For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, June 9, 2020	USDL-20-1185

Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

			       JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – APRIL 2020

The number of total separations decreased by 4.8 million to 9.9 million in April, the U.S. Bureau of 
Labor Statistics reported today. Despite the over the month decline, the total separations level is the 
second highest in series history. Within separations, the quits rate fell to 1.4 percent and the layoffs and 
discharges rate decreased to 5.9 percent. Job openings decreased to 5.0 million on the last business day 
of April. Over the month, hires declined to 3.5 million, a series low. The changes in these measures 
reflect the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. This release 
includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm 
sector, by industry, and by four geographic regions.

  
Job Openings
 
On the last business day of April, the number of job openings declined to 5.0 million (-965,000). The 
job openings rate was little changed at 3.7 percent. Job openings fell in total private (-883,000) and in 
government (-82,000). Among the industries, the largest declines were in professional and business 
services (-309,000), health care and social assistance (-115,000), and retail trade (-113,000). The number 
of job openings decreased in all four regions. (See table 1.)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|		      Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on April 2020 JOLTS Data                     |
|                                                                                                         |
|Data collection for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey was affected by the coronavirus           |
|(COVID-19) pandemic. More information is available at the end of this news release and                   |
|[www.bls.gov/bls/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-april-2020.htm]                                 |
|_________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Hires

In April, the number and rate of hires decreased to series lows of 3.5 million (-1,587,000) and 2.7 
percent, respectively. The hires level decreased for total private (-1,439,000) and for government  
(-148,000). Hires decreased in a number of industries, with the largest declines in professional and 
business services (-422,000), accommodation and food services (-247,000), and construction (-196,000). 
The number of hires decreased in all four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 
due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In April, the number and rate of total separations decreased to 9.9 million (-4,755,000) and 7.5 percent, 
respectively. Total separations decreased in many industries, with the largest decreases in 
accommodation and food services (-3,001,000), professional and business services  
(-473,000), and retail trade (-460,000). The number of total separations increased in real estate and 
rental and leasing (+47,000), state and local government, excluding education (+46,000), and 
information (+42,000). Total separations decreased in all four regions. (See table 3.)

In April, the number and rate of quits decreased to 1.8 million (-1,003,000) and 1.4 percent, 
respectively. Quits fell to 1.6 million (-976,000) for total private and 143,000 (-27,000) for government. 
Quits decreased in a number of industries, with the largest decreases in accommodation and food 
services (-249,000) and professional and business services (-216,000). The number of quits decreased in 
all four regions. (See table 4.)

The number and rate of layoffs and discharges decreased in April to 7.7 million (-3,773,000) and 5.9 
percent, respectively. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased for total private to 7.5 million  
(-3,816,000) but increased for government to 216,000 (+43,000). The layoffs and discharges level 
decreased significantly in several industries. The majority of the decline occurred in accommodation and 
food services (-2,738,000) followed by retail trade (-338,000). Layoffs and discharges increased in 
construction (+85,000), information (+53,000), and wholesale trade (+50,000). The number of layoffs 
and discharges decreased in all four regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in April. The other separations level was little 
changed for total private and for government. Other separations increased in professional and business 
services (+29,000) and health care and social assistance (+19,000). The number of other separations 
decreased in accommodation and food services (-15,000). Other separations were little changed in all 
four regions. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in April, hires totaled 67.2 million and separations totaled 81.1 million, 
yielding a net employment loss of 13.9 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 
and separated more than once during the year.
