Technical information: USDL 96-414 Household data: (202) 606-6378 606-6373 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, October 4, 1996. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: SEPTEMBER 1996 Both unemployment and nonfarm payroll employment were essentially unchanged in September, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The jobless rate was 5.2 percent in September; it had been 5.1 percent in August. Payroll employment fell in manufacturing and local government in September, and growth slowed in several other major industries. Average hourly earnings rose by 6 cents over the month. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) About 7.0 million persons were unemployed in September and the unemployment rate was 5.2 percent. Both measures were about the same as they had been in August. Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult men rose by 0.3 percentage point to 4.5 percent, while the rate for teenagers fell to 15.6 percent. (See table A-1.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment, at 127.4 million in September, continued to trend upward. The proportion of the population 16 years and over that was employed (the employment-population ratio) remained at 63.3 percent. The number of employed persons has increased by about 2.3 million over the past year, and the employment-population ratio has risen by half a percentage point. (See table A-1.) The number of persons who held more than one job in September was 7.8 million (not seasonally adjusted). These multiple jobholders comprised 6.1 percent of the total employed. This multiple jobholding rate was the same for men and women. (See table A-9.) The civilian labor force grew by 455,000 in September to 134.3 million, more than offsetting a decline in the previous month. The labor force has grown by 1.8 million since September 1995. (See table A-1.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in September--that is, they wanted and were available for work but had stopped looking for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months. Of this total, discouraged workers--those who were no longer looking specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them- -numbered 391,000. (See table A-9.) - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________|Aug.- Category | 1996 | 1996 |Sept. |_________________|__________________________|change | II | III | July | Aug. | Sept. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 133,647| 134,135| 134,181| 133,885| 134,340| 455 Employment..........| 126,389| 127,102| 126,884| 127,055| 127,368| 313 Unemployment........| 7,258| 7,033| 7,297| 6,830| 6,971| 141 Not in labor force....| 66,633| 66,715| 66,460| 66,962| 66,721| -241 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 5.4| 5.2| 5.4| 5.1| 5.2| 0.1 Adult men...........| 4.7| 4.5| 4.7| 4.2| 4.5| .3 Adult women.........| 4.8| 4.7| 4.9| 4.6| 4.5| -.1 Teenagers...........| 16.3| 16.4| 16.4| 17.2| 15.6| -1.6 White...............| 4.7| 4.5| 4.7| 4.4| 4.5| .1 Black...............| 10.3| 10.5| 10.5| 10.5| 10.5| .0 Hispanic origin.....| 9.2| 8.7| 9.0| 8.7| 8.2| -.5 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 119,272|p119,936| 119,789|p120,030|p119,990| p-40 Goods-producing 1/..| 24,249| p24,268| 24,265| p24,295| p24,245| p-50 Construction......| 5,380| p5,437| 5,427| p5,438| p5,447| p9 Manufacturing.....| 18,294| p18,261| 18,268| p18,286| p18,229| p-57 Service-producing 1/| 95,024| p95,668| 95,524| p95,735| p95,745| p10 Retail trade......| 21,499| p21,682| 21,672| p21,676| p21,698| p22 Services..........| 34,257| p34,527| 34,463| p34,532| p34,586| p54 Government........| 19,435| p19,528| 19,482| p19,591| p19,510| p-81 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 2/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.4| p34.5| 34.2| p34.5| p34.7| p0.2 Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.7| 41.6| p41.7| p41.8| p.1 Overtime..........| 4.6| p4.5| 4.4| p4.5| p4.5| p.0 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 2/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $11.76| p$11.86| $11.81| p$11.86| p$11.92| p$0.06 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 404.56| p408.90| 403.90| p409.17| p413.62| p4.45 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 2/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment was about unchanged in September at 120.0 million, after seasonal adjustment, as private sector employment growth slowed markedly and government employment declined. (See table B-1.) Manufacturing employment declined by 57,000 in September; industry losses now total 331,000 since the most recent peak in March 1995. Job losses were widespread in September, with the largest declines occurring in industrial machinery and transportation equipment. In the latter industry, there has been no net job growth since June. Within nondurable goods, job losses continued in several industries, including food and kindred products, printing and publishing, and apparel. Construction employment increased by only 9,000 in September. Growth in the industry has slowed considerably in the past 2 months, following relatively strong gains over the first 7 months of the year. The long-term decline in mining employment continued. Within the service-producing sector, government employment fell by 81,000 in September. This was due mainly to a seasonally adjusted decline of 67,000 in local education, following unusually large gains in the prior 3 months. Changing seasonal patterns due to the earlier start of the school year and the trend toward year-round schools have shifted some of the seasonal job growth in education to the summer months. Despite this drop in September, employment in local education still has expanded by 95,000 since May. Losses continued in federal government employment, where job declines have approached a quarter million since the most recent employment peak in May 1992. Employment growth in services slowed further in September. The increase of 54,000 was just under half of the average monthly gain recorded in the first half of the year and smaller than the modest increases of July and August. Employment growth in September was weak in business and private educational services, and employment declined in child day care. In contrast, employment in health services grew by 30,000, following 3 months of sluggishness. Retail trade added only 22,000 jobs in September, half the average monthly gain of the past year. Employment declined in general merchandise and apparel stores and grew moderately in eating and drinking places. While the pace of job growth in wholesale trade has slowed considerably since March, the September increase of 5,000 was especially small. Employment in finance, insurance, and real estate increased modestly in September. Employment growth accelerated in insurance, but employment in finance and real estate was little changed over the month. Gains in transportation and public utilities employment were relatively small for the third consecutive month. Within transportation, there was a small increase in air transportation, but employment in trucking and warehousing was flat over the month and has shown no net growth since late last year. - 4 - Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose 0.2 hour in September to 34.7 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek edged up 0.1 hour to 41.8 hours, and factory overtime was unchanged at 4.5 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls rose 0.7 percent in September to 138.0 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted, largely reflecting the increase in the average workweek. The manufacturing index edged down 0.2 percent to 106.1. