For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, September 26, 2012 USDL-12-1938
Technical Information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/mfp
Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES, 2010
Multifactor productivity - defined as output per unit of combined inputs - increased in 73 of the 86
four-digit NAICS manufacturing industries in 2010, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
(See table 1.) This was up from 2009, when multifactor productivity increased in only 17 of those
industries. More industries recorded multifactor productivity gains in 2010 than in any year since 2004.
Seventeen manufacturing industries recorded double-digit percent increases in multifactor productivity.
Industries where multifactor productivity rose the most in 2010 were semiconductors and electronic
components; motor vehicles; leather and hide tanning and finishing; forging and stamping; and cutlery
and hand tools.
Multifactor productivity rose in both of the transportation industries studied in 2010. Multifactor
productivity increased 3.8 percent in air transportation and 7.3 percent in line-haul railroads.
Multifactor productivity indexes relate the change in real output to the change in the combined inputs of
labor, capital, and intermediate purchases consumed in producing that output. Multifactor productivity
growth measures the extent to which output growth has exceeded the growth in inputs, and reflects the
joint influences on economic growth of a variety of factors, including technological change, returns to
scale, enhancements in managerial and staff skills, changes in the organization of production, and other
efficiency improvements.
Output increased in 65 manufacturing industries in 2010, compared to only 7 in 2009. Double-digit
percent increases in output occurred in 27 industries, and multifactor productivity rose in all of those
industries except alumina and aluminum production. For some manufacturing industries, multifactor
productivity rose despite falling output, as combined inputs fell more rapidly. These industries include
printing and related support activities; architectural and structural metals; and railroad rolling stock.
Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate purchases rose in 43 manufacturing industries in
2010, compared to 12 industries in 2009. Purchases of intermediate inputs rose in 56 percent of the
industries, labor hours rose in 47 percent, and capital services rose in 16 percent.
Among the largest manufacturing industries (those with employment over 200,000), multifactor productivity
increased the most in semiconductors and electronic components, as output surged despite a much smaller
increase in inputs. Pharmaceuticals and medicines was the only industry where multifactor productivity
declined among these industries, reflecting a large drop in output with no corresponding decline in inputs.
Multifactor productivity in air transportation increased more in 2010 than in any of the previous 4 years,
and in line haul railroads it increased more in 2010 than in any other year since 1987. Air
transportation output increased 4.4 percent and combined inputs grew 0.6 percent. Line-haul railroads
output rose 12.8 percent and combined inputs increased 5.2 percent.
Year-to-year movements in industry multifactor productivity measures may be erratic, particularly in
smaller industries. The annual measure based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a
census of establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry's output, labor, capital, and
intermediate purchases may reflect cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a
result, long-term multifactor productivity changes tend to be more reliable indicators of industry
performance than year-to-year changes.
Historical Trends
Between 1987 and 2010, multifactor productivity increased in 46 of 86 manufacturing industries, fewer
than in 2010. (See table 2.) Output increased in 43 industries over the period while purchases of
combined inputs rose in 44 industries. Average rates of change in multifactor productivity for most
manufacturing industries ranged between -1.9 and 2.0 percent over the long term. In contrast, more
industries recorded large productivity increases in 2010 than over the long-term; 33 industries posted
multifactor productivity gains of 6.1 percent or more in 2010, the most since the measures began in 1987.
Table 3 presents the average annual compound rate of change in multifactor productivity by industry
from 1987 to 2010 and for various subperiods. Multifactor productivity increased in more industries in
2010 than over any of the previous subperiods shown; the number in 2010 contrasts sharply with the
number during the 2007-2009 period.
From 1987 to 2010 multifactor productivity rose for both transportation industries, although at a more
moderate rate than in 2010. Multifactor productivity in air transportation grew at an average annual rate
of 1.1 percent during this period, as output increased more than combined inputs. In line-haul railroads,
multifactor productivity increased at an average of 2.1 percent per year as output rose and combined
inputs declined slightly.
Technical Note
Multifactor Productivity: Multifactor productivity measures for detailed industries are derived by
dividing an index of real industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and
intermediate purchases. The multifactor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions
of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs. Rather, they are designed to reflect the joint influences on
economic growth of a number of factors, including technological change, returns to scale, improved
skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements.
Output: Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real
terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is
derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry
transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal
value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air
transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight ton-
miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses.
Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic
censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with
information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air
transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of
Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American
Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, and several other sources.
Combined Inputs: The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of
capital, labor, and intermediate purchases (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased services).
The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares in total
industry value of production as weights. The labor weight is based on labor compensation including
fringe benefits. The weight for intermediate purchases is based on the total cost of materials, fuels,
electricity, and purchased services. The capital weight is calculated as the value of sectoral production
minus the costs of labor compensation and intermediate purchases.
Capital Input: Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets.
Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be
proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of
separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land.
For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 26 categories of equipment, 2 categories of
structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry are
estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by asset
type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the
economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, in combination with benchmark
capital flow tables and annual detailed asset investment by industry from the Bureau of Economic
Analysis (BEA). Price changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks.
Price deflators for each asset category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS
Producer Price Indexes) with weights that reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities.
