 1 week prior to the release of November| |estimates on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm) or| |by calling (202) 606-6521. | --------------------------------------------------------------- - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1998, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted(1) | | Employment status, sex, and age | | _______________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TOTAL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............|203,767|205,699|205,919|203,767|205,085|205,270|205,479|205,699|205,919 Civilian labor force............................|136,665|137,903|138,255|136,406|137,447|137,296|137,415|138,075|137,976 Participation rate........................| 67.1| 67.0| 67.1| 66.9| 67.0| 66.9| 66.9| 67.1| 67.0 Employed......................................|130,671|131,864|132,424|129,910|131,209|131,067|131,168|131,765|131,677 Employment-population ratio...............| 64.1| 64.1| 64.3| 63.8| 64.0| 63.9| 63.8| 64.1| 63.9 Agriculture.................................| 3,372| 3,671| 3,630| 3,327| 3,343| 3,441| 3,529| 3,518| 3,603 Nonagricultural industries..................|127,299|128,193|128,794|126,583|127,867|127,626|127,640|128,247|128,075 Unemployed....................................| 5,995| 6,039| 5,831| 6,496| 6,237| 6,230| 6,247| 6,310| 6,299 Unemployment rate.........................| 4.4| 4.4| 4.2| 4.8| 4.5| 4.5| 4.5| 4.6| 4.6 Not in labor force..............................| 67,102| 67,796| 67,664| 67,361| 67,639| 67,973| 68,064| 67,624| 67,943 | | | | | | | | | Men, 16 years and over | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 98,050| 99,006| 99,121| 98,050| 98,691| 98,785| 98,892| 99,006| 99,121 Civilian labor force............................| 73,345| 73,954| 74,165| 73,311| 73,818| 74,027| 73,695| 74,165| 74,091 Participation rate........................| 74.8| 74.7| 74.8| 74.8| 74.8| 74.9| 74.5| 74.9| 74.7 Employed......................................| 70,215| 70,866| 71,219| 69,785| 70,570| 70,605| 70,441| 70,751| 70,797 Employment-population ratio...............| 71.6| 71.6| 71.9| 71.2| 71.5| 71.5| 71.2| 71.5| 71.4 Unemployed....................................| 3,130| 3,088| 2,946| 3,526| 3,249| 3,422| 3,253| 3,414| 3,294 Unemployment rate.........................| 4.3| 4.2| 4.0| 4.8| 4.4| 4.6| 4.4| 4.6| 4.4 | | | | | | | | | Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 90,140| 91,003| 91,101| 90,140| 90,700| 90,802| 90,889| 91,003| 91,101 Civilian labor force............................| 69,361| 69,817| 70,051| 69,193| 69,545| 69,790| 69,490| 69,829| 69,815 Participation rate........................| 76.9| 76.7| 76.9| 76.8| 76.7| 76.9| 76.5| 76.7| 76.6 Employed......................................| 66,855| 67,416| 67,773| 66,337| 66,950| 67,040| 66,901| 67,185| 67,241 Employment-population ratio...............| 74.2| 74.1| 74.4| 73.6| 73.8| 73.8| 73.6| 73.8| 73.8 Agriculture.................................| 2,363| 2,526| 2,542| 2,298| 2,333| 2,394| 2,443| 2,424| 2,463 Nonagricultural industries..................| 64,491| 64,890| 65,231| 64,039| 64,617| 64,646| 64,457| 64,761| 64,778 Unemployed....................................| 2,506| 2,401| 2,278| 2,856| 2,595| 2,750| 2,589| 2,645| 2,575 Unemployment rate.........................| 3.6| 3.4| 3.3| 4.1| 3.7| 3.9| 3.7| 3.8| 3.7 | | | | | | | | | Women, 16 years and over | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............|105,718|106,693|106,798|105,718|106,394|106,484|106,587|106,693|106,798 Civilian labor force............................| 63,321| 63,949| 64,090| 63,095| 63,628| 63,270| 63,721| 63,910| 63,885 Participation rate........................| 59.9| 59.9| 60.0| 59.7| 59.8| 59.4| 59.8| 59.9| 59.8 Employed......................................| 60,456| 60,998| 61,205| 60,125| 60,640| 60,462| 60,727| 61,014| 60,881 Employment-population ratio...............| 57.2| 57.2| 57.3| 56.9| 57.0| 56.8| 57.0| 57.2| 57.0 Unemployed....................................| 2,865| 2,951| 2,884| 2,970| 2,989| 2,808| 2,994| 2,896| 3,004 Unemployment rate.........................| 4.5| 4.6| 4.5| 4.7| 4.7| 4.4| 4.7| 4.5| 4.7 | | | | | | | | | Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 98,144| 98,994| 99,037| 98,144| 98,735| 98,778| 98,901| 98,994| 99,037 Civilian labor force............................| 59,777| 60,059| 60,224| 59,338| 59,599| 59,359| 59,712| 59,804| 59,810 Participation rate........................| 60.9| 60.7| 60.8| 60.5| 60.4| 60.1| 60.4| 60.4| 60.4 Employed......................................| 57,397| 57,610| 57,898| 56,919| 57,172| 57,000| 57,286| 57,435| 57,422 Employment-population ratio...............| 58.5| 58.2| 58.5| 58.0| 57.9| 57.7| 57.9| 58.0| 58.0 Agriculture.................................| 834| 834| 802| 814| 747| 793| 819| 773| 778 Nonagricultural industries..................| 56,562| 56,776| 57,097| 56,105| 56,424| 56,207| 56,468| 56,663| 56,643 Unemployed....................................| 2,380| 2,449| 2,326| 2,419| 2,427| 2,359| 2,426| 2,368| 2,388 Unemployment rate.........................| 4.0| 4.1| 3.9| 4.1| 4.1| 4.0| 4.1| 4.0| 4.0 | | | | | | | | | Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 15,483| 15,702| 15,781| 15,483| 15,651| 15,690| 15,689| 15,702| 15,781 Civilian labor force............................| 7,528| 8,027| 7,980| 7,875| 8,302| 8,147| 8,213| 8,442| 8,351 Participation rate........................| 48.6| 51.1| 50.6| 50.9| 53.0| 51.9| 52.4| 53.8| 52.9 Employed......................................| 6,419| 6,838| 6,753| 6,654| 7,088| 7,027| 6,981| 7,145| 7,015 Employment-population ratio...............| 41.5| 43.5| 42.8| 43.0| 45.3| 44.8| 44.5| 45.5| 44.5 Agriculture.................................| 174| 311| 287| 215| 262| 254| 267| 322| 361 Nonagricultural industries..................| 6,245| 6,527| 6,466| 6,439| 6,826| 6,773| 6,715| 6,823| 6,653 Unemployed....................................| 1,108| 1,189| 1,226| 1,221| 1,215| 1,120| 1,232| 1,297| 1,336 Unemployment rate.........................| 14.7| 14.8| 15.4| 15.5| 14.6| 13.8| 15.0| 15.4| 16.0 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted(1) | | Employment status, race, sex, age, and | | _______________________________________________________________________ Hispanic origin | | | | | | | | | | | | Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WHITE | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............|170,427|171,804|171,956|170,427|171,387|171,513|171,655|171,804|171,956 Civilian labor force............................|114,963|115,599|115,804|114,784|115,137|114,975|115,275|115,776|115,602 Participation rate..........................| 67.5| 67.3| 67.3| 67.4| 67.2| 67.0| 67.2| 67.4| 67.2 Employed......................................|110,653|111,316|111,599|110,063|110,535|110,630|110,708|111,233|111,013 Employment-population ratio.................| 64.9| 64.8| 64.9| 64.6| 64.5| 64.5| 64.5| 64.7| 64.6 Unemployed....................................| 4,309| 4,284| 4,206| 4,721| 4,602| 4,346| 4,567| 4,543| 4,589 Unemployment rate...........................| 3.7| 3.7| 3.6| 4.1| 4.0| 3.8| 4.0| 3.9| 4.0 | | | | | | | | | Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 59,214| 59,542| 59,620| 59,098| 59,257| 59,403| 59,314| 59,592| 59,469 Participation rate..........................| 77.4| 77.2| 77.2| 77.2| 77.0| 77.2| 77.0| 77.3| 77.1 Employed......................................| 57,374| 57,756| 57,911| 56,966| 57,302| 57,436| 57,385| 57,584| 57,509 Employment-population ratio.................| 75.0| 74.9| 75.0| 74.4| 74.5| 74.6| 74.5| 74.7| 74.5 Unemployed....................................| 1,840| 1,785| 1,709| 2,132| 1,955| 1,967| 1,929| 2,008| 1,960 Unemployment rate...........................