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls rose 6 cents in September to $11.92, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings increased by 1.1 percent to $413.62. Over the past year, average hourly earnings have increased by 3.5 percent, and average weekly earnings have risen by 4.4 percent. (See table B-3.) ------------------------------------------------------------- | The August and September 1996 establishment-based | |employment data in this release incorporate corrected | |seasonal adjustment factors. Factors previously | |published for March-October 1996 were found to contain | |a minor computational error. BLS will publish the | |corrected seasonally adjusted employment, hours, and | |earnings data for March-September 1996 in the October | |issue of Employment and Earnings. These series also | |will be available, beginning October 18, on the INTERNET | |(Address: http://stats.bls.gov:80/cgi-bin/dsrv?ee) or | |by calling FAXSTAT at (202) 606-6325 and requesting | |document 3030. All revisions are expected to be minor. | |Revised seasonal factors for the August-October 1996 | |employment series are now available on the INTERNET (Address:| |ftp://stats.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ee/sfae0996.dat) | |or by calling the number shown above and asking for | |document 1510. | ------------------------------------------------------------- _________________________ The Employment Situation for October 1996 is scheduled to be released on Friday, November 1, at 8:30 A.M. (EST). - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1996, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing over 47 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $13.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1- H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606- 5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ 199,005 200,847 201,060 199,005 200,278 200,459 200,641 200,847 201,060 Civilian labor force.......................... 132,341 135,011 134,230 132,501 133,910 133,669 134,181 133,885 134,340 Participation rate...................... 66.5 67.2 66.8 66.6 66.9 66.7 66.9 66.7 66.8 Employed.................................... 125,173 128,143 127,529 125,036 126,462 126,610 126,884 127,055 127,368 Employment-population ratio............. 62.9 63.8 63.4 62.8 63.1 63.2 63.2 63.3 63.3 Agriculture............................... 3,430 3,706 3,607 3,335 3,491 3,382 3,502 3,421 3,535 Nonagricultural industries................ 121,744 124,437 123,922 121,701 122,971 123,228 123,382 123,635 123,833 Unemployed.................................. 7,167 6,868 6,700 7,465 7,448 7,060 7,297 6,830 6,971 Unemployment rate....................... 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 Not in labor force............................ 66,664 65,836 66,831 66,504 66,368 66,790 66,460 66,962 66,721 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 95,397 96,335 96,447 95,397 96,048 96,140 96,230 96,335 96,447 Civilian labor force.......................... 71,288 72,888 72,028 71,348 72,241 72,121 72,375 71,973 72,102 Participation rate...................... 74.7 75.7 74.7 74.8 75.2 75.0 75.2 74.7 74.8 Employed.................................... 67,646 69,533 68,614 67,328 68,278 68,283 68,400 68,442 68,319 Employment-population ratio............. 70.9 72.2 71.1 70.6 71.1 71.0 71.1 71.0 70.8 Unemployed.................................. 3,642 3,355 3,413 4,020 3,964 3,837 3,975 3,531 3,783 Unemployment rate....................... 5.1 4.6 4.7 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.5 4.9 5.2 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 87,940 88,650 88,733 87,940 88,530 88,570 88,614 88,650 88,733 Civilian labor force.......................... 67,374 68,390 68,140 67,286 68,064 68,118 68,274 68,114 68,072 Participation rate...................... 76.6 77.1 76.8 76.5 76.9 76.9 77.0 76.8 76.7 Employed.................................... 64,417 65,725 65,353 64,023 64,818 64,962 65,094 65,286 64,978 Employment-population ratio............. 73.3 74.1 73.7 72.8 73.2 73.3 73.5 73.6 73.2 Agriculture............................... 2,375 2,477 2,439 2,296 2,337 2,292 2,381 2,352 2,377 Nonagricultural industries................ 62,042 63,248 62,914 61,727 62,480 62,669 62,713 62,933 62,601 Unemployed.................................. 2,957 2,665 2,788 3,263 3,246 3,157 3,179 2,829 3,094 Unemployment rate....................... 4.4 3.9 4.1 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.2 4.5 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 103,608 104,512 104,614 103,608 104,230 104,319 104,411 104,512 104,614 Civilian labor force.......................... 61,053 62,123 62,202 61,153 61,669 61,548 61,806 61,912 62,238 Participation rate...................... 58.9 59.4 59.5 59.0 59.2 59.0 59.2 59.2 59.5 Employed.................................... 57,527 58,610 58,915 57,708 58,184 58,326 58,484 58,613 59,049 Employment-population ratio............. 55.5 56.1 56.3 55.7 55.8 55.9 56.0 56.1 56.4 Unemployed.................................. 3,525 3,514 3,287 3,445 3,485 3,222 3,322 3,299 3,189 Unemployment rate....................... 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.1 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,408 97,146 97,226 96,408 96,925 96,999 97,064 97,146 97,226 Civilian labor force.......................... 57,520 57,992 58,548 57,387 57,915 57,893 58,102 58,225 58,356 Participation rate...................... 59.7 59.7 60.2 59.5 59.8 59.7 59.9 59.9 60.0 Employed.................................... 54,586 55,026 55,776 54,568 55,014 55,211 55,266 55,522 55,711 Employment-population ratio............. 56.6 56.6 57.4 56.6 56.8 56.9 56.9 57.2 57.3 Agriculture............................... 793 880 890 778 831 842 863 829 881 Nonagricultural industries................ 53,793 54,146 54,886 53,790 54,183 54,369 54,403 54,693 54,831 Unemployed.................................. 2,934 2,966 2,772 2,819 2,901 2,682 2,837 2,704 2,645 Unemployment rate....................... 5.1 5.1 4.7 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... 14,657 15,051 15,101 14,657 14,823 14,890 14,963 15,051 15,101 Civilian labor force.......................... 7,447 8,629 7,541 7,828 7,932 7,658 7,805 7,545 7,911 Participation rate...................... 50.8 57.3 49.9 53.4 53.5 51.4 52.2 50.1 52.4 Employed.................................... 6,170 7,392 6,401 6,445 6,630 6,437 6,524 6,248 6,679 Employment-population ratio............. 42.1 49.1 42.4 44.0 44.7 43.2 43.6 41.5 44.2 Agriculture............................... 262 349 278 261 323 248 258 240 278 Nonagricultural industries................ 5,908 7,043 6,123 6,184 6,308 6,189 6,266 6,008 6,401 Unemployed.................................. 1,277 1,237 1,140 1,383 1,301 1,221 1,280 1,297 1,232 Unemployment rate....................... 17.1 14.3 15.1 17.7 16.4 15.9 16.4 17.2 15.6 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 167,200 168,489 168,639 167,200 168,098 168,222 168,345 168,489 168,639 Civilian labor force.......................... 112,039 113,713 113,275 112,113 113,109 112,941 113,076 112,832 113,316 Participation rate........................ 67.0 67.5 67.2 67.1 67.3 67.1 67.2 67.0 67.2 Employed.................................... 106,886 108,801 108,495 106,666 107,612 107,757 107,772 107,828 108,256 Employment-population ratio............... 