Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-21-1930
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 5, 2021

Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 * cpsinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 * cesinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- OCTOBER 2021

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 531,000 in October, and the unemployment rate
edged down by 0.2 percentage point to 4.6 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
reported today. Job growth was widespread, with notable job gains in leisure and
hospitality, in professional and business services, in manufacturing, and in
transportation and warehousing. Employment in public education declined over the month.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey
measures labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The
establishment survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For
more information about the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys,
see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate edged down to 4.6 percent in October. The number of unemployed
persons, at 7.4 million, continued to trend down. Both measures are down considerably
from their highs at the end of the February-April 2020 recession. However, they remain
above their levels prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (3.5 percent and 5.7
million, respectively, in February 2020). (See table A-1. See the box note at the end
of this news release for more information about how the household survey and its measures
were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult men (4.3 percent) declined
in October. The jobless rates for adult women (4.4 percent), teenagers (11.9 percent),
Whites (4.0 percent), Blacks (7.9 percent), Asians (4.2 percent), and Hispanics (5.9
percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers, at 2.1 million, changed little
in October but is 828,000 higher than in February 2020. The number of persons on temporary
layoff, at 1.1 million, was little changed over the month. This measure is down
considerably from the high of 18.0 million in April 2020 but is 306,000 above the February
2020 level. (See table A-11.)

In October, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more)
decreased by 357,000 to 2.3 million but is 1.2 million higher than in February 2020. The
long-term unemployed accounted for 31.6 percent of the total unemployed in October.
(See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate was unchanged at 61.6 percent in October and has
remained within a narrow range of 61.4 percent to 61.7 percent since June 2020. The
participation rate is 1.7 percentage points lower than in February 2020. The employment-
population ratio, at 58.8 percent, was little changed over the month. This measure is up
from its low of 51.3 percent in April 2020 but remains below the figure of 61.1 percent in
February 2020. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.4 million, was little
changed in October. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were
working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-
time jobs. This measure has essentially returned to its February 2020 level. (See table A-8.)

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 6.0 million in
October, essentially unchanged over the month but up by 968,000 since February 2020. These
individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work
during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally
attached to the labor force was little changed at 1.7 million in October. These individuals
wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12
months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of
discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were
available for them, was essentially unchanged over the month at 455,000. (See Summary
table A.)

Household Survey Supplemental Data

In October, 11.6 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic,
down from 13.2 percent in the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who
teleworked or worked at home for pay at some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey
specifically because of the pandemic.

In October, 3.8 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their
employer closed or lost business due to the pandemic--that is, they did not work at all or
worked fewer hours at some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey due to the pandemic.
This measure is down from 5.0 million in September. Among those who reported in October that
they were unable to work because of pandemic-related closures or lost business, 13.3 percent
received at least some pay from their employer for the hours not worked, little changed from
the prior month.

Among those not in the labor force in October, 1.3 million persons were prevented from
looking for work due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 1.6 million in September.
(To be counted as unemployed, by definition, individuals must be either actively looking for
work or on temporary layoff.)

These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May
2020 to help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not
seasonally adjusted. Tables with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months
are available online at www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 531,000 in October. Thus far this year, monthly job
growth has averaged 582,000. Nonfarm employment has increased by 18.2 million since a recent
trough in April 2020 but is down by 4.2 million, or 2.8 percent, from its pre-pandemic level
in February 2020. Job growth was widespread in October, with notable job gains occurring in
leisure and hospitality, in professional and business services, in manufacturing, and in
transportation and warehousing. Employment in public education declined over the month. (See
table B-1. See the box note at the end of this news release for more information about how
the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)

Employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 164,000 in October and has risen by 2.4
million thus far in 2021. Over the month, employment rose by 119,000 in food services and
drinking places and by 23,000 in accommodation. Employment in leisure and hospitality is
down by 1.4 million, or 8.2 percent, since February 2020.

Professional and business services added 100,000 jobs in October, including a gain of 41,000
in temporary help services. Employment continued to rise in management and technical
consulting services (+14,000), other professional and technical services (+9,000),
scientific research and development services (+6,000), and legal services (+5,000).
Employment in professional and business services is 215,000 below its level in February 2020.