| 3.1| 3.0| 2.9| 3.6| 3.3| 3.3| 3.3| 3.4| 3.3 | | | | | | | | | Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 49,356| 49,348| 49,433| 48,976| 48,886| 48,705| 49,013| 49,110| 49,058 Participation rate..........................| 60.4| 60.0| 60.1| 60.0| 59.6| 59.3| 59.7| 59.8| 59.7 Employed......................................| 47,701| 47,682| 47,825| 47,284| 47,197| 47,087| 47,287| 47,492| 47,398 Employment-population ratio.................| 58.4| 58.0| 58.2| 57.9| 57.5| 57.4| 57.6| 57.8| 57.6 Unemployed....................................| 1,655| 1,667| 1,608| 1,692| 1,688| 1,618| 1,726| 1,618| 1,660 Unemployment rate...........................| 3.4| 3.4| 3.3| 3.5| 3.5| 3.3| 3.5| 3.3| 3.4 | | | | | | | | | Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 6,393| 6,709| 6,751| 6,710| 6,994| 6,867| 6,949| 7,074| 7,075 Participation rate..........................| 52.3| 53.6| 53.9| 54.9| 56.2| 55.1| 55.6| 56.5| 56.4 Employed......................................| 5,579| 5,878| 5,863| 5,813| 6,036| 6,107| 6,036| 6,158| 6,106 Employment-population ratio.................| 45.6| 46.9| 46.8| 47.5| 48.5| 49.0| 48.3| 49.2| 48.7 Unemployed....................................| 814| 832| 888| 897| 958| 760| 913| 917| 969 Unemployment rate...........................| 12.7| 12.4| 13.2| 13.4| 13.7| 11.1| 13.1| 13.0| 13.7 Men.......................................| 14.2| 14.1| 13.8| 14.3| 14.7| 13.1| 14.3| 15.0| 14.0 Women.....................................| 11.0| 10.5| 12.4| 12.3| 12.6| 8.9| 11.9| 10.7| 13.4 | | | | | | | | | BLACK | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 24,117| 24,458| 24,496| 24,117| 24,349| 24,381| 24,418| 24,458| 24,496 Civilian labor force............................| 15,624| 15,996| 16,220| 15,555| 16,013| 16,059| 15,907| 15,982| 16,172 Participation rate..........................| 64.8| 65.4| 66.2| 64.5| 65.8| 65.9| 65.1| 65.3| 66.0 Employed......................................| 14,208| 14,552| 14,896| 14,067| 14,700| 14,508| 14,476| 14,510| 14,781 Employment-population ratio.................| 58.9| 59.5| 60.8| 58.3| 60.4| 59.5| 59.3| 59.3| 60.3 Unemployed....................................| 1,416| 1,444| 1,325| 1,488| 1,313| 1,551| 1,431| 1,472| 1,391 Unemployment rate...........................| 9.1| 9.0| 8.2| 9.6| 8.2| 9.7| 9.0| 9.2| 8.6 | | | | | | | | | Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 7,004| 7,024| 7,212| 6,945| 7,088| 7,120| 7,017| 6,975| 7,152 Participation rate..........................| 72.9| 72.0| 73.7| 72.3| 73.0| 73.2| 72.0| 71.5| 73.1 Employed......................................| 6,469| 6,534| 6,754| 6,367| 6,599| 6,485| 6,470| 6,475| 6,661 Employment-population ratio.................| 67.3| 66.9| 69.1| 66.3| 67.9| 66.7| 66.4| 66.3| 68.1 Unemployed....................................| 535| 490| 458| 578| 489| 635| 547| 499| 492 Unemployment rate...........................| 7.6| 7.0| 6.4| 8.3| 6.9| 8.9| 7.8| 7.2| 6.9 | | | | | | | | | Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 7,742| 7,932| 8,030| 7,680| 7,866| 7,921| 7,894| 7,918| 7,983 Participation rate..........................| 64.1| 64.8| 65.5| 63.6| 64.5| 64.9| 64.6| 64.7| 65.1 Employed......................................| 7,105| 7,277| 7,437| 7,044| 7,256| 7,296| 7,296| 7,277| 7,385 Employment-population ratio.................| 58.8| 59.4| 60.7| 58.3| 59.5| 59.8| 59.7| 59.4| 60.2 Unemployed....................................| 637| 655| 594| 636| 609| 625| 597| 641| 598 Unemployment rate...........................| 8.2| 8.3| 7.4| 8.3| 7.7| 7.9| 7.6| 8.1| 7.5 | | | | | | | | | Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 878| 1,040| 978| 930| 1,060| 1,018| 996| 1,089| 1,037 Participation rate..........................| 36.1| 42.3| 39.8| 38.2| 43.4| 41.6| 40.6| 44.3| 42.2 Employed......................................| 634| 742| 705| 656| 846| 727| 709| 758| 735 Employment-population ratio.................| 26.0| 30.2| 28.7| 26.9| 34.6| 29.7| 28.9| 30.8| 29.9 Unemployed....................................| 244| 299| 273| 274| 214| 291| 287| 332| 302 Unemployment rate...........................| 27.8| 28.7| 27.9| 29.5| 20.2| 28.6| 28.8| 30.4| 29.1 Men.......................................| 25.1| 30.5| 31.2| 30.1| 20.4| 30.6| 29.7| 34.1| 35.1 Women.....................................| 30.3| 26.9| 25.0| 28.8| 20.1| 26.4| 28.1| 26.8| 23.8 HISPANIC ORIGIN | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 20,519| 21,224| 21,286| 20,519| 21,036| 21,097| 21,159| 21,224| 21,286 Civilian labor force............................| 14,002| 14,487| 14,509| 13,896| 14,420| 14,240| 14,277| 14,484| 14,418 Participation rate..........................| 68.2| 68.3| 68.2| 67.7| 68.5| 67.5| 67.5| 68.2| 67.7 Employed......................................| 12,953| 13,481| 13,502| 12,806| 13,328| 13,219| 13,203| 13,413| 13,381 Employment-population ratio.................| 63.1| 63.5| 63.4| 62.4| 63.4| 62.7| 62.4| 63.2| 62.9 Unemployed....................................| 1,049| 1,007| 1,007| 1,090| 1,092| 1,022| 1,074| 1,071| 1,036 Unemployment rate...........................| 7.5| 6.9| 6.9| 7.8| 7.6| 7.2| 7.5| 7.4| 7.2 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Not seasonally adjusted | Seasonally adjusted(1) | | _________________________________________________________________________________________ Educational attainment | | | | | | | | | | | | Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Less than a high school diploma | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population......| 29,046 | 29,290 | 28,713 | 29,046 | 30,064 | 29,027 | 29,204 | 29,290 | 28,713 Civilian labor force....................| 12,299 | 12,642 | 12,143 | 12,468 | 12,888 | 12,548 | 12,450 | 12,597 | 12,321 Percent of population...............| 42.3 | 43.2 | 42.3 | 42.9 | 42.9 | 43.2 | 42.6 | 43.0 | 42.9 Employed..............................| 11,408 | 11,845 | 11,368 | 11,502 | 11,963 | 11,648 | 11,567 | 11,728 | 11,483 Employment-population ratio.........| 39.3 | 40.4 | 39.6 | 39.6 | 39.8 | 40.1 | 39.6 | 40.0 | 40.0 Unemployed............................| 891 | 797 | 774 | 966 | 925 | 901 | 883 | 869 | 838 Unemployment rate...................| 7.2 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.8 | | | | | | | | | High school graduates, no college (2) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population......| 57,459 | 57,589 | 57,666 | 57,459 | 57,446 | 57,374 | 57,729 | 57,589 | 57,666 Civilian labor force....................| 37,805 | 37,468 | 37,669 | 37,759 | 37,096 | 37,219 | 37,381 | 37,218 | 37,606 Percent of population...............| 65.8 | 65.1 | 65.3 | 65.7 | 64.6 | 64.9 | 64.8 | 64.6 | 65.2 Employed..............................| 36,359 | 36,050 | 36,287 | 36,179 | 35,602 | 35,694 | 35,898 | 35,693 | 36,106 Employment-population ratio.........| 63.3 | 62.6 | 62.9 | 63.0 | 62.0 | 62.2 | 62.2 | 62.0 | 62.6 Unemployed............................| 1,447 | 1,418 | 1,383 | 1,580 | 1,494 | 1,525 | 1,483 | 1,525 | 1,500 Unemployment rate...................| 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | | | | | | | | | Less than a bachelor's degree(3) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population......| 42,613 | 41,769 | 42,573 | 42,613 | 41,880 | 42,293 | 41,842 | 41,769 | 42,573 Civilian labor force....................| 31,917 | 31,184 | 31,827 | 31,328 | 31,227 | 31,174 | 30,863 | 31,152 | 31,221 Percent of population...............| 74.9 | 74.7 | 74.8 | 73.5 | 74.6 | 73.7 | 73.8 | 74.6 | 73.3 Employed..............................| 31,020 | 30,276 | 30,916 | 30,410 | 30,333 | 30,224 | 29,987 | 30,216 | 30,280 Employment-population ratio.........| 72.8 | 72.5 | 72.6 | 71.4 | 72.4 | 71.5 | 71.7 | 72.3 | 71.1 Unemployed............................| 897 | 907 | 911 | 918 | 894 | 950 | 876 | 937 | 940 Unemployment rate...................