63.9 64.6 64.3 63.8 64.0 64.1 64.0 64.0 64.2 Unemployed.................................. 5,152 4,912 4,780 5,447 5,497 5,184 5,304 5,004 5,060 Unemployment rate......................... 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.5 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 57,773 58,553 58,369 57,715 58,340 58,426 58,456 58,354 58,303 Participation rate........................ 77.0 77.5 77.2 76.9 77.4 77.5 77.5 77.3 77.1 Employed.................................... 55,595 56,568 56,344 55,250 55,914 56,047 56,079 56,174 56,008 Employment-population ratio............... 74.1 74.9 74.6 73.7 74.2 74.3 74.3 74.4 74.1 Unemployed.................................. 2,178 1,985 2,024 2,465 2,426 2,379 2,376 2,179 2,295 Unemployment rate......................... 3.8 3.4 3.5 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.9 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 48,074 47,960 48,536 47,876 48,103 47,956 47,981 48,124 48,286 Participation rate........................ 59.6 59.1 59.8 59.3 59.4 59.2 59.2 59.3 59.5 Employed.................................... 45,988 45,847 46,591 45,851 45,976 46,063 46,009 46,217 46,406 Employment-population ratio............... 57.0 56.5 57.4 56.8 56.8 56.9 56.8 57.0 57.2 Unemployed.................................. 2,086 2,113 1,945 2,025 2,128 1,894 1,972 1,907 1,881 Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.4 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.9 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 6,192 7,200 6,370 6,522 6,666 6,558 6,639 6,354 6,726 Participation rate........................ 53.7 60.6 53.4 56.6 56.6 55.5 56.0 53.5 56.4 Employed.................................... 5,303 6,387 5,560 5,565 5,723 5,647 5,684 5,437 5,842 Employment-population ratio............... 46.0 53.7 46.6 48.3 48.6 47.8 48.0 45.7 49.0 Unemployed.................................. 889 813 811 957 943 911 955 917 885 Unemployment rate......................... 14.4 11.3 12.7 14.7 14.1 13.9 14.4 14.4 13.2 Men..................................... 15.2 12.1 13.8 15.8 15.2 14.7 16.6 15.6 14.5 Women................................... 13.4 10.5 11.5 13.4 12.9 13.0 12.0 13.2 11.8 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,323 23,650 23,690 23,323 23,549 23,579 23,611 23,650 23,690 Civilian labor force.......................... 14,786 15,470 15,132 14,820 15,149 14,955 15,279 15,361 15,167 Participation rate........................ 63.4 65.4 63.9 63.5 64.3 63.4 64.7 65.0 64.0 Employed.................................... 13,173 13,792 13,547 13,181 13,599 13,451 13,671 13,750 13,569 Employment-population ratio............... 56.5 58.3 57.2 56.5 57.7 57.0 57.9 58.1 57.3 Unemployed.................................. 1,613 1,677 1,585 1,639 1,551 1,504 1,609 1,611 1,597 Unemployment rate......................... 10.9 10.8 10.5 11.1 10.2 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.5 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 6,724 6,888 6,840 6,727 6,786 6,728 6,867 6,890 6,849 Participation rate........................ 72.3 73.2 72.6 72.3 72.2 71.5 72.9 73.2 72.7 Employed.................................... 6,120 6,320 6,190 6,096 6,136 6,110 6,233 6,326 6,177 Employment-population ratio............... 65.8 67.1 65.7 65.5 65.3 64.9 66.2 67.2 65.6 Unemployed.................................. 605 568 651 631 650 617 634 564 672 Unemployment rate......................... 9.0 8.2 9.5 9.4 9.6 9.2 9.2 8.2 9.8 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,135 7,478 7,429 7,122 7,373 7,373 7,504 7,511 7,417 Participation rate........................ 60.9 63.1 62.6 60.8 62.4 62.4 63.4 63.4 62.5 Employed.................................... 6,455 6,749 6,767 6,478 6,758 6,743 6,830 6,824 6,794 Employment-population ratio............... 55.1 57.0 57.0 55.3 57.2 57.0 57.7 57.6 57.3 Unemployed.................................. 681 728 662 644 615 630 674 687 623 Unemployment rate......................... 9.5 9.7 8.9 9.0 8.3 8.5 9.0 9.1 8.4 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 927 1,104 863 971 990 854 908 960 901 Participation rate........................ 40.2 46.2 35.9 42.1 42.3 36.4 38.5 40.2 37.5 Employed.................................... 599 723 591 607 705 598 607 599 598 Employment-population ratio............... 26.0 30.3 24.6 26.3 30.1 25.4 25.8 25.1 24.9 Unemployed.................................. 328 381 272 364 286 256 301 361 303 Unemployment rate......................... 35.4 34.5 31.5 37.5 28.9 30.0 33.1 37.6 33.6 Men..................................... 31.9 36.4 32.1 36.0 27.4 35.3 43.3 38.6 36.6 Women................................... 38.6 32.4 30.9 38.9 30.2 25.0 20.9 36.5 30.7 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ 18,752 19,292 19,346 18,752 19,131 19,184 19,238 19,292 19,346 Civilian labor force.......................... 12,457 12,989 12,912 12,369 12,514 12,576 12,641 12,877 12,822 Participation rate........................ 66.4 67.3 66.7 66.0 65.4 65.6 65.7 66.7 66.3 Employed.................................... 11,374 11,844 11,895 11,247 11,365 11,472 11,500 11,750 11,766 Employment-population ratio............... 60.7 61.4 61.5 60.0 59.4 59.8 59.8 60.9 60.8 Unemployed.................................. 1,083 1,145 1,016 1,122 1,149 1,104 1,141 1,127 1,057 Unemployment rate......................... 8.7 8.8 7.9 9.1 9.2 8.8 9.0 8.7 8.2 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 125,173 128,143 127,529 125,036 126,462 126,610 126,884 127,055 127,368 Married men, spouse present................... 42,468 42,622 42,603 42,178 42,406 42,587 42,478 42,622 42,265 Married women, spouse present................. 32,175 32,209 32,798 32,180 32,330 32,649 32,713 32,732 32,765 Women who maintain families................... 7,171 7,276 7,443 7,155 7,314 7,360 7,230 7,291 7,443 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... 35,596 36,265 36,759 35,607 36,257 36,696 36,361 36,520 36,741 Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 37,380 37,971 37,725 37,504 37,681 37,683 37,795 37,858 37,801 Service occupations........................... 16,582 17,571 17,200 16,932 17,312 17,215 17,418 17,397 17,533 Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,655 14,029 13,881 13,486 13,439 13,572 13,439 13,701 13,717 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,164 18,344 18,199 18,002 18,282 18,137 18,392 18,075 18,047 Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,795 3,962 3,766 3,588 3,560 3,472 3,594 3,500 3,576 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 1,836 1,991 1,899 1,754 2,026 1,900 1,863 1,802 1,833 Self-employed workers....................... 1,554 1,635 1,616 1,525 1,456 1,457 1,564 1,528 1,597 Unpaid family workers....................... 40 79 92 43 46 35 52 65 97 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 112,615 115,358 114,960 112,586 114,032 114,130 114,294 114,634 114,908 Government................................ 18,214 17,737 18,052 18,249 18,256 18,329 18,294 18,286 18,088 Private industries........................ 94,401 97,620 96,908 94,337 95,776 95,801 96,000 96,348 96,820 Private households...................... 944 1,030 976 959 918 812 935 1,009 1,006 Other industries........................ 93,457 96,590 95,932 93,378 94,858 94,989 95,065 95,339 95,814 Self-employed workers....................... 9,008 8,956 8,825 8,954 8,878 9,073 8,998 8,876 8,763 Unpaid family workers....................... 