Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until                                      USDL-19-0076
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                              U.S. IMPORT AND EXPORT PRICE INDEXES - DECEMBER 2018                              

Prices for U.S. imports decreased 1.0 percent in December, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 
today, after a 1.9-percent fall the previous month. Lower fuel prices drove the decline in December, and 
nonfuel prices recorded no change. U.S. export prices fell 0.6 percent in December following a 0.8-percent 
drop in November.

Imports

U.S. import prices declined 1.0 percent in December, after decreasing 1.9 percent in November and rising 
0.5 percent in October. The November drop was the largest monthly decline since the index fell 3.2 percent 
in January 2015. Prices for imports decreased 0.6 percent in 2018 following a 3.2-percent increase the 
previous year. The decline in 2018 was the first calendar-year drop since import prices fell 8.3 percent in 
2015. (See table 1.)

Fuel Imports: Prices for import fuel declined 9.2 percent in December, after a 13.3-percent drop the 
previous month. The December decrease was driven by an 11.6-percent decline in petroleum prices which 
more than offset a 30.3-percent advance in natural gas prices. Import fuel prices fell 10.4 percent in 2018 
following a 21.8-percent increase the previous year. The 2018 decline is the first calendar-year decrease 
since 2015, when import fuel prices fell 41.0 percent. In 2018, a 14.0-percent drop in petroleum prices more 
than offset a 67.6-percent increase in prices for natural gas.

All Imports Excluding Fuel: Prices for nonfuel imports recorded no change in December, after declining 
0.3 percent in November. Higher prices for consumer goods; automotive vehicles; and foods, feeds, and 
beverages offset price declines for capital goods and nonfuel industrial supplies and materials. Nonfuel 
import prices advanced 0.5 percent in 2018 following a 1.3-percent rise in 2017. The price index for nonfuel 
imports has not recorded a calendar-year decline since a 3.4-percent drop in 2015. In 2018, higher prices for 
nonfuel industrial supplies and materials; consumer goods; and automotive vehicles drove the increase in 
nonfuel import prices.

Nonfuel Industrial Supplies and Materials: Prices for nonfuel industrial supplies and materials edged down 
0.1 percent in December, after falling 0.2 percent the previous month. A 0.9-percent decline in prices for 
chemicals drove the December decrease.
	
Finished Goods: Finished goods prices were mostly up in December. Prices for consumer goods and 
automotive vehicles each ticked up 0.1 percent. In contrast, capital goods prices edged down 0.1 percent.

Foods, Feeds, and Beverages: Foods, feeds, and beverages prices rose 0.1 percent in December, after 
declining 2.2 percent the previous month. The December increase was led by a 10.9-percent advance in 
vegetable prices.

Table A. Percent change in Import and Export Price Indexes, selected categories

Month	IMPORTS			EXPORTS
	All imports	Fuel imports	Nonfuel imports	All exports	Agri- cultural exports	Non- agricultural exports
2017
December	0.2	3.3	-0.2	0.1	-0.3	0.0
2018
January	0.8	3.3	0.5	0.7	0.0	0.8
February	0.2	-1.8	0.4	0.2	0.6	0.2
March	-0.2	-2.6	0.1	0.4	3.2	0.1
April	0.5	4.0	0.1	0.5	-1.1	0.7
May	0.9	6.1	0.2	0.7	1.6	0.6
June	0.0	2.6	-0.3	0.2	-1.0	0.3
July	-0.1	0.8	-0.2	-0.5	-5.2	0.1
August	-0.4	-2.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.4	-0.2
September	(r)0.1	(r)0.0	0.0	0.0	(r)-1.3	0.2
October	0.5	3.2	0.1	0.5	(r)-0.1	0.5
November	(r)-1.9	(r)-13.3	-0.3	(r)-0.8	(r)1.7	-1.0
December	-1.0	-9.2	0.0	-0.6	3.9	-1.1
Dec. 2016 to 2017	3.2	21.8	1.3	2.8	1.9	2.8
Dec. 2017 to 2018	-0.6	-10.4	0.5	1.1	2.5	1.0
Footnotes (r) Revised

Exports 

U.S. export prices fell 0.6 percent in December following a 0.8-percent decrease in November. 
Nonagricultural prices declined in December, more than offsetting higher prices for agricultural goods. 
Despite the December downturn, U.S. export prices increased 1.1 percent in 2018. The price index for U.S. 
exports has not recorded a calendar-year decrease since falling 6.6 percent in 2015. (See table 2.)

Agricultural Exports: Prices for agricultural exports advanced 3.9 percent in December, the largest 
increase for the index since a 4.8-percent rise in August 2012. The December advance follows a 1.7-percent 
rise in November and a 0.1-percent drop in October. Price increases for soybeans and nuts contributed to the 
December advance, more than offsetting lower fruit prices. Agricultural export prices rose 2.5 percent in 
2018, after increasing 1.9 percent in 2017. The 2018 increase was the largest calendar-year advance since 
the price index for agricultural exports rose 13.4 percent in 2012.

All Exports Excluding Agriculture: Prices for nonagricultural exports decreased 1.1 percent in December, 
after declining 1.0 percent in November and rising 0.5 percent in October. The December drop matched the 
decrease in December 2015; those were the largest monthly declines since the index fell 1.3 percent in 
August 2015. Lower prices for nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials led the December decrease, 
more than offsetting rising consumer goods and automotive vehicles prices. Despite the December decline, 
nonagricultural export prices advanced 1.0 percent in 2018. 

Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials: The price index for nonagricultural industrial supplies 
and materials decreased 3.4 percent in December, the largest monthly decline since falling 3.7-percent in 
August 2015. An 8.4-percent drop in prices for export fuel drove the December decline.

Finished Goods: Finished goods prices mostly rose in December. The price indexes for consumer goods and 
automotive vehicles each ticked up 0.1 percent. Export capital goods prices recorded no change in 
December following a 0.1-percent drop in November. In 2018, automotive vehicles export prices rose 0.9 
percent, the largest calendar-year increase since advancing 2.6 percent in 2011.