The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental
prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate
of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the
specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes.
For air transportation, a weighted index of 44 types of airframes and 34 types of engines is derived from
quantities and purchase prices from BTS. For assets other than airframes and engines, capital stocks are
calculated as is done for manufacturing industries. Inventories of parts and supplies are also included;
the current dollar series is deflated with a weighted cost index based on data from Airlines for America
(A4A) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies inventories
are aggregated using cost share weights to derive an overall measure of capital input.
For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of
structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA
data. The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated as is done for manufacturing industries.
Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and
AMTRAK were deflated with price indexes from BEA.
Labor Input: For manufacturing industries, the primary source of industry employment and hours data
is the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES provides monthly data on the number
of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, as well
as data on the average weekly hours of production workers in those establishments. CES data are
supplemented with data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to estimate employment and hours
of self-employed and unpaid family workers in each industry. Data from the CPS, together with the
CES data, are also used to estimate the historical average weekly hours of nonproduction workers for
each industry. CES and CPS data are supplemented or further disaggregated for some industries using
data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Bureau of the Census, or
other sources. Hours of all persons in an industry are treated as homogeneous and are directly
aggregated.
For air transportation and line-haul railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from DOT data.
For air transportation, annual estimates are based on monthly data from BTS. For line-haul railroads,
total labor hours for supervisory and nonsupervisory workers are derived from STB data and
supplemented with data from AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an
adjustment to remove capitalized labor hours in order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized
labor costs are embedded in the railroad investment data.
Intermediate Purchases Input: The index of intermediate purchases is a Törnqvist index of separate
quantities of materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for
electricity consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities
are derived by deflating current-dollar values with appropriate price deflators.
For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of
electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the
Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to
exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using
annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA.
Constant-dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current-dollar industry purchases by
a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each
industry by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed
commodities. The deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the
BEA benchmark input-output tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are
constructed in a similar manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by
BEA. The value of fuels consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on
PPIs for individual fuel categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy
Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy.
For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS were
deflated using cost indexes from A4A. For line-haul railroads, intermediate purchases data from STB