Employment in manufacturing increased by 60,000 in October, led by a gain in motor vehicles
and parts (+28,000). Employment also rose in fabricated metal products (+6,000), chemicals
(+6,000), and printing and related support activities (+4,000). Manufacturing employment is
down by 270,000 since February 2020.

Employment in transportation and warehousing increased by 54,000 in October and is 149,000
above its February 2020 level. In October, job gains occurred in warehousing and storage
(+20,000), transit and ground passenger transportation (+16,000), air transportation (+9,000),
and truck transportation (+8,000). Employment in couriers and messengers decreased by 5,000
in October, after increasing in the prior 3 months.

Construction employment rose by 44,000 in October, following an increase of 30,000 in
September. In October, employment increased in nonresidential specialty trade contractors
(+19,000) and in heavy and civil engineering construction (+12,000). Construction employment
is 150,000 below its February 2020 level.

Health care added 37,000 jobs in October, with most of the gain occurring in home health
care services (+16,000) and nursing care facilities (+12,000). Employment in health care is
down by 460,000 since February 2020.

In October, employment in retail trade rose by 35,000. Employment gains occurred in food and
beverage stores (+16,000), general merchandise stores (+15,000), health and personal care
stores (+8,000), and electronics and appliance stores (+6,000). These gains were partially
offset by a job loss in building material and garden supply stores (-10,000). Retail trade
employment is 140,000 lower than its level in February 2020.

Employment in the other services industry increased by 33,000 in October, as personal and
laundry services added 28,000 jobs. Employment in other services is 169,000 below its
February 2020 level.

Employment in financial activities rose by 21,000 in October and has returned to its
February 2020 level. Over the month, job growth occurred in real estate and rental and
leasing (+12,000) and in securities, commodity contracts, and investments (+11,000).

Employment in wholesale trade increased by 14,000 in October, reflecting a gain in the
durable goods component. Employment in wholesale trade is 158,000 lower than in February
2020.

Mining employment continued to trend up in October (+5,000) but is down by 87,000 from a
peak in January 2019.

In October, employment decreased in local government education and state government
education (-43,000 and -22,000, respectively). Employment changed little in private
education (+17,000). Recent employment changes in public and private education are
challenging to interpret, as pandemic-related staffing fluctuations have distorted the normal
seasonal hiring and layoff patterns. Since February 2020, employment is down by 370,000 in
local government education, by 205,000 in state government education, and by 148,000 in
private education.

Employment in information changed little in October (+10,000) but is 122,000 lower than in
February 2020.

In October, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased
by 11 cents to $30.96, following large increases in the prior 6 months. Over the past 12
months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.9 percent. In October, average hourly
earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 10 cents to
$26.26. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.1 hour to
34.7 hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek edged down by 0.1 hour to 40.3 hours, and
overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 3.2 hours. The average workweek for production and
nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.1 hour to 34.1 hours.
(See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised up by 117,000, from
+366,000 to +483,000, and the change for September was revised up by 118,000, from +194,000
to +312,000. With these revisions, employment in August and September combined is 235,000
higher than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received
from businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the
recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for November is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 3,
2021, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

_______________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on October 2021 Household |
| and Establishment Survey Data |
| |
| Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment |
| survey, more data continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the |
| pandemic. In the household survey, for the safety of both interviewers and |
| respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone interviews could |
| not be done. |
| |
| To reflect the net effect of the contribution of business births (openings) and |
| deaths (closings) to the establishment survey estimates, BLS uses a model to account |
| for the relatively stable net employment change generated by business births and |
| deaths. Beginning with data for March 2020, BLS introduced special adjustments to its |
| birth-death model to better reflect the net contribution of births and deaths during |
| the pandemic. BLS has determined that these adjustments are no longer necessary. |
| Therefore, beginning with data for October 2021, BLS reverted back to the methodology |
| used prior to the onset of the pandemic. More information about changes to the |
| establishment survey's birth-death model is available at |
| www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbdqa.htm#qa9. |
| |
| As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been |
| classified in the household survey as unemployed on temporary layoff were instead |
| misclassified as employed but not at work. However, the share of responses that may |
| have been misclassified was highest in the early months of the pandemic and has been |
| considerably lower in recent months. |
| |
| Since March 2020, BLS has published an estimate of what the unemployment rate might |
| have been had misclassified workers been included among the unemployed. Repeating |
| this same approach, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in October 2021 would |
| have been 0.1 percentage point higher than reported. However, this represents the |
| upper bound of our estimate of misclassification and probably overstates the size of |
| the misclassification error. |
| |
| More information about the impact of the pandemic on the two surveys is available at |
| www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-october-2021.htm. |
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Change from: Sept. 2021- Oct. 2021
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	260,925	261,611	261,766	261,908	142
Civilian labor force	160,718	161,537	161,354	161,458	104
Participation rate	61.6	61.7	61.6	61.6	0.0
Employed	149,669	153,154	153,680	154,039	359
Employment-population ratio	57.4	58.5	58.7	58.8	0.1
Unemployed	11,049	8,384	7,674	7,419	-255
Unemployment rate	6.9	5.2	4.8	4.6	-0.2
Not in labor force	100,207	100,074	100,412	100,450	38

