Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov Technical information: USDL 96-458 Household data: (202) 606-6378 606-6373 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EST), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, November 1, 1996. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: OCTOBER 1996 Nonfarm payroll employment increased in October, and unemployment was unchanged, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Payroll employment rose by 210,000, with the largest gains occurring in services and retail trade. Manufacturing employment was about unchanged, following a large decline in September. The unemployment rate was 5.2 percent in October, in line with both the August and September figures. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) About 6.9 million persons were unemployed in October, and the unemployment rate was 5.2 percent. Both measures were unchanged from September. Among the major worker groups, unemployment rates were essentially unchanged for adult men (4.3 percent), adult women (4.7 percent), teenagers (16.1 percent), whites (4.4 percent), blacks (10.8 percent), and Hispanics (8.0 percent). (See tables A-1 and A-2.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment was 127.6 million in October, little different from the September level. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population 16 years and over that was employed--was essentially unchanged in October at 63.4 percent, but was half a percentage point higher than a year earlier. (See table A-1.) The number of persons who held more than one job was 8.4 million (not seasonally adjusted) in October. These multiple jobholders comprised 6.5 percent of the total employed. (See table A-9.) The civilian labor force, at 134.6 million in October, was little different from the previous month. Since October 1995, the labor force has grown by 2.1 million. (See table A-1.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in October--that is, they wanted and were available for work but had stopped looking for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months. Of this total, 374,000 were discouraged workers--persons who were not looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them. (See table A-9.) - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________|Sept.- Category | 1996 | 1996 |Oct. |_________________|__________________________|change | II | III | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 133,647| 134,135| 133,885| 134,340| 134,574| 234 Employment..........| 126,389| 127,102| 127,055| 127,368| 127,627| 259 Unemployment........| 7,258| 7,033| 6,830| 6,971| 6,948| -23 Not in labor force....| 66,633| 66,715| 66,962| 66,721| 66,699| -22 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 5.4| 5.2| 5.1| 5.2| 5.2| .0 Adult men...........| 4.7| 4.5| 4.2| 4.5| 4.3| -0.2 Adult women.........| 4.8| 4.7| 4.6| 4.5| 4.7| .2 Teenagers...........| 16.3| 16.4| 17.2| 15.6| 16.1| .5 White...............| 4.7| 4.5| 4.4| 4.5| 4.4| -.1 Black...............| 10.3| 10.5| 10.5| 10.5| 10.8| .3 Hispanic origin.....| 9.2| 8.7| 8.7| 8.2| 8.0| -.2 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 119,264|p119,947| 120,052|p120,017|p120,227| p210 Goods-producing 1/..| 24,249| p24,269| 24,298| p24,245| p24,262| p17 Construction......| 5,379| p5,436| 5,437| p5,445| p5,455| p10 Manufacturing.....| 18,295| p18,263| 18,291| p18,232| p18,238| p6 Service-producing 1/| 95,015| p95,678| 95,754| p95,772| p95,965| p193 Retail trade......| 21,489| p21,681| 21,672| p21,699| p21,761| p62 Services..........| 34,260| p34,523| 34,532| p34,588| p34,707| p119 Government........| 19,433| p19,543| 19,606| p19,539| p19,499| p-40 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 2/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.4| p34.4| 34.4| p34.7| p34.3| p-0.4 Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.7| 41.7| p41.8| p41.6| p-.2 Overtime..........| 4.6| p4.5| 4.5| p4.5| p4.5| p.0 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 2/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $11.76| p$11.86| $11.87| p$11.91| p$11.91| p$0.00 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 404.67| p408.50| 408.33| p413.28| p408.51| p-4.77 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 2/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 210,000 in October to 120.2 million, after seasonal adjustment, following a small decline in September. The increase was about in line with the average monthly gain so far this year. Employment in the private sector rose by 250,000 in October, following a very small gain in September. The October advance was well above this year's monthly average of 194,000. The October increase was concentrated in the services and retail trade industries. (See table B-1.) The services industry added 119,000 jobs in October, the largest gain since May. Amusement and recreation employment rose by 38,000; because of weaker-than-usual summer hiring this year, October layoffs were relatively light, resulting in a large gain, after seasonal adjustment. There was an increase of 21,000 jobs in private educational services, offsetting a seasonally adjusted decline in September. Health services employment was strong in October, as it had been in September; hospitals have added 20,000 jobs since August. Business services continued to show weakness in October; computer and data processing services added 14,000 jobs over the month, but employment in personnel supply services fell by a like amount. Following little growth in August and September, retail trade added 62,000 jobs in October, with gains fairly widespread. Employment rose markedly in food stores (19,000) and department stores (17,000), following losses in the prior month. Wholesale trade added 19,000 jobs; the increase was heavily concentrated in the nondurable goods distribution component. Employment in both finance and real estate rose sharply over the month. Within finance, job growth was strong in commercial banks. Seasonal declines in real estate were smaller than usual in October. As a result, the industry added 8,000 jobs on a seasonally adjusted basis. Employment in transportation increased by 10,000, reversing a similar decline in the previous month. A job gain of 9,000 in air transportation offset a decline in trucking and warehousing, which has shown a net decline of 22,000 jobs in the past 4 months. Government employment fell by 40,000 in October, and has declined by 107,000 over the past 2 months. These declines partially reversed a combined increase in July and August of 160,000. The fluctuations in government employment are largely due to changing seasonal hiring patterns in state and local education. Federal employment continued its long-term downward trend. - 4 - Manufacturing employment was about unchanged in October, following a substantial decline in September. Job losses continued in motor vehicles and equipment. Employment also continued to decline in electronic equipment, where losses have totaled 10,000 over the past 3 months. Over the same period, apparel lost 18,000 jobs. These declines were offset by increases in several industries. Industrial machinery recovered half of the jobs lost in September, but still shows no net gain for 1996. An increase of 6,000 jobs in aircraft in October primarily reflected the return of workers from a strike. Lumber, printing and publishing, and chemicals also added jobs in October; all of these industries have had fluctuating movements over the past several months. Construction employment increased by 10,000 in October. Gains have averaged 9,000 a month since July, compared with an average monthly gain of about 29,000 during the first 7 months of this year. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.4 hour in October to 34.3 hours, seasonally adjusted, nearly reversing increases of the prior 2 months. The manufacturing workweek fell by 0.2 hour, to 41.6 hours, and factory overtime was unchanged at 4.5 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.9 percent, on a seasonally adjusted basis, to 136.8 (1982=100) in October, as the decline in the average workweek more than offset the employment increase. The manufacturing index fell by 0.4 percent to 105.7. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls were unchanged in October at $11.91 (seasonally adjusted) following a gain of 10 cents over the prior 2 months. Average weekly earnings decreased by 1.2 percent. Over the past year, average hourly earnings rose by 3.1 percent, and average weekly earnings rose by 2.5 percent. (See table B-3.) ---------------------------------------------------------------- | As announced last month, establishment survey data | |from March through October 1996 have been seasonally | |adjusted using corrected factors that differ slightly | |from those announced last June. This correction resulted | |in minor, mostly offsetting, changes to previously published | |seasonally adjusted estimates. | | Following usual practice of 6-month updates of seasonal | |adjustment factors, new factors for the establishment survey | |data for November 1996 through April 1997 will be developed | |using data through October. For the first time, revised | |seasonal adjustment factors for September and October also | |will be included in the 6-month updates and used in the | |estimates published in next month's release. With this | |change, the most recent 3 months of data will be based on the | |new seasonal factors, thus improving current trend analysis. | |Seasonal adjustment factors for September 1996 through April | |1997 will be published in the December 1996 issue of Employment| |and Earnings. As a new service to users, these factors will be| |available on November 29, 1 week prior to the release of | |November estimates, on the Internet | |(http://stats.bls.gov:80/ceshome.htm) or by calling FAXSTAT at | |(202) 606-6325 and requesting document 3030. | ---------------------------------------------------------------- _________________________ The Employment Situation for November 1996 is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 6, at 8:30 A.M. (EST). - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1996, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing over 47 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $13.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1- H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606- 5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ 199,192 201,060 201,273 199,192 200,459 200,641 200,847 201,060 201,273 Civilian labor force.......................... 132,863 134,230 135,015 132,473 133,669 134,181 133,885 134,340 134,574 Participation rate...................... 66.7 66.8 67.1 66.5 66.7 66.9 66.7 66.8 66.9 Employed.................................... 125,979 127,529 128,439 125,244 126,610 126,884 127,055 127,368 127,627 Employment-population ratio............. 63.2 63.4 63.8 62.9 63.2 63.2 63.3 63.3 63.4 Agriculture............................... 3,479 3,607 3,515 3,434 3,382 3,502 3,421 3,535 3,457 Nonagricultural industries................ 122,500 123,922 124,924 121,810 123,228 123,382 123,635 123,833 124,169 Unemployed.................................. 6,884 6,700 6,577 7,229 7,060 7,297 6,830 6,971 6,948 Unemployment rate....................... 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2 Not in labor force............................ 66,329 66,831 66,258 66,719 66,790 66,460 66,962 66,721 66,699 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 95,492 96,447 96,556 95,492 96,140 96,230 96,335 96,447 96,556 Civilian labor force.......................... 71,324 72,028 72,436 71,238 72,121 72,375 71,973 72,102 72,375 Participation rate...................... 74.7 74.7 75.0 74.6 75.0 75.2 74.7 74.8 75.0 Employed.................................... 67,850 68,614 69,099 67,416 68,283 68,400 68,442 68,319 68,669 Employment-population ratio............. 71.1 71.1 71.6 70.6 71.0 71.1 71.0 70.8 71.1 Unemployed.................................. 3,474 3,413 3,337 3,822 3,837 3,975 3,531 3,783 3,706 Unemployment rate....................... 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.4 5.3 5.5 4.9 5.2 5.1 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,027 88,733 88,840 88,027 88,570 88,614 88,650 88,733 88,840 Civilian labor force.......................... 67,473 68,140 68,495 67,193 68,118 68,274 68,114 68,072 68,247 Participation rate...................... 76.7 76.8 77.1 76.3 76.9 77.0 76.8 76.7 76.8 Employed.................................... 64,711 65,353 65,854 64,146 64,962 65,094 65,286 64,978 65,293 Employment-population ratio............. 73.5 73.7 74.1 72.9 73.3 73.5 73.6 73.2 73.5 Agriculture............................... 2,398 2,439 2,478 2,351 2,292 2,381 2,352 2,377 2,419 Nonagricultural industries................ 62,313 62,914 63,376 61,795 62,669 62,713 62,933 62,601 62,873 Unemployed.................................. 2,762 2,788 2,641 3,047 3,157 3,179 2,829 3,094 2,954 Unemployment rate....................... 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.2 4.5 4.3 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 103,700 104,614 104,717 103,700 104,319 104,411 104,512 104,614 104,717 Civilian labor force.......................... 61,539 62,202 62,579 61,235 61,548 61,806 61,912 62,238 62,199 Participation rate...................... 59.3 59.5 59.8 59.1 59.0 59.2 59.2 59.5 59.4 Employed.................................... 58,129 58,915 59,340 57,828 58,326 58,484 58,613 59,049 58,958 Employment-population ratio............. 56.1 56.3 56.7 55.8 55.9 56.0 56.1 56.4 56.3 Unemployed.................................. 3,410 3,287 3,240 3,407 3,222 3,322 3,299 3,189 3,242 Unemployment rate....................... 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.2 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,487 97,226 97,290 96,487 96,999 97,064 97,146 97,226 97,290 Civilian labor force.......................... 57,978 58,548 58,902 57,516 57,893 58,102 58,225 58,356 58,372 Participation rate...................... 60.1 60.2 60.5 59.6 59.7 59.9 59.9 60.0 60.0 Employed.................................... 55,113 55,776 56,179 54,661 55,211 55,266 55,522 55,711 55,657 Employment-population ratio............. 57.1 57.4 57.7 56.7 56.9 56.9 57.2 57.3 57.2 Agriculture............................... 847 890 823 816 842 863 829 881 794 Nonagricultural industries................ 54,266 54,886 55,356 53,845 54,369 54,403 54,693 54,831 54,862 Unemployed.................................. 2,864 2,772 2,723 2,855 2,682 2,837 2,704 2,645 2,715 Unemployment rate....................... 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... 14,678 15,101 15,143 14,678 14,890 14,963 15,051 15,101 15,143 Civilian labor force.......................... 7,412 7,541 7,618 7,764 7,658 7,805 7,545 7,911 7,956 Participation rate...................... 50.5 49.9 50.3 52.9 51.4 52.2 50.1 52.4 52.5 Employed.................................... 6,154 6,401 6,406 6,437 6,437 6,524 6,248 6,679 6,677 Employment-population ratio............. 41.9 42.4 42.3 43.9 43.2 43.6 41.5 44.2 44.1 Agriculture............................... 233 278 214 267 248 258 240 278 244 Nonagricultural industries................ 5,920 6,123 6,192 6,170 6,189 6,266 6,008 6,401 6,434 Unemployed.................................. 