were supplemented with data from other sources including AAR, AMTRAK, EIA, and the Edison
Electric Institute. The nominal values were deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit
price deflators calculated from BEA investment data.
Revisions: This news release incorporates 2010 data and revisions to 2009 data from Annual Survey of
Manufactures published by the Census Bureau. This news release also incorporates the annual
benchmark revisions of the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey published in February,
2012. All of the measures for 2010 in this release are preliminary and subject to revision.
Additional Information: The industries included in this release are classified according to the 2007
NAICS. While the rates of change reported by BLS in this news release are rounded to one decimal
place, all industry productivity percent changes are calculated using index numbers rounded to three
decimal places.
Industry multifactor productivity and related indexes and rates can be accessed by visiting the
Multifactor Productivity and Costs website at http://www.bls.gov/mfp. Additional data are available
upon request by calling the Division of Industry Productivity Studies at 202-691-5618 or by sending a
request by e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov. Information in this report will be made available to sensory-
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD message referral phone number: 1-
800-877-8339.
To subscribe to the industry productivity program’s electronic notification service, send an e-mail to
dipsnews@bls.gov with the word “subscribe” in the subject line.
Table 1. Industry multifactor productivity and related data, percent change, 2009-2010
Percent change
2010 --------------------------------------------------------
NAICS Industry Employment Multifactor Combined Labor Intermediate
code (thousands) productivity Output inputs Hours Capital purchases
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 51 0.4 -5.8 -6.2 -0.3 0.4 -9.4
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 59 1.3 -1.6 -2.9 0.1 -0.2 -4.3
3113 Sugar and confectionery products 70 1.5 1.8 0.3 -5.4 -0.4 2.5
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 173 2.0 -0.4 -2.3 4.8 0.1 -4.7
3115 Dairy products 133 1.9 1.1 -0.7 0.1 0.3 -1.1
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 492 2.3 -0.6 -2.9 -0.6 -0.7 -3.6
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 38 0.6 -2.6 -3.1 7.4 -2.6 -5.1
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 295 2.3 0.9 -1.4 0.5 -0.3 -2.3
3119 Other food products 166 0.9 1.8 0.9 3.8 2.0 -0.4
3121 Beverages 171 0.3 -0.1 -0.3 3.6 0.1 -1.3
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 17 1.7 0.4 -1.3 -6.8 -0.6 -4.3
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 29 -3.7 7.4 11.6 8.6 -5.5 15.3
3132 Fabric mills 60 -0.4 7.6 8.0 9.2 -3.9 12.1
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 39 7.7 13.7 5.6 -8.1 -4.9 11.8
3141 Textile furnishings mills 61 3.9 0.8 -2.9 -6.7 -3.4 -1.5
3149 Other textile product mills 67 4.6 8.5 3.7 -4.5 -2.1 9.4
3151 Apparel knitting mills 24 1.2 7.4 6.0 6.8 -6.0 12.3
3152 Cut and sew apparel 142 -1.1 -1.6 -0.5 -4.7 -5.4 4.8
3159 Accessories and other apparel 13 6.7 1.0 -5.3 -9.3 -5.2 -2.1
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 4 17.6 52.2 29.4 10.4 -2.5 51.2
3162 Footwear 12 6.8 5.1 -1.6 -9.1 -3.4 3.8
3169 Other leather products 15 -4.0 1.8 6.0 13.9 -4.3 5.4
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 85 11.1 10.7 -0.4 7.3 -5.1 -1.9
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 64 7.6 5.5 -1.9 -5.2 -5.8 -0.3
3219 Other wood products 216 10.6 3.7 -6.2 -5.8 -4.1 -6.6
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 112 1.4 2.9 1.5 -3.6 -4.3 6.4
3222 Converted paper products 284 0.6 2.1 1.5 1.3 -2.5 2.5
3231 Printing and related support activities 525 4.0 -0.3 -4.1 -4.4 -4.5 -3.9
3241 Petroleum and coal products 114 1.8 4.0 2.2 -1.1 1.3 2.4
3251 Basic chemicals 143 8.1 19.3 10.4 -0.1 -1.5 16.6
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 90 4.8 18.9 13.4 0.2 -3.8 19.2
3253 Agricultural chemicals 37 -2.4 -1.2 1.2 -4.4 -0.5 3.1
