Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov:80/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 97-117 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EST), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, April 4, 1997. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: MARCH 1997 Employment rose, and the unemployment rate was about unchanged at 5.2 percent in March, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 175,000, and average hourly earnings rose by 5 cents in March. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The number of unemployed persons, 7.1 million, and the unemployment rate, 5.2 percent, were essentially unchanged in March, after seasonal adjustment. Jobless rates for the major demographic groups--adult men (4.4 percent), adult women (4.7 percent), teenagers (16.4 percent), whites (4.5 percent), blacks (10.7 percent), and Hispanics (8.6 percent)--showed little or no movement over the month. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment rose by 745,000 in March to 129.2 million (seasonally adjusted). The proportion of the population that was employed (the employment-population ratio) rose to 63.8 percent, an all-time high for this series. About 7.9 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in March. These multiple jobholders accounted for 6.1 percent of all employed persons. (See table A-9.) The civilian labor force increased by 685,000 to 136.3 million (seasonally adjusted), and the labor force participation rate rose to 67.3 percent. Over the past year, the labor force has increased by 2.5 million (after adjusting for the change in population controls introduced in January), and the participation rate has increased by half a percentage point. - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________|Feb.- Category | 1996 | 19971/ | 19971/ |Mar. |________|________|__________________________|change | IV | I | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 134,830| 135,934| 135,848| 135,634| 136,319| 685 Employment..........| 127,705| 128,728| 128,580| 128,430| 129,175| 745 Unemployment...... | 7,124| 7,206| 7,268| 7,205| 7,144| -61 Not in labor force....| 66,627| 66,462| 66,437| 66,754| 66,194| -560 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 5.3| 5.3| 5.4| 5.3| 5.2| -0.1 Adult men...........| 4.4| 4.5| 4.6| 4.4| 4.4| .0 Adult women.........| 4.8| 4.7| 4.6| 4.7| 4.7| .0 Teenagers...........| 16.6| 17.0| 17.0| 17.5| 16.4| -1.1 White...............| 4.6| 4.5| 4.6| 4.5| 4.5| .0 Black...............| 10.6| 10.9| 10.8| 11.3| 10.7| -.6 Hispanic origin.....| 8.0| 8.3| 8.3| 8.1| 8.6| .5 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 120,509|p121,236| 120,982|p121,275|p121,450| p175 Goods-producing 2/..| 24,320| p24,471| 24,399| p24,513| p24,501| p-12 Construction......| 5,492| p5,598| 5,535| p5,643| p5,616| p-27 Manufacturing.....| 18,262| p18,303| 18,296| p18,299| p18,315| p16 Service-producing 2/| 96,189| p96,765| 96,583| p96,762| p96,949| p187 Retail trade......| 21,864| p21,940| 21,922| p21,928| p21,971| p43 Services..........| 34,785| p35,097| 35,015| p35,082| p35,193| p111 Government........| 19,510| p19,566| 19,544| p19,587| p19,568| p-19 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.6| p34.6| 34.2| p34.9| p34.8| p-0.1 Manufacturing.......| 41.8| p41.9| 41.7| p41.9| p42.1| p.2 Overtime..........| 4.5| p4.8| 4.7| p4.7| p4.9| p.2 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $11.98| p$12.10| $12.05| p$12.10| p$12.15| p$0.05 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 414.00| p419.07| 412.11| p422.29| p422.82| p.53 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1997, household data reflect revised population controls used in the survey. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in March--that is, they wanted and were available for work and had looked for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months. The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for jobs specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them or there were none for which they would qualify--was 356,000 in March, down from 451,000 a year earlier. (See table A-9.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 175,000 in March to 121.5 million, after seasonal adjustment. Job gains in a variety of service-providing industries were somewhat offset by losses in construction and government. (See table B-1.) The services industry added 111,000 jobs in March, slightly more than the average monthly gain of 100,000 in 1996. Employment in business services rose by 58,000, as the help supply industry added 25,000 jobs, and computer and data processing services continued its robust growth. Employment in health services increased by 22,000, led by a sizable advance in hospitals. Private education employment also rose. Employment in retail trade increased by 43,000 in March. Department stores had large gains in both February and March, which offset a loss in January. There were above-average increases in March in building supply stores, food stores, and miscellaneous retail establishments. Eating and drinking places had a large employment decline, after seasonal adjustment, reflecting lighter-than-usual March hiring. Employment in finance continued to grow in March, primarily in banks, security brokerages, and mortgage brokerages. Strong growth also continued in real estate, which has added 53,000 jobs in the past year. Wholesale trade posted a large job gain for the second month in a row. Employment in transportation and public utilities rose modestly after 2 months of large increases. Manufacturing employment edged up by 16,000 in March, with the largest increases occurring in lumber and industrial machinery. Factory employment has increased by 74,000 since September, following a loss of 319,000 from its recent peak in March 1995. The recent growth has been concentrated in the durable goods industries, especially industrial machinery and aircraft. Construction employment fell by 27,000 in March, following an increase of 108,000 in February. The unusual winter weather patterns this year and last have caused large fluctuations in the construction employment series, even after seasonal adjustment. Nevertheless, monthly job gains in construction have averaged 30,000 since October, compared with an average gain of 22,000 in the prior 12 months. A decrease in government employment of 19,000 reflected a decline of 14,000 in local education, after seasonal adjustment, following gains in the prior 2 months. Employment in state government was unchanged, while federal employment continued to decline. - 4 - Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour in March, to 34.8 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek rose by 0.2 hour to 42.1 hours, a very high level by historical standards. Factory overtime advanced by 0.2 hour to 4.9 hours, the highest level since the series began in 1956. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, at 140.5 (1982=100) in March, was little changed, after seasonal adjustment, as the rise in employment offset the decline in the average workweek. The manufacturing index increased by 0.5 percent to 107.4. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls rose by 5 cents in March to $12.15, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings edged up by 0.1 percent to $422.82, reflecting the largely offsetting movements of higher hourly earnings and a slightly shorter workweek. Over the past year, average hourly earnings rose by 4.0 percent, and average weekly earnings increased by 4.9 percent. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for April 1997 is scheduled to be released on Friday, May 2, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1996, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing over 47 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $13.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1- H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606- 5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ 199,921 202,388 202,513 199,921 201,463 201,636 202,285 202,388 202,513 Civilian labor force.......................... 132,692 134,535 135,524 133,464 134,831 135,022 135,848 135,634 136,319 Participation rate...................... 66.4 66.5 66.9 66.8 66.9 67.0 67.2 67.0 67.3 Employed.................................... 124,992 126,887 128,125 126,062 127,644 127,855 128,580 128,430 129,175 Employment-population ratio............. 62.5 62.7 63.3 63.1 63.4 63.4 63.6 63.5 63.8 Agriculture............................... 3,243 2,933 3,166 3,470 3,354 3,426 3,468 3,292 3,386 Nonagricultural industries................ 121,750 123,954 124,959 122,592 124,290 124,429 125,112 125,138 125,789 Unemployed.................................. 7,700 7,647 7,399 7,402 7,187 7,167 7,268 7,205 7,144 Unemployment rate....................... 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.2 Not in labor force............................ 67,229 67,854 66,989 66,457 66,632 66,614 66,437 66,754 66,194 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 95,864 97,320 97,386 95,864 96,654 96,742 97,264 97,320 97,386 Civilian labor force.......................... 71,444 72,214 72,731 71,936 72,362 72,414 73,106 72,987 73,268 Participation rate...................... 74.5 74.2 74.7 75.0 74.9 74.9 75.2 75.0 75.2 Employed.................................... 66,961 67,981 68,573 67,856 68,589 68,707 69,164 69,232 69,478 Employment-population ratio............. 69.9 69.9 70.4 70.8 71.0 71.0 71.1 71.1 71.3 Unemployed.................................. 4,483 4,233 4,158 4,080 3,773 3,707 3,942 3,755 3,790 Unemployment rate....................... 6.3 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.2 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,366 89,556 89,604 88,366 88,971 89,040 89,446 89,556 89,604 Civilian labor force.......................... 67,753 68,447 68,937 67,886 68,391 68,369 68,998 68,827 69,111 Participation rate...................... 76.7 76.4 76.9 76.8 76.9 76.8 77.1 76.9 77.1 Employed.................................... 64,005 64,923 65,502 64,562 65,349 65,367 65,813 65,818 66,066 Employment-population ratio............. 72.4 72.5 73.1 73.1 73.4 73.4 73.6 73.5 73.7 Agriculture............................... 2,249 2,080 2,244 2,376 2,355 2,356 2,364 2,276 2,362 Nonagricultural industries................ 61,755 62,843 63,257 62,186 62,994 63,011 63,449 63,542 63,703 Unemployed.................................. 3,749 3,523 3,435 3,324 3,042 3,002 3,185 3,009 3,045 Unemployment rate....................... 5.5 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.4 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 104,058 105,068 105,127 104,058 104,809 104,894 105,022 105,068 105,127 Civilian labor force.......................... 61,248 62,321 62,794 61,528 62,469 62,608 62,742 62,647 63,051 Participation rate...................... 58.9 59.3 59.7 59.1 59.6 59.7 59.7 59.6 60.0 Employed.................................... 58,031 58,906 59,552 58,206 59,055 59,148 59,416 59,197 59,697 Employment-population ratio............. 55.8 56.1 56.6 55.9 56.3 56.4 56.6 56.3 56.8 Unemployed.................................. 3,217 3,415 3,241 3,322 3,414 3,460 3,327 3,450 3,354 Unemployment rate....................... 5.3 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,798 97,571 97,638 96,798 97,366 97,457 97,520 97,571 97,638 Civilian labor force.......................... 57,811 58,720 59,160 57,803 58,574 58,728 58,894 58,743 59,130 Participation rate...................... 59.7 60.2 60.6 59.7 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.2 60.6 Employed.................................... 55,109 55,931 56,442 55,054 55,753 55,871 56,165 55,954 56,359 Employment-population ratio............. 56.9 57.3 57.8 56.9 57.3 57.3 57.6 57.3 57.7 Agriculture............................... 807 697 710 842 786 772 797 775 739 Nonagricultural industries................ 54,303 55,234 55,732 54,212 54,967 55,099 55,369 55,179 55,620 Unemployed.................................. 2,701 2,788 2,718 2,749 2,821 2,857 2,729 2,788 2,771 Unemployment rate....................... 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... 14,757 15,261 15,271 14,757 15,126 15,139 15,318 15,261 15,271 Civilian labor force.......................... 7,128 7,368 7,428 7,775 7,866 7,925 7,956 8,065 8,078 Participation rate...................... 48.3 48.3 48.6 52.7 52.0 52.3 51.9 52.8 52.9 Employed.................................... 5,879 6,032 6,182 6,446 6,542 6,617 6,601 6,657 6,750 Employment-population ratio............. 39.8 39.5 40.5 43.7 43.3 43.7 43.1 43.6 44.2 Agriculture............................... 187 156 212 252 213 298 307 240 285 Nonagricultural industries................ 5,692 5,877 5,970 6,194 6,329 6,319 6,294 6,417 6,465 Unemployed.................................. 1,250 1,336 1,246 1,329 1,324 1,308 1,354 1,408 1,328 Unemployment rate....................... 17.5 18.1 16.8 17.1 16.8 16.5 17.0 17.5 16.4 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 167,853 169,492 169,569 167,853 168,924 169,044 169,436 169,492 169,569 Civilian labor force.......................... 112,246 113,484 114,135 112,827 113,816 113,991 114,377 114,333 114,736 Participation rate........................ 66.9 67.0 67.3 67.2 67.4 67.4 67.5 67.5 67.7 Employed.................................... 106,495 107,863 108,745 107,398 108,570 108,734 109,151 109,197 109,630 Employment-population ratio............... 63.4 63.6 64.1 64.0 64.3 64.3 64.4 64.4 64.7 Unemployed.................................. 5,751 5,621 5,389 5,429 5,246 5,257 5,226 5,136 5,106 Unemployment rate......................... 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 58,106 58,622 59,000 58,229 58,549 58,623 59,042 58,968 59,161 Participation rate........................ 77.2 77.1 77.5 77.4 77.3 77.4 77.7 77.5 77.7 Employed.................................... 55,237 55,899 56,411 55,749 56,276 56,356 56,653 56,692 56,923 Employment-population ratio............... 73.4 73.5 74.1 74.1 74.3 74.4 74.5 74.5 74.8 Unemployed.................................. 2,869 2,723 2,589 2,480 2,273 2,267 2,388 2,275 2,238 Unemployment rate......................... 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.3 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 48,056 48,603 48,852 48,051 48,558 48,686 48,631 48,619 48,832 Participation rate........................ 59.4 59.8 60.1 59.4 59.8 59.9 59.8 59.8 60.0 Employed.................................... 46,095 46,700 46,962 46,062 46,530 46,614 46,750 46,747 46,915 Employment-population ratio............... 