120 124 138 112 124 136 130 121 127 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,217 4,407 4,012 4,502 4,277 4,301 4,366 4,354 4,309 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,307 2,388 2,215 2,526 2,216 2,322 2,589 2,477 2,426 Could only find part-time work............ 1,608 1,615 1,531 1,706 1,719 1,569 1,494 1,610 1,616 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 18,282 15,459 18,223 17,842 17,620 18,211 17,814 18,229 17,710 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,073 4,218 3,852 4,355 4,068 4,146 4,159 4,205 4,128 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,198 2,242 2,114 2,413 2,092 2,215 2,457 2,350 2,318 Could only find part-time work............ 1,586 1,586 1,495 1,675 1,663 1,542 1,479 1,600 1,574 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 17,649 14,866 17,530 17,218 17,038 17,623 17,157 17,613 17,036 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,465 6,830 6,971 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,263 2,829 3,094 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.2 4.5 Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,819 2,704 2,645 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,383 1,297 1,232 17.7 16.4 15.9 16.4 17.2 15.6 Married men, spouse present.................. 1,496 1,258 1,323 3.4 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 Married women, spouse present................ 1,298 1,085 1,106 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.3 Women who maintain families.................. 619 704 674 8.0 8.7 7.6 9.1 8.8 8.3 Full-time workers............................ 5,955 5,363 5,611 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.3 4.9 5.1 Part-time workers............................ 1,473 1,476 1,359 5.9 5.9 5.6 6.1 5.9 5.6 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 884 786 883 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.3 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,746 1,685 1,767 4.4 4.7 4.1 4.6 4.3 4.5 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 887 754 798 6.2 5.3 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.5 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,646 1,534 1,422 8.4 8.3 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.3 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 285 216 269 7.4 9.1 7.7 6.3 5.8 7.0 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... 5,846 5,418 5,366 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.3 Goods-producing industries................. 1,848 1,582 1,514 6.6 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.4 Mining................................... 20 25 31 3.3 2.1 4.7 2.8 4.4 5.1 Construction............................. 800 575 593 12.4 10.0 9.5 10.1 8.8 9.1 Manufacturing............................ 1,028 981 890 4.9 5.1 5.1 4.6 4.7 4.3 Durable goods.......................... 517 464 497 4.2 4.8 4.6 4.2 3.8 4.0 Nondurable goods....................... 511 517 394 5.9 5.5 5.7 5.3 6.0 4.6 Service-producing industries............... 3,998 3,836 3,852 5.5 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.2 5.2 Transportation and public utilities...... 318 303 285 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.0 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,813 1,664 1,579 6.9 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 219 177 241 3.1 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.4 3.2 Services................................. 1,648 1,692 1,747 5.2 5.7 5.1 5.5 5.2 5.3 Government workers........................... 524 500 552 2.8 3.3 2.7 3.2 2.7 3.0 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 231 144 226 11.6 10.0 9.2 8.6 7.4 11.0 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,916 2,364 2,581 2,786 2,815 2,485 2,701 2,486 2,446 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,075 2,402 1,998 2,317 2,334 2,160 2,322 2,129 2,245 15 weeks and over.............................. 2,176 2,102 2,122 2,323 2,336 2,435 2,319 2,248 2,279 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 953 835 935 1,054 1,020 1,116 958 978 1,054 27 weeks and over........................... 1,223 1,268 1,187 1,269 1,317 1,319 1,361 1,270 1,225 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 16.2 17.3 16.9 16.3 16.8 17.6 16.8 17.4 17.0 Median duration, in weeks...................... 7.8 8.6 8.5 8.1 8.3 8.1 8.6 8.5 8.9 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks............................ 40.7 34.4 38.5 37.5 37.6 35.1 36.8 36.2 35.1 5 to 14 weeks................................ 28.9 35.0 29.8 31.2 31.2 30.5 31.6 31.0 32.2 15 weeks and over............................ 30.4 30.6 31.7 31.3 31.2 34.4 31.6 32.8 32.7 15 to 26 weeks............................. 13.3 12.2 14.0 14.2 13.6 15.8 13.1 14.3 15.1 27 weeks and over.......................... 17.1 18.5 17.7 17.1 17.6 18.6 18.5 18.5 17.6 HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Reason Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 3,017 2,932 2,812 3,422 3,388 3,431 3,343 3,054 3,225 On temporary layoff................................... 635 777 674 967 1,154 990 953 889 1,059 Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,382 2,155 2,138 2,455 2,234 2,441 2,391 2,165 2,167 Permanent job losers................................ 1,653 1,459 1,450 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 728 696 688 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers............................................. 961 808 892 875 661 676 749 773 807 Reentrants.............................................. 2,635 2,556 2,495 2,551 2,784 2,419 2,529 2,448 2,404 New entrants............................................ 555 573 500 601 532 528 623 548 545 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed........................................ Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 42.1 42.7 42.0 45.9 46.0 48.6 46.1 44.8 46.2 On temporary layoff.................................. 8.9 11.3 10.1 13.0 15.7 14.0 13.1 13.0 15.2 Not on temporary layoff.............................. 33.2 31.4 31.9 33.0 30.3 34.6 33.0 31.7 31.0 Job leavers............................................ 13.4 11.8 13.3 11.7 9.0 9.6 10.3 11.3 11.6 Reentrants............................................. 36.8 37.2 37.2 34.2 37.8 34.3 34.9 35.9 34.4 New entrants........................................... 7.7 8.3 7.5 8.1 7.2 7.5 8.6 8.0 7.8 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 Job leavers............................................ .7 .6 .7 .7 .5 .5 .6 .6 .6 Reentrants............................................. 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 New entrants........................................... .4 .4 .4 .5 .4 .4 .5 .4 .4 1 Not available. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.................................................... 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers....................................... 5.7 5.4 5.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 6.5 6.1 6.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 9.7 9.3 9.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,465 6,830 6,971 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.2 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,687 2,380 2,386 12.6 12.2 11.7 12.2 11.5 11.2 16 to 19 years................................ 1,383 1,297 1,232 17.7 16.4 15.9 16.4 17.2 15.6 16 to 17 years.............................. 654 602 564 20.1 19.4 19.0 19.4 19.1 17.2 18 to 19 years.............................. 719 698 675 15.7 14.2 13.4 14.1 16.0 14.5 20 to 24 years................................ 