For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Friday, August 16, 2019					USDL-19-1478

Technical information: 
 Employment:	(202) 691-6559  *  sminfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/sae
 Unemployment:	(202) 691-6392  *  lausinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/lau

Media contact:	(202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


			STATE EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT -- JULY 2019


Unemployment rates were lower in July in 6 states, higher in 2 states, and stable in 42 states
and the District of Columbia, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Three states
had jobless rate decreases from a year earlier, 1 state had an increase, and 46 states and the
District had little or no change. The national unemployment rate, 3.7 percent, was unchanged 
over the month and little changed from July 2018.

Nonfarm payroll employment increased in 5 states in July 2019 and was essentially unchanged in
45 states and the District of Columbia. Over the year, 25 states added nonfarm payroll jobs and
25 states and the District were essentially unchanged.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly programs. The civilian labor force and
unemployment data are modeled based largely on a survey of households. These data pertain to 
individuals by where they reside. The employment data come from an establishment survey that 
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. These data pertain to jobs on 
payrolls defined by where the establishments are located. For more information about the concepts
and statistical methodologies used by these two programs, see the Technical Note.

Unemployment

Vermont had the lowest unemployment rate in July, 2.1 percent. The rates in Alabama (3.3 percent),
Arkansas (3.4 percent), Maine (3.0 percent), and New Jersey (3.3 percent) set new series lows.
(All state series begin in 1976.) Alaska had the highest jobless rate, 6.3 percent. In total,
14 states had unemployment rates lower than the U.S. figure of 3.7 percent, 8 states and the 
District of Columbia had higher rates, and 28 states had rates that were not appreciably different
from that of the nation. (See tables A and 1.)

In July, six states had unemployment rate decreases, the largest of which were in Alabama, Maine,
and New Jersey (-0.2 percentage point each). Iowa and Wyoming had over-the-month rate increases 
(+0.1 percentage point each). The remaining 42 states and the District of Columbia had jobless 
rates that were not notably different from those of a month earlier, though some had changes that
were at least as large numerically as the significant changes. (See table B.)

Three states had unemployment rate declines from July 2018: New Jersey (-0.7 percentage point),
Vermont (-0.6 point), and Wyoming (-0.5 point). The only unemployment rate increase over the year
occurred in Minnesota (+0.6 percentage point).

Nonfarm Payroll Employment

Nonfarm payroll employment increased in five states in July 2019. The largest job gains occurred in
Texas (+35,200), Florida (+22,900), and Washington (+13,400). The largest percentage gains occurred
in Utah (+0.7 percent), Idaho (+0.5 percent), and Washington (+0.4 percent). (See tables C and 3.)

Twenty-five states had over-the-year increases in nonfarm payroll employment in July. The largest 
job gains occurred in Texas (+323,300), California (+311,800), and Florida (+227,200). The largest
percentage gains occurred in Nevada and Utah (+3.1 percent each), followed by Washington (+3.0 percent)
and Idaho (+2.8 percent). (See table D.)

_____________
The Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment news release for July is scheduled to be released
on Wednesday, August 28, 2019, at 10:00 a.m. (EDT). The State Employment and Unemployment news release
for August is scheduled to be released on Friday, September 20, 2019, at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).


Table A. States with unemployment rates significantly different
from that of the U.S., July 2019, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------
                State                |          Rate(p)
--------------------------------------------------------------
United States (1) ...................|           3.7
                                     |
Alaska ..............................|           6.3
Arizona .............................|           4.9
California ..........................|           4.1
Colorado ............................|           2.9
District of Columbia ................|           5.6
Hawaii ..............................|           2.8
Idaho ...............................|           2.9
Iowa ................................|           2.5
Louisiana ...........................|           4.3
Maine ...............................|           3.0
                                     |
Massachusetts .......................|           2.9
Mississippi .........................|           5.1
Nebraska ............................|           3.1
New Hampshire .......................|           2.5
New Mexico ..........................|           4.9
North Dakota ........................|           2.4
South Dakota ........................|           2.9
Utah ................................|           2.8
Vermont .............................|           2.1
Virginia ............................|           2.9
                                     |
Washington ..........................|           4.6
West Virginia .......................|           4.7
Wisconsin ...........................|           3.0
--------------------------------------------------------------
   (1) Data are not preliminary.
   (p) = preliminary.