____________	
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for May 2020 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, July 7, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|    Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on April 2020 Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data    | 
|													 |
|Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 42      |
|percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone          |
|respondents were asked to report electronically via our data collection website. However, data          |
|collection was adversely impacted due to the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond  |
|by phone. The JOLTS response rate for April was 44 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic  |
|averaged 54 percent.                                                                                    |
|													 |
|BLS modified the JOLTS estimates for April to better reflect the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19)   | 
|pandemic. The estimation process usually includes an alignment of monthly hires minus separations to the|
|over-the-month change in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment estimates. For April        |
|estimates, however, BLS suspended the alignment process because the differing reference periods for the |
|CES employment estimates (pay period including the 12th of the month) and the JOLTS hires and           |
|separations estimates (the entire reference month) led to substantially different measurement outcomes. |
|For more information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including more      |
|information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, please see                                          |
|https://www.bls.gov/bls/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-april-2020.htm                          |
|________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|                           Error in JOLTS federal government estimates                                     |
|                                                                                                           |
|BLS identified errors in the JOLTS federal government estimates for January 2020. These errors also affect |
|total nonfarm, government, and the regions. JOLTS has suppressed these data from the LABSTAT database.     |
|JOLTS plans to reissue the data, possibly with the release on July 7, 2020.                                |
|___________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	7,284	6,011	5,046	6,000	5,111	3,524	5,763	14,643	9,888
Total private	6,540	5,284	4,401	5,625	4,744	3,305	5,414	14,243	9,467
Mining and logging(1)	31	12	10	28	19	11	30	42	69
Construction(1)	430	240	256	423	389	193	404	756	791
Manufacturing	479	310	311	359	299	305	352	804	706
Durable goods(1)	304	178	161	208	159	144	203	474	477
Nondurable goods(1)	175	132	150	151	140	161	150	329	229
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,346	1,069	882	1,145	1,137	993	1,117	2,408	1,838
Wholesale trade	264	156	150	157	136	124	136	252	261
Retail trade	740	626	513	748	764	688	752	1,654	1,194
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	342	286	219	240	237	181	229	502	383
Information(1)	120	119	122	93	74	34	104	107	149
Financial activities	343	336	252	228	218	136	218	350	339
Finance and insurance	234	262	185	148	151	104	139	169	111
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	108	75	67	81	67	33	79	181	228
Professional and business services	1,178	1,192	883	1,248	1,103	681	1,187	1,714	1,241
Education and health services	1,377	1,193	1,076	736	663	519	675	1,747	1,423
Educational services(1)	140	106	104	105	92	67	90	327	290
Health care and social assistance	1,238	1,087	972	630	571	452	585	1,420	1,133
Leisure and hospitality	1,017	664	454	1,144	673	321	1,114	5,345	2,033
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	114	130	27	163	127	22	159	599	288
Accommodation and food services	903	534	427	982	546	299	954	4,746	1,745
Other services	218	147	156	221	168	112	214	969	879
Government	744	727	645	376	367	219	349	400	421
Federal(1)	154	131	114	37	58	45	31	39	36
State and local	590	596	531	338	309	174	318	361	384
State and local education	211	215	192	170	153	97	161	180	158
State and local, excluding education(1)	379	381	339	168	156	77	157	181	227
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	4.6	3.8	3.7	4.0	3.4	2.7	3.8	9.7	7.5
Total private	4.9	3.9	3.9	4.4	3.7	3.0	4.2	11.1	8.7
Mining and logging(1)	4.0	1.7	1.5	3.8	2.7	1.7	4.0	6.0	10.4
Construction(1)	5.4	3.1	3.7	5.7	5.1	2.9	5.4	9.9	11.9
Manufacturing	3.6	2.4	2.6	2.8	2.3	2.7	2.7	6.3	6.1
Durable goods(1)	3.6	2.2	2.2	2.6	2.0	2.0	2.5	5.9	6.7
Nondurable goods(1)	3.5	2.7	3.3	3.2	2.9	3.7	3.1	6.9	5.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.6	3.7	3.4	4.1	4.1	4.0	4.0	8.7	7.4
Wholesale trade	4.3	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.3	2.2	2.3	4.2	4.7
Retail trade	4.5	3.9	3.7	4.8	4.9	5.1	4.8	10.6	8.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	5.3	4.4	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.2	3.7	8.1	6.8
Information(1)	4.0	4.0	4.4	3.3	2.6	1.3	3.6	3.7	5.6
Financial activities	3.8	3.7	2.9	2.6	2.5	1.6	2.5	4.0	4.0
Finance and insurance	3.5	3.9	2.8	2.3	2.3	1.6	2.2	2.6	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	4.5	3.1	3.1	3.5	2.9	1.5	3.4	7.7	10.7
Professional and business services	5.3	5.3	4.4	5.9	5.1	3.5	5.6	8.0	6.4
Education and health services	5.4	4.6	4.7	3.1	2.7	2.4	2.8	7.1	6.5
Educational services(1)	3.6	2.7	3.0	2.8	2.4	2.0	2.4	8.6	8.7
Health care and social assistance	5.7	5.0	5.0	3.1	2.8	2.4	2.9	6.9	6.1
Leisure and hospitality	5.8	3.9	4.9	6.9	4.1	3.7	6.7	32.7	23.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	4.5	5.1	2.3	6.7	5.2	1.9	6.6	24.5	25.6
Accommodation and food services	6.0	3.7	5.3	7.0	3.9	3.9	6.8	34.1	23.0
Other services	3.6	2.4	3.2	3.7	2.8	2.4	3.6	16.4	19.0
Government	3.2	3.1	2.9	1.7	1.6	1.0	1.5	1.8	1.9
Federal(1)	5.2	4.3	3.8	1.3	2.0	1.6	1.1	1.4	1.3
State and local	2.9	2.9	2.7	1.7	1.6	0.9	1.6	1.8	2.0
State and local education	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.6	1.5	1.0	1.5	1.7	1.6
State and local, excluding education(1)	3.9	3.9	3.6	1.8	1.7	0.9	1.7	1.9	2.5
Footnotes (1) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data are identical. (p) Preliminary

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, 
other separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Industries are classified in 
accordance with the North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees 
on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working.

Job Openings.  Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month. 

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions: 
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or part-
time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that time. 