1,304 1,083 1,153 9.7 9.7 9.3 9.7 8.3 8.7 25 years and over............................... 4,778 4,459 4,587 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.1 25 to 54 years................................ 4,201 3,945 4,096 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 55 years and over............................. 557 493 528 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.1 3.3 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 4,020 3,531 3,783 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.5 4.9 5.2 16 to 24 years................................ 1,451 1,237 1,306 12.8 12.9 12.4 13.3 11.5 11.9 16 to 19 years.............................. 757 702 689 18.6 17.2 17.0 19.4 18.2 17.1 16 to 17 years............................ 346 341 307 20.7 20.0 20.5 24.2 22.0 18.6 18 to 19 years............................ 401 362 383 16.8 15.4 14.2 16.1 15.9 16.1 20 to 24 years.............................. 694 535 618 9.6 10.4 9.7 9.8 7.7 8.8 25 years and over............................. 2,571 2,307 2,466 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,235 2,005 2,210 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.8 4.2 55 years and over........................... 331 291 287 3.8 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.2 3.2 Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,445 3,299 3,189 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.1 16 to 24 years................................ 1,236 1,144 1,079 12.3 11.4 11.0 10.9 11.6 10.6 16 to 19 years.............................. 626 595 544 16.6 15.6 14.8 13.1 16.2 14.0 16 to 17 years............................ 308 260 256 19.5 18.8 17.5 14.4 16.3 15.7 18 to 19 years............................ 318 336 292 14.5 12.9 12.5 11.8 16.0 12.9 20 to 24 years.............................. 610 548 535 9.8 8.8 8.7 9.5 8.9 8.5 25 years and over............................. 2,207 2,153 2,121 4.3 4.5 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.1 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,966 1,940 1,886 4.5 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.2 55 years and over........................... 226 202 241 3.2 3.9 3.6 3.7 2.9 3.4 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... 66,664 66,831 24,109 24,419 42,556 42,412 Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,514 5,219 2,100 1,948 3,414 3,271 Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,583 1,518 679 681 903 836 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 341 391 193 218 148 173 Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,242 1,127 487 464 755 663 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,666 7,808 4,157 4,197 3,510 3,611 Percent of total employed................................... 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,395 4,253 2,669 2,565 1,726 1,688 Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,662 1,714 490 506 1,173 1,208 Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 287 258 205 199 82 58 Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,296 1,547 790 914 506 633 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p Total......................... 118,102 119,554 119,764 120,482 117,623 119,335 119,554 119,789 120,030 119,990 Total private.................... 98,998 101,163 101,486 101,238 98,298 99,877 100,103 100,307 100,439 100,480 Goods-producing......................... 24,588 24,547 24,759 24,679 24,176 24,262 24,275 24,265 24,295 24,245 Mining................................ 583 580 582 576 574 576 575 570 571 569 Metal mining........................ 51.0 53.0 53.1 52.2 51 52 52 52 52 52 Coal mining......................... 104.8 100.7 100.7 99.9 104 101 101 100 100 99 Oil and gas extraction.............. 317.2 314.2 315.1 311.5 313 316 314 310 311 310 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 109.6 112.4 113.1 112.1 106 107 108 108 108 108 Construction.......................... 5,469 5,744 5,783 5,741 5,187 5,384 5,403 5,427 5,438 5,447 General building contractors........ 1,238.9 1,288.3 1,295.2 1,276.3 1,195 1,229 1,233 1,231 1,232 1,232 Heavy construction, except building. 835.9 836.2 842.9 846.3 756 764 768 769 770 765 Special trade contractors........... 3,393.9 3,619.4 3,644.8 3,618.3 3,236 3,391 3,402 3,427 3,436 3,450 Manufacturing......................... 18,536 18,223 18,394 18,362 18,415 18,302 18,297 18,268 18,286 18,229 Production workers................ 12,856 12,540 12,713 12,713 12,747 12,632 12,635 12,612 12,622 12,588 Durable goods........................ 10,680 10,627 10,710 10,710 10,648 10,679 10,695 10,680 10,707 10,673 Production workers................ 7,319 7,248 7,327 7,343 7,294 7,302 7,327 7,311 7,337 7,309 Lumber and wood products............ 770.8 774.8 782.3 777.4 762 762 766 765 769 765 Furniture and fixtures.............. 506.6 491.5 501.4 501.3 506 500 500 500 500 500 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 545.9 544.2 547.9 547.0 536 537 536 535 536 535 Primary metal industries............ 708.7 695.2 706.8 707.6 707 705 708 700 706 705 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 239.8 238.4 239.2 238.6 240 239 239 237 237 238 Fabricated metal products........... 1,440.1 1,439.4 1,456.0 1,460.2 1,437 1,443 1,450 1,453 1,456 1,458 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,063.1 2,083.0 2,077.5 2,071.7 2,066 2,087 2,088 2,088 2,085 2,074 Computer and office equipment..... 352.1 359.5 358.8 355.8 352 360 359 357 359 356 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,634.0 1,646.4 1,650.0 1,649.6 1,633 1,652 1,651 1,656 1,652 1,649 Electronic components and accessories.................... 591.3 616.1 615.3 612.2 591 615 614 616 615 612 Transportation equipment............ 1,784.4 1,741.4 1,768.0 1,776.3 1,780 1,773 1,775 1,766 1,786 1,774 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 972.9 933.1 958.8 964.8 968 965 967 953 968 961 Aircraft and parts................ 446.4 450.3 451.1 455.2 447 449 446 453 454 456 Instruments and related products.... 834.8 831.8 833.3 831.5 834 834 835 832 832 830 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 391.6 378.9 386.9 387.1 387 386 386 385 385 383 Nondurable goods..................... 7,856 7,596 7,684 7,652 7,767 7,623 7,602 7,588 7,579 7,556 Production workers................ 5,537 5,292 5,386 5,370 5,453 5,330 5,308 5,301 5,285 5,279 Food and kindred products........... 1,750.4 1,676.7 1,722.2 1,709.6 1,678 1,664 1,647 1,640 1,641 1,634 Tobacco products.................... 44.2 37.0 39.7 41.1 42 41 41 40 38 39 Textile mill products............... 659.5 631.1 637.9 635.2 657 637 637 637 634 633 Apparel and other textile products.. 921.9 828.9 840.8 841.2 913 853 847 849 835 833 Paper and allied products........... 690.7 676.9 679.6 676.6 690 679 676 672 674 673 Printing and publishing............. 1,536.1 1,526.0 1,525.6 1,519.0 1,539 1,525 1,528 1,527 1,527 1,522 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,032.0 1,024.6 1,026.0 1,019.5 1,030 1,025 1,020 1,019 1,020 1,018 Petroleum and coal products......... 144.3 142.5 143.1 141.0 142 139 140 139 140 139 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 971.3 960.7 974.0 973.6 972 963 969 968 976 972 Leather and leather products........ 105.5 91.9 95.4 94.9 104 97 97 97 94 93 Service-producing....................... 93,514 95,007 95,005 95,803 93,447 95,073 95,279 95,524 95,735 95,745 Transportation and public utilities... 6,234 6,326 6,330 6,395 6,194 6,311 6,327 6,335 6,340 6,343 Transportation...................... 