57.0 57.4 57.7 56.9 57.3 57.3 57.5 57.5 57.7 Unemployed.................................. 1,961 1,902 1,891 1,989 2,028 2,072 1,881 1,872 1,917 Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.9 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 6,084 6,259 6,282 6,547 6,709 6,682 6,704 6,746 6,742 Participation rate........................ 52.0 51.6 51.8 56.0 56.0 55.6 55.3 55.6 55.6 Employed.................................... 5,163 5,264 5,373 5,587 5,764 5,764 5,747 5,758 5,792 Employment-population ratio............... 44.2 43.4 44.3 47.8 48.1 48.0 47.4 47.5 47.7 Unemployed.................................. 921 995 910 960 945 918 957 988 951 Unemployment rate......................... 15.1 15.9 14.5 14.7 14.1 13.7 14.3 14.6 14.1 Men..................................... 17.0 16.3 16.0 15.9 15.5 14.8 14.9 14.6 15.0 Women................................... 13.1 15.5 12.8 13.3 12.6 12.6 13.6 14.7 13.1 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,485 23,872 23,895 23,485 23,762 23,794 23,847 23,872 23,895 Civilian labor force.......................... 14,899 15,170 15,325 15,019 15,290 15,306 15,372 15,408 15,439 Participation rate........................ 63.4 63.5 64.1 64.0 64.3 64.3 64.5 64.5 64.6 Employed.................................... 13,282 13,465 13,677 13,401 13,673 13,693 13,709 13,672 13,784 Employment-population ratio............... 56.6 56.4 57.2 57.1 57.5 57.5 57.5 57.3 57.7 Unemployed.................................. 1,617 1,705 1,649 1,618 1,617 1,613 1,663 1,736 1,655 Unemployment rate......................... 10.9 11.2 10.8 10.8 10.6 10.5 10.8 11.3 10.7 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 6,785 6,733 6,812 6,776 6,899 6,833 6,829 6,765 6,803 Participation rate........................ 72.3 70.7 71.7 72.3 72.7 72.0 71.8 71.0 71.6 Employed.................................... 6,049 6,079 6,149 6,080 6,264 6,235 6,198 6,159 6,173 Employment-population ratio............... 64.5 63.8 64.7 64.8 66.0 65.7 65.2 64.7 65.0 Unemployed.................................. 735 654 663 696 635 598 632 605 629 Unemployment rate......................... 10.8 9.7 9.7 10.3 9.2 8.8 9.2 9.0 9.3 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,288 7,564 7,628 7,304 7,499 7,544 7,574 7,636 7,641 Participation rate........................ 61.8 63.3 63.7 62.0 63.0 63.3 63.4 63.9 63.9 Employed.................................... 6,680 6,803 6,928 6,689 6,833 6,851 6,880 6,851 6,934 Employment-population ratio............... 56.7 56.9 57.9 56.7 57.4 57.5 57.6 57.3 57.9 Unemployed.................................. 608 761 700 615 666 693 694 785 706 Unemployment rate......................... 8.3 10.1 9.2 8.4 8.9 9.2 9.2 10.3 9.2 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 827 872 886 939 892 929 969 1,007 996 Participation rate........................ 35.6 36.4 36.5 40.5 37.5 38.9 40.4 42.0 41.1 Employed.................................... 553 583 600 632 576 607 631 662 676 Employment-population ratio............... 23.8 24.3 24.8 27.2 24.2 25.4 26.3 27.6 27.9 Unemployed.................................. 274 290 285 307 316 322 337 346 319 Unemployment rate......................... 33.1 33.2 32.2 32.7 35.4 34.7 34.8 34.3 32.1 Men..................................... 38.0 37.4 43.7 36.3 41.2 38.6 42.7 37.4 41.4 Women................................... 28.2 29.5 22.0 29.1 30.0 31.2 27.5 31.3 23.7 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ 19,025 20,067 20,119 19,025 19,454 19,505 20,013 20,067 20,119 Civilian labor force.......................... 12,524 13,529 13,620 12,543 13,182 13,150 13,795 13,640 13,662 Participation rate........................ 65.8 67.4 67.7 65.9 67.8 67.4 68.9 68.0 67.9 Employed.................................... 11,229 12,337 12,381 11,320 12,094 12,141 12,653 12,538 12,493 Employment-population ratio............... 59.0 61.5 61.5 59.5 62.2 62.2 63.2 62.5 62.1 Unemployed.................................. 1,295 1,192 1,239 1,223 1,088 1,009 1,142 1,102 1,169 Unemployment rate......................... 10.3 8.8 9.1 9.8 8.3 7.7 8.3 8.1 8.6 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 124,992 126,887 128,125 126,062 127,644 127,855 128,580 128,430 129,175 Married men, spouse present................... 42,051 42,173 42,339 42,223 42,631 42,607 42,909 42,513 42,509 Married women, spouse present................. 32,277 32,611 32,830 32,168 32,509 32,631 32,826 32,578 32,699 Women who maintain families................... 7,457 7,571 7,812 7,372 7,444 7,500 7,501 7,556 7,720 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... 36,186 37,591 37,811 36,098 37,177 37,234 37,478 37,525 37,723 Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 37,631 37,845 38,044 37,751 37,821 37,902 38,163 38,073 38,158 Service occupations........................... 16,831 17,067 17,275 16,843 17,408 17,271 17,171 17,170 17,292 Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,277 13,702 13,887 13,602 13,508 13,574 13,902 14,140 14,200 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 17,804 17,752 17,931 18,106 18,259 18,310 18,317 18,144 18,234 Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,263 2,930 3,177 3,613 3,445 3,496 3,528 3,388 3,507 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 1,719 1,664 1,764 1,863 1,829 1,878 1,988 1,932 1,905 Self-employed workers....................... 1,484 1,257 1,348 1,560 1,464 1,475 1,448 1,353 1,414 Unpaid family workers....................... 40 12 55 43 68 66 62 15 59 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 112,648 114,790 115,601 113,535 115,133 115,212 115,560 115,987 116,533 Government................................ 18,419 18,289 18,282 18,141 18,270 18,266 18,385 18,144 17,994 Private industries........................ 94,229 96,501 97,319 95,394 96,863 96,946 97,176 97,843 98,539 Private households...................... 917 863 875 911 956 934 1,002 882 869 Other industries........................ 93,312 95,638 96,444 94,483 95,907 96,012 96,174 96,962 97,671 Self-employed workers....................... 8,992 9,033 9,245 9,041 9,023 9,109 9,445 9,124 9,292 Unpaid family workers....................... 109 132 113 105 140 149 162 136 108 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,569 4,419 4,277 4,451 3,983 4,338 4,426 4,262 4,153 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,630 2,616 2,459 2,507 2,107 2,353 2,423 2,378 2,344 Could only find part-time work............ 1,626 1,485 1,542 1,608 1,559 1,653 1,552 1,550 1,518 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 18,524 18,865 18,918 17,743 17,957 17,868 18,340 18,070 18,120 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,358 4,209 4,075 4,224 3,815 4,162 4,163 4,098 3,937 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,491 2,491 2,329 2,363 2,001 2,214 2,310 2,277 2,210 Could only find part-time work............ 1,608 1,465 1,516 1,573 1,543 1,622 1,512 1,523 1,475 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 17,870 18,342 18,338 17,114 17,313 17,237 17,737 17,452 17,565 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,402 7,205 7,144 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.2 Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,324 3,009 3,045 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.4 Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,749 2,788 2,771 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,329 1,408 1,328 17.1 16.8 16.5 17.0 17.5 16.4 Married men, spouse present.................. 