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting Internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future, positions for which employees 
have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work, and positions to be filled by employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 
computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that 
quotient by 100.

Hires.  Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations.  Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. 
Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is computed by 
dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and 
discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 
establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size class. The 
establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of 
Employment and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state unemployment insurance 
laws and federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates 
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the 
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.

Birth/death model.  The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. Also within the first year, new businesses may go out of business, 
referred to as a death. Because not all births and deaths of establishments can be reflected on the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from them during their early 
existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity from previous 
years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to the 
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment.  The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences as well as sampling and non- sampling errors between the two surveys historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and re-seasonally adjust.

Seasonal adjustment.  BLS uses X-13 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal adjustment 
methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up 
to and including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative models 
and REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 
beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally adjusted CES 
employment trends are applied to the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trends (hires minus 
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates.  The JOLTS estimates are revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES employment 
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-
adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The 
seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment 
factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS 
data series, for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be 
approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are 
published only for not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news release each year. Annual 
estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the 
last business day of each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs when a sample 
is surveyed rather than the entire population. There is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true 
population values they represent. The difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample 
selected. This variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 
the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of 
sampling error. Sampling error estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons 
including: the failure to include a segment of the population; the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample; 
the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 
made in the collection or processing of the data; and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.
Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	7,284	6,552	7,012	7,004	6,011	5,046	4.6	4.1	4.4	4.4	3.8	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,540	5,838	6,231	6,236	5,284	4,401	4.9	4.3	4.6	4.6	3.9	3.9
Mining and logging(3)	31	13	19	26	12	10	4.0	1.8	2.7	3.4	1.7	1.5
Construction(3)	430	216	267	296	240	256	5.4	2.8	3.4	3.7	3.1	3.7
Manufacturing	479	360	408	422	310	311	3.6	2.7	3.1	3.2	2.4	2.6
Durable goods(3)	304	222	256	269	178	161	3.6	2.7	3.1	3.2	2.2	2.2
Nondurable goods(3)	175	138	152	153	132	150	3.5	2.8	3.1	3.1	2.7	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,346	1,192	1,214	1,168	1,069	882	4.6	4.1	4.2	4.0	3.7	3.4
Wholesale trade	264	187	172	183	156	150	4.3	3.1	2.8	3.0	2.6	2.6
Retail trade	740	762	759	715	626	513	4.5	4.6	4.6	4.4	3.9	3.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	342	244	283	270	286	219	5.3	3.8	4.3	4.2	4.4	3.7
Information(3)	120	146	152	132	119	122	4.0	4.8	5.0	4.4	4.0	4.4
Financial activities	343	319	427	400	336	252	3.8	3.5	4.6	4.3	3.7	2.9
Finance and insurance	234	235	312	306	262	185	3.5	3.5	4.6	4.5	3.9	2.8
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	108	84	115	94	75	67	4.5	3.4	4.7	3.8	3.1	3.1
Professional and business services	1,178	1,223	1,265	1,357	1,192	883	5.3	5.4	5.6	5.9	5.3	4.4