1,258 1,140 1,212 1,327 1,221 1,280 1,297 1,232 1,278 Unemployment rate....................... 17.0 15.1 15.9 17.1 15.9 16.4 17.2 15.6 16.1 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 167,327 168,639 168,788 167,327 168,222 168,345 168,489 168,639 168,788 Civilian labor force.......................... 112,322 113,275 113,830 112,147 112,941 113,076 112,832 113,316 113,616 Participation rate........................ 67.1 67.2 67.4 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.0 67.2 67.3 Employed.................................... 107,294 108,495 109,162 106,761 107,757 107,772 107,828 108,256 108,603 Employment-population ratio............... 64.1 64.3 64.7 63.8 64.1 64.0 64.0 64.2 64.3 Unemployed.................................. 5,027 4,780 4,668 5,386 5,184 5,304 5,004 5,060 5,013 Unemployment rate......................... 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 57,852 58,369 58,687 57,717 58,426 58,456 58,354 58,303 58,558 Participation rate........................ 77.1 77.2 77.6 76.9 77.5 77.5 77.3 77.1 77.4 Employed.................................... 55,783 56,344 56,738 55,383 56,047 56,079 56,174 56,008 56,344 Employment-population ratio............... 74.3 74.6 75.0 73.8 74.3 74.3 74.4 74.1 74.5 Unemployed.................................. 2,069 2,024 1,949 2,334 2,379 2,376 2,179 2,295 2,215 Unemployment rate......................... 3.6 3.5 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.8 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 48,254 48,536 48,734 47,909 47,956 47,981 48,124 48,286 48,337 Participation rate........................ 59.8 59.8 60.0 59.4 59.2 59.2 59.3 59.5 59.5 Employed.................................... 46,192 46,591 46,847 45,820 46,063 46,009 46,217 46,406 46,429 Employment-population ratio............... 57.2 57.4 57.7 56.8 56.9 56.8 57.0 57.2 57.2 Unemployed.................................. 2,061 1,945 1,886 2,089 1,894 1,972 1,907 1,881 1,907 Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 4.0 3.9 4.4 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 6,216 6,370 6,409 6,521 6,558 6,639 6,354 6,726 6,721 Participation rate........................ 53.8 53.4 53.6 56.5 55.5 56.0 53.5 56.4 56.2 Employed.................................... 5,319 5,560 5,576 5,558 5,647 5,684 5,437 5,842 5,830 Employment-population ratio............... 46.1 46.6 46.7 48.1 47.8 48.0 45.7 49.0 48.8 Unemployed.................................. 897 811 833 963 911 955 917 885 891 Unemployment rate......................... 14.4 12.7 13.0 14.8 13.9 14.4 14.4 13.2 13.3 Men..................................... 16.2 13.8 14.9 16.8 14.7 16.6 15.6 14.5 15.4 Women................................... 12.4 11.5 10.9 12.5 13.0 12.0 13.2 11.8 11.0 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,357 23,690 23,728 23,357 23,579 23,611 23,650 23,690 23,728 Civilian labor force.......................... 14,943 15,132 15,370 14,856 14,955 15,279 15,361 15,167 15,291 Participation rate........................ 64.0 63.9 64.8 63.6 63.4 64.7 65.0 64.0 64.4 Employed.................................... 13,520 13,547 13,796 13,370 13,451 13,671 13,750 13,569 13,644 Employment-population ratio............... 57.9 57.2 58.1 57.2 57.0 57.9 58.1 57.3 57.5 Unemployed.................................. 1,423 1,585 1,574 1,486 1,504 1,609 1,611 1,597 1,647 Unemployment rate......................... 9.5 10.5 10.2 10.0 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.8 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 6,746 6,840 6,888 6,676 6,728 6,867 6,890 6,849 6,843 Participation rate........................ 72.4 72.6 72.9 71.7 71.5 72.9 73.2 72.7 72.4 Employed.................................... 6,244 6,190 6,294 6,125 6,110 6,233 6,326 6,177 6,189 Employment-population ratio............... 67.0 65.7 66.6 65.7 64.9 66.2 67.2 65.6 65.5 Unemployed.................................. 502 651 594 551 617 634 564 672 654 Unemployment rate......................... 7.4 9.5 8.6 8.3 9.2 9.2 8.2 9.8 9.6 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,333 7,429 7,578 7,259 7,373 7,504 7,511 7,417 7,491 Participation rate........................ 62.5 62.6 63.8 61.9 62.4 63.4 63.4 62.5 63.0 Employed.................................... 6,699 6,767 6,905 6,637 6,743 6,830 6,824 6,794 6,830 Employment-population ratio............... 57.1 57.0 58.1 56.6 57.0 57.7 57.6 57.3 57.5 Unemployed.................................. 634 662 673 622 630 674 687 623 661 Unemployment rate......................... 8.6 8.9 8.9 8.6 8.5 9.0 9.1 8.4 8.8 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 864 863 904 921 854 908 960 901 957 Participation rate........................ 37.4 35.9 37.6 39.9 36.4 38.5 40.2 37.5 39.9 Employed.................................... 578 591 597 608 598 607 599 598 625 Employment-population ratio............... 25.0 24.6 24.9 26.3 25.4 25.8 25.1 24.9 26.1 Unemployed.................................. 286 272 306 313 256 301 361 303 331 Unemployment rate......................... 33.1 31.5 33.9 34.0 30.0 33.1 37.6 33.6 34.6 Men..................................... 33.4 32.1 35.1 35.3 35.3 43.3 38.6 36.6 37.1 Women................................... 32.8 30.9 32.7 32.7 25.0 20.9 36.5 30.7 32.1 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ 18,800 19,346 19,398 18,800 19,184 19,238 19,292 19,346 19,398 Civilian labor force.......................... 12,504 12,912 13,109 12,410 12,576 12,641 12,877 12,822 12,986 Participation rate........................ 66.5 66.7 67.6 66.0 65.6 65.7 66.7 66.3 66.9 Employed.................................... 11,378 11,895 12,097 11,251 11,472 11,500 11,750 11,766 11,942 Employment-population ratio............... 60.5 61.5 62.4 59.8 59.8 59.8 60.9 60.8 61.6 Unemployed.................................. 1,126 1,016 1,012 1,159 1,104 1,141 1,127 1,057 1,044 Unemployment rate......................... 9.0 7.9 7.7 9.3 8.8 9.0 8.7 8.2 8.0 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 125,979 127,529 128,439 125,244 126,610 126,884 127,055 127,368 127,627 Married men, spouse present................... 42,647 42,603 42,964 42,281 42,587 42,478 42,622 42,265 42,623 Married women, spouse present................. 32,460 32,798 32,800 32,185 32,649 32,713 32,732 32,765 32,507 Women who maintain families................... 7,126 7,443 7,412 7,089 7,360 7,230 7,291 7,443 7,390 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... 36,031 36,759 37,212 35,758 36,696 36,361 36,520 36,741 36,911 Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 37,327 37,725 38,004 37,337 37,683 37,795 37,858 37,801 38,004 Service occupations........................... 16,879 17,200 17,208 16,994 17,215 17,418 17,397 17,533 17,242 Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,665 13,881 13,779 13,459 13,572 13,439 13,701 13,717 13,602 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,336 18,199 18,552 18,034 18,137 18,392 18,075 18,047 18,250 Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,740 3,766 3,684 3,692 3,472 3,594 3,500 3,576 3,619 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 1,877 1,899 1,849 1,806 1,900 1,863 1,802 1,833 1,793 Self-employed workers....................... 1,557 1,616 1,597 1,543 1,457 1,564 1,528 1,597 1,585 Unpaid family workers....................... 44 92 69 49 35 52 65 97 75 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 113,374 114,960 115,748 112,777 114,130 114,294 114,634 114,908 115,120 Government................................ 18,394 18,052 18,270 18,244 18,329 18,294 18,286 18,088 18,107 Private industries........................ 94,980 96,908 97,478 94,533 95,801 96,000 96,348 96,820 97,012 Private households...................... 