| 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.0 | | | | | | | | | College graduates | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population......| 41,696 | 43,669 | 43,520 | 41,696 | 42,464 | 43,309 | 43,431 | 43,669 | 43,520 Civilian labor force....................| 33,716 | 35,059 | 35,034 | 33,510 | 34,274 | 34,721 | 34,847 | 35,015 | 34,813 Percent of population...............| 80.9 | 80.3 | 80.5 | 80.4 | 80.7 | 80.2 | 80.2 | 80.2 | 80.0 Employed..............................| 33,120 | 34,453 | 34,405 | 32,868 | 33,674 | 34,146 | 34,236 | 34,453 | 34,132 Employment-population ratio.........| 79.4 | 78.9 | 79.1 | 78.8 | 79.3 | 78.8 | 78.8 | 78.9 | 78.4 Unemployed............................| 596 | 606 | 629 | 642 | 600 | 575 | 611 | 562 | 681 Unemployment rate...................| 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.0 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted | | Category | | _______________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CHARACTERISTIC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total employed, 16 years and over.................|130,671|131,864|132,424|129,910|131,209|131,067|131,168|131,765|131,677 Married men, spouse present.....................| 43,159| 43,385| 43,512| 42,771| 42,539| 42,837| 42,833| 43,255| 43,081 Married women, spouse present...................| 33,318| 33,067| 33,451| 32,978| 32,805| 32,658| 32,597| 32,870| 33,087 Women who maintain families.....................| 7,866| 8,042| 7,928| 7,865| 7,922| 7,846| 7,932| 8,002| 7,928 | | | | | | | | | OCCUPATION | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Managerial and professional specialty...........| 38,080| 39,572| 39,960| 37,844| 38,732| 39,011| 38,916| 39,607| 39,732 Technical, sales, and administrative support....| 38,630| 38,485| 38,556| 38,537| 38,567| 38,500| 38,889| 38,485| 38,441 Service occupations.............................| 17,657| 17,835| 17,577| 17,723| 17,873| 17,584| 17,727| 17,961| 17,630 Precision production, craft, and repair.........| 14,110| 14,060| 14,129| 14,051| 14,509| 14,312| 14,079| 13,963| 14,115 Operators, fabricators, and laborers............| 18,696| 18,073| 18,446| 18,385| 18,120| 18,145| 17,866| 18,047| 18,154 Farming, forestry, and fishing..................| 3,499| 3,838| 3,756| 3,438| 3,503| 3,503| 3,618| 3,621| 3,683 | | | | | | | | | CLASS OF WORKER | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Agriculture: | | | | | | | | | Wage and salary workers.......................| 1,805| 2,260| 2,284| 1,815| 1,841| 2,018| 2,165| 2,213| 2,309 Self-employed workers.........................| 1,506| 1,368| 1,310| 1,475| 1,470| 1,383| 1,345| 1,280| 1,265 Unpaid family workers.........................| 61| 43| 37| 55| 48| 30| 28| 43| 32 Nonagricultural industries: | | | | | | | | | Wage and salary workers.......................|118,260|118,974|119,616|117,635|118,654|118,543|118,676|118,978|118,990 Government..................................| 18,137| 18,268| 18,586| 18,075| 18,497| 18,364| 18,257| 18,415| 18,549 Private industries..........................|100,123|100,706|101,030| 99,560|100,157|100,179|100,419|100,563|100,441 Private households........................| 893| 887| 950| 877| 961| 974| 853| 900| 940 Other industries..........................| 99,230| 99,818|100,080| 98,683| 99,195| 99,205| 99,566| 99,663| 99,502 Self-employed workers.........................| 8,948| 9,131| 9,091| 8,930| 8,969| 9,094| 8,947| 9,159| 9,064 Unpaid family workers.........................| 90| 88| 87| 92| 100| 91| 83| 85| 91 | | | | | | | | | PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | All industries: | | | | | | | | | Part time for economic reasons................| 3,602| 3,112| 3,086| 3,913| 3,837| 3,783| 3,463| 3,365| 3,362 Slack work or business conditions...........| 1,983| 1,721| 1,821| 2,211| 2,230| 2,372| 1,989| 1,897| 2,042 Could only find part-time work..............| 1,343| 1,113| 1,047| 1,406| 1,246| 1,192| 1,175| 1,152| 1,099 Part time for noneconomic reasons.............| 19,001| 18,989| 19,479| 18,113| 18,665| 18,584| 18,648| 18,857| 18,641 | | | | | | | | | Nonagricultural industries: | | | | | | | | | Part time for economic reasons................| 3,439| 2,928| 2,956| 3,732| 3,676| 3,632| 3,307| 3,152| 3,216 Slack work or business conditions...........| 1,885| 1,619| 1,724| 2,103| 2,151| 2,261| 1,900| 1,779| 1,933 Could only find part-time work..............| 1,312| 1,072| 1,030| 1,378| 1,199| 1,162| 1,143| 1,113| 1,081 Part time for noneconomic reasons.............| 18,392| 18,378| 18,896| 17,537| 18,019| 17,972| 18,001| 18,305| 18,082 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Number of | | unemployed persons | Unemployment rates(1) | (in thousands) | _______________________________________________________________________ Category | | | | | | | | | | | | Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CHARACTERISTIC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over.........................| 6,496| 6,310| 6,299| 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 Men, 20 years and over.........................| 2,856| 2,645| 2,575| 4.1 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7 Women, 20 years and over.......................| 2,419| 2,368| 2,388| 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.....................| 1,221| 1,297| 1,336| 15.5 | 14.6 | 13.8 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 16.0 | | | | | | | | | Married men, spouse present....................| 1,124| 1,004| 1,006| 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 Married women, spouse present..................| 962| 884| 939| 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.8 Women who maintain families....................| 663| 660| 585| 7.8 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 6.9 | | | | | | | | | Full-time workers..............................| 5,215| 4,963| 4,903| 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 Part-time workers..............................| 1,288| 1,305| 1,399| 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.7 | | | | | | | | | OCCUPATION(2) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Managerial and professional specialty..........| 711| 710| 801| 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 Technical, sales, and administrative support...| 1,569| 1,557| 1,567| 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.9 Precision production, craft, and repair........| 786| 626| 584| 5.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.0 Operators, fabricators, and laborers...........| 1,407| 1,401| 1,319| 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 6.8 Farming, forestry, and fishing.................| 271| 295| 197| 7.3 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 5.1 | | | | | | | | | INDUSTRY | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers| 5,009| 5,052| 4,934| 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.7 Goods-producing industries...................| 1,420| 1,516| 1,311| 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 4.6 Mining.....................................| 30| 18| 14| 4.5 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 2.2 Construction...............................| 599| 625| 458| 8.7 | 8.0 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 9.0 | 6.5 Manufacturing..............................| 791| 873| 839| 3.8 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.0 Durable goods............................| 379| 492| 400| 3.1 | 2.9 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.1 Nondurable goods.........................| 412| 381| 438| 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 5.3 Service-producing industries.................