Education and health services	1,377	1,203	1,294	1,252	1,193	1,076	5.4	4.7	5.0	4.8	4.6	4.7
Educational services(3)	140	106	133	121	106	104	3.6	2.7	3.4	3.1	2.7	3.0
Health care and social assistance	1,238	1,097	1,161	1,131	1,087	972	5.7	5.0	5.3	5.2	5.0	5.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,017	916	919	950	664	454	5.8	5.2	5.2	5.3	3.9	4.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	114	127	148	135	130	27	4.5	4.9	5.6	5.2	5.1	2.3
Accommodation and food services	903	789	771	815	534	427	6.0	5.2	5.1	5.4	3.7	5.3
Other services	218	250	264	232	147	156	3.6	4.1	4.3	3.8	2.4	3.2
Government	744	715	781	769	727	645	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.3	3.1	2.9
Federal(3)	154	88	113	119	131	114	5.2	3.0	3.8	4.0	4.3	3.8
State and local	590	626	669	649	596	531	2.9	3.1	3.3	3.2	2.9	2.7
State and local education	211	234	275	252	215	192	2.0	2.2	2.5	2.3	2.0	1.9
State and local, excluding education(3)	379	393	393	397	381	339	3.9	4.0	4.0	4.1	3.9	3.6
REGION(4)
Northeast	1,143	1,135	1,224	1,237	1,102	968	4.0	3.9	4.2	4.2	3.8	3.9
South	2,721	2,439	2,631	2,589	2,251	1,816	4.7	4.2	4.5	4.4	3.9	3.6
Midwest	1,742	1,400	1,522	1,556	1,286	1,078	5.0	4.1	4.4	4.5	3.8	3.6
West	1,678	1,578	1,634	1,621	1,373	1,183	4.6	4.3	4.4	4.4	3.7	3.7
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	6,000	5,927	5,925	5,864	5,111	3,524	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.4	2.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,625	5,574	5,541	5,489	4,744	3,305	4.4	4.3	4.3	4.2	3.7	3.0
Mining and logging	28	25	20	25	19	11	3.8	3.6	2.8	3.4	2.7	1.7
Construction	423	467	435	390	389	193	5.7	6.2	5.7	5.1	5.1	2.9
Manufacturing	359	334	311	334	299	305	2.8	2.6	2.4	2.6	2.3	2.7
Durable goods	208	192	174	196	159	144	2.6	2.4	2.2	2.4	2.0	2.0
Nondurable goods	151	142	137	138	140	161	3.2	3.0	2.9	2.9	2.9	3.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,145	1,161	1,220	1,221	1,137	993	4.1	4.2	4.4	4.4	4.1	4.0
Wholesale trade	157	133	138	153	136	124	2.7	2.2	2.3	2.6	2.3	2.2
Retail trade	748	772	818	812	764	688	4.8	4.9	5.2	5.2	4.9	5.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	240	256	264	256	237	181	3.9	4.1	4.2	4.1	3.8	3.2
Information	93	87	86	96	74	34	3.3	3.0	3.0	3.3	2.6	1.3
Financial activities	228	218	217	243	218	136	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.7	2.5	1.6
Finance and insurance	148	135	142	161	151	104	2.3	2.1	2.2	2.5	2.3	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	81	83	75	81	67	33	3.5	3.5	3.2	3.4	2.9	1.5
Professional and business services	1,248	1,151	1,163	1,104	1,103	681	5.9	5.4	5.4	5.1	5.1	3.5
Education and health services	736	723	753	762	663	519	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.1	2.7	2.4
Educational services	105	104	109	95	92	67	2.8	2.7	2.8	2.5	2.4	2.0
Health care and social assistance	630	619	644	667	571	452	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.2	2.8	2.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,144	1,165	1,126	1,091	673	321	6.9	6.9	6.7	6.5	4.1	3.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	163	186	176	168	127	22	6.7	7.5	7.1	6.8	5.2	1.9
Accommodation and food services	982	979	949	923	546	299	7.0	6.8	6.6	6.4	3.9	3.9
Other services	221	243	210	224	168	112	3.7	4.1	3.5	3.8	2.8	2.4
Government	376	352	384	375	367	219	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.0
Federal	37	43	48	51	58	45	1.3	1.5	1.7	1.8	2.0	1.6
State and local	338	309	336	324	309	174	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.6	0.9
State and local education	170	153	173	157	153	97	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.0
State and local, excluding education	168	156	163	167	156	77	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.7	0.9
REGION(3)
Northeast	938	935	949	960	869	479	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.1	2.0
South	2,365	2,358	2,345	2,321	1,998	1,368	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.2	3.6	2.8
Midwest	1,290	1,263	1,187	1,231	1,097	894	3.9	3.8	3.6	3.7	3.3	3.1
West	1,407	1,371	1,444	1,352	1,147	783	4.0	3.9	4.1	3.8	3.3	2.6
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	5,763	5,762	5,703	5,595	14,643	9,888	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.7	9.7	7.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,414	5,419	5,382	5,244	14,243	9,467	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.0	11.1	8.7
Mining and logging	30	31	24	20	42	69	4.0	4.3	3.4	2.8	6.0	10.4
Construction	404	432	386	359	756	791	5.4	5.7	5.1	4.7	9.9	11.9
Manufacturing	352	342	331	318	804	706	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.5	6.3	6.1
Durable goods	203	193	184	183	474	477	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.3	5.9	6.7
Nondurable goods	150	149	147	135	329	229	3.1	3.1	3.1	2.8	6.9	5.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,117	1,115	1,220	1,221	2,408	1,838	4.0	4.0	4.4	4.4	8.7	7.4
Wholesale trade	136	123	137	155	252	261	2.3	2.1	2.3	2.6	4.2	4.7
Retail trade	752	741	830	812	1,654	1,194	4.8	4.7	5.3	5.2	10.6	8.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	229	250	253	254	502	383	3.7	4.0	4.1	4.1	8.1	6.8
Information	104	84	75	87	107	149	3.6	2.9	2.6	3.0	3.7	5.6