958 976 1,017 973 812 935 1,009 1,006 1,023 Other industries........................ 94,022 95,932 96,462 93,560 94,989 95,065 95,339 95,814 95,989 Self-employed workers....................... 9,023 8,825 9,035 8,913 9,073 8,998 8,876 8,763 8,928 Unpaid family workers....................... 103 138 140 102 136 130 121 127 137 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,092 4,012 3,973 4,433 4,301 4,366 4,354 4,309 4,300 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,324 2,215 2,053 2,520 2,322 2,589 2,477 2,426 2,217 Could only find part-time work............ 1,504 1,531 1,602 1,652 1,569 1,494 1,610 1,616 1,746 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 18,673 18,223 18,636 17,678 18,211 17,814 18,229 17,710 17,631 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 3,923 3,852 3,803 4,274 4,146 4,159 4,205 4,128 4,125 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,221 2,114 1,949 2,426 2,215 2,457 2,350 2,318 2,112 Could only find part-time work............ 1,457 1,495 1,575 1,610 1,542 1,479 1,600 1,574 1,732 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 18,016 17,530 17,995 17,054 17,623 17,157 17,613 17,036 17,008 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,229 6,971 6,948 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2 Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,047 3,094 2,954 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.2 4.5 4.3 Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,855 2,645 2,715 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,327 1,232 1,278 17.1 15.9 16.4 17.2 15.6 16.1 Married men, spouse present.................. 1,389 1,323 1,322 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 Married women, spouse present................ 1,295 1,106 1,187 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.5 Women who maintain families.................. 607 674 685 7.9 7.6 9.1 8.8 8.3 8.5 Full-time workers............................ 5,846 5,611 5,664 5.4 5.2 5.3 4.9 5.1 5.1 Part-time workers............................ 1,457 1,359 1,341 5.9 5.6 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.5 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 867 883 797 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.1 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,745 1,767 1,796 4.5 4.1 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.5 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 872 798 812 6.1 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.6 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,580 1,422 1,527 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.3 7.7 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 334 269 256 8.3 7.7 6.3 5.8 7.0 6.6 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... 5,756 5,366 5,459 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 Goods-producing industries................. 1,821 1,514 1,643 6.5 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.8 Mining................................... 54 31 36 8.7 4.7 2.8 4.4 5.1 6.1 Construction............................. 752 593 626 11.7 9.5 10.1 8.8 9.1 9.6 Manufacturing............................ 1,015 890 981 4.8 5.1 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.7 Durable goods.......................... 530 497 544 4.3 4.6 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.4 Nondurable goods....................... 485 394 436 5.6 5.7 5.3 6.0 4.6 5.1 Service-producing industries............... 3,935 3,852 3,817 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.1 Transportation and public utilities...... 303 285 323 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.5 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,638 1,579 1,643 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 236 241 210 3.3 2.6 2.8 2.4 3.2 2.8 Services................................. 1,758 1,747 1,640 5.5 5.1 5.5 5.2 5.3 4.9 Government workers........................... 536 552 540 2.9 2.7 3.2 2.7 3.0 2.9 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 250 226 195 12.2 9.2 8.6 7.4 11.0 9.8 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,529 2,581 2,291 2,744 2,485 2,701 2,486 2,446 2,487 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,257 1,998 2,174 2,348 2,160 2,322 2,129 2,245 2,269 15 weeks and over.............................. 2,099 2,122 2,112 2,281 2,435 2,319 2,248 2,279 2,306 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 952 935 982 1,010 1,116 958 978 1,054 1,076 27 weeks and over........................... 1,147 1,187 1,130 1,271 1,319 1,361 1,270 1,225 1,230 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 16.2 16.9 16.7 16.2 17.6 16.8 17.4 17.0 16.7 Median duration, in weeks...................... 7.9 8.5 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.6 8.5 8.9 8.3 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks............................ 36.7 38.5 34.8 37.2 35.1 36.8 36.2 35.1 35.2 5 to 14 weeks................................ 32.8 29.8 33.1 31.8 30.5 31.6 31.0 32.2 32.1 15 weeks and over............................ 30.5 31.7 32.1 30.9 34.4 31.6 32.8 32.7 32.6 15 to 26 weeks............................. 13.8 14.0 14.9 13.7 15.8 13.1 14.3 15.1 15.2 27 weeks and over.......................... 16.7 17.7 17.2 17.2 18.6 18.5 18.5 17.6 17.4 HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Reason Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 3,104 2,812 2,757 3,457 3,431 3,343 3,054 3,225 3,098 On temporary layoff................................... 719 674 649 1,018 990 953 889 1,059 938 Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,384 2,138 2,108 2,439 2,441 2,391 2,165 2,167 2,160 Permanent job losers................................ 1,686 1,450 1,476 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 698 688 632 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers............................................. 799 892 848 762 676 749 773 807 809 Reentrants.............................................. 2,490 2,495 2,468 2,506 2,419 2,529 2,448 2,404 2,483 New entrants............................................ 492 500 504 559 528 623 548 545 575 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed........................................ Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 45.1 42.0 41.9 47.5 48.6 46.1 44.8 46.2 44.5 On temporary layoff.................................. 10.5 10.1 9.9 14.0 14.0 13.1 13.0 15.2 13.5 Not on temporary layoff.............................. 34.6 31.9 32.1 33.5 34.6 33.0 31.7 31.0 31.0 Job leavers............................................ 11.6 13.3 12.9 10.5 9.6 10.3 11.3 11.6 11.6 Reentrants............................................. 36.2 37.2 37.5 34.4 34.3 34.9 35.9 34.4 35.6 New entrants........................................... 7.1 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.5 8.6 8.0 7.8 8.3 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 Job leavers............................................ .6 .7 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 .6 .6 Reentrants............................................. 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 New entrants........................................... .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .4 .4 .4 1 Not available. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.................................................... 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers....................................... 5.5 5.3 5.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 6.3 6.1 5.