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 278 -8.9 -8.3 0.7 -0.1 -0.8 2.8
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 57 6.8 9.2 2.2 -0.2 -2.2 3.3
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 105 3.4 2.3 -1.0 2.5 -1.0 -1.5
3259 Other chemical products and preparations 86 6.2 15.5 8.8 2.2 0.3 10.6
3261 Plastics products 504 3.2 8.6 5.2 3.5 -2.2 8.2
3262 Rubber products 123 3.6 12.0 8.1 3.7 -2.0 12.6
3271 Clay products and refractories 51 10.9 14.1 2.9 8.1 -4.5 2.0
3272 Glass and glass products 83 7.2 3.2 -3.7 -3.6 -3.5 -3.8
3273 Cement and concrete products 172 0.6 -0.4 -1.0 -4.2 -3.3 0.9
3274 Lime and gypsum products 14 4.4 0.1 -4.1 -8.6 -3.5 -3.1
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 67 9.1 8.3 -0.7 -4.8 -2.4 2.0
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 87 3.8 28.9 24.2 7.2 -3.1 31.7
3312 Steel products from purchased steel 53 4.2 42.6 36.8 10.3 -3.9 52.0
3313 Alumina and aluminum production 55 -4.7 16.3 22.0 8.2 -4.0 27.0
3314 Other nonferrous metal production 59 10.2 17.2 6.4 7.3 2.4 9.7
3315 Foundries 112 2.5 16.9 14.1 3.4 -4.2 19.9
3321 Forging and stamping 90 14.8 15.1 0.2 5.5 -3.3 -1.1
3322 Cutlery and hand tools 42 14.2 10.6 -3.2 -4.2 -3.3 -2.5
3323 Architectural and structural metals 327 6.2 -3.8 -9.4 -5.9 -2.9 -11.6
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 86 11.3 5.0 -5.7 -3.0 -2.1 -7.3
3325 Hardware 24 10.5 10.3 -0.2 0.6 -4.5 0.0
3326 Spring and wire products 42 10.3 9.3 -0.8 1.0 -3.2 -1.3
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 329 11.3 14.7 3.0 6.7 -0.6 1.5
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 123 10.7 15.1 4.0 6.7 -2.7 4.6
3329 Other fabricated metal products 255 5.3 5.1 -0.2 4.0 -1.9 -1.5
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 209 11.2 15.6 4.0 3.9 0.8 5.2
3332 Industrial machinery 102 9.0 26.9 16.4 5.3 -3.0 23.6
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 92 2.5 1.9 -0.6 -2.4 -1.2 0.3
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 126 7.9 5.4 -2.3 -0.2 -0.1 -3.6
3335 Metalworking machinery 158 4.0 15.8 11.3 6.6 -3.5 16.3
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 92 12.4 10.0 -2.1 -1.3 -1.4 -2.5
3339 Other general purpose machinery 230 4.2 7.9 3.5 1.4 -2.1 5.9
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 158 -8.4 -22.5 -15.4 -5.1 -4.3 -21.8
3342 Communications equipment 118 -2.2 2.3 4.6 -5.9 1.1 10.6
3343 Audio and video equipment 20 -2.2 -7.7 -5.6 -13.8 -9.4 -2.7
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 374 28.9 32.1 2.5 -0.5 -1.3 9.9
3345 Electronic instruments 409 3.4 6.4 2.9 -2.7 -0.7 8.5
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 26 3.8 3.5 -0.3 -10.8 -6.6 6.6
3351 Electric lighting equipment 46 -4.9 -0.1 5.1 -1.7 -0.9 9.2
3352 Household appliances 60 -4.3 0.1 4.6 0.1 -3.4 8.0
3353 Electrical equipment 137 -2.6 -2.7 -0.1 1.2 -3.4 0.5
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 119 5.9 15.6 9.1 -1.9 -2.8 16.8
3361 Motor vehicles 153 18.7 39.9 17.9 11.0 4.2 21.3
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 109 0.7 17.3 16.5 11.2 -4.8 18.7
3363 Motor vehicle parts 425 7.1 27.4 18.9 8.8 -6.8 23.7
3364 Aerospace products and parts 481 8.2 2.6 -5.1 -4.5 1.7 -6.7
3365 Railroad rolling stock 19 10.2 -7.1 -15.7 -16.3 -0.1 -16.1
3366 Ship and boat building 127 1.5 -0.6 -2.1 -4.4 1.1 -1.0
3369 Other transportation equipment 34 2.3 -12.1 -14.0 -14.3 -5.9 -14.9
3371 Household and institutional furniture 247 8.6 0.1 -7.8 -9.4 -4.1 -7.3
3372 Office furniture and fixtures 102 3.6 -4.4 -7.8 -5.3 -3.4 -10.7
3379 Other furniture-related products 37 3.5 -1.9 -5.2 -4.6 -3.6 -6.0
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 313 2.5 2.6 0.1 -3.6 2.3 0.6
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 308 7.6 5.9 -1.6 -4.4 -2.0 -0.1
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 391 3.8 4.4 0.6 -2.1 -0.5 3.4
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 172 7.3 12.8 5.2 4.4 2.0 8.4
T a b l e 2 . I n d u s t r y m u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d r e l a t e d d a t a , a v e r a g e a n n u a l c o m p o u n d r a t e s o f c h a n g e , 1 9 8 7 - 2 0 1 0