1,349 1,238 1,218 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 Married women, spouse present................ 1,176 1,145 1,096 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.2 Women who maintain families.................. 614 748 769 7.7 8.8 8.4 9.1 9.0 9.1 Full-time workers............................ 5,943 5,706 5,736 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 Part-time workers............................ 1,481 1,497 1,428 6.0 5.6 5.8 5.7 6.0 5.7 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 872 817 787 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.0 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,745 1,724 1,702 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.3 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 831 701 732 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.3 4.7 4.9 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,639 1,609 1,616 8.3 7.7 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.1 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 307 273 279 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.4 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... 5,793 5,517 5,447 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 Goods-producing industries................. 1,803 1,627 1,615 6.4 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.6 5.5 Mining................................... 38 26 26 6.5 4.9 7.6 6.0 4.2 4.0 Construction............................. 684 645 674 10.3 10.3 9.4 10.1 9.0 9.6 Manufacturing............................ 1,081 956 915 5.2 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.3 Durable goods.......................... 606 508 467 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.0 3.6 Nondurable goods....................... 475 448 448 5.6 5.1 5.0 4.8 5.3 5.2 Service-producing industries............... 3,990 3,890 3,832 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 Transportation and public utilities...... 294 310 296 4.2 3.5 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.1 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,738 1,702 1,675 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.3 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 192 222 247 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.0 3.2 Services................................. 1,766 1,656 1,614 5.5 5.3 5.2 4.9 5.0 4.8 Government workers........................... 522 544 523 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 223 186 200 10.7 10.9 10.3 8.6 8.8 9.5 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,303 2,440 2,313 2,632 2,819 2,671 2,801 2,591 2,650 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,578 2,902 2,663 2,305 2,252 2,357 2,223 2,382 2,380 15 weeks and over.............................. 2,819 2,305 2,423 2,406 2,184 2,179 2,155 2,163 2,064 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 1,398 1,153 1,259 1,102 1,018 976 943 1,025 1,001 27 weeks and over........................... 1,421 1,153 1,164 1,304 1,166 1,203 1,212 1,138 1,063 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 18.2 15.7 16.3 17.2 16.0 15.8 16.0 16.0 15.3 Median duration, in weeks...................... 9.8 8.6 9.3 8.2 7.7 7.8 7.7 8.4 7.9 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks............................ 29.9 31.9 31.3 35.8 38.9 37.1 39.0 36.3 37.4 5 to 14 weeks................................ 33.5 37.9 36.0 31.4 31.0 32.7 31.0 33.4 33.6 15 weeks and over............................ 36.6 30.1 32.7 32.8 30.1 30.2 30.0 30.3 29.1 15 to 26 weeks............................. 18.2 15.1 17.0 15.0 14.0 13.5 13.1 14.4 14.1 27 weeks and over.......................... 18.5 15.1 15.7 17.8 16.1 16.7 16.9 15.9 15.0 NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Reason Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 3,849 3,659 3,493 3,508 3,261 3,221 3,245 3,163 3,187 On temporary layoff................................... 1,266 1,327 1,250 1,031 994 987 953 944 1,021 Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,583 2,332 2,243 2,477 2,267 2,234 2,293 2,218 2,167 Permanent job losers................................ 1,925 1,608 1,560 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 658 724 683 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers............................................. 806 813 808 783 825 845 890 787 784 Reentrants.............................................. 2,534 2,608 2,530 2,538 2,523 2,556 2,505 2,648 2,535 New entrants............................................ 511 567 568 593 586 626 600 647 647 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed........................................ Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 50.0 47.8 47.2 47.3 45.3 44.4 44.8 43.7 44.6 On temporary layoff.................................. 16.4 17.4 16.9 13.9 13.8 13.6 13.2 13.0 14.3 Not on temporary layoff.............................. 33.6 30.5 30.3 33.4 31.5 30.8 31.7 30.6 30.3 Job leavers............................................ 10.5 10.6 10.9 10.5 11.5 11.7 12.3 10.9 11.0 Reentrants............................................. 32.9 34.1 34.2 34.2 35.1 35.3 34.6 36.6 35.4 New entrants........................................... 6.6 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.1 8.6 8.3 8.9 9.0 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 Job leavers............................................ .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .7 .6 .6 Reentrants............................................. 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.9 New entrants........................................... .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .4 .5 .5 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.................................................... 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.2 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers....................................... 6.1 5.9 5.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 6.9 6.8 6.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 10.3 10.0 9.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,402 7,205 7,144 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.2 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,616 2,583 2,554 12.3 11.9 11.9 12.2 12.0 11.8 16 to 19 years................................ 1,329 1,408 1,328 17.1 16.8 16.5 17.0 17.5 16.4 16 to 17 years.............................. 632 655 637 19.4 17.0 19.3 17.7 19.7 19.4 18 to 19 years.............................. 704 712 697 15.6 17.0 14.7 16.6 15.2 14.6 20 to 24 years................................ 1,287 1,175 1,226 9.5 9.0 9.1 9.4 8.7 9.0 25 years and over............................... 4,788 4,638 4,591 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 25 to 54 years................................ 4,166 4,142 4,018 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 55 years and over............................. 591 485 550 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.3 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 4,080 3,755 3,790 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.2 16 to 24 years................................ 