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 9.3 9.0 8.8 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,229 6,971 6,948 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,594 2,386 2,456 12.2 11.7 12.2 11.5 11.2 11.5 16 to 19 years................................ 1,327 1,232 1,278 17.1 15.9 16.4 17.2 15.6 16.1 16 to 17 years.............................. 657 564 600 20.4 19.0 19.4 19.1 17.2 17.8 18 to 19 years.............................. 687 675 698 15.1 13.4 14.1 16.0 14.5 15.1 20 to 24 years................................ 1,267 1,153 1,178 9.4 9.3 9.7 8.3 8.7 8.8 25 years and over............................... 4,660 4,587 4,508 4.2 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.0 25 to 54 years................................ 4,164 4,096 4,058 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 55 years and over............................. 558 528 497 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.1 3.3 3.1 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,822 3,783 3,706 5.4 5.3 5.5 4.9 5.2 5.1 16 to 24 years................................ 1,444 1,306 1,372 12.9 12.4 13.3 11.5 11.9 12.2 16 to 19 years.............................. 775 689 752 19.2 17.0 19.4 18.2 17.1 18.2 16 to 17 years............................ 357 307 337 21.5 20.5 24.2 22.0 18.6 19.4 18 to 19 years............................ 414 383 416 17.4 14.2 16.1 15.9 16.1 17.3 20 to 24 years.............................. 669 618 621 9.3 9.7 9.8 7.7 8.8 8.7 25 years and over............................. 2,399 2,466 2,347 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 3.8 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,122 2,210 2,104 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.8 4.2 4.0 55 years and over........................... 296 287 259 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.2 3.2 2.9 Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,407 3,189 3,242 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.2 16 to 24 years................................ 1,150 1,079 1,083 11.5 11.0 10.9 11.6 10.6 10.7 16 to 19 years.............................. 552 544 526 14.8 14.8 13.1 16.2 14.0 13.8 16 to 17 years............................ 300 256 263 19.2 17.5 14.4 16.3 15.7 16.2 18 to 19 years............................ 273 292 281 12.6 12.5 11.8 16.0 12.9 12.7 20 to 24 years.............................. 598 535 557 9.5 8.7 9.5 8.9 8.5 8.9 25 years and over............................. 2,261 2,121 2,161 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,042 1,886 1,954 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.3 55 years and over........................... 262 241 237 3.7 3.6 3.7 2.9 3.4 3.4 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... 66,329 66,258 24,168 24,120 42,161 42,138 Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,370 5,080 2,126 1,976 3,244 3,104 Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,587 1,447 751 687 837 760 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 412 374 248 238 164 137 Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,175 1,073 503 449 672 624 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,970 8,369 4,328 4,376 3,641 3,993 Percent of total employed................................... 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.7 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,505 4,532 2,709 2,603 1,796 1,929 Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,860 1,878 603 564 1,257 1,314 Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 291 277 227 193 64 84 Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,274 1,640 769 984 504 656 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p Total......................... 118,664 119,781 120,508 121,168 117,749 119,537 119,772 120,052 120,017 120,227 Total private.................... 99,042 101,492 101,235 101,379 98,410 100,091 100,288 100,446 100,478 100,728 Goods-producing......................... 24,510 24,759 24,678 24,628 24,151 24,274 24,264 24,298 24,245 24,262 Mining................................ 580 580 575 576 573 575 570 570 568 569 Metal mining........................ 50.6 53.1 52.0 51.7 51 52 52 52 52 52 Coal mining......................... 104.2 99.3 98.5 98.6 104 101 100 99 98 99 Oil and gas extraction.............. 315.8 315.1 312.3 314.1 312 314 310 311 310 310 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 109.3 112.7 111.9 111.1 106 108 108 108 108 108 Construction.......................... 5,464 5,783 5,740 5,729 5,200 5,401 5,427 5,437 5,445 5,455 General building contractors........ 1,235.7 1,295.6 1,277.5 1,272.6 1,198 1,232 1,231 1,232 1,233 1,234 Heavy construction, except building. 833.8 843.0 845.8 839.5 755 768 769 770 764 761 Special trade contractors........... 3,394.2 3,644.6 3,616.3 3,616.5 3,247 3,401 3,427 3,435 3,448 3,460 Manufacturing......................... 18,466 18,396 18,363 18,323 18,378 18,298 18,267 18,291 18,232 18,238 Production workers................ 12,790 12,718 12,714 12,677 12,707 12,634 12,614 12,626 12,588 12,595 Durable goods........................ 10,662 10,712 10,712 10,702 10,631 10,696 10,680 10,711 10,676 10,674 Production workers................ 7,298 7,330 7,345 7,339 7,272 7,326 7,313 7,339 7,311 7,313 Lumber and wood products............ 769.8 782.3 778.5 777.1 762 767 764 769 766 770 Furniture and fixtures.............. 507.1 500.0 501.1 501.7 504 500 500 499 500 499 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 544.0 548.3 547.2 546.6 536 536 535 536 536 538 Primary metal industries............ 708.1 706.4 706.3 702.5 708 708 700 706 704 702 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 239.1 239.1 237.7 232.9 240 239 237 237 237 234 Fabricated metal products........... 1,443.4 1,455.6 1,460.2 1,463.1 1,439 1,450 1,454 1,456 1,458 1,460 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,067.8 2,081.2 2,075.6 2,076.0 2,075 2,088 2,088 2,089 2,078 2,084 Computer and office equipment..... 354.5 359.4 356.6 356.6 355 359 357 359 357 357 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,638.9 1,651.7 1,650.0 1,648.4 1,637 1,651 1,656 1,654 1,649 1,646 Electronic components and accessories.................... 595.6 615.3 611.4 609.7 596 614 616 615 611 610 Transportation equipment............ 1,756.1 1,765.9 1,772.9 1,765.3 1,751 1,775 1,766 1,784 1,771 1,761 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 970.5 957.7 962.2 948.5 966 967 950 967 959 945 Aircraft and parts................ 422.0 451.1 455.2 462.5 421 446 453 454 456 462 Instruments and related products.... 832.2 834.0 832.5 831.9 832 835 832 833 831 832 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 394.7 386.4 387.2 389.1 387 386 385 385 383 382 Nondurable goods..................... 7,804 7,684 7,651 7,621 7,747 7,602 7,587 7,580 7,556 7,564 Production workers................ 5,492 5,388 5,369 5,338 5,435 5,308 5,301 5,287 5,277 5,282 Food and kindred products........... 1,720.5 1,721.4 1,708.1 1,680.1 1,676 1,647 1,640 1,641 1,633 1,637 Tobacco products.................... 44.1 39.8 42.5 42.6 42 41 40 39 40 40 Textile mill products............... 655.9 637.4 633.1 632.5 655 637 637 633 631 632 Apparel and other textile products.. 908.9 842.3 844.5 838.1 901 847 849 837 836 831 Paper and allied products........... 687.8 678.7 676.4 674.3 688 676 672 673 673 674 Printing and publishing............. 1,535.8 1,525.9 1,520.4 1,526.1 1,538 1,528 1,527 1,527 1,524 1,528 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,030.4 1,026.3 1,018.4 1,019.4 1,031 1,020 1,019 1,021 1,017 1,020 Petroleum and coal products......... 144.0 142.4 140.2 139.2 142 140 139 139 138 137 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 972.4 974.1 972.6 974.3 971 969 968 976 971 972 Leather and leather products........ 