| 3,589| 3,537| 3,623| 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 Transportation and public utilities........| 248| 266| 257| 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 Wholesale and retail trade.................| 1,634| 1,572| 1,524| 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.7 Finance, insurance, and real estate........| 223| 186| 212| 2.9 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.5 Services...................................| 1,484| 1,513| 1,630| 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.8 Government workers.............................| 443| 431| 409| 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 Agricultural wage and salary workers...........| 192| 189| 156| 9.6 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 6.3 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted | | _______________________________________________________________________ Duration | | | | | | | | | | | | Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Less than 5 weeks................................| 2,362| 2,665| 2,617| 2,558| 2,519| 2,625| 2,675| 2,639| 2,857 5 to 14 weeks....................................| 1,802| 1,793| 1,728| 1,912| 2,084| 1,983| 1,960| 1,999| 1,841 15 weeks and over................................| 1,830| 1,581| 1,486| 1,990| 1,621| 1,600| 1,647| 1,651| 1,589 15 to 26 weeks................................| 831| 686| 652| 919| 852| 793| 820| 733| 699 27 weeks and over.............................| 999| 896| 834| 1,071| 769| 807| 827| 918| 890 | | | | | | | | | Average (mean) duration, in weeks................| 16.6| 14.5| 14.6| 16.3| 13.8| 14.3| 13.5| 14.3| 14.3 Median duration, in weeks........................| 7.5| 6.8| 5.7| 7.7| 6.6| 6.6| 6.9| 6.6| 5.8 | | | | | | | | | PERCENT DISTRIBUTION | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total unemployed.................................| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0 Less than 5 weeks..............................| 39.4| 44.1| 44.9| 39.6| 40.5| 42.3| 42.6| 42.0| 45.4 5 to 14 weeks..................................| 30.1| 29.7| 29.6| 29.6| 33.5| 31.9| 31.2| 31.8| 29.3 15 weeks and over..............................| 30.5| 26.2| 25.5| 30.8| 26.0| 25.8| 26.2| 26.2| 25.3 15 to 26 weeks...............................| 13.9| 11.4| 11.2| 14.2| 13.7| 12.8| 13.0| 11.7| 11.1 27 weeks and over............................| 16.7| 14.8| 14.3| 16.6| 12.4| 13.0| 13.2| 14.6| 14.2 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted | | _______________________________________________________________________ Reason | | | | | | | | | | | | Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | | jobs...........................................| 2,525| 2,534| 2,426| 2,934| 2,819| 2,908| 2,852| 2,902| 2,815 On temporary layoff.............................| 668| 628| 584| 963| 841| 966| 978| 939| 831 Not on temporary layoff.........................| 1,857| 1,905| 1,842| 1,971| 1,978| 1,941| 1,874| 1,963| 1,984 Permanent job losers..........................| 1,252| 1,237| 1,218| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs..........| 606| 668| 625| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) Job leavers.......................................| 769| 854| 757| 732| 766| 799| 740| 724| 734 Reentrants........................................| 2,225| 2,223| 2,137| 2,247| 2,096| 2,042| 2,132| 2,195| 2,170 New entrants......................................| 475| 428| 509| 555| 532| 463| 503| 487| 589 | | | | | | | | | PERCENT DISTRIBUTION | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total unemployed..................................| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0 Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | | jobs...........................................| 42.1| 42.0| 41.6| 45.4| 45.4| 46.8| 45.8| 46.0| 44.6 On temporary layoff............................| 11.1| 10.4| 10.0| 14.9| 13.5| 15.6| 15.7| 14.9| 13.2 Not on temporary layoff........................| 31.0| 31.5| 31.6| 30.5| 31.8| 31.3| 30.1| 31.1| 31.5 Job leavers......................................| 12.8| 14.1| 13.0| 11.3| 12.3| 12.9| 11.9| 11.5| 11.6 Reentrants.......................................| 37.1| 36.8| 36.7| 34.7| 33.7| 32.9| 34.2| 34.8| 34.4 New entrants.....................................| 7.9| 7.1| 8.7| 8.6| 8.6| 7.5| 8.1| 7.7| 9.3 | | | | | | | | | UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE | | | | | | | | | CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | | jobs...........................................| 1.8| 1.8| 1.8| 2.2| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.0 Job leavers......................................| .6| .6| .5| .5| .6| .6| .5| .5| .5 Reentrants.......................................| 1.6| 1.6| 1.5| 1.6| 1.5| 1.5| 1.6| 1.6| 1.6 New entrants.....................................| .3| .3| .4| .4| .4| .3| .4| .4| .4 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Not seasonally | Seasonally adjusted | adjusted | Measure | | ______________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | Oct. | Sept.| Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of | | | | | | | | | the civilian | | | | | | | | | labor force..............................................| 1.3| 1.1| 1.1| 1.5| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2 | | | | | | | | | U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as | | | | | | | | | a percent of the | | | | | | | | | civilian labor force.....................................| 1.8| 1.8| 1.8| 2.2| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.0 | | | | | | | | | U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor | | | | | | | | | force | | | | | | | | | (official unemployment rate).............................| 4.4| 4.4| 4.2| 4.8| 4.5| 4.5| 4.5| 4.6| 4.6 | | | | | | | | | U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent | | | | | | | | | of the civilian | | | | | | | | | labor force plus discouraged workers....................| 4.6| 4.6| 4.4| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | | | | | | | | | U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all | | | | | | | | | other marginally | | | | | | | | | attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor | | | | | | | | | force plus all marginally | | | | | | | | | attached workers........................................| 5.3| 5.3| 5.1| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | | | | | | | | | U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, | | | | | | | | | plus total employed | | | | | | | | | part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the | | | | | | | | | civilian labor force plus | | | | | | | | | all marginally attached workers.........................| 7.9| 7.6| 7.3| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Number of | | unemployed persons | Unemployment rates(1) | (in thousands) | Age and sex | | _______________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | Oct. | Sept. | Oct. | Oct. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over..........................| 6,496| 6,310| 6,299| 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 16 to 24 years..................................| 2,375| 2,438| 2,324| 11.1 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 10.5 16 to 19 years................................| 1,221| 1,297| 1,336| 15.5 | 14.6 | 13.8 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 16.0 16 to 17 years..............................| 568| 611| 623| 17.5 | 18.2 | 15.2 | 17.1 | 17.9 | 18.8 18 to 19 years..............................| 654| 696| 710| 14.1 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 14.2 20 to 24 years................................| 1,154| 1,141| 988| 8.5 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 7.2 25 years and over...............................