Table B. States with statistically significant unemployment rate changes
from June 2019 to July 2019, seasonally adjusted
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |          Rate         |
                                |-----------|-----------| Over-the-month
             State              |    June   |    July   |    change(p)
                                |    2019   |   2019(p) |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama ........................|     3.5   |     3.3   |      -0.2
Colorado .......................|     3.0   |     2.9   |       -.1
Georgia ........................|     3.7   |     3.6   |       -.1
Iowa ...........................|     2.4   |     2.5   |        .1
Maine ..........................|     3.2   |     3.0   |       -.2
Montana ........................|     3.5   |     3.4   |       -.1
New Jersey .....................|     3.5   |     3.3   |       -.2
Wyoming ........................|     3.5   |     3.6   |        .1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.


Table C. States with statistically significant employment changes from
June 2019 to July 2019, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              |             |             | Over-the-month change(p)
           State              |     June    |     July    |---------------------------
                              |     2019    |    2019(p)  |    Level    |   Percent
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Florida ......................|   8,989,100 |   9,012,000 |      22,900 |      0.3
Idaho ........................|     756,500 |     760,600 |       4,100 |       .5
Texas ........................|  12,810,700 |  12,845,900 |      35,200 |       .3
Utah .........................|   1,556,400 |   1,566,600 |      10,200 |       .7
Washington ...................|   3,496,200 |   3,509,600 |      13,400 |       .4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.


Table D. States with statistically significant employment changes from
July 2018 to July 2019, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              |             |             | Over-the-year change(p)
           State              |     July    |     July    |---------------------------
                              |     2018    |    2019(p)  |    Level    |    Percent
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama ......................|   2,044,800 |   2,085,100 |      40,300 |      2.0
Arizona ......................|   2,859,700 |   2,931,900 |      72,200 |      2.5
California ...................|  17,176,800 |  17,488,600 |     311,800 |      1.8
Colorado .....................|   2,734,300 |   2,787,000 |      52,700 |      1.9
Florida ......................|   8,784,800 |   9,012,000 |     227,200 |      2.6
Georgia ......................|   4,542,700 |   4,617,000 |      74,300 |      1.6
Idaho ........................|     740,000 |     760,600 |      20,600 |      2.8
Illinois .....................|   6,123,300 |   6,186,000 |      62,700 |      1.0
Kentucky .....................|   1,931,700 |   1,959,800 |      28,100 |      1.5
Massachusetts ................|   3,641,600 |   3,678,900 |      37,300 |      1.0
                              |             |             |             |       
Mississippi ..................|   1,152,700 |   1,171,700 |      19,000 |      1.6
Missouri .....................|   2,892,900 |   2,927,600 |      34,700 |      1.2
Nevada .......................|   1,385,500 |   1,428,900 |      43,400 |      3.1
New Hampshire ................|     680,800 |     691,000 |      10,200 |      1.5
New Jersey ...................|   4,153,700 |   4,202,000 |      48,300 |      1.2
New Mexico ...................|     841,700 |     861,500 |      19,800 |      2.4
New York .....................|   9,684,600 |   9,780,100 |      95,500 |      1.0
North Carolina ...............|   4,496,500 |   4,572,200 |      75,700 |      1.7
Oregon .......................|   1,907,800 |   1,944,200 |      36,400 |      1.9
South Carolina ...............|   2,146,100 |   2,179,300 |      33,200 |      1.5
                              |             |             |             |       
South Dakota .................|     438,600 |     447,900 |       9,300 |      2.1
Tennessee ....................|   3,060,500 |   3,115,600 |      55,100 |      1.8
Texas ........................|  12,522,600 |  12,845,900 |     323,300 |      2.6
Utah .........................|   1,519,200 |   1,566,600 |      47,400 |      3.1
Washington ...................|   3,407,200 |   3,509,600 |     102,400 |      3.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.

Technical Note

  
   This news release presents civilian labor force and unemployment data for states
   and selected substate areas from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS)
   program (tables 1 and 2). Also presented are nonfarm payroll employment estimates
   by state and industry supersector from the Current Employment Statistics (CES)
   program (tables 3 and 4). The LAUS and CES programs are both federal-state cooperative
   endeavors.