Financial activities	218	203	217	210	350	339	2.5	2.3	2.5	2.4	4.0	4.0
Finance and insurance	139	134	141	150	169	111	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.6	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	79	69	75	60	181	228	3.4	3.0	3.2	2.5	7.7	10.7
Professional and business services	1,187	1,134	1,151	1,073	1,714	1,241	5.6	5.3	5.3	5.0	8.0	6.4
Education and health services	675	690	701	699	1,747	1,423	2.8	2.8	2.9	2.8	7.1	6.5
Educational services	90	97	83	93	327	290	2.4	2.5	2.2	2.4	8.6	8.7
Health care and social assistance	585	593	617	606	1,420	1,133	2.9	2.9	3.0	2.9	6.9	6.1
Leisure and hospitality	1,114	1,146	1,090	1,036	5,345	2,033	6.7	6.8	6.5	6.1	32.7	23.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	159	184	172	157	599	288	6.6	7.4	6.9	6.3	24.5	25.6
Accommodation and food services	954	963	918	880	4,746	1,745	6.8	6.7	6.4	6.1	34.1	23.0
Other services	214	242	187	220	969	879	3.6	4.1	3.1	3.7	16.4	19.0
Government	349	343	321	351	400	421	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.8	1.9
Federal	31	45	38	41	39	36	1.1	1.6	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.3
State and local	318	298	283	311	361	384	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.8	2.0
State and local education	161	164	149	155	180	158	1.5	1.6	1.4	1.5	1.7	1.6
State and local, excluding education	157	134	134	156	181	227	1.7	1.4	1.4	1.7	1.9	2.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	849	887	911	888	2,807	1,897	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.2	10.1	7.9
South	2,292	2,249	2,252	2,097	4,978	3,325	4.2	4.0	4.0	3.8	9.0	6.9
Midwest	1,241	1,220	1,249	1,293	3,635	2,212	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.9	11.0	7.8
West	1,382	1,406	1,291	1,317	3,222	2,454	3.9	4.0	3.6	3.7	9.1	8.1
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	3,492	3,528	3,574	3,436	2,789	1,786	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	1.8	1.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,306	3,331	3,399	3,245	2,619	1,643	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.0	1.5
Mining and logging	17	13	14	12	9	6	2.3	1.8	1.9	1.7	1.3	0.9
Construction	144	170	165	153	130	80	1.9	2.2	2.2	2.0	1.7	1.2
Manufacturing	219	206	188	183	150	98	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.2	0.8
Durable goods	128	110	103	107	86	43	1.6	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.1	0.6
Nondurable goods	92	97	84	75	64	54	1.9	2.0	1.8	1.6	1.3	1.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	729	734	831	794	607	413	2.6	2.6	3.0	2.9	2.2	1.7
Wholesale trade	94	77	86	101	93	46	1.6	1.3	1.4	1.7	1.6	0.8
Retail trade	502	507	597	546	386	282	3.2	3.2	3.8	3.5	2.5	2.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	132	150	148	147	129	85	2.2	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.1	1.5
Information	53	41	40	50	35	27	1.9	1.4	1.4	1.7	1.2	1.0
Financial activities	144	127	145	123	93	59	1.6	1.4	1.6	1.4	1.1	0.7
Finance and insurance	88	88	89	88	70	41	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.1	0.6
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	56	40	57	35	23	17	2.4	1.7	2.4	1.5	1.0	0.8
Professional and business services	654	622	684	628	561	345	3.1	2.9	3.2	2.9	2.6	1.8
Education and health services	447	500	476	478	426	319	1.9	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.7	1.5
Educational services	44	66	55	58	50	38	1.2	1.7	1.4	1.5	1.3	1.2
Health care and social assistance	404	434	421	420	376	281	2.0	2.1	2.0	2.0	1.8	1.5
Leisure and hospitality	757	771	758	699	534	259	4.6	4.6	4.5	4.2	3.3	3.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	79	72	79	77	52	26	3.2	2.9	3.2	3.1	2.1	2.3
Accommodation and food services	679	698	679	622	483	234	4.8	4.9	4.7	4.3	3.5	3.1
Other services	141	147	98	125	74	37	2.4	2.5	1.6	2.1	1.3	0.8
Government	187	197	175	191	170	143	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7
Federal	15	23	19	19	17	15	0.5	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.5
State and local	172	174	156	172	152	128	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.7
State and local education	89	98	83	90	79	66	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.7
State and local, excluding education	83	76	73	82	73	62	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.7
REGION(4)
Northeast	447	462	492	494	404	269	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.5	1.1
South	1,445	1,452	1,494	1,347	1,098	732	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.4	2.0	1.5
Midwest	788	760	797	783	654	399	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.0	1.4
West	812	854	790	812	633	386	2.3	2.4	2.2	2.3	1.8	1.3
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	1,950	1,893	1,741	1,846	11,489	7,716	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.2	7.6	5.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,844	1,815	1,659	1,752	11,316	7,500	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.4	8.8	6.9
Mining and logging	12	17	9	6	32	61	1.6	2.3	1.2	0.8	4.5	9.3
Construction	240	243	194	202	604	689	3.2	3.2	2.6	2.6	7.9	10.4
Manufacturing	113	110	115	113	632	587	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	4.9	5.1