104.5 95.5 94.8 94.8 103 97 96 94 93 93 Service-producing....................... 94,154 95,022 95,830 96,540 93,598 95,263 95,508 95,754 95,772 95,965 Transportation and public utilities... 6,263 6,331 6,382 6,388 6,212 6,329 6,333 6,342 6,330 6,337 Transportation...................... 3,994 4,030 4,091 4,101 3,947 4,045 4,051 4,056 4,045 4,055 Railroad transportation........... 237.2 232.6 233.4 232.1 236 231 229 230 232 231 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 449.5 393.1 468.7 476.5 431 454 458 463 454 457 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,900.9 1,909.4 1,899.8 1,897.4 1,872 1,891 1,888 1,882 1,875 1,869 Water transportation.............. 173.2 179.6 176.0 171.7 173 171 172 173 170 172 Transportation by air............. 800.4 856.1 854.6 861.1 802 844 848 850 854 863 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.5 14.1 13.8 13.7 14 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 418.3 444.7 445.0 448.9 419 440 442 444 446 449 Communications and public utilities. 2,269 2,301 2,291 2,287 2,265 2,284 2,282 2,286 2,285 2,282 Communications.................... 1,357.0 1,403.8 1,401.2 1,401.7 1,352 1,388 1,391 1,398 1,398 1,397 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 912.2 897.4 889.5 884.8 913 896 891 888 887 885 Wholesale trade....................... 6,483 6,638 6,630 6,650 6,465 6,575 6,585 6,603 6,613 6,632 Durable goods....................... 3,775 3,886 3,871 3,875 3,778 3,857 3,862 3,871 3,874 3,878 Nondurable goods.................... 2,708 2,752 2,759 2,775 2,687 2,718 2,723 2,732 2,739 2,754 Retail trade.......................... 21,284 21,855 21,801 21,785 21,263 21,568 21,671 21,672 21,699 21,761 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 873.8 946.2 935.9 935.1 873 917 922 923 930 934 General merchandise stores.......... 2,738.0 2,699.1 2,714.2 2,786.3 2,700 2,721 2,732 2,745 2,738 2,746 Department stores................. 2,410.8 2,386.9 2,401.7 2,467.4 2,376 2,408 2,413 2,422 2,415 2,432 Food stores......................... 3,380.9 3,456.3 3,437.6 3,457.6 3,379 3,420 3,435 3,442 3,435 3,454 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,211.6 2,316.5 2,313.9 2,310.7 2,206 2,272 2,285 2,291 2,299 2,305 New and used car dealers.......... 1,005.4 1,041.5 1,043.3 1,046.1 1,002 1,030 1,034 1,037 1,037 1,043 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,101.1 1,099.0 1,082.3 1,089.3 1,109 1,101 1,103 1,098 1,099 1,097 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 947.8 978.9 984.0 996.3 948 972 981 989 993 996 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,361.8 7,700.5 7,647.9 7,482.0 7,391 7,485 7,528 7,489 7,502 7,514 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,669.3 2,658.4 2,684.8 2,727.4 2,657 2,680 2,685 2,695 2,703 2,715 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,839 7,079 7,014 7,009 6,859 6,967 6,987 6,999 7,003 7,029 Finance............................. 3,235 3,360 3,335 3,338 3,248 3,319 3,329 3,339 3,337 3,352 Depository institutions........... 2,011.2 2,045.6 2,026.9 2,027.8 2,019 2,029 2,030 2,028 2,026 2,036 Commercial banks................ 1,457.9 1,484.3 1,471.3 1,472.5 1,464 1,469 1,472 1,471 1,472 1,478 Savings institutions............ 268.4 265.4 260.2 259.2 270 268 265 265 261 260 Nondepository institutions........ 470.2 519.4 519.7 520.1 473 509 514 519 521 523 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 208.0 234.3 234.3 232.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Security and commodity brokers.... 523.3 550.8 546.6 548.6 525 541 543 548 547 550 Holding and other investment offices........................ 230.5 244.1 242.2 241.8 231 240 242 244 243 243 Insurance........................... 2,243 2,267 2,261 2,262 2,249 2,259 2,261 2,259 2,264 2,267 Insurance carriers................ 1,541.9 1,557.1 1,551.3 1,552.8 1,546 1,551 1,553 1,551 1,553 1,556 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 701.1 709.8 709.3 709.5 703 708 708 708 711 711 Real estate......................... 1,361 1,452 1,418 1,409 1,362 1,389 1,397 1,401 1,402 1,410 Services2............................. 33,663 34,830 34,730 34,919 33,460 34,378 34,448 34,532 34,588 34,707 Agricultural services............... 606.3 676.6 650.3 641.2 584 615 619 619 616 618 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,658.3 1,829.4 1,733.9 1,686.5 1,656 1,704 1,690 1,684 1,682 1,684 Personal services................... 1,136.7 1,135.5 1,148.5 1,158.9 1,166 1,174 1,174 1,179 1,180 1,188 Business services................... 7,050.3 7,348.6 7,384.9 7,438.4 6,900 7,188 7,225 7,269 7,277 7,279 Services to buildings............. 888.2 901.5 892.0 891.8 887 895 893 893 888 891 Personnel supply services......... 2,637.9 2,756.0 2,805.7 2,832.1 2,511 2,648 2,668 2,696 2,708 2,694 Help supply services............ 2,339.6 2,449.2 2,494.5 2,520.1 2,221 2,352 2,368 2,393 2,402 2,391 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,112.7 1,219.2 1,225.4 1,237.6 1,116 1,195 1,206 1,218 1,227 1,241 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,034.1 1,111.8 1,110.1 1,116.2 1,035 1,085 1,096 1,105 1,105 1,117 Miscellaneous repair services....... 357.7 369.6 368.8 368.1 355 366 365 366 367 366 Motion pictures..................... 491.7 539.2 525.6 523.8 503 529 532 524 543 535 Amusement and recreation services... 1,420.7 1,765.1 1,589.8 1,492.4 1,472 1,504 1,514 1,515 1,506 1,544 Health services..................... 9,349.4 9,619.8 9,614.3 9,646.8 9,347 9,565 9,576 9,591 9,621 9,645 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,623.3 1,690.4 1,687.4 1,693.1 1,623 1,674 1,677 1,681 1,687 1,693 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,709.0 1,756.0 1,752.7 1,757.5 1,707 1,744 1,747 1,749 1,750 1,755 Hospitals......................... 3,799.7 3,858.2 3,857.5 3,866.4 3,802 3,847 3,849 3,849 3,863 3,869 Home health care services......... 643.9 657.9 661.6 664.5 641 658 656 658 658 663 Legal services...................... 918.8 940.5 926.4 931.6 923 929 933 935 933 936 Educational services................ 2,103.5 1,727.4 1,956.3 2,149.6 1,974 2,001 2,017 2,014 1,996 2,017 Social services..................... 2,358.7 2,368.0 2,392.1 2,421.4 2,352 2,395 2,390 2,392 2,407 2,418 Child day care services........... 580.3 523.0 574.8 590.0 567 570 568 577 569 577 Residential care.................. 643.6 677.3 667.8 670.5 646 665 669 672 671 673 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 82.2 91.7 86.2 87.1 81 85 85 85 84 86 Membership organizations............ 2,116.7 2,189.4 2,134.3 2,142.3 2,126 2,148 2,146 2,154 2,151 2,151 Engineering and management services. 2,786.2 2,922.9 2,913.9 2,922.0 2,795 2,897 2,893 2,906 2,926 2,931 Engineering and architectural services....................... 823.1 862.7 857.3 858.4 821 848 844 848 854 856 Management and public relations... 853.1 914.7 921.5 925.9 852 900 903 907 918 924 Services, nec....................... 44.8 47.1 47.0 45.6 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Government............................ 19,622 18,289 19,273 19,789 19,339 19,446 19,484 19,606 19,539 19,499 Federal............................. 2,787 2,758 2,740 2,720 2,801 2,756 2,752 2,739 2,741 2,733 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,942.0 1,910.6 1,891.7 1,867.3 1,953 1,906 1,897 1,888 1,885 1,878 State............................... 4,756 4,402 4,603 4,769 4,636 4,654 4,659 4,674 4,677 4,648 Education......................... 2,067.1 1,684.4 1,914.2 2,100.4 1,935 1,968 1,981 1,984 1,990 1,967 Other State government............ 2,689.0 2,717.8 2,689.1 2,668.6 2,701 2,686 2,678 2,690 2,687 2,681 Local............................... 