3,971 4,028 4,029 4,106 3,936 4,028 4,043 4,053 4,054 4,060 Railroad transportation........... 238.5 231.9 233.4 233.4 236 232 231 229 231 232 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 443.0 393.7 390.5 472.9 430 450 453 459 459 458 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,884.8 1,909.2 1,907.0 1,902.5 1,868 1,891 1,890 1,889 1,880 1,878 Water transportation.............. 176.9 182.1 179.8 177.9 174 167 171 172 173 172 Transportation by air............. 797.0 853.6 859.0 859.4 796 837 844 848 853 859 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.6 14.2 14.1 13.8 15 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 415.9 442.8 444.7 446.1 417 437 440 442 444 447 Communications and public utilities. 2,263 2,298 2,301 2,289 2,258 2,283 2,284 2,282 2,286 2,283 Communications.................... 1,349.6 1,397.3 1,403.5 1,400.7 1,346 1,384 1,388 1,391 1,398 1,397 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 913.0 900.3 897.6 888.2 912 899 896 891 888 886 Wholesale trade....................... 6,467 6,629 6,633 6,620 6,451 6,567 6,576 6,585 6,598 6,603 Durable goods....................... 3,761 3,886 3,885 3,870 3,764 3,850 3,858 3,862 3,870 3,873 Nondurable goods.................... 2,706 2,743 2,748 2,750 2,687 2,717 2,718 2,723 2,728 2,730 Retail trade.......................... 21,336 21,795 21,859 21,800 21,258 21,499 21,575 21,672 21,676 21,698 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 878.1 954.7 946.9 935.3 873 907 917 922 924 930 General merchandise stores.......... 2,662.6 2,675.0 2,699.0 2,716.0 2,679 2,728 2,726 2,731 2,745 2,740 Department stores................. 2,338.5 2,363.4 2,387.6 2,404.8 2,350 2,409 2,408 2,413 2,422 2,418 Food stores......................... 3,371.3 3,456.3 3,459.3 3,447.1 3,379 3,416 3,422 3,435 3,445 3,444 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,213.8 2,312.6 2,316.4 2,312.2 2,199 2,259 2,272 2,286 2,291 2,297 New and used car dealers.......... 1,003.8 1,038.5 1,041.1 1,043.3 999 1,027 1,030 1,034 1,036 1,037 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,097.5 1,093.7 1,099.6 1,080.4 1,112 1,100 1,101 1,103 1,099 1,097 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 940.5 970.8 977.7 982.6 950 963 972 981 987 992 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,531.2 7,692.8 7,700.7 7,650.2 7,399 7,454 7,485 7,528 7,489 7,504 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,641.2 2,639.3 2,659.3 2,675.9 2,667 2,672 2,680 2,686 2,696 2,694 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,850 7,075 7,078 7,017 6,842 6,964 6,967 6,987 6,998 7,005 Finance............................. 3,233 3,354 3,361 3,338 3,239 3,315 3,319 3,329 3,339 3,340 Depository institutions........... 2,016.1 2,046.2 2,046.3 2,029.8 2,020 2,026 2,029 2,030 2,029 2,029 Commercial banks................ 1,461.6 1,484.9 1,484.8 1,472.4 1,464 1,469 1,470 1,471 1,471 1,473 Savings institutions............ 269.7 266.8 265.4 261.6 270 267 267 265 264 263 Nondepository institutions........ 465.0 515.6 519.7 519.6 466 507 509 514 519 521 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 205.6 232.5 234.6 234.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Security and commodity brokers.... 524.0 547.9 551.0 545.6 524 538 541 543 548 546 Holding and other investment offices........................ 228.2 244.0 243.8 243.3 229 244 240 242 243 244 Insurance........................... 2,240 2,273 2,267 2,261 2,244 2,261 2,259 2,261 2,259 2,264 Insurance carriers................ 1,541.7 1,560.8 1,556.8 1,551.5 1,544 1,552 1,551 1,553 1,551 1,554 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 698.2 711.7 709.8 709.0 700 709 708 708 708 710 Real estate......................... 1,377 1,448 1,450 1,418 1,359 1,388 1,389 1,397 1,400 1,401 Services2............................. 33,523 34,791 34,827 34,727 33,377 34,274 34,383 34,463 34,532 34,586 Agricultural services............... 612.6 686.1 677.1 650.0 581 605 615 619 620 615 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,704.7 1,828.2 1,828.1 1,731.9 1,660 1,681 1,704 1,689 1,684 1,681 Personal services................... 1,134.4 1,133.9 1,135.6 1,149.3 1,164 1,177 1,175 1,174 1,179 1,180 Business services................... 6,980.8 7,244.1 7,349.2 7,382.2 6,877 7,152 7,189 7,225 7,270 7,275 Services to buildings............. 891.7 898.6 901.3 891.6 887 903 895 893 892 888 Personnel supply services......... 2,600.6 2,672.2 2,753.3 2,802.4 2,508 2,622 2,648 2,668 2,693 2,704 Help supply services............ 2,301.5 2,371.9 2,443.6 2,486.1 2,216 2,322 2,353 2,367 2,387 2,394 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,103.8 1,205.2 1,218.7 1,224.7 1,107 1,184 1,195 1,206 1,218 1,226 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,028.4 1,105.7 1,110.0 1,109.6 1,025 1,078 1,085 1,096 1,103 1,105 Miscellaneous repair services....... 358.6 369.5 369.4 368.3 357 364 366 365 366 367 Motion pictures..................... 490.7 538.0 540.4 527.7 501 525 526 532 525 545 Amusement and recreation services... 1,537.3 1,775.5 1,764.9 1,595.6 1,463 1,516 1,504 1,514 1,515 1,512 Health services..................... 9,318.0 9,609.7 9,615.7 9,610.3 9,318 9,555 9,566 9,577 9,587 9,617 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,619.0 1,683.4 1,688.6 1,685.3 1,617 1,668 1,674 1,677 1,679 1,685 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,707.0 1,752.7 1,756.4 1,752.6 1,703 1,740 1,744 1,747 1,749 1,750 Hospitals......................... 3,790.5 3,865.8 3,858.3 3,857.9 3,793 3,851 3,847 3,850 3,849 3,863 Home health care services......... 639.3 657.0 655.2 658.6 638 658 657 656 655 655 Legal services...................... 917.5 946.5 940.3 925.5 923 929 929 933 935 932 Educational services................ 1,927.5 1,755.6 1,728.5 1,961.9 1,966 1,987 2,001 2,017 2,015 2,002 Social services..................... 2,348.5 2,381.8 2,368.6 2,390.9 2,359 2,395 2,396 2,404 2,393 2,406 Child day care services........... 576.2 515.2 522.6 563.5 569 571 570 568 576 557 Residential care.................. 642.5 674.8 677.3 669.3 645 663 665 669 672 673 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 82.3 93.3 91.6 86.5 80 85 85 85 85 84 Membership organizations............ 2,114.7 2,211.0 2,184.0 2,127.4 2,131 2,147 2,148 2,146 2,149 2,144 Engineering and management services. 2,775.4 2,918.5 2,929.1 2,915.2 2,781 2,885 2,901 2,894 2,912 2,927 Engineering and architectural services....................... 822.0 858.6 862.2 857.1 818 838 848 845 848 853 Management and public relations... 852.2 913.3 920.9 922.8 847 897 901 904 913 920 Services, nec....................... 44.7 46.5 47.5 47.8 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Government............................ 19,104 18,391 18,278 19,244 19,325 19,458 19,451 19,482 19,591 19,510 Federal............................. 2,812 2,776 2,761 2,736 2,812 2,776 2,756 2,752 2,742 2,737 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,970.3 1,925.7 1,914.0 1,891.2 1,965 1,918 1,906 1,897 1,891 1,884 State............................... 4,591 4,406 4,395 4,591 4,638 4,655 4,654 4,658 4,665 4,665 Education......................... 1,881.8 1,674.9 1,680.3 1,908.6 1,935 1,963 1,968 1,980 1,979 1,984 Other State government............ 2,709.0 2,731.1 2,714.3 2,682.6 2,703 2,692 2,686 2,678 2,686 2,681 Local............................... 11,701 11,209 11,122 11,917 11,875 12,027 12,041 12,072 12,184 12,108 Education......................... 6,457.3 5,606.5 5,590.0 6,604.0 6,628 6,690 6,724 6,767 6,852 6,785 Other local government............ 