| 4,122| 3,888| 3,970| 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 25 to 54 years................................| 3,636| 3,421| 3,520| 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 55 years and over.............................| 472| 471| 456| 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | | | | | | | | | Men, 16 years and over..........................| 3,526| 3,414| 3,294| 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.4 16 to 24 years................................| 1,350| 1,403| 1,259| 12.0 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 11.0 16 to 19 years..............................| 670| 769| 720| 16.3 | 15.3 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 17.7 | 16.8 16 to 17 years............................| 311| 365| 369| 18.2 | 21.0 | 17.3 | 18.6 | 20.7 | 21.8 18 to 19 years............................| 360| 401| 347| 14.8 | 11.8 | 14.6 | 14.2 | 15.7 | 13.5 20 to 24 years..............................| 680| 634| 539| 9.5 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 7.5 25 years and over.............................| 2,176| 2,002| 2,036| 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 25 to 54 years..............................| 1,887| 1,715| 1,764| 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 55 years and over...........................| 277| 296| 271| 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 2.8 | | | | | | | | | Women, 16 years and over........................| 2,970| 2,896| 3,004| 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 16 to 24 years................................| 1,025| 1,036| 1,066| 10.1 | 10.3 | 9.1 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 10.1 16 to 19 years..............................| 551| 528| 617| 14.7 | 13.9 | 11.5 | 14.2 | 12.9 | 15.1 16 to 17 years............................| 257| 246| 254| 16.7 | 15.1 | 12.9 | 15.5 | 14.8 | 15.6 18 to 19 years............................| 294| 295| 363| 13.4 | 12.7 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 11.9 | 14.8 20 to 24 years..............................| 474| 508| 449| 7.4 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 6.9 25 years and over.............................| 1,946| 1,886| 1,934| 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 25 to 54 years..............................| 1,749| 1,706| 1,756| 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 55 years and over...........................| 195| 175| 185| 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.4 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | Total | Men | Women | | | _________________________________________________________________ Category | | | | | | | | | | Oct. | Oct. | Oct. | Oct. | Oct. | Oct. | 1997 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total not in the labor force......................................| 67,102 | 67,664 | 24,705 | 24,955 | 42,397 | 42,708 Persons who currently want a job................................| 4,485 | 4,550 | 1,738 | 1,861 | 2,747 | 2,689 Searched for work and vailable to work now(1)................| 1,284 | 1,242 | 561 | 592 | 723 | 650 Reason not currently looking: | | | | | | Discouragement over job prospects(2)....................| 302 | 333 | 181 | 197 | 121 | 135 Reasons other than discouragement(3).................| 982 | 910 | 380 | 395 | 602 | 515 | | | | | | MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS | | | | | | | | | | | | Total multiple jobholders(4)......................................| 8,139 | 8,234 | 4,357 | 4,270 | 3,781 | 3,964 Percent of total employed.....................................| 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.5 | | | | | | Primary job full time, secondary job part time................| 4,584 | 4,755 | 2,649 | 2,739 | 1,935 | 2,016 Primary and secondary jobs both part time.....................| 1,721 | 1,675 | 514 | 483 | 1,207 | 1,192 Primary and secondary jobs both full time.....................| 260 | 278 | 208 | 208 | 51 | 70 Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................| 1,558 | 1,487 | 972 | 817 | 586 | 670 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total......................... 124,568 126,006 126,774 127,487 123,568 125,751 125,869 126,191 126,348 126,464 Total private.................... 104,627 107,282 107,043 107,222 103,922 105,938 106,043 106,269 106,406 106,498 Goods-producing......................... 25,367 25,720 25,613 25,528 25,032 25,304 25,135 25,253 25,221 25,183 Mining................................ 599 582 575 572 592 578 571 571 570 565 Metal mining........................ 53.0 51.1 50.2 49.9 53 51 50 50 50 50 Coal mining......................... 95.0 90.3 89.0 88.5 95 90 89 90 89 88 Oil and gas extraction.............. 340.7 328.3 324.3 322.0 337 330 325 323 323 319 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 110.2 112.1 111.6 111.1 107 107 107 108 108 108 Construction.......................... 5,984 6,342 6,258 6,262 5,722 5,946 5,970 5,989 5,968 5,987 General building contractors........ 1,361.1 1,478.8 1,449.1 1,452.2 1,326 1,401 1,410 1,413 1,407 1,414 Heavy construction, except building. 871.1 905.3 900.6 902.4 789 821 828 829 818 817 Special trade contractors........... 3,751.4 3,958.2 3,908.6 3,907.8 3,607 3,724 3,732 3,747 3,743 3,756 Manufacturing......................... 18,784 18,796 18,780 18,694 18,718 18,780 18,594 18,693 18,683 18,631 Production workers................ 13,008 12,924 12,949 12,877 12,945 12,943 12,746 12,836 12,852 12,815 Durable goods........................ 11,077 11,115 11,105 11,069 11,060 11,144 10,989 11,106 11,085 11,053 Production workers................ 7,613 7,577 7,594 7,578 7,598 7,626 7,468 7,577 7,576 7,564 Lumber and wood products............ 803.5 817.4 815.6 815.2 794 801 802 802 804 806 Furniture and fixtures.............. 513.1 524.1 524.1 524.9 511 524 528 526 524 523 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 562.4 575.3 574.2 572.3 554 562 561 564 564 564 Primary metal industries............ 713.6 711.1 711.7 706.1 714 717 706 714 713 706 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 235.4 232.7 232.0 230.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Fabricated metal products........... 1,486.7 1,488.2 1,489.0 1,484.9 1,485 1,490 1,477 1,490 1,487 1,483 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,175.4 2,180.1 2,174.7 2,168.4 2,185 2,202 2,193 2,190 2,183 2,178 Computer and office equipment..... 380.6 374.3 370.2 371.3 380 375 375 373 371 370 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,703.6 1,692.5 1,688.1 1,676.6 1,702 1,714 1,701 1,694 1,687 1,675 Electronic components and accessories.................... 668.8 662.3 656.8 652.5 669 672 667 661 658 653 Transportation equipment............ 1,858.1 1,881.1 1,884.1 1,885.0 1,861 1,882 1,772 1,884 1,881 1,888 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 989.6 994.5 998.2 1,000.1 990 993 878 995 994 1,001 Aircraft and parts................ 513.3 522.8 523.7 522.6 513 524 526 526 524 522 Instruments and related products.... 866.4 858.7 854.5 850.2 866 864 861 857 855 850 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 394.0 386.6 389.3 385.5 388 388 388 385 387 380 Nondurable goods..................... 7,707 7,681 7,675 7,625 7,658 7,636 7,605 7,587 7,598 7,578 Production workers................ 5,395 5,347 5,355 5,299 5,347 5,317 5,278 5,259 5,276 5,251 Food and kindred products........... 1,723.9 1,763.9 1,768.8 1,736.4 1,689 1,706 1,696 1,690 1,703 1,702 Tobacco products.................... 43.7 40.0 41.1 41.5 41 40 40 40 39 39 Textile mill products............... 611.3 592.6 596.2 589.4 612 599 594 591 594 590 Apparel and other textile products.. 821.8 767.9 767.1 754.1 814 776 772 762 761 747 Paper and allied products........... 