12,079 11,129 11,930 12,300 11,902 12,036 12,073 12,193 12,121 12,118 Education......................... 6,876.9 5,597.7 6,600.7 7,027.0 6,629 6,719 6,768 6,862 6,782 6,774 Other local government............ 5,202.0 5,531.4 5,329.0 5,273.0 5,273 5,317 5,305 5,331 5,339 5,344 1 This series is not suitable for seasonal adjustment because it has very little seasonal and irregular movement. Thus, the not seasonally adjusted series can be used for analysis of cyclical and long-term trends. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p Total private.................... 34.7 34.8 34.9 34.5 34.5 34.7 34.2 34.4 34.7 34.3 Goods-producing......................... 41.4 41.4 41.7 41.5 41.0 41.1 41.0 41.1 41.1 41.0 Mining................................ 45.4 45.3 45.9 46.0 44.9 45.9 44.9 44.8 45.1 45.5 Construction.......................... 40.1 39.8 39.7 39.8 39.1 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.4 38.8 Manufacturing......................... 41.7 41.8 42.3 41.9 41.4 41.8 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.6 Overtime hours.................... 4.6 4.7 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 Durable goods........................ 42.6 42.5 43.0 42.6 42.3 42.6 42.3 42.5 42.6 42.3 Overtime hours.................... 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.0 4.6 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 Lumber and wood products............ 41.2 41.4 41.7 41.4 40.7 41.2 41.1 40.9 41.2 40.8 Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.1 40.0 40.4 40.2 39.4 39.5 39.7 39.5 39.6 39.6 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.8 44.0 44.3 43.9 43.1 43.5 43.2 43.2 43.3 43.2 Primary metal industries............ 43.7 44.1 44.8 44.4 43.8 44.2 44.0 44.5 44.5 44.5 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.0 44.0 44.5 44.5 44.2 44.5 44.3 44.2 44.1 44.7 Fabricated metal products........... 42.6 42.6 43.0 42.6 42.2 42.6 42.4 42.5 42.4 42.2 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.2 42.7 43.3 43.0 43.1 43.3 43.1 42.8 43.0 43.0 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 42.2 41.5 41.9 41.6 42.0 41.6 41.2 41.7 41.6 41.4 Transportation equipment............ 43.8 44.3 45.1 44.1 43.4 44.4 43.9 44.7 44.7 43.7 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 44.8 45.5 46.3 45.0 44.3 45.7 45.5 46.4 45.9 44.5 Instruments and related products.... 41.4 41.6 42.0 41.8 41.4 41.9 41.4 41.7 41.9 41.8 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.3 39.9 40.4 39.9 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.8 40.0 39.4 Nondurable goods..................... 40.6 40.9 41.3 40.9 40.3 40.7 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.6 Overtime hours.................... 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 Food and kindred products........... 41.4 41.5 42.2 41.7 40.9 41.0 40.8 40.6 41.0 41.3 Tobacco products.................... 40.4 40.1 42.1 41.0 38.9 39.4 39.4 39.8 40.9 39.4 Textile mill products............... 40.6 41.3 41.4 41.0 40.4 40.9 40.8 40.9 40.9 40.8 Apparel and other textile products.. 36.9 37.7 37.5 37.4 36.7 37.6 37.1 37.4 37.4 37.2 Paper and allied products........... 43.1 43.4 44.0 43.8 42.8 43.5 43.4 43.3 43.6 43.5 Printing and publishing............. 38.3 38.6 38.8 38.5 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.4 38.4 38.2 Chemicals and allied products....... 43.2 42.9 43.3 43.0 43.2 43.4 43.3 43.3 43.1 43.0 Petroleum and coal products......... 44.3 43.9 44.3 44.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.5 41.6 42.0 41.5 41.4 41.5 41.5 41.7 41.7 41.3 Leather and leather products........ 38.2 39.0 39.2 39.4 37.8 38.5 38.3 38.9 38.9 38.9 Service-producing....................... 32.8 33.1 33.0 32.7 32.7 33.0 32.5 32.6 33.0 32.5 Transportation and public utilities... 39.7 40.1 40.4 40.0 39.5 40.0 39.4 39.7 40.3 39.8 Wholesale trade....................... 38.5 38.4 38.6 38.3 38.3 38.7 38.0 38.3 38.5 38.1 Retail trade.......................... 28.8 29.5 29.1 28.8 28.8 29.0 28.6 28.8 29.0 28.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.4 35.7 36.5 35.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.6 32.7 32.6 32.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996p 1996p Total private.................... $11.60 $11.77 $11.96 $11.95 $402.52 $409.60 $417.40 $412.28 Seasonally adjusted............. 11.55 11.87 11.91 11.91 398.48 408.33 413.28 408.51 Goods-producing......................... 13.20 13.55 13.67 13.63 546.48 560.97 570.04 565.65 Mining................................ 15.34 15.51 15.72 15.52 696.44 702.60 721.55 713.92 Construction.......................... 15.34 15.55 15.75 15.74 615.13 618.89 625.28 626.45 Manufacturing......................... 12.43 12.79 12.90 12.84 518.33 534.62 545.67 538.00 Durable goods........................ 12.97 13.38 13.51 13.41 552.52 568.65 580.93 571.27 Lumber and wood products............ 10.27 10.53 10.56 10.53 423.12 435.94 440.35 435.94 Furniture and fixtures.............. 9.92 10.19 10.27 10.28 397.79 407.60 414.91 413.26 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.53 12.91 13.00 12.95 548.81 568.04 575.90 568.51 Primary metal industries............ 14.64 15.03 15.20 15.11 639.77 662.82 680.96 670.88 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 17.43 17.88 18.17 17.91 766.92 786.72 808.57 797.00 Fabricated metal products........... 12.17 12.51 12.63 12.51 518.44 532.93 543.09 532.93 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.33 13.64 13.77 13.72 575.86 582.43 596.24 589.96 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 11.76 12.26 12.33 12.25 496.27 508.79 516.63 509.60 Transportation equipment............ 16.75 17.31 17.50 17.31 733.65 766.83 789.25 763.37 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.51 17.87 18.13 17.82 784.45 813.09 839.42 801.90 Instruments and related products.... 12.77 13.18 13.27 13.23 528.68 548.29 557.34 553.01 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.14 10.39 10.52 10.54 408.64 414.56 425.01 420.55 Nondurable goods..................... 11.67 11.96 12.02 12.03 473.80 489.16 496.43 492.03 Food and kindred products........... 10.92 11.18 11.21 11.21 452.09 463.97 473.06 467.46 Tobacco products.................... 18.19 20.44 18.74 18.34 734.88 819.64 788.95 751.94 Textile mill products............... 9.48 9.71 9.77 9.72 384.89 401.02 404.48 398.52 Apparel and other textile products.. 7.73 7.93 8.00 8.04 285.24 298.96 300.00 300.70 Paper and allied products........... 14.31 14.70 14.74 14.72 616.76 637.98 648.56 644.74 Printing and publishing............. 12.43 12.69 12.82 12.82 476.07 489.83 497.42 493.57 Chemicals and allied products....... 15.81 16.25 16.29 16.38 682.99 697.13 705.36 704.34 Petroleum and coal products......... 19.68 18.96 19.31 19.42 871.82 832.34 855.43 856.42 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.01 11.23 11.30 11.26 456.92 467.17 474.60 467.29 Leather and leather products........ 8.23 8.63 8.71 8.70 314.39 336.57 341.43 342.78 Service-producing....................... 11.04 11.16 11.38 11.38 362.11 369.40 375.54 372.13 Transportation and public utilities... $14.46 $14.55 $14.62 $14.60 $574.06 $583.46 $590.65 $584.00 Wholesale trade....................... 12.55 12.82 12.99 12.89 483.18 492.29 501.41 493.69 Retail trade.......................... 7.77 7.95 8.06 8.12 223.78 234.53 234.55 233.86 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.53 12.72 12.89 12.86 456.09 454.10 470.49 455.24 Services.............................. 