Measures of Import and Export Prices by Locality

Imports by Locality of Origin: The price index for imports from China recorded no change in December. 
Prices for imports from China decreased 0.2 percent in 2018 and have not risen on a calendar-year basis 
since advancing 3.6 percent in 2011. Import prices from Japan edged down 0.1 percent for the second 
consecutive month in December. Despite the monthly decreases, prices for imports from Japan rose 1.0 
percent in 2018. Prices for imports from Canada declined 1.5 percent in December and fell 6.1 percent in 
2018, the largest calendar-year drop since a 15.1-percent decrease in 2015. The price index for imports from 
Mexico declined 0.5 percent in December and prices for imports from the European Union fell 0.1 percent 
over the same period. (See table 7.)

Exports by Locality of Destination: Export prices to China decreased 0.3 percent in December following a 
0.1-percent drop the previous month. The price index for exports to China declined 1.5 percent in 2018. 
Prices for exports to Japan fell 0.2 percent in December, after recording no change in November and rising 
0.2 percent in October. In 2018, export prices to Japan rose 0.5 percent. Prices for exports to Canada 
increased 2.2 percent in December, and advanced 7.3 percent in 2018. The price index for exports to 
Mexico fell 0.9 percent in December. Despite the monthly decrease, export prices to Mexico increased 1.6 
percent in 2018. Prices for exports to the European Union declined 0.7 percent in December, after rising in 
each of the previous 3 months. The December drop was the largest 1-month decrease for export prices to the 
European Union since the index was first published in December 2017. In 2018, export prices to the 
European Union advanced 3.2 percent. (See table 8.)

Terms of Trade Indexes: Terms of Trade indexes are based on country, region, or grouping and measure 
the change in the purchasing power of exports relative to imports. The index for U.S. terms of trade with 
China decreased 0.3 percent in December, driven by decreasing export prices to China. Overall, the U.S. 
terms of trade with China declined 1.3 percent in 2018. The U.S. terms of trade with Japan edged down 0.1 
percent in December following 0.1-percent increases the previous 2 months. In 2018, the index for U.S. 
terms of trade with Japan fell 0.5 percent. The U.S. terms of trade with Canada rose 3.8 percent in 
December, and increased 14.3 percent in 2018. The index for U.S. terms of trade with the European Union 
declined 0.6 percent in December and the U.S. terms of trade with Mexico fell 0.4 percent. Despite the 
monthly decreases, the U.S. terms of trade with the European Union and Mexico each advanced 1.8 percent 
in 2018. (See table 9.)

Import and Export Services

Imports: The index for import air passenger fares rose 7.6 percent in December following increases of 0.7 
percent in November and October. Higher Asian and Latin American/Caribbean fares drove the rise in 
December. Import air passenger fares advanced 1.8 percent in 2018, after increasing 4.2 percent in 2017. 
Prices for import air freight decreased 2.7 percent in December following a 0.7-percent advance the 
previous month. The index for import air freight prices rose 4.1 percent in 2018 and has not recorded a 
calendar-year decrease since falling 3.1 percent in 2015. (See table 10.)

Exports: Export air passenger fares advanced 1.4 percent in December, after edging up 0.1 percent the 
previous month. Higher Asian and European fares contributed to the monthly increase. The index for export 
air passenger fares fell 5.0 percent in 2018 following a 5.8-percent drop in 2017. Prices for export air freight 
declined for the second consecutive month in December, edging down 0.1 percent. Despite the monthly 
decrease, export air freight prices rose 3.4 percent in 2018, the largest calendar-year increase since a 5.8-
percent advance in 2014.
		
Import and Export Price Index data for January are scheduled for release on Friday, February 15, 2019 at 
8:30 a.m. (EST).