P e r c e n t c h a n g e
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
N A I C S I n d u s t r y M u l t i f a c t o r C o m b i n e d L a b o r I n t e r m e d i a t e
c o d e p r o d u c t i v i t y O u t p u t i n p u t s H o u r s C a p i t a l p u r c h a s e s
M a n u f a c t u r i n g
3 1 1 1 A n i m a l f o o d 0 . 4 1 . 8 1 . 4 - 0 . 7 1 . 8 1 . 6
3 1 1 2 G r a i n a n d o i l s e e d m i l l i n g 0 . 3 1 . 3 1 . 0 - 0 . 8 0 . 7 1 . 2
3 1 1 3 S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s - 0 . 1 - 0 . 4 - 0 . 3 - 1 . 4 0 . 8 - 0 . 7
3 1 1 4 F r u i t a n d v e g e t a b l e p r e s e r v i n g a n d s p e c i a l t y 0 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 0 0 . 0 1 . 3 1 . 1
3 1 1 5 D a i r y p r o d u c t s - 0 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 2 - 0 . 7 1 . 6 1 . 3
3 1 1 6 A n i m a l s l a u g h t e r i n g a n d p r o c e s s i n g 0 . 7 2 . 1 1 . 4 1 . 1 2 . 2 1 . 3
3 1 1 7 S e a f o o d p r o d u c t p r e p a r a t i o n a n d p a c k a g i n g - 0 . 3 0 . 2 0 . 5 - 0 . 9 1 . 2 0 . 6
3 1 1 8 B a k e r i e s a n d t o r t i l l a m a n u f a c t u r i n g - 1 . 0 0 . 2 1 . 2 - 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 0
3 1 1 9 O t h e r f o o d p r o d u c t s 0 . 5 1 . 9 1 . 4 1 . 4 1 . 2 1 . 6
3 1 2 1 B e v e r a g e s 0 . 6 1 . 4 0 . 8 - 0 . 7 0 . 6 1 . 1
3 1 2 2 T o b a c c o a n d t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s - 1 . 0 - 3 . 2 - 2 . 2 - 4 . 6 - 2 . 2 - 3 . 5
3 1 3 1 F i b e r , y a r n , a n d t h r e a d m i l l s 0 . 2 - 2 . 4 - 2 . 6 - 5 . 4 - 1 . 6 - 1 . 9
3 1 3 2 F a b r i c m i l l s 1 . 0 - 2 . 7 - 3 . 6 - 6 . 9 - 1 . 9 - 2 . 7
3 1 3 3 T e x t i l e a n d f a b r i c f i n i s h i n g m i l l s 0 . 1 - 3 . 6 - 3 . 7 - 5 . 0 - 1 . 9 - 3 . 6
3 1 4 1 T e x t i l e f u r n i s h i n g s m i l l s - 0 . 5 - 2 . 6 - 2 . 1 - 3 . 0 - 0 . 8 - 2 . 5
3 1 4 9 O t h e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t m i l l s 0 . 2 - 0 . 6 - 0 . 7 - 2 . 6 1 . 2 - 0 . 3
3 1 5 1 A p p a r e l k n i t t i n g m i l l s - 0 . 4 - 7 . 2 - 6 . 8 - 7 . 1 - 2 . 5 - 7 . 9
3 1 5 2 C u t a n d s e w a p p a r e l - 1 . 9 - 8 . 4 - 6 . 6 - 7 . 2 - 2 . 4 - 8 . 0
3 1 5 9 A c c e s s o r i e s a n d o t h e r a p p a r e l - 1 . 1 - 7 . 2 - 6 . 1 - 5 . 2 - 1 . 7 - 7 . 0
3 1 6 1 L e a t h e r a n d h i d e t a n n i n g a n d f i n i s h i n g 0 . 4 - 3 . 7 - 4 . 1 - 5 . 1 - 2 . 0 - 4 . 2
3 1 6 2 F o o t w e a r 0 . 6 - 5 . 8 - 6 . 4 - 8 . 3 - 3 . 2 - 6 . 0
3 1 6 9 O t h e r l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s - 0 . 3 - 4 . 0 - 3 . 8 - 4 . 3 - 1 . 4 - 4 . 8
3 2 1 1 S a w m i l l s a n d w o o d p r e s e r v a t i o n 0 . 6 - 0 . 1 - 0 . 8 - 2 . 7 - 0 . 8 0 . 3
3 2 1 2 P l y w o o d a n d e n g i n e e r e d w o o d p r o d u c t s 0 . 0 - 1 . 3 - 1 . 2 - 2 . 3 0 . 8 - 0 . 8
3 2 1 9 O t h e r w o o d p r o d u c t s - 0 . 4 - 1 . 1 - 0 . 7 - 2 . 1 1 . 1 - 0 . 1
3 2 2 1 P u l p , p a p e r , a n d p a p e r b o a r d m i l l s - 0 . 2 - 0 . 4 - 0 . 2 - 3 . 3 - 0 . 8 1 . 2
3 2 2 2 C o n v e r t e d p a p e r p r o d u c t s - 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 1 - 1 . 3 0 . 9 0 . 3
3 2 3 1 P r i n t i n g a n d r e l a t e d s u p p o r t a c t i v i t i e s - 0 . 2 - 0 . 6 - 0 . 5 - 1 . 9 1 . 6 - 0 . 1
3 2 4 1 P e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s 0 . 3 1 . 2 0 . 9 - 1 . 5 1 . 2 1 . 0
3 2 5 1 B a s i c c h e m i c a l s - 0 . 8 0 . 3 1 . 1 - 2 . 2 0 . 5 2 . 1
3 2 5 2 R e s i n , r u b b e r , a n d a r t i f i c i a l f i b e r s 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 1 - 2 . 0 0 . 4 0 . 4
3 2 5 3 A g r i c u l t u r a l c h e m i c a l s 0 . 8 0 . 5 - 0 . 2 - 2 . 1 - 0 . 9 0 . 5
3 2 5 4 P h a r m a c e u t i c a l s a n d m e d i c i n e s - 1 . 9 2 . 0 4 . 0 2 . 1 4 . 6 4 . 1
3 2 5 5 P a i n t s , c o a t i n g s , a n d a d h e s i v e s - 1 . 3 - 0 . 8 0 . 5 - 1 . 8 0 . 3 1 . 1
3 2 5 6 S o a p s , c l e a n i n g c o m p o u n d s , a n d t o i l e t r i e s 0 . 0 1 . 7 1 . 7 - 0 . 9 1 . 9 2 . 2
3 2 5 9 O t h e r c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s a n d p r e p a r a t i o n s - 0 . 7 0 . 2 0 . 9 - 2 . 3 0 . 3 2 . 2