1,467 1,361 1,384 13.1 12.5 12.3 12.9 12.0 12.2 16 to 19 years.............................. 756 746 745 18.7 18.4 17.4 18.4 17.9 17.9 16 to 17 years............................ 356 338 368 21.2 18.9 20.6 20.4 19.6 21.4 18 to 19 years............................ 407 369 386 17.1 19.0 15.4 17.1 15.4 15.7 20 to 24 years.............................. 711 615 640 9.9 9.2 9.3 9.8 8.6 8.9 25 years and over............................. 2,595 2,419 2,390 4.3 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,268 2,117 2,058 4.4 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.9 55 years and over........................... 314 299 323 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.5 Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,322 3,450 3,354 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 16 to 24 years................................ 1,149 1,222 1,170 11.4 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.9 11.3 16 to 19 years.............................. 573 662 583 15.4 15.2 15.5 15.5 16.9 14.9 16 to 17 years............................ 276 317 269 17.4 15.1 18.1 14.9 19.7 17.1 18 to 19 years............................ 297 343 311 14.0 15.0 14.0 16.2 15.0 13.3 20 to 24 years.............................. 576 560 587 9.1 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 9.1 25 years and over............................. 2,193 2,219 2,202 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.2 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,898 2,025 1,960 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.3 55 years and over........................... 277 186 227 3.9 3.0 3.3 2.9 2.6 3.1 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... 67,229 66,989 24,419 24,656 42,810 42,333 Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,400 4,949 2,233 2,108 3,167 2,840 Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,584 1,471 752 683 832 788 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 451 356 261 185 190 171 Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,132 1,115 491 498 641 617 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,905 7,862 4,117 4,055 3,788 3,807 Percent of total employed................................... 6.3 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.5 6.4 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,687 4,546 2,724 2,642 1,963 1,903 Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,751 1,687 505 499 1,246 1,188 Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 214 196 160 133 54 63 Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,213 1,398 702 755 511 643 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997p 1997p Total......................... 117,895 118,950 119,700 120,547 118,750 120,492 120,723 120,982 121,275 121,450 Total private.................... 98,086 99,479 99,837 100,560 99,356 100,995 101,199 101,438 101,688 101,882 Goods-producing......................... 23,695 23,776 23,831 23,973 24,196 24,319 24,356 24,399 24,513 24,501 Mining................................ 563 556 556 558 574 566 566 568 571 570 Metal mining........................ 50.2 51.3 51.1 51.2 51 52 52 52 52 52 Coal mining......................... 100.8 96.6 96.0 96.0 101 97 97 97 96 97 Oil and gas extraction.............. 308.2 307.6 307.8 307.0 314 308 308 309 313 312 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 103.4 100.1 101.5 103.8 108 109 109 110 110 109 Construction.......................... 4,944 5,065 5,092 5,199 5,341 5,491 5,520 5,535 5,643 5,616 General building contractors........ 1,153.3 1,192.3 1,186.2 1,195.0 1,223 1,241 1,250 1,260 1,271 1,266 Heavy construction, except building. 676.4 635.1 650.2 680.8 770 764 766 765 783 775 Special trade contractors........... 3,114.4 3,237.8 3,255.2 3,322.7 3,348 3,486 3,504 3,510 3,589 3,575 Manufacturing......................... 18,188 18,155 18,183 18,216 18,281 18,262 18,270 18,296 18,299 18,315 Production workers................ 12,551 12,518 12,548 12,575 12,619 12,613 12,616 12,636 12,643 12,647 Durable goods........................ 10,597 10,670 10,694 10,724 10,623 10,694 10,710 10,734 10,744 10,759 Production workers................ 7,248 7,302 7,333 7,358 7,263 7,327 7,333 7,355 7,372 7,377 Lumber and wood products............ 741.8 758.2 759.4 764.4 755 771 771 771 774 781 Furniture and fixtures.............. 499.7 502.7 504.0 505.6 500 501 503 503 505 507 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 523.1 517.9 519.4 525.5 536 537 539 539 540 538 Primary metal industries............ 705.8 703.1 702.3 702.0 706 703 702 703 702 703 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 238.0 234.0 232.8 232.2 239 234 233 234 233 233 Fabricated metal products........... 1,440.5 1,460.9 1,461.7 1,466.1 1,442 1,461 1,462 1,466 1,465 1,468 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,091.4 2,098.1 2,107.8 2,116.6 2,087 2,087 2,092 2,101 2,107 2,112 Computer and office equipment..... 356.5 362.5 364.6 368.2 358 360 361 362 366 370 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,647.8 1,641.9 1,641.2 1,640.3 1,651 1,647 1,645 1,642 1,643 1,644 Electronic components and accessories.................... 612.8 611.6 614.9 617.0 614 611 611 612 615 617 Transportation equipment............ 1,728.9 1,776.2 1,784.2 1,787.8 1,726 1,772 1,776 1,788 1,788 1,789 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 924.8 949.6 953.1 954.3 926 952 953 959 954 955 Aircraft and parts................ 446.0 476.3 480.3 482.4 445 468 472 476 481 483 Instruments and related products.... 831.6 830.0 829.9 830.0 832 830 834 832 831 830 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 386.2 381.4 384.0 385.6 388 385 386 389 389 387 Nondurable goods..................... 7,591 7,485 7,489 7,492 7,658 7,568 7,560 7,562 7,555 7,556 Production workers................ 5,303 5,216 5,215 5,217 5,356 5,286 5,283 5,281 5,271 5,270 Food and kindred products........... 1,625.9 1,614.3 1,613.0 1,613.4 1,675 1,647 1,649 1,659 1,655 1,659 Tobacco products.................... 39.7 42.9 41.8 40.6 41 42 41 40 41 42 Textile mill products............... 640.1 624.9 623.0 623.5 642 628 628 630 625 625 Apparel and other textile products.. 859.6 806.7 810.5 806.7 862 829 824 818 816 810 Paper and allied products........... 676.2 670.8 669.7 668.7 681 675 674 673 674 673 Printing and publishing............. 1,530.6 1,520.8 1,521.1 1,523.9 1,531 1,525 1,523 1,523 1,523 1,524 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,024.0 1,011.6 1,012.9 1,013.9 1,027 1,017 1,016 1,017 1,016 1,017 Petroleum and coal products......... 136.7 132.4 132.5 134.0 140 139 138 136 137 137 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 960.7 967.8 972.5 974.5 960 974 973 972 975 976 Leather and leather products........ 97.9 92.9 92.1 92.5 99 92 94 94 93 93 Service-producing....................... 94,200 95,174 95,869 96,574 94,554 96,173 96,367 96,583 96,762 96,949 Transportation and public utilities... 6,233 6,312 6,333 6,358 6,292 6,350 6,340 6,378 6,404 6,415 Transportation...................... 3,965 4,035 4,052 4,075 4,011 4,062 4,057 4,091 4,110 4,121 Railroad transportation........... 