11.54 11.64 11.90 11.92 376.20 380.63 387.94 385.02 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. change Industry 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p from: Sept. 1996- Oct. 1996 Total private: Current dollars.............. $11.55 $11.83 $11.81 $11.87 $11.91 $11.91 0.0 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.42 7.44 7.41 7.45 7.45 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.13 13.45 13.48 13.56 13.59 13.57 -.1 Mining...................... 15.45 15.59 15.62 15.63 15.70 15.63 -.4 Construction................ 15.18 15.40 15.46 15.49 15.58 15.57 -.1 Manufacturing............... 12.46 12.77 12.79 12.89 12.90 12.87 -.2 Excluding overtime4....... 11.83 12.12 12.15 12.22 12.21 12.21 .0 Service-producing............. 11.03 11.29 11.25 11.30 11.36 11.36 .0 Transportation and public utilities................ 14.40 14.55 14.52 14.61 14.57 14.55 -.1 Wholesale trade............. 12.54 12.91 12.81 12.88 12.99 12.89 -.8 Retail trade................ 7.76 8.00 7.96 8.01 8.02 8.11 1.1 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 12.52 12.86 12.77 12.85 12.94 12.85 -.7 Services.................... 11.52 11.79 11.78 11.82 11.90 11.90 .0 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .0 percent from August 1996 to September 1996, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p Total private.................... 136.0 140.2 139.9 138.8 134.3 137.7 136.1 136.9 138.1 136.8 Goods-producing......................... 113.0 114.3 114.9 113.8 109.6 110.7 110.2 110.6 110.3 110.2 Mining................................ 55.4 56.0 56.5 56.6 53.7 56.0 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.9 Construction.......................... 155.9 164.5 162.5 162.6 142.7 147.1 147.8 148.0 146.9 148.5 Manufacturing......................... 107.6 107.3 108.4 107.1 106.2 106.5 105.8 106.3 106.1 105.7 Durable goods........................ 108.4 108.8 110.3 109.1 107.3 108.9 108.0 108.9 108.7 108.0 Lumber and wood products............ 138.0 141.3 141.5 140.5 134.7 137.2 136.7 136.9 137.0 136.8 Furniture and fixtures.............. 126.1 124.4 126.2 125.5 123.2 122.6 124.2 122.9 123.6 122.9 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 112.1 114.1 114.5 113.5 108.4 109.7 108.6 109.2 109.2 109.7 Primary metal industries............ 91.1 91.9 93.5 92.2 91.1 92.5 90.9 92.9 92.6 92.4 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 71.9 72.6 73.1 71.6 72.6 73.5 72.8 72.6 72.0 72.2 Fabricated metal products........... 114.8 115.6 117.5 116.7 113.2 115.2 115.0 115.8 115.2 115.1 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 102.9 101.8 103.2 102.4 103.2 103.9 103.4 102.8 102.5 102.9 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 109.9 107.7 109.0 108.3 108.9 108.3 107.8 108.7 108.2 107.4 Transportation equipment............ 118.6 122.3 125.2 121.4 117.5 123.8 121.4 125.0 124.1 120.2 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 164.3 165.2 169.3 162.1 162.3 168.7 165.1 172.9 167.9 160.0 Instruments and related products.... 73.3 73.4 74.2 74.5 73.3 74.0 72.6 73.5 74.0 74.3 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 106.1 102.0 104.1 103.2 102.0 102.0 101.3 101.1 101.3 99.8 Nondurable goods..................... 106.5 105.2 105.9 104.3 104.7 103.3 102.6 102.6 102.7 102.5 Food and kindred products........... 119.1 120.2 121.4 117.4 113.9 112.3 111.3 110.6 111.2 112.6 Tobacco products.................... 68.4 60.8 69.8 69.0 61.7 62.5 60.5 57.2 62.8 60.5 Textile mill products............... 93.5 92.6 92.4 91.4 92.8 91.4 91.2 91.1 90.7 90.9 Apparel and other textile products.. 81.4 76.4 76.3 75.5 80.1 76.7 76.0 75.3 75.2 74.1 Paper and allied products........... 109.7 109.5 110.7 110.0 108.9 108.4 107.7 107.9 108.8 109.2 Printing and publishing............. 124.2 124.0 124.3 123.1 123.5 122.7 123.0 123.6 123.3 122.7 Chemicals and allied products....... 102.4 99.7 99.8 99.0 102.4 100.6 100.0 99.8 99.2 99.1 Petroleum and coal products......... 78.8 77.9 77.5 76.3 76.3 76.7 75.8 75.8 75.6 73.3 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 142.4 142.4 143.7 142.1 141.4 141.0 141.2 142.8 142.4 140.9 Leather and leather products........ 48.0 44.1 44.0 44.7 46.5 44.4 43.5 43.0 43.0 43.6 Service-producing....................... 146.4 151.8 151.1 150.0 145.5 149.8 147.7 148.7 150.5 148.7 Transportation and public utilities... 127.8 130.5 132.9 131.7 125.8 130.1 128.3 129.4 131.4 129.6 Wholesale trade....................... 124.1 126.4 126.7 126.1 122.9 126.0 123.9 125.3 126.0 125.0 Retail trade.......................... 132.4 139.5 137.2 135.8 132.5 135.5 134.1 135.0 136.1 135.6 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 125.2 127.9 129.0 125.0 124.7 128.9 125.1 126.3 129.5 124.4 Services.............................. 174.3 181.0 180.0 179.4 173.0 178.7 176.4 177.5 179.7 177.5 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1992.............. 43.7 43.7 50.0 57.3 55.5 50.1 52.2 49.0 52.1 56.3 53.2 57.4 1993.............. 60.0 60.8 51.3 58.6 61.7 55.2 57.7 57.0 61.8 59.7 61.8 59.6 1994.............. 58.8 62.1 66.0 64.2 60.3 63.5 61.5 62.1 60.8 61.5 63.1 63.9 1995.............. 63.2 59.3 54.9 54.6 51.4 55.1 54.1 57.4 51.8 54.8 56.3 59.4 1996.............. 52.4 63.2 60.0 52.4 62.2 57.4 55.8 57.3 p49.7 p60.1 Over 3-month span: 1992.............. 39.7 41.9 49.7 57.0 58.4 55.8 50.6 50.1 52.8 54.4 57.6 61.2 1993.............. 63.8 61.2 61.1 59.8 63.1 62.9 59.7 63.1 64.5 67.1 64.6 63.5 1994.............. 67.1 69.5 70.4 68.7 66.4 66.0 68.5 69.5 65.3 65.6 68.0 67.8 1995.............. 66.6 63.2 56.9 53.4 54.2 52.9 56.6 53.8 54.2 54.6 58.3 57.0 1996.............. 60.7 61.8 61.2 60.0 61.0 63.6 60.3 p55.2 p58.8 Over 6-month span: 1992.............. 43.3 46.8 47.5 52.5 54.9 56.7 53.8 52.2 55.5 57.6 63.9 61.9 1993.............. 63.3 65.2 63.8 64.2 62.4 65.9 65.7 63.9 66.3 67.3 70.6 69.5 1994.............. 70.8 71.6 69.0 69.8 69.5 69.5 69.2 69.0 69.2 68.5 69.1 66.6 1995.............. 66.3 60.8 58.7 54.4 53.5 54.1 53.1 56.3 55.9 54.1 56.2 61.8 1996.............. 60.3 62.9 63.8 63.8 62.6 p58.7 p64.5 Over 12-month span: 1992.............. 47.2 42.3 42.7 44.1 48.0 52.5 55.8 60.7 59.7 61.4 62.9 62.9 1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.4 65.7 65.0 1995.............. 62.6 60.8 60.1 61.2 58.1 57.7 54.5 58.7 58.6 57.3 59.4 59.8 1996.............. 61.0 61.7 p61.2 p60.8 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1992.............. 37.4 39.9 43.9 56.8 50.0 48.9 52.2 44.6 47.5 47.8 51.4 54.7 1993.............. 52.5 56.5 50.7 45.7 54.0 45.7 49.3 49.3 59.4 53.2 53.6 55.0 1994.............. 56.5 60.1 59.7 58.6 53.2 57.9 57.6 53.6 55.8 54.7 57.2 59.4 1995.............. 56.8 55.0 46.0 45.3 39.2 40.3 45.0 45.0 42.4 45.3 46.4 47.5 1996.............. 42.1 48.2 48.2 39.6 53.2 49.6 43.9 50.0 p42.1 p54.0 Over 3-month span: 1992.............. 29.9 33.5 43.9 49.6 55.4 53.2 46.8 47.8 45.7 47.5 51.1 54.7 1993.............. 60.8 58.3 53.2 47.8 48.9 54.0 50.4 58.3 57.6 59.7 54.7 57.6 1994.............. 63.7 64.4 66.2 60.8 56.1 56.8 60.8 58.6 54.0 56.1 60.1 60.8 1995.............. 60.4 51.8 43.5 34.9 33.1 32.0 33.1 35.6 38.8 39.6 40.6 38.8 1996.............. 38.8 39.9 37.8 43.2 45.3 47.5 45.7 p39.2 p49.3 Over 6-month span: 1992.............. 32.4 34.9 39.9 46.8 52.2 54.3 48.2 47.8 51.1 51.1 56.8 56.5 1993.............. 56.5 59.0 56.8 55.4 50.7 57.9 59.4 56.5 57.6 58.6 64.4 60.8 1994.............. 62.2 64.4 60.4 61.5 59.0 56.8 56.5 57.2 60.1 55.8 59.7 55.8 1995.............. 55.4 45.0 38.5 33.5 27.7 28.8 28.8 30.6 33.5 33.1 34.2 38.8 1996.............. 32.0 37.4 37.1 38.1 42.4 p38.1 p46.8 Over 12-month span: 1992.............. 42.4 36.7 36.3 36.0 39.6 45.7 50.0 55.8 57.9 56.8 58.3 56.5 1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 55.8 49.6 47.5 1995.............. 42.1 40.3 39.9 40.6 34.5 31.7 25.9 28.8 28.1 24.1 27.0 29.1 1996.............. 33.1 33.1 p33.8 p33.8 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.