684.9 682.3 680.5 675.9 685 682 680 680 678 677 Printing and publishing............. 1,556.1 1,567.1 1,562.4 1,566.0 1,558 1,570 1,571 1,568 1,568 1,568 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,034.8 1,042.0 1,034.0 1,037.1 1,034 1,037 1,038 1,036 1,034 1,037 Petroleum and coal products......... 140.7 137.8 136.9 136.2 139 137 135 134 135 134 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,001.1 1,006.8 1,008.2 1,008.6 998 1,006 998 1,006 1,007 1,005 Leather and leather products........ 89.1 80.4 79.9 79.5 88 83 81 80 79 79 Service-producing....................... 99,201 100,286 101,161 101,959 98,536 100,447 100,734 100,938 101,127 101,281 Transportation and public utilities... 6,501 6,556 6,617 6,642 6,453 6,538 6,550 6,570 6,572 6,591 Transportation...................... 4,194 4,204 4,271 4,292 4,149 4,196 4,208 4,235 4,232 4,245 Railroad transportation........... 228.8 234.2 233.6 233.0 227 232 231 232 232 231 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 468.4 404.7 475.1 483.5 452 458 466 469 463 466 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,705.0 1,745.2 1,742.5 1,747.0 1,680 1,709 1,709 1,719 1,714 1,722 Water transportation.............. 182.8 198.8 194.6 192.8 180 183 188 192 191 190 Transportation by air............. 1,151.0 1,156.6 1,160.4 1,166.7 1,154 1,154 1,154 1,161 1,168 1,170 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.2 14.5 14.3 14.2 14 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 444.2 450.1 450.3 454.5 442 446 446 448 450 452 Communications and public utilities. 2,307 2,352 2,346 2,350 2,304 2,342 2,342 2,335 2,340 2,346 Communications.................... 1,446.6 1,492.3 1,493.3 1,500.2 1,443 1,488 1,488 1,483 1,488 1,496 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 860.6 859.4 852.4 849.5 861 854 854 852 852 850 Wholesale trade....................... 6,722 6,870 6,872 6,890 6,697 6,821 6,827 6,838 6,864 6,865 Durable goods....................... 3,978 4,098 4,089 4,097 3,977 4,067 4,072 4,084 4,096 4,096 Nondurable goods.................... 2,744 2,772 2,783 2,793 2,720 2,754 2,755 2,754 2,768 2,769 Retail trade.......................... 22,169 22,699 22,655 22,661 22,105 22,448 22,547 22,545 22,608 22,598 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 941.0 1,001.3 988.5 986.7 938 975 977 979 984 984 General merchandise stores.......... 2,783.7 2,748.8 2,776.2 2,829.2 2,738 2,784 2,790 2,784 2,812 2,784 Department stores................. 2,452.3 2,423.5 2,445.2 2,496.8 2,409 2,457 2,454 2,459 2,477 2,452 Food stores......................... 3,518.7 3,566.4 3,553.1 3,569.0 3,512 3,538 3,552 3,551 3,557 3,562 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,333.6 2,383.5 2,373.8 2,377.4 2,325 2,351 2,355 2,354 2,358 2,369 New and used car dealers.......... 1,057.6 1,067.8 1,068.0 1,070.6 1,055 1,064 1,066 1,064 1,065 1,068 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,101.1 1,111.6 1,096.1 1,100.5 1,103 1,108 1,111 1,112 1,116 1,103 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 1,026.0 1,059.0 1,063.1 1,078.8 1,023 1,058 1,063 1,070 1,073 1,076 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,609.3 7,954.1 7,914.8 7,776.6 7,630 7,726 7,781 7,770 7,792 7,798 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,855.8 2,874.3 2,889.5 2,942.8 2,836 2,908 2,918 2,925 2,916 2,922 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,140 7,454 7,390 7,398 7,151 7,333 7,370 7,372 7,385 7,410 Finance............................. 3,439 3,591 3,566 3,578 3,451 3,547 3,565 3,572 3,572 3,590 Depository institutions........... 2,023.9 2,053.3 2,030.3 2,031.4 2,032 2,042 2,042 2,042 2,033 2,039 Commercial banks................ 1,456.9 1,466.5 1,449.1 1,449.0 1,462 1,459 1,459 1,457 1,451 1,454 Savings institutions............ 259.0 265.3 262.4 262.4 261 264 265 264 264 265 Nondepository institutions........ 578.0 629.9 627.7 633.1 581 616 624 628 628 636 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 257.9 296.3 295.9 300.4 260 284 289 294 296 303 Security and commodity brokers.... 610.4 662.5 661.0 664.6 611 648 655 657 662 666 Holding and other investment offices........................ 227.0 245.5 247.0 249.0 227 241 244 245 249 249 Insurance........................... 2,273 2,348 2,342 2,350 2,275 2,328 2,337 2,339 2,346 2,352 Insurance carriers................ 1,545.7 1,601.6 1,597.4 1,602.3 1,546 1,586 1,594 1,595 1,599 1,603 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 727.3 745.9 744.6 747.4 729 742 743 744 747 749 Real estate......................... 1,428 1,515 1,482 1,470 1,425 1,458 1,468 1,461 1,467 1,468 Services2............................. 36,728 37,983 37,896 38,103 36,484 37,494 37,614 37,691 37,756 37,851 Agricultural services............... 723.5 786.5 761.4 756.2 692 706 713 718 720 723 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,753.1 1,915.4 1,833.2 1,774.3 1,754 1,773 1,781 1,786 1,786 1,774 Personal services................... 1,153.0 1,141.4 1,145.2 1,147.5 1,181 1,186 1,184 1,185 1,178 1,175 Business services................... 8,314.9 8,706.9 8,703.4 8,823.0 8,147 8,556 8,565 8,619 8,592 8,650 Services to buildings............. 949.3 988.6 985.6 989.6 948 975 980 978 983 988 Personnel supply services......... 3,179.1 3,258.5 3,253.3 3,316.5 3,030 3,189 3,151 3,178 3,141 3,162 Help supply services............ 2,846.7 2,917.4 2,914.3 2,968.8 2,694 2,853 2,815 2,850 2,806 2,811 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,460.5 1,631.4 1,636.7 1,651.9 1,462 1,601 1,622 1,632 1,641 1,654 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,136.0 1,173.5 1,170.8 1,171.5 1,134 1,159 1,162 1,167 1,169 1,169 Miscellaneous repair services....... 380.3 390.3 390.0 390.8 378 387 385 386 388 389 Motion pictures..................... 546.4 577.1 558.4 556.9 556 554 564 566 566 567 Amusement and recreation services... 1,545.1 1,980.8 1,815.4 1,658.4 1,597 1,670 1,694 1,705 1,732 1,715 Health services..................... 9,790.8 9,937.0 9,925.2 9,949.9 9,789 9,905 9,902 9,919 9,936 9,948 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,763.2 1,833.7 1,834.7 1,841.2 1,764 1,813 1,817 1,828 1,837 1,842 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,759.6 1,761.1 1,757.0 1,758.1 1,759 1,761 1,756 1,754 1,757 1,757 Hospitals......................... 3,890.3 3,971.4 3,965.9 3,976.0 3,894 3,953 3,960 3,966 3,973 3,979 Home health care services......... 720.9 668.1 666.6 664.6 715 683 673 670 665 659 Legal services...................... 950.5 992.6 982.4 989.9 956 980 984 985 990 995 Educational services................ 2,288.1 1,892.6 2,163.3 2,373.7 2,146 2,200 2,205 2,198 2,208 2,227 Social services..................... 2,555.2 2,605.2 2,641.8 2,669.8 2,546 2,627 2,657 2,632 2,654 2,661 Child day care services........... 586.6 535.9 588.4 601.1 572 581 583 586 584 586 Residential care.................. 725.4 758.4 756.0 759.9 728 747 749 752 759 763 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 92.0 98.7 94.2 94.4 91 91 91 92 93 93 Membership organizations............ 2,239.5 2,312.7 2,253.9 2,268.4 2,252 2,270 2,272 2,273 2,274 2,281 Engineering and management services. 3,065.4 3,275.7 3,261.0 3,281.1 3,070 3,234 3,259 3,264 3,273 3,286 Engineering and architectural services....................... 884.5 939.8 928.7 928.8 881 921 925 927 925 926 Management and public relations... 972.9 1,061.0 1,064.2 1,073.3 970 1,037 1,052 1,055 1,063 1,071 Services, nec....................... 50.7 52.7 52.8 54.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Government............................ 19,941 18,724 19,731 20,265 19,646 19,813 19,826 19,922 19,942 19,966 Federal............................. 