230.9 224.6 223.8 223.8 233 229 229 229 227 226 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 455.3 474.7 475.8 479.9 442 460 462 465 464 466 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,835.9 1,832.0 1,838.3 1,846.9 1,884 1,870 1,852 1,881 1,891 1,894 Water transportation.............. 165.8 167.8 168.7 169.9 171 172 172 176 176 176 Transportation by air............. 830.6 874.3 879.1 884.2 835 868 878 876 884 889 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.0 13.6 13.6 13.6 14 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 432.3 447.7 452.6 457.0 432 449 450 450 454 456 Communications and public utilities. 2,268 2,277 2,281 2,283 2,281 2,288 2,283 2,287 2,294 2,294 Communications.................... 1,371.8 1,397.3 1,403.8 1,407.5 1,378 1,401 1,397 1,404 1,411 1,413 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 896.5 879.4 877.5 875.2 903 887 886 883 883 881 Wholesale trade....................... 6,504 6,609 6,630 6,664 6,548 6,651 6,655 6,662 6,689 6,708 Durable goods....................... 3,826 3,879 3,891 3,906 3,841 3,890 3,894 3,897 3,914 3,921 Nondurable goods.................... 2,678 2,730 2,739 2,758 2,707 2,761 2,761 2,765 2,775 2,787 Retail trade.......................... 20,912 21,521 21,390 21,504 21,350 21,857 21,931 21,922 21,928 21,971 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 856.0 892.1 893.2 917.0 887 942 948 942 945 954 General merchandise stores.......... 2,579.0 2,764.2 2,657.6 2,658.1 2,687 2,770 2,781 2,736 2,747 2,769 Department stores................. 2,272.4 2,438.9 2,349.1 2,352.2 2,363 2,444 2,454 2,416 2,432 2,457 Food stores......................... 3,356.7 3,447.9 3,432.1 3,435.6 3,403 3,462 3,461 3,469 3,471 3,484 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,222.4 2,286.8 2,291.3 2,305.7 2,242 2,309 2,313 2,315 2,321 2,329 New and used car dealers.......... 1,016.6 1,040.8 1,044.4 1,047.9 1,020 1,042 1,044 1,047 1,050 1,051 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,068.8 1,108.2 1,070.2 1,068.9 1,100 1,106 1,102 1,108 1,103 1,102 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 944.5 1,022.3 1,012.6 1,008.9 951 1,005 1,016 1,017 1,018 1,019 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,272.8 7,230.4 7,295.0 7,397.3 7,413 7,527 7,558 7,571 7,567 7,544 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,611.6 2,768.7 2,737.9 2,712.1 2,667 2,736 2,752 2,764 2,756 2,770 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,893 7,012 7,017 7,054 6,931 7,038 7,052 7,062 7,072 7,094 Finance............................. 3,287 3,372 3,374 3,392 3,293 3,361 3,369 3,379 3,383 3,400 Depository institutions........... 2,013.4 2,034.2 2,029.7 2,034.8 2,020 2,035 2,035 2,035 2,037 2,042 Commercial banks................ 1,458.4 1,481.5 1,477.5 1,482.9 1,464 1,479 1,480 1,484 1,484 1,490 Savings institutions............ 265.2 254.8 253.3 251.8 265 258 257 255 255 252 Nondepository institutions........ 502.4 535.5 534.9 542.4 501 530 533 536 533 541 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 226.3 242.6 243.0 247.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Security and commodity brokers.... 530.4 557.2 561.3 565.5 532 552 555 560 564 568 Holding and other investment offices........................ 240.5 245.2 248.2 249.5 240 244 246 248 249 249 Insurance........................... 2,257 2,258 2,257 2,261 2,257 2,264 2,265 2,260 2,261 2,260 Insurance carriers................ 1,549.0 1,546.5 1,544.1 1,545.1 1,549 1,550 1,551 1,549 1,547 1,544 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 708.0 711.2 713.3 715.5 708 714 714 711 714 716 Real estate......................... 1,349 1,382 1,386 1,401 1,381 1,413 1,418 1,423 1,428 1,434 Services2............................. 33,849 34,249 34,636 35,007 34,039 34,780 34,865 35,015 35,082 35,193 Agricultural services............... 540.2 529.8 533.3 567.2 603 628 623 634 638 634 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,598.1 1,599.3 1,623.2 1,643.0 1,662 1,692 1,700 1,711 1,714 1,712 Personal services................... 1,238.1 1,235.1 1,253.8 1,248.0 1,175 1,185 1,183 1,189 1,185 1,183 Business services................... 6,944.1 7,195.4 7,224.0 7,337.9 7,058 7,285 7,326 7,389 7,408 7,466 Services to buildings............. 892.0 867.7 872.4 874.3 898 885 885 878 883 880 Personnel supply services......... 2,481.1 2,580.6 2,571.6 2,655.7 2,565 2,672 2,690 2,762 2,728 2,757 Help supply services............ 2,188.0 2,279.7 2,258.5 2,332.2 2,265 2,362 2,379 2,448 2,403 2,428 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,158.6 1,278.2 1,291.0 1,306.8 1,155 1,251 1,262 1,277 1,290 1,305 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,064.9 1,119.2 1,133.8 1,145.7 1,066 1,121 1,128 1,133 1,143 1,147 Miscellaneous repair services....... 358.7 363.8 364.2 367.6 361 370 370 369 369 371 Motion pictures..................... 524.9 532.2 534.5 537.3 518 530 532 536 537 530 Amusement and recreation services... 1,395.7 1,340.0 1,378.8 1,443.0 1,518 1,545 1,559 1,565 1,554 1,557 Health services..................... 9,484.8 9,679.4 9,694.6 9,733.6 9,499 9,666 9,679 9,709 9,721 9,743 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,646.4 1,702.0 1,708.3 1,709.9 1,650 1,694 1,697 1,711 1,716 1,715 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,723.9 1,757.3 1,759.1 1,763.9 1,728 1,757 1,760 1,763 1,766 1,768 Hospitals......................... 3,837.5 3,874.5 3,882.3 3,897.0 3,842 3,875 3,880 3,880 3,887 3,899 Home health care services......... 652.1 665.5 662.3 667.0 655 668 665 670 666 668 Legal services...................... 924.1 940.8 944.2 950.7 928 941 943 944 947 954 Educational services................ 2,116.0 1,979.5 2,147.0 2,173.4 1,991 2,025 2,021 2,016 2,028 2,044 Social services..................... 2,390.0 2,412.1 2,432.1 2,450.5 2,381 2,420 2,416 2,425 2,432 2,439 Child day care services........... 583.6 584.7 592.0 596.6 569 579 575 580 581 580 Residential care.................. 654.8 674.4 677.1 682.4 656 675 676 678 680 684 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 77.9 78.9 78.8 81.4 83 86 87 86 87 87 Membership organizations............ 2,122.1 2,117.6 2,131.7 2,142.1 2,136 2,152 2,153 2,154 2,154 2,157 Engineering and management services. 2,878.0 2,932.3 2,969.0 2,991.7 2,868 2,941 2,952 2,961 2,971 2,975 Engineering and architectural services....................... 819.9 852.1 853.9 861.5 829 859 859 861 866 873 Management and public relations... 891.1 928.4 941.6 948.7 894 935 942 941 949 950 Services, nec....................... 44.7 46.2 46.2 46.7 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Government............................ 19,809 19,471 19,863 19,987 19,394 19,497 19,524 19,544 19,587 19,568 Federal............................. 2,770 2,703 2,698 2,701 2,780 2,733 2,729 2,725 2,712 2,709 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,915.2 1,837.1 1,846.9 1,848.5 1,922 1,873 1,870 1,860 1,858 1,856 State............................... 4,773 4,582 4,757 4,788 4,639 4,640 4,642 4,638 4,656 4,656 Education......................... 2,098.8 1,927.5 2,095.8 2,124.5 1,951 1,960 1,963 1,960 1,977 1,977 Other State government............ 2,674.4 2,654.0 2,660.9 2,663.4 2,688 2,680 2,679 2,678 2,679 2,679 Local............................... 12,266 12,186 12,408 12,498 11,975 12,124 12,153 12,181 12,219 12,203 Education......................... 7,058.6 6,960.5 7,168.7 7,233.3 6,675 6,798 6,801 6,823 6,860 6,846 Other local government............ 