Durable goods	65	67	64	63	374	420	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	4.7	5.9
Nondurable goods	49	43	51	49	257	167	1.0	0.9	1.1	1.0	5.4	3.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	347	323	325	363	1,730	1,372	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.3	6.2	5.6
Wholesale trade(3)	36	35	47	47	154	204	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.8	2.6	3.7
Retail trade	227	197	193	224	1,226	888	1.5	1.3	1.2	1.4	7.8	6.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	84	90	85	91	350	281	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.5	5.6	5.0
Information	38	37	24	32	64	117	1.3	1.3	0.8	1.1	2.2	4.4
Financial activities	49	48	40	67	228	257	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.8	2.6	3.0
Finance and insurance	30	24	31	42	77	57	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.7	1.2	0.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	18	24	9	25	151	200	0.8	1.0	0.4	1.0	6.4	9.4
Professional and business services	477	454	413	392	1,086	800	2.2	2.1	1.9	1.8	5.1	4.1
Education and health services	181	150	160	167	1,274	1,036	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.7	5.2	4.7
Educational services	41	26	22	30	272	246	1.1	0.7	0.6	0.8	7.2	7.4
Health care and social assistance	140	124	139	136	1,001	790	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.7	4.8	4.2
Leisure and hospitality	329	342	295	318	4,783	1,759	2.0	2.0	1.8	1.9	29.2	20.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	79	108	90	77	545	259	3.3	4.3	3.6	3.1	22.3	23.0
Accommodation and food services	250	234	205	240	4,238	1,500	1.8	1.6	1.4	1.7	30.4	19.8
Other services	59	91	84	93	884	822	1.0	1.5	1.4	1.6	15.0	17.7
Government	106	78	82	95	173	216	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.8	1.0
Federal	6	9	8	8	9	11	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4
State and local	99	69	74	86	164	205	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.8	1.1
State and local education	50	40	41	42	79	69	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.8	0.7
State and local, excluding education	49	29	33	44	85	136	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.9	1.5
REGION(4)
Northeast	352	347	354	348	2,348	1,554	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.2	8.4	6.5
South	725	692	601	624	3,747	2,466	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.1	6.7	5.1
Midwest	394	389	382	440	2,898	1,713	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	8.8	6.0
West	480	464	404	435	2,496	1,982	1.4	1.3	1.1	1.2	7.1	6.5
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Dec. 2019	Jan. 2020	Feb. 2020	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	321	341	388	313	366	386	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	264	272	323	247	308	325	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mining and logging	1	1	2	2	2	1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
Construction(3)	20	19	27	5	22	22	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.1	0.3	0.3
Manufacturing	20	26	28	23	22	22	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	10	16	16	13	14	14	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods(3)	9	9	12	10	9	8	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	41	58	64	64	71	52	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Wholesale trade	6	10	5	6	5	11	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
Retail trade	22	38	40	42	42	25	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	13	10	19	16	24	17	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3
Information(3)	12	6	11	5	8	5	0.4	0.2	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.2
Financial activities	26	27	31	19	30	24	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
Finance and insurance	21	22	22	19	22	12	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	5	5	9	1	7	11	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.0	0.3	0.5
Professional and business services	57	58	54	53	67	96	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.5
Education and health services	46	39	65	55	47	67	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3
Educational services	6	4	7	4	4	5	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2
Health care and social assistance(3)	40	35	58	51	43	62	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3
Leisure and hospitality	27	34	37	19	28	14	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation(3)	2	3	3	2	2	3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
Accommodation and food services(3)	26	30	34	17	26	11	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other services(3)	15	4	5	2	11	20	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.4
Government	57	68	64	66	58	62	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	10	13	12	14	12	11	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4
State and local	47	56	53	52	46	51	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3
State and local education	23	27	25	23	22	22	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local, excluding education	24	29	28	29	24	29	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	50	77	65	46	56	74	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