Table 1. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2017 to December 2018 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Nov. 2018(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2018	Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2018	Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2018	Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2018	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018
All commodities		100.000	125.9	124.7	-0.6	0.1	0.5	-1.9	-1.0
All imports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		83.398	100.1	100.1	0.6	0.0	-0.1	-0.1	0.0
All imports excluding petroleum		90.176	113.4	113.7	1.0	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.3
All imports excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		89.454	117.2	117.2	0.5	0.0	0.1	-0.3	0.0
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	6.056	179.5	179.6	-0.8	2.0	2.1	-2.2	0.1
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	4.740	196.3	197.2	-1.0	2.4	2.7	-2.8	0.5
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	1.316	142.0	139.9	0.0	0.8	-0.1	0.0	-1.5
Industrial supplies & materials	1	24.936	187.5	180.1	-3.1	-0.3	1.5	-6.2	-3.9
Industrial supplies & materials excluding petroleum		15.351	159.1	161.5	5.1	-0.4	0.4	1.4	1.5
Industrial supplies & materials excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		14.378	178.3	178.2	2.6	-0.4	0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		9.014	167.1	167.4	1.9	-0.9	-0.4	-0.5	0.2
Industrial supplies & materials nondurable excluding petroleum		6.099	149.1	154.2	9.9	0.1	1.9	4.1	3.4
Fuels & lubricants	10	10.546	203.4	184.7	-10.4	0.0	3.2	-13.3	-9.2
Petroleum & petroleum products	100	9.824	217.3	192.2	-14.0	0.0	2.9	-16.0	-11.6
Crude	10000	6.692	216.6	186.6	-19.4	0.1	2.7	-20.1	-13.9
Fuels, n.e.s.-coals & gas	101	0.723	138.9	171.6	50.4	-1.1	12.8	41.7	23.5
Gas-natural	10110	0.568	127.6	166.3	67.6	-1.6	17.9	60.1	30.3
Paper & paper base stocks	11	0.609	123.6	124.9	13.9	0.3	0.5	0.2	1.1
Materials associated with nondurable supplies & materials	12	4.829	164.2	163.2	2.6	0.2	0.9	0.1	-0.6
Selected building materials	13	1.546	143.9	144.4	-4.6	-1.7	-4.8	-1.0	0.3
Unfinished metals related to durable goods	14	3.879	231.9	233.3	4.4	-1.4	1.3	-0.7	0.6
Finished metals related to durable goods	15	1.812	160.4	159.6	1.3	-0.1	0.0	-0.2	-0.5
Nonmetals related to durable goods	16	1.714	114.3	113.9	3.2	0.3	-0.5	0.2	-0.3
Capital goods	2	26.813	89.2	89.1	-0.2	0.0	0.0	-0.1	-0.1
Electric generating equipment	20	3.269	118.0	118.0	0.9	0.0	-0.2	0.1	0.0
Nonelectrical machinery	21	21.296	81.6	81.5	-0.4	0.0	0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	2.248	134.6	134.7	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.1
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	15.917	110.4	110.5	0.3	0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.1
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	26.278	107.2	107.3	0.6	0.0	-0.3	0.0	0.1
Nondurables, manufactured	40	12.951	123.0	123.0	1.3	0.0	-0.3	-0.2	0.0
Durables, manufactured	41	12.018	92.4	92.4	-0.4	-0.1	-0.1	0.0	0.0
Nonmanufactured consumer goods	42	1.309	115.6	117.7	2.5	0.3	-0.2	0.4	1.8
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2016 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 2. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2017 to December 2018 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Nov. 2018(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2018	Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2018	Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2018	Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2018	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018
All commodities		100.000	126.9	126.1	1.1	0.0	0.5	-0.8	-0.6
Agricultural commodities		9.656	176.0	182.9	2.5	-1.3	-0.1	1.7	3.9
All exports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		80.874	101.5	101.3	1.2	-0.1	0.1	0.0	-0.2
Nonagricultural commodities		90.344	123.1	121.7	1.0	0.2	0.5	-1.0	-1.1
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	9.083	178.6	185.5	2.8	-1.3	0.2	1.9	3.9
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	8.441	176.6	183.9	2.6	-1.4	0.2	2.0	4.1
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	0.642	217.1	215.5	5.2	1.1	-0.1	0.3	-0.7
Industrial supplies & materials	1	31.726	161.2	156.1	1.0	0.2	1.4	-2.8	-3.2
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		10.226	163.0	162.8	0.4	-0.6	0.0	0.5	-0.1
Industrial supplies & materials, nondurable		21.500	160.6	153.2	1.3	0.6	2.1	-4.3	-4.6
Agricultural industrial supplies & materials	10	1.214	178.0	181.8	1.6	0.1	-2.4	-0.1	2.1
Nonagricultural industrial supplies & materials		30.512	160.7	155.3	1.0	0.3	1.5	-2.9	-3.4
Fuels & lubricants	11	10.043	200.1	183.3	-0.7	1.4	4.1	-8.6	-8.4
Nonagricultural supplies & materials excluding fuels & building materials	12	19.471	159.7	158.2	1.9	-0.3	0.3	0.2	-0.9
Selected building materials	13	0.998	121.2	120.8	-2.3	-0.5	-1.1	-0.4	-0.3
Capital goods	2	36.627	110.0	110.0	1.2	0.0	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Electrical generating equipment	20	3.892	116.9	117.0	0.9	-0.3	-0.5	-0.1	0.1
Nonelectrical machinery	21	23.545	94.9	94.8	0.5	0.0	0.0	-0.1	-0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	9.190	177.2	177.6	3.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	10.080	114.1	114.2	0.9	0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.1
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	12.484	109.7	109.8	0.3	0.0	0.0	-0.1	0.1
Nondurables, manufactured	40	6.085	106.6	106.4	0.6	0.1	0.3	-0.2	-0.2
Durables, manufactured	41	4.963	107.3	107.4	-0.3	-0.1	-0.3	0.1	0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2016 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 3. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: December 2017 to December 2018 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Nov. 2018(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2018	Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2018	Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2018	Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2018	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018