5,243.9 5,602.2 5,531.5 5,313.0 5,247 5,337 5,317 5,305 5,332 5,323 1 This series is not suitable for seasonal adjustment because it has very little seasonal and irregular movement. Thus, the not seasonally adjusted series can be used for analysis of cyclical and long-term trends. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p Total private.................... 34.6 34.6 34.8 34.9 34.4 34.2 34.7 34.2 34.5 34.7 Goods-producing......................... 41.6 40.8 41.4 41.7 40.9 40.9 41.2 40.9 41.1 41.1 Mining................................ 45.4 44.8 45.2 45.8 44.8 45.2 45.8 44.9 44.7 45.0 Construction.......................... 39.9 39.8 39.8 39.7 38.7 38.1 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.5 Manufacturing......................... 42.0 41.1 41.8 42.3 41.5 41.7 41.8 41.6 41.7 41.8 Overtime hours.................... 4.8 4.3 4.7 5.1 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.5 Durable goods........................ 42.8 41.7 42.5 43.0 42.3 42.5 42.6 42.3 42.6 42.6 Overtime hours.................... 5.1 4.4 5.0 5.3 4.7 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.8 Lumber and wood products............ 41.1 40.7 41.4 41.7 40.6 41.0 41.2 41.1 40.9 41.1 Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.1 39.2 40.1 40.4 39.4 39.7 39.5 39.7 39.6 39.5 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 44.0 43.5 44.1 44.4 43.1 43.2 43.5 43.2 43.3 43.4 Primary metal industries............ 43.8 43.6 44.0 44.8 43.6 44.3 44.1 44.0 44.4 44.5 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.2 44.4 44.0 44.4 43.9 44.4 44.5 44.3 44.2 44.0 Fabricated metal products........... 42.9 41.6 42.5 43.0 42.4 42.6 42.6 42.4 42.4 42.4 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.4 42.4 42.7 43.1 43.2 43.2 43.3 42.9 43.0 42.8 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 42.2 40.5 41.5 41.9 41.7 41.3 41.6 41.2 41.6 41.5 Transportation equipment............ 44.4 42.7 44.5 45.3 43.6 44.5 44.4 44.0 44.9 44.9 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.5 43.4 45.5 46.3 44.5 46.5 45.7 45.5 46.4 45.9 Instruments and related products.... 41.5 41.0 41.7 42.1 41.4 41.6 41.9 41.4 41.9 41.9 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.3 38.9 39.9 40.1 39.8 39.9 39.8 39.7 39.8 39.6 Nondurable goods..................... 40.9 40.3 40.9 41.2 40.4 40.6 40.7 40.5 40.5 40.7 Overtime hours.................... 4.5 4.1 4.4 4.6 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.0 Food and kindred products........... 42.1 40.9 41.5 42.3 41.1 41.1 41.1 40.7 40.6 41.0 Tobacco products.................... 40.0 38.7 40.0 40.8 38.7 39.4 39.4 39.3 39.7 39.6 Textile mill products............... 41.1 40.2 41.3 41.2 40.6 40.6 41.0 40.8 40.9 40.7 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.2 36.8 37.6 37.5 36.8 37.2 37.6 37.1 37.3 37.4 Paper and allied products........... 43.4 43.2 43.3 43.9 43.0 43.4 43.5 43.4 43.2 43.5 Printing and publishing............. 38.6 37.9 38.5 38.9 38.1 38.3 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.5 Chemicals and allied products....... 43.2 42.9 42.9 43.2 43.1 43.2 43.4 43.2 43.3 43.0 Petroleum and coal products......... 43.8 44.2 43.9 44.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.8 40.8 41.6 42.0 41.4 41.4 41.5 41.6 41.5 41.6 Leather and leather products........ 38.6 37.7 38.9 39.1 38.0 38.3 38.5 38.3 38.8 38.8 Service-producing....................... 32.7 32.9 33.1 33.0 32.7 32.5 33.0 32.5 32.7 33.0 Transportation and public utilities... 39.7 39.8 40.2 40.3 39.5 39.2 40.0 39.4 39.8 40.2 Wholesale trade....................... 38.3 38.1 38.4 38.6 38.2 38.1 38.7 38.0 38.3 38.5 Retail trade.......................... 28.9 29.4 29.5 29.1 28.8 28.8 29.0 28.6 28.8 29.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.7 35.5 35.7 36.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.3 32.5 32.7 32.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996p 1996p Total private.................... $11.55 $11.74 $11.76 $11.96 $399.63 $406.20 $409.25 $417.40 Seasonally adjusted............. 11.52 11.81 11.86 11.92 396.29 403.90 409.17 413.62 Goods-producing......................... 13.22 13.54 13.55 13.67 549.95 552.43 560.97 570.04 Mining................................ 15.35 15.53 15.51 15.82 696.89 695.74 701.05 724.56 Construction.......................... 15.34 15.48 15.55 15.74 612.07 616.10 618.89 624.88 Manufacturing......................... 12.47 12.79 12.79 12.90 523.74 525.67 534.62 545.67 Durable goods........................ 13.05 13.35 13.38 13.52 558.54 556.70 568.65 581.36 Lumber and wood products............ 10.28 10.47 10.50 10.56 422.51 426.13 434.70 440.35 Furniture and fixtures.............. 9.95 10.13 10.17 10.23 399.00 397.10 407.82 413.29 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.54 12.93 12.91 13.05 551.76 562.46 569.33 579.42 Primary metal industries............ 14.71 15.09 15.01 15.16 644.30 657.92 660.44 679.17 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 17.56 18.01 17.89 18.32 776.15 799.64 787.16 813.41 Fabricated metal products........... 12.21 12.48 12.52 12.64 523.81 519.17 532.10 543.52 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.34 13.55 13.64 13.81 578.96 574.52 582.43 595.21 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 11.78 12.23 12.23 12.30 497.12 495.32 507.55 515.37 Transportation equipment............ 16.96 17.32 17.29 17.47 753.02 739.56 769.41 791.39 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.58 17.97 17.87 18.13 799.89 779.90 813.09 839.42 Instruments and related products.... 12.81 13.18 13.18 13.29 531.62 540.38 549.61 559.51 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.12 10.39 10.43 10.53 407.84 404.17 416.16 422.25 Nondurable goods..................... 11.65 12.01 11.96 12.03 476.49 484.00 489.16 495.64 Food and kindred products........... 10.97 11.27 11.18 11.19 461.84 460.94 463.97 473.34 Tobacco products.................... 17.68 21.09 20.41 19.22 707.20 816.18 816.40 784.18 Textile mill products............... 9.50 9.67 9.70 9.77 390.45 388.73 400.61 402.52 Apparel and other textile products.. 7.71 7.94 7.94 8.01 286.81 292.19 298.54 300.38 Paper and allied products........... 14.33 14.79 14.71 14.76 621.92 638.93 636.94 647.96 Printing and publishing............. 12.50 12.62 12.69 12.83 482.50 478.30 488.57 499.09 Chemicals and allied products....... 15.72 16.19 16.25 16.30 679.10 694.55 697.13 704.16 Petroleum and coal products......... 19.40 19.00 18.95 19.34 849.72 839.80 831.91 866.43 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 10.99 11.24 11.23 11.30 459.38 458.59 467.17 474.60 Leather and leather products........ 8.24 8.44 8.66 8.76 318.06 318.19 336.87 342.52 Service-producing....................... 10.96 11.14 11.16 11.37 358.39 366.51 369.40 375.21 Transportation and public utilities... $14.35 $14.51 $14.55 $14.66 $569.70 $577.50 $584.91 $590.80 Wholesale trade....................... 12.51 12.80 12.82 13.00 479.13 487.68 492.29 501.80 Retail trade.......................... 7.77 7.92 7.95 8.04 224.55 232.85 234.53 233.96 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.40 12.69 12.71 12.91 442.68 450.50 453.75 472.51 Services.............................. 11.45 11.62 11.63 11.90 369.84 377.65 380.30 387.94 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. change Industry 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p from: Aug. 1996- Sept. 1996 Total private: Current dollars.............. $11.52 $11.73 $11.83 $11.81 $11.86 $11.92 0.5 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.42 7.38 7.44 7.41 7.44 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.12 13.38 13.45 13.48 13.55 13.59 .3 Mining...................... 