Civilian labor force and unemployment--from the LAUS program

   Definitions. The civilian labor force and unemployment data are based on the same
   concepts and definitions as those used for the official national estimates obtained
   from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of households that is
   conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau.
   The LAUS program measures employed people and unemployed people on a place-of-
   residence basis. The universe for each is the civilian noninstitutional population
   16 years of age and older. Employed people are those who did any work at all for
   pay or profit in the reference week (typically the week including the 12th of the
   month) or worked 15 hours or more without pay in a family business or farm, plus
   those not working who had a job from which they were temporarily absent, whether
   or not paid, for such reasons as bad weather, labor-management dispute, illness,
   or vacation. 
     
   Unemployed people are those who were not employed during the reference week
   (based on the definition above), had actively looked for a job sometime in the
   4-week period ending with the reference week, and were currently available for
   work; people on layoff expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted 
   as unemployed. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed people.
   The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor
   force.

   Method of estimation. Estimates for 48 states, the District of Columbia, the Los
   Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale metropolitan division, New York City, and the balances
   of California and New York State are produced using time-series models. This method,
   which underwent substantial enhancement at the beginning of 2015, utilizes data from
   several sources, including the CPS, the CES, and state unemployment insurance (UI) 
   programs. Estimates for the state of California are derived by summing the estimates
   for the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale metropolitan division and the balance of
   California. Similarly, estimates for New York State are derived by summing the estimates
   for New York City and the balance of New York State. Estimates for the five additional
   substate areas contained in this release (the Cleveland-Elyria and Detroit-Warren-
   Dearborn metropolitan areas and the Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, Miami-
   Miami Beach-Kendall, and Seattle-Bellevue-Everett metropolitan divisions) and their
   respective balances of state are produced using a similar model-based approach.
    
   Each month, estimates for the nine census divisions first are modeled using inputs
   from the CPS only and controlled to the national totals. State estimates then are
   controlled to their respective census division totals. Substate and balance-of-state
   estimates for the five areas noted above also are controlled to their respective state
   totals. This tiered process of controlling model-based estimates to the U.S. totals is 
   called real-time benchmarking. Estimates for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly
   household survey similar to the CPS. A more detailed description of the estimation
   procedures is available from BLS upon request.
   
   Annual revisions. Civilian labor force and unemployment data for prior years reflect
   adjustments made after the end of each year. The adjusted estimates reflect updated
   population data from the U.S. Census Bureau, any revisions in the other data sources,
   and model re-estimation. In most years, historical data for the most recent five years
   are revised near the beginning of each calendar year, prior to the release of January
   estimates. With the introduction of a new generation of times-series models in early
   2015, historical data were re-estimated back to the series beginnings in 1976, 1990,
   or 1994.

   Seasonal adjustment. The LAUS models decompose the estimates of employed and unemployed
   people into trend, seasonal, and irregular components. With changes implemented in early
   2018, the benchmarked signals of employed and unemployed people first are adjusted using
   an X-11 type of seasonal adjustment filter. The adjusted data then are smoothed using a
   Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) filter. The smoothed-seasonally adjusted
   estimates of employed and unemployed people are summed to derive the civilian labor force,
   and the unemployment rate then is calculated as the unemployed percent of the civilian
   labor force. The resulting smoothed-seasonally adjusted unemployment rate estimates are
   analyzed in this news release and published on the BLS website. 

   During estimation for the current year, the smoothed-seasonally adjusted estimates
   for a given month are created using an asymmetric filter that incorporates information
   from previous observations only. For annual revisions, historical data are smoothed
   using a two-sided filter.
   
   Area definitions. The substate area data published in this release reflect the
   delineations that were issued by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget on April 10,
   2018. A detailed list of the geographic definitions is available online at
   www.bls.gov/lau/lausmsa.htm. 

Employment—from the CES program

   Definitions. Employment data refer to persons on establishment payrolls who receive
   pay for any part of the pay period that includes the 12th of the month. Persons are
   counted at their place of work rather than at their place of residence; those appearing
   on more than one payroll are counted on each payroll. Industries are classified on
   the basis of their principal activity in accordance with the 2017 version of the North 
   American Industry Classification System. 