Nonmanufacturing		9.368	106.5	98.4	-11.1	1.1	3.8	-14.0	-7.6
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	1.985	179.8	182.9	-1.0	5.9	6.2	-5.2	1.7
Crop production	111	1.602	192.3	197.0	-0.9	7.5	7.5	-6.3	2.4
Animal production (Dec. 2014=100)	112	0.193	77.4	76.6	0.0	-0.5	3.0	-1.5	-1.0
Mining	21	7.383	98.5	88.6	-13.7	0.1	3.3	-16.2	-10.1
Oil and gas extraction	211	7.140	98.3	88.1	-14.4	0.1	3.3	-16.6	-10.4
Manufacturing		90.349	112.0	111.7	0.6	-0.1	0.1	-0.3	-0.3
Manufacturing, part 1	31	11.391	124.8	124.6	0.2	0.1	0.0	-0.2	-0.2
Food manufacturing	311	3.396	155.0	154.4	-1.1	0.3	0.0	-0.4	-0.4
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	1.114	122.1	122.1	2.3	-0.1	0.2	0.1	0.0
Textile mills (Dec. 2011=100)	313	0.385	99.9	100.2	0.0	0.2	-0.1	-0.2	0.3
Textile product mills	314	0.924	109.1	109.1	-0.1	-0.6	0.0	0.1	0.0
Apparel manufacturing	315	3.892	111.8	111.8	0.9	0.3	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Leather and allied product manufacturing	316	1.680	122.9	123.0	0.1	-0.2	-0.2	-0.2	0.1
Manufacturing, part 2	32	18.613	128.0	126.4	1.8	-0.2	0.1	-1.0	-1.3
Wood product manufacturing	321	0.908	121.1	121.8	-9.0	-2.5	-7.6	-3.0	0.6
Paper manufacturing	322	1.095	115.7	116.4	9.6	0.0	0.3	-0.4	0.6
Printing and related support activities (Dec. 2016=100)	323	0.220	104.9	104.9	6.1	1.0	0.0	-1.4	0.0
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	2.813	101.8	95.4	0.7	-0.4	3.1	-5.6	-6.3
Chemical manufacturing	325	10.349	141.7	141.0	2.5	0.0	0.1	0.0	-0.5
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.228	120.3	120.1	1.5	-0.1	0.2	0.5	-0.2
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	1.000	130.9	130.8	1.3	0.1	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Manufacturing, part 3	33	60.346	104.4	104.5	0.4	0.0	0.1	-0.2	0.1
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.440	154.5	155.5	4.8	-1.0	1.2	-0.6	0.6
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.116	127.2	126.8	0.6	0.1	-0.3	-0.2	-0.3
Machinery manufacturing	333	6.820	118.5	118.6	0.8	-0.1	0.1	-0.1	0.1
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	16.965	74.7	74.5	-1.5	0.0	-0.1	-0.1	-0.3
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	4.956	116.3	116.4	1.0	-0.1	0.0	0.2	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	16.889	109.5	109.6	0.3	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing	337	1.794	117.4	117.4	1.4	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.365	118.6	118.9	1.2	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2016 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 4. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: December 2017 to December 2018 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Nov. 2018(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2018	Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2018	Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2018	Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2018	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018
Nonmanufacturing		8.217	135.7	140.6	1.7	-0.8	-0.2	-1.0	3.6
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	4.895	149.0	158.1	3.1	-2.9	-0.3	2.6	6.1
Crop production	111	4.543	155.7	166.1	4.5	-3.2	-0.1	3.1	6.7
Mining	21	3.322	91.4	91.4	-0.3	2.2	0.0	-6.1	0.0
Mining (except oil and gas)	212	1.172	116.0	116.2	7.2	0.7	0.4	1.6	0.2
Manufacturing		90.255	117.1	115.8	1.3	0.1	0.5	-0.8	-1.1
Manufacturing, part 1	31	6.906	139.8	140.6	0.9	0.4	-0.2	0.2	0.6
Food manufacturing	311	4.684	156.6	157.2	-0.6	0.1	-0.2	0.3	0.4
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	0.700	122.0	125.9	9.3	2.8	-0.6	-0.2	3.2
Textile mills (Dec. 2016=100)	313	0.642	104.7	104.5	2.8	-0.4	-0.3	-0.4	-0.2
Leather and allied product manufacturing (Dec. 2016=100)	316	0.257	93.1	92.9	-4.5	0.2	-0.1	0.1	-0.2
Manufacturing, part 2	32	25.673	118.6	113.9	1.3	0.3	1.8	-2.9	-4.0
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2017=100)	321	0.531	101.8	101.8	1.8	-0.7	-1.4	0.5	0.0
Paper manufacturing	322	1.730	132.9	133.8	7.6	0.5	0.3	0.0	0.7
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	6.716	118.8	103.7	-1.9	1.1	5.8	-9.7	-12.7
Chemical manufacturing	325	13.390	120.2	118.8	2.1	0.0	0.4	-0.3	-1.2
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.234	115.7	115.8	1.6	-0.3	0.0	-0.1	0.1
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	0.829	116.8	116.6	1.8	0.0	-0.4	0.4	-0.2
Manufacturing, part 3	33	57.676	114.1	114.2	1.4	0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.1
Primary metal manufacturing	331	3.854	142.7	143.6	2.8	-0.1	0.0	0.7	0.6
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.093	143.1	143.2	4.1	0.1	0.6	0.8	0.1
Machinery manufacturing	333	9.007	128.1	128.2	2.0	0.0	0.2	0.1	0.1
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	13.930	83.0	82.8	-0.6	0.1	-0.5	0.0	-0.2
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	3.859	117.9	117.8	1.8	-0.1	-0.3	0.0	-0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	18.173	127.2	127.4	2.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.2
Furniture and related product manufacturing (Dec. 2011=100)	337	0.405	120.7	120.7	2.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.355	120.3	120.7	0.8	-0.1	0.1	-0.1	0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2016 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 5. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2017 to December 2018 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative importance Nov. 2018(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2018	Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2018	Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2018	Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2018	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018
Live animals; animal products	I	1.378	193.6	192.1	0.4	-0.2	0.5	-0.3	-0.8
Meat and edible meat offal	02	0.363	239.3	243.7	-0.9	-2.1	-0.4	-0.2	1.8
Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates	03	0.714	141.5	138.5	0.1	1.9	0.3	-0.5	-2.1
Vegetable products	II	1.962	212.2	216.5	-1.9	6.7	7.2	-6.1	2.0
Edible vegetables, roots, and tubers	07	0.475	503.3	572.0	13.3	5.9	43.8	-8.9	13.6