5,207.8 5,225.3 5,239.0 5,264.6 5,300 5,326 5,352 5,358 5,359 5,357 1 This series is not suitable for seasonal adjustment because it has very little seasonal and irregular movement. Thus, the not seasonally adjusted series can be used for analysis of cyclical and long-term trends. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 34.2 33.9 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.6 34.8 34.2 34.9 34.8 Goods-producing......................... 40.6 40.4 40.7 41.2 40.8 41.1 41.3 40.8 41.3 41.4 Mining................................ 45.0 44.2 45.7 45.8 45.7 44.8 45.7 44.3 46.3 46.4 Construction.......................... 38.1 36.3 37.4 38.3 38.7 38.9 38.8 37.8 39.0 38.9 Manufacturing......................... 41.3 41.5 41.6 42.0 41.3 41.7 42.0 41.7 41.9 42.1 Overtime hours.................... 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.9 Durable goods........................ 42.0 42.2 42.4 42.9 42.0 42.4 42.7 42.4 42.8 42.9 Overtime hours.................... 4.4 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.3 Lumber and wood products............ 40.4 39.6 40.2 40.6 40.6 41.0 41.0 40.4 40.8 40.9 Furniture and fixtures.............. 39.0 39.3 38.8 39.8 39.4 39.8 40.2 39.7 39.7 40.2 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 42.7 40.9 42.1 42.7 43.2 43.2 43.4 42.3 43.6 43.3 Primary metal industries............ 43.8 44.5 44.6 45.1 43.9 44.1 44.6 44.4 44.7 45.1 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.3 44.7 44.6 45.2 44.5 44.7 44.6 44.8 44.7 45.3 Fabricated metal products........... 41.9 42.1 42.3 42.6 42.0 42.3 42.5 42.1 42.6 42.7 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.3 43.3 43.5 43.8 43.0 43.0 43.2 43.1 43.5 43.5 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 41.4 41.2 41.5 42.0 41.4 41.4 41.8 41.1 41.9 42.0 Transportation equipment............ 42.3 44.6 44.3 44.8 42.2 44.1 44.5 45.0 44.4 45.0 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 42.3 45.5 45.1 45.8 42.1 44.6 45.1 45.9 45.2 45.9 Instruments and related products.... 41.9 41.7 41.9 42.2 41.7 41.8 42.1 41.6 42.2 42.0 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 39.8 39.6 40.1 40.7 39.7 40.0 40.6 40.0 40.7 40.6 Nondurable goods..................... 40.3 40.5 40.4 40.7 40.5 40.7 41.0 40.6 40.8 40.9 Overtime hours.................... 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.4 Food and kindred products........... 40.5 40.7 40.8 40.7 41.1 41.2 41.4 41.0 41.4 41.3 Tobacco products.................... 39.5 39.2 39.1 41.1 40.4 40.6 41.6 39.4 41.4 41.8 Textile mill products............... 40.7 40.9 40.5 41.5 40.8 41.3 41.6 41.1 40.8 41.5 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.0 36.9 36.9 37.5 36.9 37.4 37.4 37.1 37.2 37.5 Paper and allied products........... 42.8 43.8 43.3 43.5 43.1 43.6 43.8 43.7 43.7 43.9 Printing and publishing............. 38.2 37.7 38.1 38.7 38.2 38.2 38.4 38.1 38.5 38.7 Chemicals and allied products....... 43.1 43.2 43.1 43.0 43.1 43.3 43.6 43.2 43.3 43.0 Petroleum and coal products......... 43.0 45.0 43.3 42.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.3 41.4 41.5 41.7 41.3 41.2 41.8 41.2 41.6 41.8 Leather and leather products........ 37.7 37.7 38.0 38.6 37.8 39.0 38.8 38.0 39.0 38.8 Service-producing....................... 32.5 32.2 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.8 33.0 32.4 33.2 33.1 Transportation and public utilities... 39.5 39.1 39.6 39.5 39.9 39.9 40.0 39.4 39.9 39.9 Wholesale trade....................... 38.1 37.8 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.6 38.0 38.8 38.6 Retail trade.......................... 28.5 28.0 28.7 28.7 28.9 29.0 28.9 28.7 29.4 29.1 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.7 35.7 36.7 36.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.2 32.0 32.7 32.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... $11.69 $12.12 $12.14 $12.17 $399.80 $410.87 $418.83 $421.08 Seasonally adjusted............. 11.68 12.05 12.10 12.15 402.96 412.11 422.29 422.82 Goods-producing......................... 13.17 13.67 13.67 13.74 534.70 552.27 556.37 566.09 Mining................................ 15.51 16.16 16.04 15.97 697.95 714.27 733.03 731.43 Construction.......................... 15.13 15.70 15.65 15.72 576.45 569.91 585.31 602.08 Manufacturing......................... 12.54 13.04 13.03 13.09 517.90 541.16 542.05 549.78 Durable goods........................ 13.05 13.61 13.59 13.63 548.10 574.34 576.22 584.73 Lumber and wood products............ 10.29 10.58 10.58 10.58 415.72 418.97 425.32 429.55 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.00 10.38 10.34 10.41 390.00 407.93 401.19 414.32 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.59 12.98 13.04 13.00 537.59 530.88 548.98 555.10 Primary metal industries............ 14.74 15.13 15.11 15.21 645.61 673.29 673.91 685.97 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 17.61 17.75 17.76 17.98 780.12 793.43 792.10 812.70 Fabricated metal products........... 12.28 12.72 12.73 12.76 514.53 535.51 538.48 543.58 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.36 13.91 13.91 13.94 578.49 602.30 605.09 610.57 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 11.91 12.45 12.45 12.53 493.07 512.94 516.68 526.26 Transportation equipment............ 16.69 17.50 17.43 17.51 705.99 780.50 772.15 784.45 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.11 18.09 17.98 18.05 723.75 823.10 810.90 826.69 Instruments and related products.... 12.97 13.38 13.38 13.40 543.44 557.95 560.62 565.48 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.25 10.60 10.57 10.55 407.95 419.76 423.86 429.39 Nondurable goods..................... 11.83 12.21 12.20 12.28 476.75 494.51 492.88 499.80 Food and kindred products........... 11.11 11.43 11.35 11.44 449.96 465.20 463.08 465.61 Tobacco products.................... 19.55 18.81 18.79 20.52 772.23 737.35 734.69 843.37 Textile mill products............... 9.55 9.92 9.87 9.91 388.69 405.73 399.74 411.27 Apparel and other textile products.. 7.85 8.11 8.17 8.22 290.45 299.26 301.47 308.25 Paper and allied products........... 14.45 14.85 14.82 14.96 618.46 650.43 641.71 650.76 Printing and publishing............. 12.52 12.86 12.89 13.02 478.26 484.82 491.11 503.87 Chemicals and allied products....... 16.03 16.40 16.52 16.53 690.89 708.48 712.01 710.79 Petroleum and coal products......... 19.20 20.11 20.42 20.55 825.60 904.95 884.19 871.32 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.14 11.48 11.44 11.51 460.08 475.27 474.76 479.97 Leather and leather products........ 8.46 8.84 8.93 8.90 318.94 333.27 339.34 343.54 Service-producing....................... 11.21 11.61 11.65 11.66 364.33 373.84 383.29 383.61 Transportation and public utilities... $14.44 $14.75 $14.66 $14.66 $570.38 $576.73 $580.54 $579.07 Wholesale trade....................... 12.67 13.15 13.24 13.22 482.73 497.07 509.74 507.65 Retail trade.......................... 7.90 8.23 8.23 8.25 225.15 230.44 236.20 236.78 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.74 13.00 13.14 13.17 454.82 464.10 482.24 482.02 Services.............................. 