   Method of estimation. CES State and Area employment data are produced using several
   estimation procedures. Where possible these data are produced using a "weighted link
   relative" estimation technique in which a ratio of current month weighted employment
   to that of the previous-month weighted employment is computed from a sample of
   establishments reporting for both months. The estimates of employment for the current 
   month are then obtained by multiplying these ratios by the previous month's employment
   estimates. The weighted link relative technique is utilized for data series where
   the sample size meets certain statistical criteria. 

   For some employment series, the sample of establishments is very small or highly
   variable. In these cases, a model-based approach is used in estimation. These models
   use the direct sample estimates (described above), combined with forecasts of
   historical (benchmarked) data to decrease volatility in estimation. Two different 
   models (Fay-Herriot Model and Small Domain Model) are used depending on the industry
   level being estimated.For more detailed information about each model, refer to
   the BLS Handbook of Methods.
    
   Annual revisions. Employment estimates are adjusted annually to a complete count
   of jobs, called benchmarks, derived principally from tax reports that are submitted
   by employers who are covered under state unemployment insurance (UI) laws. The
   benchmark information is used to adjust the monthly estimates between the new
   benchmark and the preceding one and also to establish the level of employment
   for the new benchmark month. Thus, the benchmarking process establishes the
   level of employment, and the sample is used to measure the month-to-month
   changes in the level for the subsequent months. Information on recent benchmark
   revisions is available online at www.bls.gov/web/laus/benchmark.pdf.

   Seasonal adjustment. Payroll employment data are seasonally adjusted at the
   statewide expanded supersector level. In some cases, the seasonally adjusted
   payroll employment total is computed by aggregating the independently adjusted
   supersector series. In other cases, the seasonally adjusted payroll employment
   total is independently adjusted. Revisions to historical data for the most recent
   five years are made once a year, coincident with annual benchmark adjustments.
     
   Payroll employment data are seasonally adjusted concurrently, using all available 
   estimates including those for the current month, to develop sample-based seasonal
   factors. Concurrent sample-based factors are created every month for the current 
   month's preliminary estimate as well as the previous month's final estimate in order
   to incorporate real-time estimates.

   Caution on aggregating state data. State estimation procedures are designed to
   produce accurate data for each individual state. BLS independently develops a
   national employment series; state estimates are not forced to sum to national
   totals. Because each state series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling
   errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual state-level 
   errors and can cause significant distortions at an aggregate level. Due to
   these statistical limitations, BLS does not compile a "sum-of-states" employment
   series, and cautions users that such a series is subject to a relatively large
   and volatile error structure.

Reliability of the estimates

   The estimates presented in this release are based on sample surveys, administrative
   data, and modeling and, thus, are subject to sampling and other types of errors.
   Sampling error is a measure of sampling variability—that is, variation that occurs
   by chance because a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed. Survey
   data also are subject to nonsampling errors, such as those which can be introduced
   into the data collection and processing operations. Estimates not directly derived
   from sample surveys are subject to additional errors resulting from the specific
   estimation processes used.

   Use of error measures. Changes in state unemployment rates and state nonfarm payroll
   employment are cited in the analysis of this release only if they have been determined
   to be statistically significant at the 90-percent confidence level. Furthermore, state
   unemployment rates for the current month generally are cited only if they have been
   determined to be significantly different from the U.S. rate at the 90-percent confidence
   level. The underlying model-based standard error measures for unemployment rates
   and over-the-month and over-the-year changes in rates are available at
   www.bls.gov/lau/lastderr.htm. The underlying standard error measures for over-the-month
   and over-the-year changes in state payroll employment data at the total nonfarm and
   supersector levels are available at www.bls.gov/web/laus/790stderr.htm. Measures of 
   nonsampling error are not available.

Additional information

   Estimates of civilian labor force and unemployment from the LAUS program, as well
   as nonfarm payroll employment from the CES program, for metropolitan areas and
   metropolitan divisions are available in the news release Metropolitan Area Employment
   and Unemployment. Estimates of civilian labor force, employed people, unemployed
   people, and unemployment rates for approximately 7,000 subnational areas are
   available online at www.bls.gov/lau/. Employment data from the CES program for
   states and metropolitan areas are available online at www.bls.gov/sae/. Information
   in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request.
   Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.