South	121	104	156	126	133	127	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3
Midwest	60	71	70	70	83	100	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
West	90	88	97	71	93	86	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	7,746	5,857	5,347	4.9	3.7	3.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	7,014	5,145	4,719	5.2	3.9	4.2
Mining and logging	31	12	10	4.1	1.7	1.5
Construction	430	240	256	5.5	3.2	3.8
Manufacturing	479	310	311	3.6	2.4	2.6
Durable goods	304	178	161	3.6	2.2	2.2
Nondurable goods	175	132	150	3.6	2.7	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,350	973	827	4.7	3.4	3.3
Wholesale trade	283	149	161	4.6	2.5	2.8
Retail trade	725	538	446	4.5	3.4	3.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	342	286	219	5.3	4.5	3.8
Information	120	119	122	4.1	4.0	4.4
Financial activities	387	321	286	4.3	3.5	3.2
Finance and insurance	279	246	218	4.2	3.7	3.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	108	75	67	4.5	3.1	3.1
Professional and business services	1,243	1,160	949	5.5	5.2	4.7
Education and health services	1,511	1,178	1,191	5.9	4.6	5.1
Educational services	140	106	104	3.4	2.6	2.9
Health care and social assistance	1,372	1,072	1,086	6.3	4.9	5.5
Leisure and hospitality	1,204	675	600	6.8	4.1	6.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	162	142	73	6.4	5.9	6.2
Accommodation and food services	1,042	533	528	6.9	3.7	6.5
Other services	258	156	168	4.2	2.6	3.5
Government	732	712	629	3.1	3.0	2.8
Federal	154	131	114	5.2	4.4	3.8
State and local	578	581	514	2.8	2.8	2.6
State and local education	199	199	175	1.8	1.8	1.7
State and local, excluding education	379	381	339	4.0	4.0	3.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,209	1,065	1,002	4.2	3.7	4.0
South	2,905	2,203	1,939	5.0	3.8	3.9
Midwest	1,830	1,271	1,137	5.3	3.7	3.8
West	1,803	1,317	1,270	4.9	3.6	4.0
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	6,421	4,656	3,804	4.3	3.1	2.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,122	4,386	3,655	4.8	3.4	3.4
Mining and logging	32	19	15	4.4	2.7	2.3
Construction	581	362	326	7.9	4.9	5.0
Manufacturing	369	279	310	2.9	2.2	2.7
Durable goods	213	149	144	2.7	1.9	2.0
Nondurable goods	156	131	165	3.3	2.8	3.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,115	1,054	931	4.1	3.8	3.8
Wholesale trade	165	136	125	2.8	2.3	2.2
Retail trade	744	738	659	4.8	4.8	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	207	180	147	3.4	2.9	2.7
Information	90	63	32	3.2	2.2	1.2
Financial activities	243	200	148	2.8	2.3	1.7
Finance and insurance	145	140	99	2.3	2.2	1.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	99	60	49	4.3	2.6	2.3
Professional and business services	1,369	1,038	799	6.5	4.9	4.1
Education and health services	723	592	509	3.0	2.4	2.3
Educational services	80	58	42	2.1	1.5	1.2
Health care and social assistance	642	535	466	3.2	2.6	2.5
Leisure and hospitality	1,349	653	448	8.2	4.1	5.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	242	123	32	10.2	5.4	2.9
Accommodation and food services	1,107	530	415	7.9	3.9	5.5
Other services	250	127	139	4.2	2.2	3.0
Government	299	269	149	1.3	1.2	0.7
Federal	36	58	43	1.3	2.0	1.5
State and local	262	212	106	1.3	1.0	0.6
State and local education	92	79	25	0.8	0.7	0.2
State and local, excluding education	171	132	80	1.9	1.4	0.9
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,039	758	564	3.8	2.7	2.3
South	2,465	1,869	1,429	4.5	3.4	3.0
Midwest	1,420	1,001	959	4.3	3.1	3.4
West	1,496	1,028	853	4.3	2.9	2.8
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	5,573	13,999	9,751	3.7	9.3	7.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,324	13,710	9,441	4.2	10.8	8.7
Mining and logging	30	41	68	4.1	5.9	10.5
Construction	381	739	828	5.2	10.1	12.7
Manufacturing	360	806	732	2.8	6.3	6.4
Durable goods	211	487	507	2.6	6.1	7.1
Nondurable goods	149	319	225	3.1	6.7	5.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,064	2,281	1,778	3.9	8.3	7.3
Wholesale trade	145	252	270	2.5	4.3	4.9
Retail trade	717	1,559	1,152	4.6	10.1	8.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	203	470	356	3.3	7.6	6.4
Information	104	96	146	3.7	3.3	5.5
Financial activities	231	333	351	2.7	3.8	4.1
Finance and insurance	151	157	122	2.4	2.4	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	80	176	228	3.5	7.6	10.8
Professional and business services	1,204	1,629	1,258	5.7	7.7	6.5
Education and health services	648	1,692	1,391	2.7	6.9	6.3
Educational services	64	287	258	1.6	7.3	7.4
Health care and social assistance	584	1,405	1,133	2.9	6.8	6.1
Leisure and hospitality	1,095	5,155	2,013	6.7	32.3	23.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	140	547	271	5.9	24.1	24.7
Accommodation and food services	955	4,608	1,742	6.8	33.6	23.1
Other services	208	937	877	3.5	16.0	18.9
Government	249	289	310	1.1	1.3	1.4
Federal	28	35	31	1.0	1.2	1.1
State and local	221	254	279	1.1	1.3	1.4
State and local education	94	106	86	0.9	1.0	0.8
State and local, excluding education	127	149	193	1.4	1.6	2.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	792	2,654	1,857	2.9	9.6	7.7
South	2,273	4,778	3,310	4.1	8.7	6.9
Midwest	1,140	3,482	2,132	3.5	10.6	7.5
West	1,368	3,086	2,451	3.9	8.8	8.1