3 2 6 1 P l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s 0 . 2 1 . 4 1 . 2 - 0 . 5 2 . 7 1 . 5
3 2 6 2 R u b b e r p r o d u c t s 0 . 7 0 . 1 - 0 . 5 - 2 . 2 0 . 1 0 . 3
3 2 7 1 C l a y p r o d u c t s a n d r e f r a c t o r i e s - 0 . 2 - 1 . 9 - 1 . 7 - 2 . 6 - 1 . 0 - 1 . 1
3 2 7 2 G l a s s a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s 0 . 8 - 0 . 1 - 0 . 9 - 2 . 3 - 0 . 1 - 0 . 4
3 2 7 3 C e m e n t a n d c o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s - 0 . 7 - 0 . 5 0 . 2 - 0 . 5 0 . 7 0 . 5
3 2 7 4 L i m e a n d g y p s u m p r o d u c t s - 0 . 6 - 1 . 1 - 0 . 6 - 2 . 1 0 . 6 - 0 . 6
3 2 7 9 O t h e r n o n m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l p r o d u c t s 0 . 8 0 . 7 - 0 . 1 - 1 . 0 - 0 . 1 0 . 4
3 3 1 1 I r o n a n d s t e e l m i l l s a n d f e r r o a l l o y p r o d u c t i o n 0 . 8 1 . 5 0 . 7 - 2 . 8 - 2 . 0 2 . 7
3 3 1 2 S t e e l p r o d u c t s f r o m p u r c h a s e d s t e e l - 0 . 7 - 1 . 7 - 0 . 9 - 1 . 1 - 2 . 0 - 0 . 6
3 3 1 3 A l u m i n a a n d a l u m i n u m p r o d u c t i o n - 0 . 2 - 0 . 3 - 0 . 1 - 2 . 8 - 0 . 8 0 . 8
3 3 1 4 O t h e r n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l p r o d u c t i o n - 0 . 3 - 1 . 4 - 1 . 1 - 2 . 4 - 0 . 3 - 1 . 2
3 3 1 5 F o u n d r i e s - 0 . 2 - 0 . 6 - 0 . 4 - 2 . 9 - 0 . 5 1 . 4
3 3 2 1 F o r g i n g a n d s t a m p i n g 0 . 7 0 . 9 0 . 2 - 1 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 0
3 3 2 2 C u t l e r y a n d h a n d t o o l s 0 . 5 - 0 . 6 - 1 . 0 - 2 . 7 - 0 . 2 - 0 . 1
3 3 2 3 A r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l s - 0 . 4 0 . 3 0 . 7 - 0 . 4 1 . 0 1 . 4
3 3 2 4 B o i l e r s , t a n k s , a n d s h i p p i n g c o n t a i n e r s 0 . 1 - 0 . 3 - 0 . 4 - 1 . 2 - 0 . 4 - 0 . 2
3 3 2 5 H a r d w a r e - 1 . 0 - 3 . 3 - 2 . 4 - 4 . 2 - 0 . 7 - 1 . 7
3 3 2 6 S p r i n g a n d w i r e p r o d u c t s 0 . 6 - 0 . 1 - 0 . 7 - 2 . 7 0 . 6 0 . 1
3 3 2 7 M a c h i n e s h o p s a n d t h r e a d e d p r o d u c t s 0 . 9 2 . 3 1 . 4 0 . 3 2 . 1 2 . 2
3 3 2 8 C o a t i n g , e n g r a v i n g , a n d h e a t t r e a t i n g m e t a l s 1 . 0 2 . 3 1 . 3 - 0 . 4 1 . 7 2 . 2
3 3 2 9 O t h e r f a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s - 0 . 3 0 . 0 0 . 2 - 1 . 2 0 . 4 1 . 1
3 3 3 1 A g r i c u l t u r e , c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d m i n i n g m a c h i n e r y 0 . 8 2 . 8 2 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 4 2 . 9
3 3 3 2 I n d u s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y 0 . 4 0 . 9 0 . 5 - 1 . 6 1 . 7 1 . 5
3 3 3 3 C o m m e r c i a l a n d s e r v i c e i n d u s t r y m a c h i n e r y - 0 . 6 - 0 . 7 - 0 . 1 - 2 . 1 0 . 1 1 . 0
3 3 3 4 H V A C a n d c o m m e r c i a l r e f r i g e r a t i o n e q u i p m e n t 0 . 6 1 . 0 0 . 4 - 1 . 3 1 . 3 0 . 8
3 3 3 5 M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y 0 . 7 - 0 . 4 - 1 . 0 - 2 . 2 0 . 4 - 0 . 1
3 3 3 6 T u r b i n e a n d p o w e r t r a n s m i s s i o n e q u i p m e n t - 0 . 2 0 . 8 1 . 0 - 0 . 9 0 . 9 2 . 0
3 3 3 9 O t h e r g e n e r a l p u r p o s e m a c h i n e r y 0 . 3 1 . 1 0 . 8 - 1 . 5 0 . 5 2 . 1
3 3 4 1 C o m p u t e r a n d p e r i p h e r a l e q u i p m e n t 1 5 . 4 1 5 . 9 0 . 4 - 4 . 2 1 . 0 1 . 0
3 3 4 2 C o m m u n i c a t i o n s e q u i p m e n t 1 . 4 2 . 3 0 . 9 - 2 . 9 3 . 3 2 . 4
3 3 4 3 A u d i o a n d v i d e o e q u i p m e n t 1 . 2 - 2 . 7 - 3 . 9 - 4 . 7 0 . 0 - 4 . 2
3 3 4 4 S e m i c o n d u c t o r s a n d e l e c t r o n i c c o m p o n e n t s 1 3 . 7 1 4 . 2 0 . 5 - 1 . 9 6 . 2 - 1 . 8
3 3 4 5 E l e c t r o n i c i n s t r u m e n t s 0 . 5 1 . 8 1 . 3 - 2 . 1 1 . 2 3 . 8
3 3 4 6 M a g n e t i c m e d i a m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d r e p r o d u c t i o n 3 . 3 0 . 5 - 2 . 7 - 1 . 8 1 . 1 - 3 . 5
3 3 5 1 E l e c t r i c l i g h t i n g e q u i p m e n t - 0 . 2 - 0 . 8 - 0 . 6 - 2 . 6 0 . 3 0 . 0
3 3 5 2 H o u s e h o l d a p p l i a n c e s 1 . 2 - 0 . 1 - 1 . 3 - 3 . 5 - 0 . 6 - 0 . 8
3 3 5 3 E l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t - 0 . 3 - 0 . 6 - 0 . 3 - 2 . 5 - 0 . 7 1 . 2