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.744	117.2	112.3	-12.6	14.7	-2.4	-11.3	-4.2
Coffee, tea, mate and spices	09	0.317	208.8	203.2	-6.4	-3.6	1.5	2.1	-2.7
Animal or vegetable fats and oils (Dec. 2009=100)	III	0.244	92.2	89.8	-22.8	-0.2	-2.3	-3.4	-2.6
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	2.818	165.8	165.6	2.2	0.2	-0.3	0.1	-0.1
Sugars and sugar confectionary (Dec. 2012=100)	17	0.198	88.5	87.9	1.6	0.7	-0.2	0.7	-0.7
Cocoa and cocoa preparations (Dec. 2009=100)	18	0.204	97.2	96.8	2.5	2.0	-1.7	0.5	-0.4
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts, or other parts of plants	20	0.380	174.9	175.2	3.0	0.9	0.2	0.0	0.2
Miscellaneous edible preparations (Dec. 2017=100)	21	0.209	103.0	103.0	3.0	0.0	-0.3	0.0	0.0
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar	22	1.055	132.4	132.3	2.4	0.0	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Mineral products	V	10.367	203.4	185.2	-9.7	-0.1	3.1	-13.4	-8.9
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	10.098	200.8	182.4	-10.2	-0.1	3.2	-13.7	-9.2
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	9.675	159.4	158.8	2.8	0.2	-0.1	0.0	-0.4
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.687	344.3	348.9	15.8	3.6	2.4	2.9	1.3
Organic chemicals	29	2.428	131.3	128.9	-0.1	0.2	-1.0	-0.7	-1.8
Pharmaceutical products	30	4.517	151.9	151.8	2.4	-0.3	-0.7	-0.1	-0.1
Fertilizers (Dec. 2009=100)	31	0.303	93.2	93.8	17.0	-0.5	9.8	1.6	0.6
Tanning extracts; dye, pigments, varnish, paints & putty (Dec. 2011=100)	32	0.183	106.2	106.0	-0.3	-1.2	-0.2	-0.5	-0.2
Essential oils and resinoids (Dec. 2016=100)	33	0.587	103.5	103.1	0.8	0.3	0.3	-0.2	-0.4
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	0.643	106.7	106.3	0.5	0.1	-0.1	-0.2	-0.4
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	3.456	141.9	141.2	0.6	-0.2	0.2	0.2	-0.5
Plastics and articles thereof	39	2.295	146.2	145.3	1.8	-0.1	0.3	0.6	-0.6
Rubber and articles thereof	40	1.161	135.7	135.1	-1.6	-0.4	-0.2	-0.4	-0.4
Raw hides, skins, leather, furskins, travel goods, etc	VIII	0.639	125.0	125.1	0.7	-0.6	0.0	0.1	0.1
Articles of leather; travel goods, bags, etc. of various materials	42	0.606	131.0	131.2	1.3	-0.4	0.0	0.1	0.2
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, basketware and wickerwork	IX	0.940	148.0	148.7	-8.6	-2.3	-7.5	-3.0	0.5
Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal (Dec. 2014=100)	44	0.917	101.9	102.4	-8.8	-2.3	-7.6	-3.0	0.5
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.148	121.4	122.1	9.6	0.0	0.2	-0.2	0.6
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	0.750	111.5	111.8	8.4	-0.4	0.5	-0.1	0.3
Printed matter (Dec. 2015=100)	49	0.215	110.2	110.1	5.0	0.1	-0.6	-0.9	-0.1
Textile and textile articles	XI	5.046	114.3	114.3	0.8	0.2	0.0	-0.2	0.0
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted	61	2.030	104.4	104.3	0.8	0.4	0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted	62	1.720	120.2	120.2	1.3	0.2	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Made-up or worn textile articles	63	0.643	104.0	103.5	-0.6	-0.2	0.0	-0.1	-0.5
Headgear, umbrellas, artificial flowers, etc.	XII	1.389	122.1	122.0	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2	0.0	-0.1
Footwear and parts of such articles	64	1.161	120.8	120.8	-0.2	-0.1	-0.2	-0.2	0.0
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.933	131.8	131.6	0.5	0.2	0.0	-0.3	-0.2
Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, or mica (Dec. 2015=100)	68	0.332	98.4	97.9	0.3	0.1	-0.1	-1.3	-0.5
Ceramic products	69	0.260	136.1	136.1	-0.4	0.0	0.1	0.7	0.0
Glass and glassware	70	0.341	132.4	132.5	1.3	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	3.037	170.6	172.5	0.9	-0.7	0.8	1.1	1.1
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	5.611	179.1	178.8	2.9	-0.7	0.5	-0.9	-0.2
Iron and steel	72	1.369	229.3	229.5	13.0	0.0	0.1	-0.6	0.1
Articles of iron or steel	73	1.609	151.4	150.5	0.9	-0.1	-0.6	-0.1	-0.6
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.394	282.3	283.2	-3.4	-3.1	5.6	-1.3	0.3
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.929	135.5	135.1	-0.4	-0.9	0.7	-2.6	-0.3
Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof	82	0.425	124.0	124.1	1.9	0.4	0.4	0.1	0.1
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.518	136.8	136.7	-0.9	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	28.959	80.3	80.2	-0.5	0.0	0.0	-0.1	-0.1
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	14.193	86.6	86.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	-0.2	0.0
Electrical machinery and equip, sound and TV recorders & reproducers, parts	85	14.765	74.3	74.2	-0.9	0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	14.075	114.2	114.2	0.3	0.0	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	12.873	113.3	113.3	0.4	0.0	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof (Dec. 2002=100)	88	1.112	115.1	115.1	-0.9	-0.2	-0.1	0.1	0.0
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	3.871	102.4	102.3	0.8	0.0	0.3	-0.1	-0.1
Optical, photographic, measuring and medical instruments	90	3.581	98.9	98.9	0.8	-0.1	0.4	-0.2	0.0
Clocks and watches and parts thereof	91	0.229	141.8	141.3	-2.1	0.4	0.8	-1.1	-0.4
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	4.361	112.9	112.9	1.3	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0
Furniture & stuffed furnishings; lamps & lighting fittings, nesoi; prefab bldgs	94	2.744	118.6	118.6	1.3	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	1.330	103.4	103.5	1.9	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.1
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	96	0.287	130.0	130.0	0.3	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2016 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 6. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2017 to December 2018 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative import- ance Nov. 2018(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2018	Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2018	Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2018	Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2018	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018
Live animals; animal products	I	1.931	208.2	208.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.0	0.0