2,667 2,695 2,687 2,687 2,690 2,674 2,672 2,683 2,692 2,710 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,818.2 1,834.1 1,819.8 1,815.3 1,829 1,813 1,810 1,816 1,817 1,826 State............................... 4,722 4,411 4,630 4,779 4,609 4,632 4,645 4,661 4,677 4,666 Education......................... 2,047.0 1,660.7 1,899.4 2,065.3 1,922 1,933 1,938 1,949 1,953 1,939 Other State government............ 2,674.5 2,750.5 2,730.2 2,713.8 2,687 2,699 2,707 2,712 2,724 2,727 Local............................... 12,552 11,618 12,414 12,799 12,347 12,507 12,509 12,578 12,573 12,590 Education......................... 7,221.5 5,938.4 6,951.6 7,387.3 6,947 7,045 7,078 7,128 7,101 7,109 Other local government............ 5,330.3 5,679.1 5,462.5 5,411.2 5,400 5,462 5,431 5,450 5,472 5,481 1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... 34.7 35.1 34.3 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.4 34.6 Goods-producing......................... 41.6 41.3 40.4 41.4 41.3 41.0 41.1 41.1 40.7 41.1 Mining................................ 45.3 44.0 42.9 44.0 45.2 43.8 44.8 43.8 42.8 43.9 Construction.......................... 39.8 40.1 37.5 39.9 38.9 38.4 39.2 39.1 38.1 39.0 Manufacturing......................... 42.2 41.7 41.5 41.9 42.0 41.8 41.7 41.7 41.6 41.8 Overtime hours.................... 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 Durable goods........................ 43.0 42.2 41.8 42.5 42.8 42.3 42.2 42.3 42.2 42.3 Overtime hours.................... 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.6 Lumber and wood products............ 41.5 41.6 40.5 41.5 41.0 41.3 41.2 41.2 40.8 41.1 Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.7 41.0 40.0 41.4 40.4 41.0 40.7 40.7 40.2 41.0 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.9 44.1 43.9 44.0 43.2 43.2 43.5 43.6 43.0 43.4 Primary metal industries............ 45.1 43.8 44.2 43.8 45.2 44.4 43.6 44.1 44.2 43.8 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 45.0 44.2 44.1 42.7 45.4 45.1 43.8 44.5 44.0 43.0 Fabricated metal products........... 42.8 42.2 41.6 42.7 42.6 42.5 42.4 42.3 42.2 42.5 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.4 42.6 41.8 42.1 43.6 43.2 43.0 43.1 42.6 42.3 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 41.9 41.5 40.9 41.6 41.9 41.4 41.3 41.7 41.2 41.6 Transportation equipment............ 44.5 42.7 43.1 44.1 44.3 42.7 42.6 42.6 43.9 43.8 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.0 42.5 43.7 44.4 44.6 42.4 41.7 42.3 44.7 44.0 Instruments and related products.... 41.9 41.1 40.7 41.2 42.0 41.3 41.3 41.4 41.0 41.2 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.8 39.9 39.3 40.3 40.4 40.0 40.0 40.1 39.9 39.9 Nondurable goods..................... 41.1 41.0 41.0 41.2 40.9 40.9 41.0 40.9 40.7 41.0 Overtime hours.................... 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 Food and kindred products........... 41.8 41.9 42.5 42.3 41.3 41.7 42.0 41.5 41.6 41.8 Tobacco products.................... 39.6 39.3 37.4 39.2 39.1 39.0 40.6 39.6 37.0 38.7 Textile mill products............... 41.4 41.2 40.4 41.0 41.5 41.1 41.0 41.0 39.9 41.1 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.6 37.6 36.7 37.7 37.3 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.1 37.4 Paper and allied products........... 43.8 43.1 44.2 43.8 43.7 43.6 43.5 43.3 43.8 43.8 Printing and publishing............. 38.9 38.5 38.6 38.5 38.6 38.2 38.4 38.5 38.1 38.3 Chemicals and allied products....... 43.3 43.0 43.5 43.1 43.4 43.2 43.0 43.3 43.4 43.2 Petroleum and coal products......... 43.3 43.9 43.2 43.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.9 41.4 41.3 41.8 42.1 42.0 42.1 41.6 41.3 42.0 Leather and leather products........ 38.6 38.3 37.2 37.7 38.3 37.6 37.0 38.1 37.3 37.5 Service-producing....................... 32.8 33.5 32.7 32.8 32.9 32.9 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.9 Transportation and public utilities... 39.8 39.9 39.4 39.3 39.8 39.5 39.6 39.3 39.2 39.3 Wholesale trade....................... 38.4 38.7 38.2 38.4 38.4 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.4 Retail trade.......................... 28.8 29.9 29.1 28.9 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.0 29.1 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.9 36.9 36.0 36.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.6 33.2 32.3 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.5 32.7 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... $12.45 $12.74 $12.88 $12.91 $432.02 $447.17 $441.78 $446.69 Seasonally adjusted............. 12.43 12.85 12.87 12.88 430.08 444.61 442.73 445.65 Goods-producing......................... 14.11 14.40 14.47 14.49 586.98 594.72 584.59 599.89 Mining................................ 16.23 16.94 17.15 17.19 735.22 745.36 735.74 756.36 Construction.......................... 16.33 16.74 16.76 16.85 649.93 671.27 628.50 672.32 Manufacturing......................... 13.28 13.44 13.60 13.54 560.42 560.45 564.40 567.33 Durable goods........................ 13.88 13.93 14.07 14.02 596.84 587.85 588.13 595.85 Lumber and wood products............ 10.87 11.19 11.20 11.24 451.11 465.50 453.60 466.46 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.67 10.95 11.04 11.01 434.27 448.95 441.60 455.81 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.32 13.63 13.83 13.72 584.75 601.08 607.14 603.68 Primary metal industries............ 15.33 15.44 15.64 15.36 691.38 676.27 691.29 672.77 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 18.26 18.46 18.81 18.18 821.70 815.93 829.52 776.29 Fabricated metal products........... 12.86 13.06 13.15 13.08 550.41 551.13 547.04 558.52 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.23 14.44 14.51 14.53 617.58 615.14 606.52 611.71 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 12.91 13.12 13.20 13.12 540.93 544.48 539.88 545.79 Transportation equipment............ 17.88 17.32 17.52 17.53 795.66 739.56 755.11 773.07 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 18.47 17.60 17.83 17.78 831.15 748.00 779.17 789.43 Instruments and related products.... 13.59 13.76 13.85 13.82 569.42 565.54 563.70 569.38 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.64 10.83 10.96 10.98 434.11 432.12 430.73 442.49 Nondurable goods..................... 12.39 12.73 12.92 12.84 509.23 521.93 529.72 529.01 Food and kindred products........... 11.45 11.75 11.96 11.82 478.61 492.33 508.30 499.99 Tobacco products.................... 18.05 19.06 18.07 17.27 714.78 749.06 675.82 676.98 Textile mill products............... 10.11 10.37 10.47 10.42 418.55 427.24 422.99 427.22 Apparel and other textile products.. 8.32 8.54 8.63 8.66 312.83 321.10 316.72 326.48 Paper and allied products........... 15.17 15.53 15.83 15.62 664.45 669.34 699.69 684.16 Printing and publishing............. 13.19 13.46 13.65 13.66 513.09 518.21 526.89 525.91 Chemicals and allied products....... 16.65 17.14 17.34 17.32 720.95 737.02 754.29 746.49 Petroleum and coal products......... 20.29 20.78 20.79 21.23 878.56 912.24 898.13 932.00 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.63 11.84 11.98 11.87 487.30 490.18 494.77 496.17 Leather and leather products........ 9.16 9.29 9.33 9.39 353.58 355.81 347.08 354.00 Service-producing....................... 11.88 12.21 12.37 12.39 389.66 409.04 404.50 406.39 Transportation and public utilities... $15.09 $15.33 $15.44 $15.42 $600.58 $611.67 $608.34 $606.01 Wholesale trade....................... 13.57 14.13 14.10 14.12 521.09 546.83 538.62 542.21 Retail trade.......................... 8.47 8.74 8.89 8.83 243.94 261.33 258.70 255.19 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.56 14.11 14.10 14.20 486.80 520.66 507.60 512.62 Services.............................. 