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	3,485	2,453	1,729	2.3	1.6	1.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,339	2,327	1,639	2.6	1.8	1.5
Mining and logging	18	7	6	2.5	1.0	1.0
Construction	150	106	79	2.0	1.4	1.2
Manufacturing	231	140	103	1.8	1.1	0.9
Durable goods	139	79	53	1.7	1.0	0.7
Nondurable goods	92	60	50	1.9	1.3	1.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	729	561	408	2.7	2.0	1.7
Wholesale trade	103	93	55	1.7	1.6	1.0
Retail trade	491	345	267	3.2	2.2	2.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	135	123	87	2.2	2.0	1.6
Information	54	28	24	1.9	1.0	0.9
Financial activities	147	81	62	1.7	0.9	0.7
Finance and insurance	91	58	44	1.4	0.9	0.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	56	23	17	2.4	1.0	0.8
Professional and business services	659	519	350	3.1	2.5	1.8
Education and health services	445	395	306	1.8	1.6	1.4
Educational services	35	31	21	0.9	0.8	0.6
Health care and social assistance	410	364	284	2.0	1.8	1.5
Leisure and hospitality	764	429	260	4.7	2.7	3.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	63	35	10	2.6	1.5	0.9
Accommodation and food services	701	394	250	5.0	2.9	3.3
Other services	142	61	41	2.4	1.0	0.9
Government	146	126	90	0.6	0.5	0.4
Federal	14	16	13	0.5	0.6	0.5
State and local	132	110	76	0.7	0.5	0.4
State and local education	55	43	23	0.5	0.4	0.2
State and local, excluding education	77	67	53	0.8	0.7	0.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	443	336	254	1.6	1.2	1.1
South	1,470	989	733	2.7	1.8	1.5
Midwest	756	576	363	2.3	1.8	1.3
West	816	552	379	2.3	1.6	1.3
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	1,783	11,207	7,659	1.2	7.4	5.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,725	11,086	7,486	1.4	8.7	6.9
Mining and logging	11	32	60	1.5	4.6	9.3
Construction	211	611	727	2.9	8.3	11.1
Manufacturing	109	645	606	0.9	5.1	5.3
Durable goods	61	394	439	0.8	4.9	6.2
Nondurable goods	48	251	166	1.0	5.3	3.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	294	1,661	1,321	1.1	6.0	5.4
Wholesale trade	36	154	204	0.6	2.6	3.7
Retail trade	204	1,184	865	1.3	7.7	6.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	55	323	252	0.9	5.3	4.5
Information	38	60	116	1.3	2.1	4.4
Financial activities	52	221	263	0.6	2.5	3.1
Finance and insurance	33	76	63	0.5	1.2	1.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	19	145	200	0.8	6.3	9.5
Professional and business services	495	1,040	818	2.3	4.9	4.2
Education and health services	159	1,252	1,020	0.7	5.1	4.6
Educational services	26	254	234	0.7	6.5	6.7
Health care and social assistance	133	998	786	0.7	4.8	4.2
Leisure and hospitality	304	4,698	1,739	1.9	29.4	20.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	76	510	258	3.2	22.5	23.5
Accommodation and food services	228	4,188	1,481	1.6	30.6	19.6
Other services	51	865	815	0.9	14.7	17.6
Government	58	121	173	0.3	0.5	0.8
Federal	4	8	8	0.1	0.3	0.3
State and local	54	113	164	0.3	0.6	0.9
State and local education	26	54	51	0.2	0.5	0.5
State and local, excluding education	28	60	114	0.3	0.6	1.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	300	2,270	1,527	1.1	8.2	6.3
South	689	3,666	2,465	1.2	6.6	5.1
Midwest	331	2,831	1,676	1.0	8.6	5.9
West	463	2,440	1,991	1.3	7.0	6.6
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)	Apr. 2019	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020(p)
Total	305	340	363	0.2	0.2	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	260	297	315	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mining and logging	1	2	1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Construction	20	22	22	0.3	0.3	0.3
Manufacturing	20	22	23	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	11	13	15	0.1	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	9	9	8	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	41	59	49	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	6	4	12	0.1	0.1	0.2
Retail trade	22	31	20	0.1	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	13	24	17	0.2	0.4	0.3
Information	12	8	5	0.4	0.3	0.2
Financial activities	31	31	26	0.4	0.4	0.3
Finance and insurance	26	23	14	0.4	0.4	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	5	7	11	0.2	0.3	0.5
Professional and business services	49	70	90	0.2	0.3	0.5
Education and health services	44	44	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Educational services	4	1	3	0.1	0.0	0.1
Health care and social assistance	40	43	62	0.2	0.2	0.3
Leisure and hospitality	27	28	14	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2	2	3	0.1	0.1	0.3
Accommodation and food services	26	26	11	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other services	15	11	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Government	45	42	47	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	10	11	9	0.4	0.4	0.3
State and local	35	32	38	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	13	9	12	0.1	0.1	0.1
State and local, excluding education	22	22	26	0.2	0.2	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	48	47	76	0.2	0.2	0.3
South	114	123	113	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	53	75	93	0.2	0.2	0.3
West	89	94	81	0.3	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.