3 3 5 9 O t h e r e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t a n d c o m p o n e n t s 0 . 0 - 0 . 2 - 0 . 2 - 2 . 4 0 . 2 0 . 5
3 3 6 1 M o t o r v e h i c l e s 0 . 7 0 . 9 0 . 2 - 2 . 9 0 . 6 0 . 5
3 3 6 2 M o t o r v e h i c l e b o d i e s a n d t r a i l e r s - 0 . 5 0 . 2 0 . 7 - 0 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 1
3 3 6 3 M o t o r v e h i c l e p a r t s 1 . 0 1 . 7 0 . 6 - 1 . 6 0 . 1 1 . 6
3 3 6 4 A e r o s p a c e p r o d u c t s a n d p a r t s - 0 . 9 - 0 . 3 0 . 5 - 2 . 3 0 . 2 2 . 3
3 3 6 5 R a i l r o a d r o l l i n g s t o c k 0 . 9 3 . 7 2 . 7 - 1 . 5 0 . 0 4 . 6
3 3 6 6 S h i p a n d b o a t b u i l d i n g - 0 . 2 0 . 6 0 . 8 - 1 . 8 0 . 2 2 . 4
3 3 6 9 O t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t 1 . 4 5 . 5 4 . 1 - 0 . 5 3 . 6 5 . 4
3 3 7 1 H o u s e h o l d a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l f u r n i t u r e - 0 . 1 - 1 . 2 - 1 . 1 - 2 . 8 0 . 6 - 0 . 4
3 3 7 2 O f f i c e f u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s - 0 . 2 - 0 . 9 - 0 . 7 - 1 . 9 1 . 0 - 0 . 5
3 3 7 9 O t h e r f u r n i t u r e - r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s 0 . 8 1 . 0 0 . 2 - 1 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 6
3 3 9 1 M e d i c a l e q u i p m e n t a n d s u p p l i e s 1 . 7 4 . 6 2 . 9 1 . 0 4 . 8 3 . 0
3 3 9 9 O t h e r m i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 1 - 1 . 8 1 . 1 0 . 8
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
4 8 1 A i r T r a n s p o r t a t i o n 1 . 1 2 . 7 1 . 6 - 0 . 2 3 . 9 2 . 3
4 8 2 1 1 1 L i n e - H a u l R a i l r o a d s 2 . 1 1 . 9 - 0 . 2 - 2 . 2 - 0 . 1 1 . 8
Table 3. Industry multifactor productivity, average annual compound rates of change, 1987-2010 and selected subperiods
Percent change
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAICS Industry 1987-2010 1987-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2007 2007-2009 2009-2010
code
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 0.4 0.6 0.3 -0.7 1.8 -1.9 0.4
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.8 1.3
3113 Sugar and confectionery products -0.1 -0.4 0.4 2.0 0.2 -7.3 1.5
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 0.1 -2.6 1.3 1.0 1.1 -5.4 2.0
3115 Dairy products -0.1 -0.3 -0.6 -0.7 0.4 0.1 1.9
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 0.7 -0.9 0.9 1.3 1.2 -2.1 2.3
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging -0.3 -1.2 0.0 -0.4 1.6 -6.4 0.6
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing -1.0 -4.4 0.3 -0.7 0.0 -4.7 2.3
3119 Other food products 0.5 -0.1 0.7 -0.1 1.5 -1.4 0.9
3121 Beverages 0.6 0.3 1.0 -1.0 2.6 -2.4 0.3
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products -1.0 -1.1 -0.7 0.6 -1.2 -6.5 1.7
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 2.1 -3.7 -3.7
3132 Fabric mills 1.0 -0.1 1.3 -0.1 2.8 -1.0 -0.4
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 0.1 -0.2 -0.1 1.1 0.6 -6.8 7.7
3141 Textile furnishings mills -0.5 -0.6 1.2 -1.0 0.3 -7.9 3.9
3149 Other textile product mills 0.2 -0.1 -0.2 0.4 1.4 -5.5 4.6
3151 Apparel knitting mills -0.4 0.8 2.0 -2.6 -2.3 3.1 1.2
3152 Cut and sew apparel -1.9 -1.4 0.5 -1.7 -2.4 -7.8 -1.1
3159 Accessories and other apparel -1.1 0.9 0.5 -4.7 -2.6 3.0 6.7
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 0.4 -3.2 -2.1 3.6 -2.4 6.4 17.6
3162 Footwear 0.6 -1.9 0.2 -0.8 1.4 3.2 6.8
3169 Other leather products -0.3 0.0 -2.3 1.7 2.7 -8.8 -4.0
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 0.6 1.6 -1.4 -2.0 1.0 4.8 11.1
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 0.0 -0.6 -0.4 -0.8 0.5 -2.1 7.6
3219 Other wood products -0.4 -0.8 -1.0 -0.7 0.2 -5.3 10.6
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills -0.2 -1.6 -1.1 -0.3 1.5 -2.1 1.4
3222 Converted paper products -0.1 -0.5 -0.2 -0.3 0.8 -2.2 0.6
3231 Printing and related support activities -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -1.3 0.7 -2.0 4.0
3241 Petroleum and coal products 0.3 -1.9 2.2 2.0 -0.9 -1.4 1.8
3251 Basic chemicals -0.8 -1.0 -3.3 -1.1 2.3 -7.8 8.1