12.41 12.75 12.97 13.00 404.57 423.30 418.93 423.80 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. change Industry 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p from: Sept. 1998- Oct. 1998 Total private: Current dollars.............. $12.43 $12.76 $12.79 $12.85 $12.87 $12.88 0.1 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.60 7.75 7.75 7.78 7.79 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 14.05 14.28 14.31 14.39 14.39 14.42 .2 Mining...................... 16.37 16.73 16.88 17.10 17.13 17.34 1.2 Construction................ 16.17 16.51 16.64 16.67 16.56 16.69 .8 Manufacturing............... 13.30 13.47 13.42 13.52 13.59 13.56 -.2 Excluding overtime4....... 12.58 12.76 12.71 12.81 12.87 12.87 .0 Service-producing............. 11.88 12.26 12.30 12.35 12.38 12.39 .1 Transportation and public utilities................ 15.05 15.29 15.33 15.35 15.39 15.38 -.1 Wholesale trade............. 13.63 13.98 14.07 14.16 14.11 14.19 .6 Retail trade................ 8.46 8.73 8.78 8.83 8.86 8.81 -.6 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 13.60 14.07 14.10 14.16 14.16 14.24 .6 Services.................... 12.43 12.87 12.90 12.95 13.00 13.02 .2 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .1 percent from August 1998 to September 1998, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... 143.8 149.3 145.2 146.8 142.6 144.8 145.2 145.3 144.7 145.6 Goods-producing......................... 117.9 118.2 115.2 117.6 114.9 114.9 114.2 114.7 113.6 114.5 Mining................................ 58.7 55.6 53.4 54.2 57.8 54.7 55.5 54.0 52.5 53.5 Construction.......................... 169.3 180.7 166.0 176.9 156.3 160.5 164.6 164.3 159.1 163.0 Manufacturing......................... 110.7 108.7 108.3 108.9 109.8 109.0 107.2 108.0 107.8 108.0 Durable goods........................ 114.1 111.6 110.7 112.3 113.5 112.7 109.9 111.8 111.6 111.7 Lumber and wood products............ 145.3 148.2 143.8 147.1 141.8 143.7 144.0 143.8 142.2 143.6 Furniture and fixtures.............. 130.7 134.3 131.1 136.0 128.9 134.4 134.3 133.7 131.7 134.0 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 117.0 120.0 119.4 119.4 113.1 114.4 115.2 116.0 114.6 115.7 Primary metal industries............ 95.6 92.3 93.3 91.5 95.8 94.4 91.1 93.3 93.5 91.6 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 73.3 71.2 70.9 67.9 73.8 73.7 71.2 71.9 70.7 68.3 Fabricated metal products........... 119.5 117.1 115.8 118.6 118.5 118.4 117.0 117.5 117.4 117.8 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 109.5 107.6 105.9 106.5 110.9 110.9 109.8 110.0 108.5 107.6 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 112.1 108.3 106.8 108.4 111.9 110.3 108.7 109.1 107.6 108.2 Transportation equipment............ 130.6 122.8 124.7 127.9 130.2 124.7 112.2 122.8 126.7 127.3 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 170.2 153.7 159.7 162.9 169.2 157.2 129.0 153.5 163.3 162.2 Instruments and related products.... 76.5 75.4 74.6 75.3 76.7 76.1 76.1 75.9 75.2 75.4 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 106.3 101.3 100.8 101.9 103.4 101.6 102.0 101.5 101.4 99.1 Nondurable goods..................... 106.0 104.7 105.0 104.2 104.6 104.0 103.5 102.8 102.5 102.9 Food and kindred products........... 121.4 124.7 127.2 123.5 116.8 119.3 118.9 116.8 118.5 119.1 Tobacco products.................... 68.1 60.0 60.3 63.4 62.0 59.9 60.3 58.8 55.0 57.5 Textile mill products............... 89.2 85.7 84.8 84.9 89.7 86.9 85.7 85.0 83.4 85.2 Apparel and other textile products.. 74.0 68.1 66.4 66.9 72.6 68.5 68.3 67.5 66.5 65.6 Paper and allied products........... 111.5 109.2 111.8 109.9 111.2 110.5 109.4 109.1 110.2 109.8 Printing and publishing............. 127.1 125.5 125.1 124.8 126.5 125.0 125.4 125.4 124.0 124.5 Chemicals and allied products....... 101.8 102.6 103.3 102.2 102.0 103.1 102.6 102.8 103.0 102.4 Petroleum and coal products......... 76.8 76.5 74.8 75.5 74.0 73.1 75.5 73.8 72.6 72.6 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 147.6 146.2 146.4 148.2 147.4 148.4 147.0 146.6 145.9 148.0 Leather and leather products........ 40.3 35.7 34.2 34.3 39.4 35.8 34.7 35.1 33.8 33.4 Service-producing....................... 155.4 163.2 158.7 159.9 155.0 158.2 159.1 159.0 158.7 159.6 Transportation and public utilities... 132.2 132.7 132.3 132.9 130.9 130.5 131.4 131.2 130.8 131.5 Wholesale trade....................... 127.3 130.7 128.9 129.9 126.7 127.9 128.6 129.0 129.0 129.3 Retail trade.......................... 138.3 146.9 142.4 141.5 138.9 140.7 141.9 141.3 141.5 141.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 129.3 139.9 134.7 135.3 130.2 134.8 136.1 136.2 135.8 136.4 Services.............................. 190.1 200.1 193.8 196.8 189.0 194.5 195.2 195.2 194.5 196.1 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 59.3 60.5 67.0 64.5 58.6 63.3 63.8 61.7 61.5 60.4 64.0 61.7 1995.............. 62.5 60.0 54.9 55.6 47.8 55.6 54.8 59.0 58.0 55.8 54.5 58.8 1996.............. 50.8 64.6 59.6 56.6 62.8 61.0 57.3 61.5 56.0 62.5 62.2 60.7 1997.............. 58.0 61.4 59.8 63.6 60.1 54.6 61.1 59.1 60.0 64.3 62.4 64.9 1998.............. 63.8 58.7 59.6 56.9 56.6 59.0 55.1 53.9 p52.8 p51.0 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 64.5 69.2 69.9 68.4 66.6 67.1 69.0 69.5 66.2 65.6 66.6 66.3 1995.............. 63.6 61.4 59.4 53.1 55.2 53.2 59.7 60.1 59.1 58.0 56.6 54.6 1996.............. 61.9 62.8 64.0 63.8 63.5 64.9 64.2 61.5 63.9 64.2 67.0 66.6 1997.............. 64.9 63.3 65.6 66.2 63.9 61.2 60.1 65.9 67.4 68.1 70.8 71.9 1998.............. 68.4 67.3 64.2 61.7 60.4 58.4 57.2 p56.3 p54.1 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 70.9 69.9 69.7 71.2 70.2 69.8 69.8 70.2 68.7 67.4 66.7 65.4 1995.............. 66.4 60.1 59.1 57.3 59.0 60.1 57.6 60.4 59.7 59.3 61.1 63.2 1996.............. 62.8 65.4 64.7 65.7 66.2 65.0 66.4 66.0 66.2 67.6 66.9 66.3 1997.............. 67.6 67.0 65.3 64.9 65.6 67.3 68.0 67.3 70.6 72.3 73.3 72.6 1998.............. 72.1 70.9 69.4 63.5 64.5 p61.2 p57.6 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0 1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.5 63.5 65.4 1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 69.1 68.3 1997.............. 69.8 67.6 69.2 70.1 69.8 69.8 71.2 71.2 71.1 73.0 72.9 72.3 1998.............. 71.2 69.5 p69.7 p66.2 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 56.8 56.5 60.1 59.0 53.6 58.3 59.0 55.8 53.6 56.5 58.3 56.8 1995.............. 54.7 54.3 46.4 53.2 42.4 44.2 46.4 49.6 48.6 52.2 45.3 48.2 1996.............. 42.8 54.7 48.2 42.1 55.4 50.7 47.1 55.4 47.8 52.9 54.3 55.4 1997.............. 49.3 54.3 50.0 56.8 51.4 52.2 50.4 48.9 56.5 57.2 56.1 60.8 1998.............. 55.8 51.8 52.5 48.6 45.0 47.8 39.6 47.5 p41.7 p38.1 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 60.4 63.7 63.7 60.4 57.6 59.7 61.9 56.8 54.3 55.4 60.8 59.0 1995.............. 56.8 50.0 47.8 42.1 43.2 38.8 40.6 43.5 48.2 47.1 45.3 39.9 1996.............. 43.9 46.8 46.0 47.5 46.4 49.3 51.4 50.0 53.6 51.1 57.6 54.7 1997.............. 54.3 49.3 54.3 54.0 55.4 50.4 47.5 52.2 57.9 62.6 64.7 65.5 1998.............. 60.1 59.0 50.7 46.4 43.2 38.8 36.7 p35.6 p40.6 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 60.4 62.9 61.2 62.6 59.4 57.2 57.6 58.6 58.6 54.7 57.2 55.0 1995.............. 55.4 46.4 42.8 40.3 41.4 42.4 41.0 41.0 43.9 43.2 43.2 45.3 1996.............. 42.1 45.3 46.4 47.1 48.2 48.6 51.1 50.4 52.9 52.9 53.2 52.2 1997.............. 54.3 54.3 51.4 52.9 51.4 55.0 56.8 57.6 60.4 64.4 67.6 65.8 1998.............. 61.5 56.8 52.2 39.2 40.6 p35.3 p30.2 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6 1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 38.5 39.9 44.6 1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.0 51.8 1997.............. 57.2 52.5 54.7 56.5 57.9 57.6 58.6 58.6 60.4 60.4 59.4 58.3 1998.............. 50.7 51.1 p51.4 p41.0 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.