11.72 12.20 12.25 12.27 377.38 390.40 400.58 400.00 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. change Industry 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997p 1997p from: Feb. 1997- Mar. 1997 Total private: Current dollars.............. $11.68 $11.99 $12.04 $12.05 $12.10 $12.15 0.4 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.40 7.45 7.46 7.46 7.47 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.25 13.62 13.69 13.73 13.76 13.82 .4 Mining...................... 15.46 15.76 15.90 16.01 15.94 15.93 -.1 Construction................ 15.24 15.55 15.66 15.72 15.76 15.85 .6 Manufacturing............... 12.55 12.94 12.99 13.03 13.03 13.09 .5 Excluding overtime4....... 11.91 12.27 12.30 12.34 12.32 12.38 .5 Service-producing............. 11.16 11.45 11.50 11.49 11.55 11.60 .4 Transportation and public utilities................ 14.47 14.59 14.61 14.75 14.62 14.68 .4 Wholesale trade............. 12.70 13.05 13.16 13.08 13.21 13.25 .3 Retail trade................ 7.88 8.13 8.16 8.18 8.20 8.23 .4 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 12.68 13.02 13.01 12.95 13.06 13.10 .3 Services.................... 11.67 12.02 12.07 12.06 12.15 12.20 .4 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .1 percent from January 1997 to February 1997, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 132.5 133.0 136.0 137.4 135.5 138.2 139.3 137.1 140.6 140.5 Goods-producing......................... 106.0 105.7 106.9 109.0 109.5 110.9 111.6 110.5 112.7 112.7 Mining................................ 53.4 52.3 54.3 54.8 55.7 53.9 55.1 54.0 56.8 57.0 Construction.......................... 129.9 126.7 131.4 137.6 145.6 150.5 151.3 147.9 156.4 154.3 Manufacturing......................... 104.4 104.8 105.2 106.4 105.2 106.1 106.8 106.1 106.9 107.4 Durable goods........................ 106.1 107.6 108.5 110.0 106.3 108.4 109.3 108.8 110.0 110.5 Lumber and wood products............ 129.7 130.4 132.5 135.0 133.1 137.9 137.7 135.6 137.6 139.3 Furniture and fixtures.............. 121.0 123.2 122.0 125.5 122.0 123.9 125.4 124.2 125.1 127.0 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 104.5 99.1 102.4 105.2 108.9 109.2 110.2 107.4 111.2 109.7 Primary metal industries............ 91.3 92.5 92.7 93.7 91.5 91.6 92.6 92.2 92.7 93.7 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 72.6 72.2 71.5 72.2 73.1 72.6 72.1 72.8 72.2 72.8 Fabricated metal products........... 112.5 114.9 115.5 116.8 113.0 115.4 115.9 115.3 116.8 117.3 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 104.4 104.9 106.0 107.1 103.2 103.2 104.0 104.4 105.7 106.0 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 108.2 106.1 107.7 108.6 108.1 107.2 107.9 105.9 108.7 108.7 Transportation equipment............ 113.9 124.0 123.8 125.5 113.2 122.7 123.9 126.1 124.1 125.7 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 148.9 164.5 163.9 166.6 147.9 161.7 163.9 167.7 164.1 166.2 Instruments and related products.... 73.9 73.1 73.8 74.5 73.6 73.6 74.2 73.3 74.5 74.0 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 102.0 99.8 102.1 104.2 102.4 102.0 103.9 103.5 105.0 104.3 Nondurable goods..................... 102.1 100.8 100.7 101.6 103.7 102.8 103.4 102.5 102.8 103.1 Food and kindred products........... 109.0 109.2 109.1 109.1 114.7 113.2 114.2 113.7 114.3 114.4 Tobacco products.................... 59.4 65.9 63.2 64.3 64.0 66.4 65.9 60.5 65.6 68.3 Textile mill products............... 91.5 90.2 88.9 91.3 92.0 91.3 92.1 91.2 89.8 91.6 Apparel and other textile products.. 76.7 71.6 71.8 72.7 76.7 74.3 73.9 73.1 72.9 73.0 Paper and allied products........... 106.8 109.1 107.7 107.7 108.4 109.3 109.8 109.5 109.3 109.6 Printing and publishing............. 123.6 120.5 121.5 123.8 123.6 122.8 123.2 121.8 123.1 123.5 Chemicals and allied products....... 100.7 98.2 98.3 97.7 100.9 99.4 99.8 98.7 98.9 97.9 Petroleum and coal products......... 71.2 72.9 70.6 70.6 74.6 74.8 75.5 76.3 73.6 74.2 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 139.3 140.5 141.6 142.8 139.2 140.9 142.6 140.3 142.4 143.1 Leather and leather products........ 44.0 41.2 41.2 42.1 44.1 42.5 43.5 42.0 42.5 42.3 Service-producing....................... 144.4 145.3 149.1 150.1 147.2 150.5 151.7 149.1 153.2 153.0 Transportation and public utilities... 126.4 126.9 129.3 129.4 129.1 130.4 130.6 129.6 131.7 131.9 Wholesale trade....................... 122.6 123.7 125.9 126.5 124.3 126.3 127.2 125.4 128.5 128.1 Retail trade.......................... 128.8 130.0 132.5 133.4 133.7 137.1 137.1 136.0 139.5 138.5 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 123.7 125.8 129.4 129.6 125.4 127.6 130.6 125.6 130.9 131.5 Services.............................. 173.3 173.7 179.2 181.0 175.2 179.4 181.5 177.7 182.9 183.0 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 60.0 60.8 51.3 58.6 61.7 55.2 57.7 57.0 61.8 59.7 61.8 59.6 1994.............. 58.8 62.1 66.0 64.2 60.3 63.5 61.5 62.1 60.8 61.5 63.1 63.9 1995.............. 63.2 59.3 54.9 54.6 51.4 55.1 54.1 57.4 51.8 54.8 56.3 59.4 1996.............. 52.4 63.2 60.0 52.4 62.2 57.4 55.8 57.3 52.7 63.1 57.2 59.0 1997.............. 59.8 p58.3 p56.9 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 63.8 61.2 61.1 59.8 63.1 62.9 59.7 63.1 64.5 67.1 64.6 63.5 1994.............. 67.1 69.5 70.4 68.7 66.4 66.0 68.5 69.5 65.3 65.6 68.0 67.8 1995.............. 66.6 63.2 56.9 53.4 54.2 52.9 56.6 53.8 54.2 54.6 58.3 57.0 1996.............. 60.7 61.8 61.2 60.0 61.0 63.6 60.3 56.7 60.8 60.0 64.6 62.9 1997.............. p64.5 p64.2 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 63.3 65.2 63.8 64.2 62.4 65.9 65.7 63.9 66.3 67.3 70.6 69.5 1994.............. 70.8 71.6 69.0 69.8 69.5 69.5 69.2 69.0 69.2 68.5 69.1 66.6 1995.............. 66.3 60.8 58.7 54.4 53.5 54.1 53.1 56.3 55.9 54.1 56.2 61.8 1996.............. 60.3 62.9 63.8 63.8 62.6 59.0 65.2 62.6 61.8 63.9 p65.4 p66.6 1997.............. Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.4 65.7 65.0 1995.............. 62.6 60.8 60.1 61.2 58.1 57.7 54.5 58.7 58.6 57.3 59.4 59.8 1996.............. 61.0 61.7 61.5 61.1 62.8 64.3 64.2 p64.6 p64.7 1997.............. Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 52.5 56.5 50.7 45.7 54.0 45.7 49.3 49.3 59.4 53.2 53.6 55.0 1994.............. 56.5 60.1 59.7 58.6 53.2 57.9 57.6 53.6 55.8 54.7 57.2 59.4 1995.............. 56.8 55.0 46.0 45.3 39.2 40.3 45.0 45.0 42.4 45.3 46.4 47.5 1996.............. 42.1 48.2 48.2 39.6 53.2 49.6 43.9 50.0 44.6 54.3 48.2 52.9 1997.............. 54.0 p49.6 p50.4 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 60.8 58.3 53.2 47.8 48.9 54.0 50.4 58.3 57.6 59.7 54.7 57.6 1994.............. 63.7 64.4 66.2 60.8 56.1 56.8 60.8 58.6 54.0 56.1 60.1 60.8 1995.............. 60.4 51.8 43.5 34.9 33.1 32.0 33.1 35.6 38.8 39.6 40.6 38.8 1996.............. 38.8 39.9 37.8 43.2 45.3 47.5 45.7 40.6 50.7 47.1 51.8 51.4 1997.............. p55.8 p52.5 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 56.5 59.0 56.8 55.4 50.7 57.9 59.4 56.5 57.6 58.6 64.4 60.8 1994.............. 62.2 64.4 60.4 61.5 59.0 56.8 56.5 57.2 60.1 55.8 59.7 55.8 1995.............. 55.4 45.0 38.5 33.5 27.7 28.8 28.8 30.6 33.5 33.1 34.2 38.8 1996.............. 32.0 37.4 37.1 38.1 42.4 37.8 48.6 43.5 45.0 51.1 p51.1 p51.4 1997.............. Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 55.8 49.6 47.5 1995.............. 42.1 40.3 39.9 40.6 34.5 31.7 25.9 28.8 28.1 24.1 27.0 29.1 1996.............. 33.1 33.1 33.8 35.6 37.1 41.0 40.6 p42.1 p44.2 1997.............. 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.