Meat & edible meat offal (Dec. 2006=100)	02	1.136	160.7	161.5	-3.0	-1.1	0.1	-0.1	0.5
Fish and crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic invertebrates (Dec. 2016=100)	03	0.425	120.2	119.3	5.8	0.9	0.2	0.6	-0.7
Dairy products, eggs and honey (Dec. 2017=100)	04	0.295	107.8	107.0	7.0	3.8	1.6	-0.7	-0.7
Vegetable products	II	4.602	190.5	206.3	6.9	-2.5	0.4	3.4	8.3
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.852	137.3	136.1	-6.8	0.2	-1.5	6.3	-0.9
Cereals	10	1.422	192.4	194.7	7.7	-3.2	0.2	0.8	1.2
Oilseeds and misc. grains, seeds, fruits, plants, straw and fodder	12	1.726	183.1	188.7	-7.6	-6.9	0.2	2.2	3.1
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	3.081	151.9	152.3	2.1	0.2	-0.1	0.5	0.3
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants (Dec. 2009=100)	20	0.343	116.7	117.0	-0.2	-0.5	0.0	0.4	0.3
Miscellaneous edible preparations (Dec. 2017=100)	21	0.563	96.5	96.6	-3.4	0.3	-0.2	-1.1	0.1
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar (Dec. 2008=100)	22	0.512	105.1	104.3	-1.9	-2.7	0.3	-1.3	-0.8
Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed	23	0.737	219.0	224.7	10.7	1.1	-1.9	3.4	2.6
Mineral products	V	10.383	239.7	220.1	-0.9	1.4	3.8	-8.2	-8.2
Ores, slag and ash (Dec. 2012=100)	26	0.487	96.4	97.0	-8.1	-2.4	0.0	1.0	0.6
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	9.715	231.9	211.7	-0.6	1.6	4.1	-8.8	-8.7
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	10.835	139.7	138.4	1.5	0.1	0.3	-0.1	-0.9
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.651	146.6	144.8	-11.0	-0.7	-2.9	-0.7	-1.2
Organic chemicals	29	2.641	150.1	144.9	6.2	0.8	0.9	-0.5	-3.5
Pharmaceutical products	30	3.192	106.4	106.1	0.6	-0.1	0.2	-0.3	-0.3
Fertilizers (Dec. 2016=100)	31	0.284	132.7	132.9	23.3	3.9	2.7	1.2	0.2
Tanning or dyeing extracts, dyes, paints varnish, putty, & inks (Dec. 2015=100)	32	0.523	100.6	101.1	-0.3	-0.2	0.1	-1.9	0.5
Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery cosmetic or toilet preparations	33	0.809	130.7	130.8	-1.5	0.0	-0.2	0.0	0.1
Soap; lubricants; waxes, polishing or scouring products; candles, pastes	34	0.502	122.0	122.3	0.1	-0.1	1.4	0.4	0.2
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	1.849	155.8	155.9	3.9	0.1	0.4	0.7	0.1
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	5.196	144.8	143.6	3.0	-0.1	0.4	-0.6	-0.8
Plastics and articles thereof	39	4.318	141.5	140.5	3.4	-0.1	0.5	-0.5	-0.7
Rubber and articles thereof	40	0.878	157.2	155.4	1.5	-0.1	0.1	-1.4	-1.1
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, baskets and wickerwork (Dec. 2014=100)	IX	0.643	99.8	99.2	-5.0	-1.4	-2.3	-0.7	-0.6
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	2.163	138.0	135.2	5.4	-0.9	2.8	0.6	-2.0
Woodpulp and recovered paper	47	0.713	155.2	143.9	5.7	-2.3	8.1	1.6	-7.3
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	1.112	130.2	131.1	6.0	-0.2	0.3	0.2	0.7
Printed material (Dec. 2014=100)	49	0.338	108.4	108.4	3.1	-0.2	0.5	0.0	0.0
Textile and textile articles	XI	1.683	124.7	124.9	3.5	-0.2	-1.0	0.0	0.2
Cotton, including yarns and woven fabrics thereof	52	0.440	130.5	131.6	2.7	-3.7	-4.2	0.9	0.8
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.808	124.8	124.7	1.1	0.2	0.0	0.4	-0.1
Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, or mica (Dec. 2015=100)	68	0.274	103.8	103.7	2.4	0.5	0.0	1.2	-0.1
Glass and glassware	70	0.410	99.2	99.2	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	3.999	234.1	236.8	0.8	-0.7	0.7	0.9	1.2
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	4.904	160.5	159.7	1.8	-0.2	-0.1	0.6	-0.5
Iron and steel	72	1.111	178.5	177.1	9.5	1.7	0.0	-0.1	-0.8
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.518	182.5	183.5	-6.9	-3.4	2.4	-0.8	0.5
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.893	111.0	108.4	-8.2	-1.6	-1.2	0.2	-2.3
Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal (Dec. 2015=100)	82	0.316	100.0	100.0	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.344	152.9	152.9	3.2	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	27.556	97.6	97.5	0.7	0.0	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	15.845	115.3	115.2	1.4	0.0	0.2	-0.1	-0.1
Electrical machinery and equipment and parts and accessories thereof	85	11.711	78.6	78.5	0.0	0.0	-0.5	0.0	-0.1
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	14.325	135.7	135.9	1.9	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	8.292	116.4	116.4	1.1	0.1	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	5.930	109.0	108.9	0.9	-0.2	-0.2	-0.2	-0.1
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	1.399	112.8	112.8	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Furniture; stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings nesoi;	94	0.820	129.9	129.9	1.2	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	0.417	87.5	87.5	-0.7	0.1	-0.1	-0.1	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2016 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 7. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes by locality of origin: December 2017 to December 2018 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2018(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2018	Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2018	Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2018	Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2018	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	121.5	120.8	-1.3	-0.7	0.2	-2.5	-0.6
Nonmanufacturing	7.173	122.7	119.2	-23.6	-6.0	1.4	-22.1	-2.9
Manufacturing	92.287	120.7	120.2	0.8	-0.2	0.1	-0.6	-0.4
Canada	100.000	125.3	123.4	-6.1	-1.9	0.5	-6.4	-1.5
Nonmanufacturing	19.653	114.9	111.5	-25.4	-6.5	1.5	-23.3	-3.0
Manufacturing	79.386	131.7	130.1	0.1	-0.4	0.2	-1.2	-1.2
European Union	100.000	136.6	136.5	1.4	-0.1	0.1	-0.4	-0.1
Manufacturing	98.939	133.1	132.9	1.3	-0.1	0.1	-0.4	-0.2
France (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	127.5	127.0	0.8	-0.2	0.2	-0.9	-0.4
Germany (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	111.8	111.9	-2.8	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.1
United Kingdom (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	120.5	120.1	0.8	-0.2	0.7	-1.5	-0.3