15.41 15.46 15.59 15.58 15.64 15.77 .8 Construction................ 15.17 15.31 15.40 15.46 15.49 15.57 .5 Manufacturing............... 12.43 12.72 12.77 12.79 12.88 12.90 .2 Excluding overtime4....... 11.79 12.06 12.12 12.15 12.22 12.22 .0 Service-producing............. 10.96 11.18 11.29 11.25 11.30 11.37 .6 Transportation and public utilities................ 14.33 14.50 14.56 14.52 14.61 14.61 .0 Wholesale trade............. 12.51 12.71 12.91 12.81 12.88 13.00 .9 Retail trade................ 7.76 7.93 8.00 7.96 8.01 8.01 .0 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 12.44 12.76 12.86 12.77 12.84 12.96 .9 Services.................... 11.46 11.69 11.79 11.78 11.81 11.90 .8 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .4 percent from July 1996 to August 1996, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1995 1996 1996p 1996p 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996p 1996p Total private.................... 135.7 138.6 140.1 139.8 134.0 135.4 137.7 136.0 137.1 138.0 Goods-producing......................... 114.0 111.3 114.3 114.9 109.7 110.0 110.7 110.1 110.6 110.3 Mining................................ 55.6 55.2 56.0 56.1 53.8 55.2 55.9 54.2 54.2 54.2 Construction.......................... 155.6 162.8 164.3 162.7 141.0 144.3 147.0 147.8 148.0 147.3 Manufacturing......................... 108.9 103.9 107.3 108.4 106.6 106.2 106.5 105.7 106.3 106.1 Durable goods........................ 109.3 105.4 108.8 110.3 107.6 108.4 108.9 108.0 109.1 108.5 Lumber and wood products............ 138.1 137.2 141.3 141.3 134.4 135.9 137.2 136.7 136.7 136.3 Furniture and fixtures.............. 126.3 119.4 125.1 126.4 123.9 124.2 122.6 123.6 123.2 122.9 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 112.9 111.4 114.0 114.9 108.1 108.6 109.7 108.4 109.2 109.4 Primary metal industries............ 91.5 89.0 91.8 93.6 90.7 92.0 92.3 90.9 92.9 92.8 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 72.5 73.1 72.6 73.2 72.1 73.3 73.5 72.8 72.6 72.3 Fabricated metal products........... 115.4 111.3 115.6 117.4 113.6 114.5 115.3 115.1 115.6 115.5 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 103.4 101.0 101.4 102.3 103.2 103.7 103.9 102.9 103.2 101.6 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 109.3 104.8 107.5 109.1 108.0 107.8 108.3 107.8 108.3 108.2 Transportation equipment............ 123.3 115.7 122.8 126.1 120.8 122.5 123.8 121.7 125.7 124.9 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 167.1 153.1 165.3 169.6 162.8 171.7 169.6 164.9 172.0 169.0 Instruments and related products.... 73.2 71.7 73.4 74.1 73.3 73.6 74.0 72.6 73.6 73.6 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 105.3 97.3 102.3 103.2 102.6 102.1 102.3 101.3 101.5 100.3 Nondurable goods..................... 108.3 101.8 105.2 105.8 105.3 103.3 103.3 102.6 102.4 102.7 Food and kindred products........... 123.8 114.3 120.4 121.7 114.6 114.2 112.6 111.1 110.6 111.4 Tobacco products.................... 67.8 52.8 60.7 67.0 61.3 60.5 62.5 60.3 57.0 58.8 Textile mill products............... 95.1 88.9 92.8 92.4 93.6 90.9 91.6 91.2 91.3 90.8 Apparel and other textile products.. 83.2 73.1 76.1 76.0 81.5 76.4 76.7 76.0 74.9 75.0 Paper and allied products........... 110.8 108.0 109.4 110.5 109.6 108.5 108.4 107.7 107.8 108.8 Printing and publishing............. 125.5 121.8 123.8 124.4 124.1 123.2 122.7 123.0 123.2 123.3 Chemicals and allied products....... 102.4 99.2 99.5 99.8 102.0 100.4 100.6 99.7 99.6 99.1 Petroleum and coal products......... 78.2 78.2 77.8 78.8 76.4 72.9 76.7 75.8 75.8 77.3 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 142.8 136.9 142.4 143.5 141.4 140.1 141.0 141.5 142.1 142.3 Leather and leather products........ 49.3 40.5 44.1 43.9 47.9 44.1 44.4 43.5 42.9 42.9 Service-producing....................... 145.4 150.8 151.8 151.0 144.9 146.8 149.8 147.7 149.0 150.5 Transportation and public utilities... 126.8 129.4 130.7 133.0 125.4 127.2 130.1 128.3 129.7 131.4 Wholesale trade....................... 123.0 125.4 126.1 126.4 122.4 124.0 126.1 123.9 125.0 125.7 Retail trade.......................... 133.5 138.9 139.5 137.0 132.5 134.0 135.4 134.1 135.0 136.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 123.1 127.3 127.8 129.4 123.8 124.3 128.9 125.1 126.2 129.9 Services.............................. 172.2 179.7 181.0 179.7 172.1 174.7 178.7 176.4 178.0 179.6 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1992.............. 43.7 43.7 50.0 57.3 55.5 50.1 52.2 49.0 52.1 56.3 53.2 57.4 1993.............. 60.0 60.8 51.3 58.6 61.7 55.2 57.7 57.0 61.8 59.7 61.8 59.6 1994.............. 58.8 62.1 66.0 64.2 60.3 63.5 61.5 62.1 60.8 61.5 63.1 63.9 1995.............. 63.2 59.3 54.9 54.6 51.4 55.1 54.1 57.4 51.8 54.8 56.3 59.4 1996.............. 52.4 63.2 60.0 52.4 62.2 57.4 55.9 p55.2 p50.1 Over 3-month span: 1992.............. 39.7 41.9 49.7 57.0 58.4 55.8 50.6 50.1 52.8 54.4 57.6 61.2 1993.............. 63.8 61.2 61.1 59.8 63.1 62.9 59.7 63.1 64.5 67.1 64.6 63.5 1994.............. 67.1 69.5 70.4 68.7 66.4 66.0 68.5 69.5 65.3 65.6 68.0 67.8 1995.............. 66.6 63.2 56.9 53.4 54.2 52.9 56.6 53.8 54.2 54.6 58.3 57.0 1996.............. 60.7 61.8 61.2 60.0 61.0 63.5 p59.0 p53.7 Over 6-month span: 1992.............. 43.3 46.8 47.5 52.5 54.9 56.7 53.8 52.2 55.5 57.6 63.9 61.9 1993.............. 63.3 65.2 63.8 64.2 62.4 65.9 65.7 63.9 66.3 67.3 70.6 69.5 1994.............. 70.8 71.6 69.0 69.8 69.5 69.5 69.2 69.0 69.2 68.5 69.1 66.6 1995.............. 66.3 60.8 58.7 54.4 53.5 54.1 53.1 56.3 55.9 54.1 56.2 61.8 1996.............. 60.3 62.9 63.8 63.8 p62.5 p57.7 Over 12-month span: 1992.............. 47.2 42.3 42.7 44.1 48.0 52.5 55.8 60.7 59.7 61.4 62.9 62.9 1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.4 65.7 65.0 1995.............. 62.6 60.8 60.1 61.2 58.1 57.7 54.5 58.7 58.6 57.3 59.4 59.8 1996.............. 61.0 p62.2 p61.4 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1992.............. 37.4 39.9 43.9 56.8 50.0 48.9 52.2 44.6 47.5 47.8 51.4 54.7 1993.............. 52.5 56.5 50.7 45.7 54.0 45.7 49.3 49.3 59.4 53.2 53.6 55.0 1994.............. 56.5 60.1 59.7 58.6 53.2 57.9 57.6 53.6 55.8 54.7 57.2 59.4 1995.............. 56.8 55.0 46.0 45.3 39.2 40.3 45.0 45.0 42.4 45.3 46.4 47.5 1996.............. 42.1 48.2 48.2 39.6 53.2 49.6 43.9 p47.5 p42.1 Over 3-month span: 1992.............. 29.9 33.5 43.9 49.6 55.4 53.2 46.8 47.8 45.7 47.5 51.1 54.7 1993.............. 60.8 58.3 53.2 47.8 48.9 54.0 50.4 58.3 57.6 59.7 54.7 57.6 1994.............. 63.7 64.4 66.2 60.8 56.1 56.8 60.8 58.6 54.0 56.1 60.1 60.8 1995.............. 60.4 51.8 43.5 34.9 33.1 32.0 33.1 35.6 38.8 39.6 40.6 38.8 1996.............. 38.8 39.9 37.8 43.2 45.3 47.5 p42.8 p36.7 Over 6-month span: 1992.............. 32.4 34.9 39.9 46.8 52.2 54.3 48.2 47.8 51.1 51.1 56.8 56.5 1993.............. 56.5 59.0 56.8 55.4 50.7 57.9 59.4 56.5 57.6 58.6 64.4 60.8 1994.............. 62.2 64.4 60.4 61.5 59.0 56.8 56.5 57.2 60.1 55.8 59.7 55.8 1995.............. 55.4 45.0 38.5 33.5 27.7 28.8 28.8 30.6 33.5 33.1 34.2 38.8 1996.............. 32.0 37.4 37.1 38.1 p42.1 p36.0 Over 12-month span: 1992.............. 42.4 36.7 36.3 36.0 39.6 45.7 50.0 55.8 57.9 56.8 58.3 56.5 1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 55.8 49.6 47.5 1995.............. 42.1 40.3 39.9 40.6 34.5 31.7 25.9 28.8 28.1 24.1 27.0 29.1 1996.............. 33.1 p34.5 p33.8 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.