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 0.4 -0.9 1.0 -0.8 1.0 -0.8 4.8
3253 Agricultural chemicals 0.8 2.1 1.0 -1.1 2.6 -1.5 -2.4
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines -1.9 -1.9 -2.5 -2.1 0.5 -4.4 -8.9
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives -1.3 -2.1 -0.8 -2.1 -0.3 -5.9 6.8
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 0.0 -1.5 0.1 -1.9 3.7 -7.4 3.4
3259 Other chemical products and preparations -0.7 -1.7 0.0 -1.0 -1.3 -2.0 6.2
3261 Plastics products 0.2 -0.8 1.0 0.5 0.4 -3.7 3.2
3262 Rubber products 0.7 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.0 -1.5 3.6
3271 Clay products and refractories -0.2 0.7 1.1 0.9 -1.9 -6.5 10.9
3272 Glass and glass products 0.8 -0.2 1.7 1.9 -0.9 0.6 7.2
3273 Cement and concrete products -0.7 0.6 0.3 0.2 -0.6 -8.1 0.6
3274 Lime and gypsum products -0.6 -1.4 -2.5 0.8 0.2 -3.1 4.4
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 0.8 -1.4 2.0 -0.4 2.0 -3.4 9.1
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 0.8 1.3 2.0 1.9 -0.8 -1.2 3.8
3312 Steel products from purchased steel -0.7 1.1 2.3 -0.1 -3.2 -6.0 4.2
3313 Alumina and aluminum production -0.2 -0.2 -0.7 -0.2 -0.5 4.6 -4.7
3314 Other nonferrous metal production -0.3 -1.6 1.5 0.1 -5.4 9.3 10.2
3315 Foundries -0.2 -0.2 1.5 0.1 -1.4 -2.5 2.5
3321 Forging and stamping 0.7 -0.6 0.9 0.9 1.9 -8.5 14.8
3322 Cutlery and hand tools 0.5 -1.4 0.9 -0.3 -0.8 2.0 14.2
3323 Architectural and structural metals -0.4 -1.2 0.8 -0.6 0.2 -6.6 6.2
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 0.1 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.2 -8.8 11.3
3325 Hardware -1.0 -2.2 0.6 -0.1 -2.2 -6.3 10.5
3326 Spring and wire products 0.6 0.4 1.5 0.5 0.8 -6.1 10.3
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 0.9 1.0 3.2 0.2 0.6 -6.9 11.3
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 1.0 0.8 2.0 -0.6 2.4 -6.4 10.7
3329 Other fabricated metal products -0.3 -1.8 0.2 -0.8 1.0 -4.9 5.3
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 0.8 2.6 -0.2 -1.0 2.1 -4.1 11.2
3332 Industrial machinery 0.4 0.2 1.5 -0.5 0.6 -4.3 9.0
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery -0.6 0.9 -0.9 -1.7 -0.9 -0.1 2.5
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 0.6 -0.2 0.6 0.6 1.0 -2.8 7.9
3335 Metalworking machinery 0.7 0.1 1.2 -0.7 1.9 -2.3 4.0
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment -0.2 -0.5 -0.2 0.8 -0.7 -6.3 12.4
3339 Other general purpose machinery 0.3 0.5 -0.1 -0.1 1.5 -4.3 4.2
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 15.4 5.4 11.8 21.7 20.9 19.7 -8.4
3342 Communications equipment 1.4 3.7 3.6 1.3 2.1 -7.1 -2.2
3343 Audio and video equipment 1.2 3.7 1.8 0.2 3.3 -6.3 -2.2
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 13.7 7.2 18.1 22.7 9.0 1.2 28.9
3345 Electronic instruments 0.5 1.6 -0.3 -4.3 2.9 3.8 3.4
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 3.3 1.2 5.8 -1.1 4.7 6.4 3.8
3351 Electric lighting equipment -0.2 -1.8 0.1 0.3 1.3 -2.5 -4.9
3352 Household appliances 1.2 -0.1 2.4 0.9 2.6 -1.4 -4.3
3353 Electrical equipment -0.3 0.4 1.6 -2.4 0.9 -3.7 -2.6
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 0.0 -1.8 0.9 0.4 -0.5 -1.5 5.9
3361 Motor vehicles 0.7 0.2 -1.5 0.3 2.8 -7.0 18.7
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers -0.5 -3.0 2.0 -1.9 0.3 -2.6 0.7
3363 Motor vehicle parts 1.0 -0.8 1.9 -0.3 1.5 0.5 7.1
3364 Aerospace products and parts -0.9 -2.8 -1.8 -1.7 0.7 -3.2 8.2
3365 Railroad rolling stock 0.9 2.2 -1.4 4.0 -1.6 1.3 10.2
3366 Ship and boat building -0.2 -0.2 -2.1 -0.4 0.1 2.8 1.5
3369 Other transportation equipment 1.4 -1.8 4.1 -1.0 4.1 -4.5 2.3
3371 Household and institutional furniture -0.1 -0.5 0.7 -0.5 0.4 -6.4 8.6
3372 Office furniture and fixtures -0.2 -2.6 0.2 1.9 0.8 -8.0 3.6
3379 Other furniture-related products 0.8 0.1 0.6 -0.2 2.2 -2.0 3.5
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 1.7 2.8 0.2 2.3 2.1 0.4 2.5
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 0.5 1.3 0.6 -0.1 1.1 -4.8 7.6
Transportation
481 Air Transportation 1.1 -1.3 0.6 0.7 2.9 -0.6 3.8
482111 Line-Haul Railroads 2.1 4.4 4.2 1.1 1.1 -2.8 7.3
United States Department of Labor