Latin America(3)	100.000	151.7	148.7	-0.1	1.1	1.2	-1.7	-2.0
Nonmanufacturing	19.730	278.9	255.7	-0.2	5.8	5.7	-8.4	-8.3
Manufacturing	80.001	122.3	121.8	-0.2	-0.1	0.1	0.0	-0.4
Mexico (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	129.4	128.8	-0.2	0.9	0.7	-0.9	-0.5
Nonmanufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	9.921	152.4	147.3	7.8	11.2	6.6	-9.2	-3.3
Manufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	89.827	88.1	88.0	-0.9	-0.1	0.0	0.0	-0.1
Pacific Rim (Dec. 2003=100)(4)	100.000	98.9	98.8	0.4	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
China (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	99.9	99.9	-0.2	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	0.0
Japan	100.000	96.6	96.5	1.0	-0.1	0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Asian NICs(5)	100.000	88.9	88.4	0.9	-0.2	0.2	-0.1	-0.6
ASEAN (Dec. 2003=100)(6)	100.000	98.0	97.6	-0.6	-0.1	-0.4	-0.3	-0.4
Asia Near East (Dec. 2003=100)(7)	100.000	186.3	169.7	-2.8	3.1	2.3	-8.0	-8.9
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2016 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries. (5) Asian Newly Industrialized Countries - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. (6) Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. (7) Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 8. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes by locality of destination: December 2017 to December 2018 [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2018(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2018	Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2018	Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2018	Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2018	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	102.5	103.4	3.4	0.2	0.1	-0.2	0.9
Nonmanufacturing	6.690	102.4	122.0	22.0	1.7	-1.7	2.8	19.1
Manufacturing	92.104	102.6	102.2	2.2	0.1	0.2	-0.4	-0.4
Canada	100.000	105.0	107.3	7.3	0.4	0.4	0.3	2.2
European Union	100.000	103.9	103.2	3.2	0.1	0.4	0.1	-0.7
Nonmanufacturing	4.851	100.9	103.3	3.3	-0.1	-2.9	2.2	2.4
Manufacturing	94.350	104.1	103.3	3.3	0.1	0.5	0.0	-0.8
Germany	100.000	101.2	101.4	1.4	-0.4	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin America(3)	100.000	103.6	101.7	1.7	0.2	1.3	-1.5	-1.8
Nonmanufacturing	6.637	108.3	115.5	15.5	-0.9	2.1	1.2	6.6
Manufacturing	93.075	103.2	100.7	0.7	0.4	1.1	-1.7	-2.4
Mexico	100.000	102.5	101.6	1.6	0.0	1.1	-1.3	-0.9
Nonmanufacturing	6.385	106.3	115.5	15.5	-0.9	1.6	1.5	8.7
Manufacturing	93.251	102.3	100.6	0.6	0.1	1.0	-1.4	-1.7
Pacific Rim(4)	100.000	100.1	100.1	0.1	-0.7	0.2	0.2	0.0
Nonmanufacturing	11.386	91.8	95.6	-4.4	-4.7	-2.1	1.7	4.1
Manufacturing	86.192	101.2	101.0	1.0	0.0	0.4	-0.1	-0.2
China	100.000	98.8	98.5	-1.5	-1.7	0.8	-0.1	-0.3
Nonmanufacturing	18.086	91.8	94.5	-5.5	-6.4	0.6	2.3	2.9
Manufacturing	77.233	100.2	99.8	-0.2	-0.2	0.4	-0.8	-0.4
Japan	100.000	100.7	100.5	0.5	-0.3	0.2	0.0	-0.2
Nonmanufacturing	15.039	100.2	101.3	1.3	-1.6	0.4	1.2	1.1
Manufacturing	83.978	100.7	100.3	0.3	0.0	0.1	-0.3	-0.4
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2016 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 9. U.S. terms of trade indexes and percent changes by locality: December 2017 to December 2018(1) [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Index		Percent change
	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Annual	Monthly
			Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2018	Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2018	Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2018	Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2018	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018
Industrialized Countries(2)	103.3	104.8	4.8	1.0	-0.1	2.4	1.5
Canada	110.1	114.3	14.3	2.3	-0.1	7.2	3.8
European Union	102.4	101.8	1.8	0.3	0.2	0.6	-0.6
Germany	104.2	104.3	4.3	-0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1
Latin America(3)	101.7	101.8	1.8	-0.9	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mexico	102.2	101.8	1.8	-0.9	0.4	-0.3	-0.4
Pacific Rim(4)	99.6	99.7	-0.3	-0.6	0.3	0.3	0.1
China	99.0	98.7	-1.3	-1.7	1.0	0.0	-0.3
Japan	99.6	99.5	-0.5	-0.1	0.1	0.1	-0.1
Footnotes (1) Terms of trade indexes are derived by dividing the export price index by the corresponding import price index and multiplying by 100. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 10. U.S. international price indexes and percent changes for selected transportation services: December 2017 to December 2018 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2018(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2018	Aug. 2018 to Sept. 2018	Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2018	Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2018	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018
Air Freight
Import Air Freight	100.000	194.7	189.4	4.1	0.8	2.4	0.7	-2.7
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	23.252	149.2	147.9	2.7	-1.1	3.2	-0.8	-0.9
Asia	65.140	191.9	184.0	4.8	1.8	2.6	1.5	-4.1
Export Air Freight	100.000	164.9	164.7	3.4	0.4	0.6	-0.2	-0.1
Europe (Dec. 2006=100)	32.607	148.1	149.0	0.9	0.8	0.1	-0.9	0.6
Inbound Air Freight	100.000	177.1	174.7	4.2	1.1	1.7	0.9	-1.4
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	25.074	137.0	135.6	3.0	-0.1	1.4	-0.4	-1.0
Asia	60.318	171.1	167.5	2.5	1.9	2.2	1.8	-2.1
Outbound Air Freight	100.000	146.4	145.8	3.5	-2.8	-0.6	1.5	-0.4
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	32.736	149.4	148.9	2.9	0.6	0.5	-0.2	-0.3
Asia	44.146	144.9	145.1	6.3	-6.7	-1.8	3.3	0.1
Air Passenger Fares
Import Air Passenger Fares	100.000	183.5	197.5	1.8	10.7	0.7	0.7	7.6
Europe	44.943	222.2	219.7	1.3	20.3	2.8	2.2	-1.1
Asia	22.077	132.1	157.3	3.5	-0.6	0.7	-0.8	19.1
Latin America/Caribbean	9.337	161.0	177.8	-1.2	-5.5	1.7	6.3	10.4
Export Air Passenger Fares	100.000	148.7	150.8	-5.0	-2.8	-1.8	0.1	1.4
Europe	31.251	200.8	204.7	0.6	4.8	-0.2	1.3	1.9
Asia	26.392	128.1	133.3	-0.7	-7.1	-6.0	1.0	4.1
Latin America/Caribbean	23.568	152.7	147.9	-12.7	-5.5	-2.0	1.7	-3.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2016 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

                                                TECHNICAL NOTE                                                

Import and Export Goods and Services Price Indexes - All indexes use a modified Laspeyres 
formula and are not seasonally adjusted. Price indexes are reweighted annually, with a 2-year lag in the 
weights. Published series use a base year of 2000=100 where possible. More detailed index series and 
additional information may be obtained at www.bls.gov/mxp or by calling (202) 691-7101.

Merchandise Goods Classification Systems - The merchandise price indexes are published using three 
classification systems. Items are classified by end use according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis 
Classification System, by industry according to the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS), and by product category according to the Harmonized System (HS). While classification by 
end use and product category are self-explanatory, some notes are in order for classifying items by 
industry. In the NAICS imports and exports tables, items are classified by output industry, not input 
industry. As an example, NAICS import index 326 (plastics and rubber products manufacturing) 
includes outputs such as manufactured plastic rather than inputs such as petroleum. The NAICS 
classification structure also matches the classification system used by the Producer Price Index (PPI) to 
produce the NAICS primary products indexes.

Import Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United 
States Annotated (TSUSA). Import prices are based on U.S. dollar prices paid by the U.S. importer. The 
prices are generally either "free on board" (f.o.b.) foreign port or "cost, insurance, and freight" (c.i.f.) 
U.S. port transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. The index for crude 
petroleum is calculated from data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy.  

Export Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Schedule B classification system 
of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prices used are generally either "free alongside ship" (f.a.s.) 
factory or "free on board" (f.o.b.) transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual 
industry. Prices used in the grain index, excluding rice, are obtained from the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture.

Services Price Indexes - Indexes for import and export air passenger fares calculate changes in the 
average revenue received per passenger by foreign carriers from U.S. residents and by U.S. carriers from 
foreign residents, respectively. Data are obtained from an airline consulting service and report on tickets 
sold by travel agencies, travel websites, and directly by the airlines. Taxes and fees are included in both 
the import and export air passenger fares indexes. Import air passenger fares data have used the airline 
consulting service source since September 2008. Before April 2018, the export air passenger fares data 
were collected directly by BLS from U.S. airlines. The air freight indexes are calculated from data 
collected directly from airlines. These data exclude mail and passenger baggage. The scope of the 
service being priced is the movement of freight from airport to airport only, and does not include any 
ground transportation or port service. The air freight indexes are presented using two definitions: 
balance of payments (which represents transactions between U.S. and foreign residents) and 
international (which represents transactions inbound to and outbound from the United States.) Fact 
sheets specifying detailed information for each services industry are available at www.bls.gov/mxp 
under "MXP Publications."

Import Price Indexes by Locality of Origin - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the import price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and, 
beginning with January 2002, are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
covering goods-producing industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and 
manufactured goods are defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Export Price Indexes by Locality of Destination - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the export price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and are 
based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) covering goods-producing 
industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and manufactured goods are 
defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Terms of Trade Indexes - Terms of trade indexes measure the relative price of exports in terms of 
import prices for a specific country, region, or grouping. The indexes are calculated as one country, 
region, or grouping's all-export goods price index divided by the corresponding all-import goods price 
index on a scale of 100. 
   
Relative Importance - A relative importance is a specific index's price-updated value share (expressed 
as a percentage) of overall imports or exports at a specific point in time. Relative importance values are 
affected by the trade weights at the point indexes are reweighted and index changes relative to other 
indexes since the reweight point. If an index is rising in value relative to other indexes over time, the 
relative importance will increase as well. 
 
Revision Policy - To reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents, monthly data 
may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. After 3 months, no further data 
revisions take place. For example, data first published in the January release will be subject to revision 
in the releases for February, March, and April.

Rounding Policy - Index values are rounded to the tenth decimal place after being calculated. All 
percent changes are then derived from the rounded index values and subsequently rounded to the tenth 
decimal place.

Uses of the Data - The primary use of the indexes is to deflate trade statistics, notably the foreign trade 
sector of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) constructed by the Department of 
Commerce. Other published indexes are useful for general market analysis. For trade in international 
services, balance of payments indexes are used for deflating NIPA, while international indexes are more 
appropriate for market analysis. 

Email Subscription - The U.S. import and export price indexes news release is available through an 
email subscription service at www.bls.gov/bls/list.htm. 
 
Additional Information - More detailed data are available on the Import/Export Price Indexes home 
page at www.bls.gov/mxp. For import and export price indexes data requests, send an email to 
mxpinfo@bls.gov.   
Information from this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request.  
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