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	6.9	5.2	4.8	4.6	-0.2
Adult men (20 years and over)	6.7	5.1	4.7	4.3	-0.4
Adult women (20 years and over)	6.5	4.8	4.2	4.4	0.2
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	14.0	11.2	11.5	11.9	0.4
White	6.0	4.5	4.2	4.0	-0.2
Black or African American	10.8	8.8	7.9	7.9	0.0
Asian	7.6	4.6	4.2	4.2	0.0
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	8.8	6.4	6.3	5.9	-0.4

Total, 25 years and over	6.2	4.5	4.2	4.0	-0.2
Less than a high school diploma	9.9	7.8	7.9	7.4	-0.5
High school graduates, no college	8.1	6.0	5.8	5.4	-0.4
Some college or associate degree	6.6	5.1	4.5	4.4	-0.1
Bachelor's degree and higher	4.2	2.8	2.5	2.4	-0.1

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	7,685	4,468	4,065	3,719	-346
Job leavers	763	822	788	840	52
Reentrants	2,017	2,487	2,289	2,210	-79
New entrants	526	512	490	537	47

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,494	2,083	2,237	2,085	-152
5 to 14 weeks	2,341	2,066	1,872	1,966	94
15 to 26 weeks	2,651	1,164	990	994	4
27 weeks and over	3,534	3,179	2,683	2,326	-357

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	6,668	4,469	4,468	4,423	-45
Slack work or business conditions	5,298	3,183	3,180	3,178	-2
Could only find part-time work	1,135	1,032	975	947	-28
Part time for noneconomic reasons	19,465	20,359	20,389	20,605	216

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,958	1,577	1,744	1,681	-63
Discouraged workers	590	392	450	455	5
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	680	483	312	531
Total private	954	504	365	604
Goods-producing	107	54	65	108
Mining and logging	2	6	4	4
Construction	73	-1	30	44
Manufacturing	32	49	31	60
Durable goods(1)	12	34	20	41
Motor vehicles and parts	-6.5	14.6	-5.6	27.7
Nondurable goods	20	15	11	19
Private service-providing	847	450	300	496
Wholesale trade	9.2	-5.2	7.3	13.5
Retail trade	106.5	22.2	57.3	35.3
Transportation and warehousing	71.3	67.3	57.4	54.4
Utilities	-1.5	-2.2	-0.2	0.2
Information	-9	33	4	10
Financial activities	34	17	7	21
Professional and business services(1)	241	139	76	100
Temporary help services	121.2	27.4	6.1	41.1
Education and health services(1)	83	72	13	64
Health care and social assistance	93.0	13.7	34.0	46.9
Leisure and hospitality	265	71	88	164
Other services	48	36	-10	33
Government	-274	-21	-53	-73

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	993	845	629	442
Total private	984	709	562	491

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.8	49.9	49.8	49.8
Total private women employees	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.5	81.4	81.4	81.5

HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.8	34.6	34.8	34.7
Average hourly earnings	$29.52	$30.67	$30.85	$30.96
Average weekly earnings	$1,027.30	$1,061.18	$1,073.58	$1,074.31
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	105.7	108.9	109.9	110.1
Over-the-month percent change	0.9	0.1	0.9	0.2
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	149.1	159.7	162.1	163.0
Over-the-month percent change	0.8	0.5	1.5	0.6

DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (257 industries)	70.4	71.2	63.6	71.8
Manufacturing (75 industries)	60.0	64.7	57.3	70.0
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
over-the-month employment change of about 100,000 is statistically significant in
the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a more
expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who
want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on
payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
are paid, please visit https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-
businesses-pay-workers.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-
related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
off. The household survey collects data on the number of persons who had a job but
were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
statistics page, please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 697,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those persons not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2017 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable.  The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series, and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-60,000 to +160,000 (50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of
industries. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from -0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	260,925	261,766	261,908	260,925	261,338	261,469	261,611	261,766	261,908
Civilian labor force	161,053	161,392	161,863	160,718	161,086	161,347	161,537	161,354	161,458
Participation rate	61.7	61.7	61.8	61.6	61.6	61.7	61.7	61.6	61.6
Employed	150,433	154,026	154,966	149,669	151,602	152,645	153,154	153,680	154,039
Employment-population ratio	57.7	58.8	59.2	57.4	58.0	58.4	58.5	58.7	58.8
Unemployed	10,620	7,366	6,896	11,049	9,484	8,702	8,384	7,674	7,419
Unemployment rate	6.6	4.6	4.3	6.9	5.9	5.4	5.2	4.8	4.6
Not in labor force	99,872	100,373	100,045	100,207	100,253	100,123	100,074	100,412	100,450
Persons who currently want a job	6,317	5,710	5,567	6,682	6,428	6,517	5,682	5,969	5,978

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	126,218	126,648	126,719	126,218	126,434	126,499	126,570	126,648	126,719
Civilian labor force	85,464	85,715	85,725	85,495	85,320	85,507	85,684	85,797	85,720
Participation rate	67.7	67.7	67.6	67.7	67.5	67.6	67.7	67.7	67.6
Employed	79,794	81,731	82,163	79,537	80,176	80,712	81,100	81,501	81,825
Employment-population ratio	63.2	64.5	64.8	63.0	63.4	63.8	64.1	64.4	64.6
Unemployed	5,670	3,984	3,562	5,958	5,144	4,795	4,584	4,296	3,896
Unemployment rate	6.6	4.6	4.2	7.0	6.0	5.6	5.4	5.0	4.5
Not in labor force	40,754	40,933	40,994	40,722	41,114	40,992	40,886	40,850	40,998

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	117,854	118,337	118,406	117,854	118,125	118,192	118,261	118,337	118,406
Civilian labor force	82,575	82,865	82,786	82,505	82,414	82,526	82,665	82,847	82,689
Participation rate	70.1	70.0	69.9	70.0	69.8	69.8	69.9	70.0	69.8
Employed	77,330	79,230	79,556	77,013	77,545	78,041	78,440	78,927	79,163
Employment-population ratio	65.6	67.0	67.2	65.3	65.6	66.0	66.3	66.7	66.9
Unemployed	5,245	3,635	3,230	5,492	4,869	4,484	4,225	3,919	3,526
Unemployment rate	6.4	4.4	3.9	6.7	5.9	5.4	5.1	4.7	4.3
Not in labor force	35,279	35,472	35,620	35,349	35,711	35,667	35,597	35,490	35,717

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	134,707	135,118	135,189	134,707	134,905	134,970	135,041	135,118	135,189
Civilian labor force	75,589	75,677	76,138	75,222	75,766	75,840	75,853	75,557	75,737
Participation rate	56.1	56.0	56.3	55.8	56.2	56.2	56.2	55.9	56.0
Employed	70,639	72,295	72,803	70,131	71,426	71,934	72,054	72,179	72,214
Employment-population ratio	52.4	53.5	53.9	52.1	52.9	53.3	53.4	53.4	53.4
Unemployed	4,950	3,382	3,335	5,091	4,340	3,906	3,799	3,378	3,523
Unemployment rate	6.5	4.5	4.4	6.8	5.7	5.2	5.0	4.5	4.7
Not in labor force	59,118	59,441	59,052	59,485	59,139	59,130	59,188	59,561	59,452

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	126,520	126,982	127,051	126,520	126,770	126,837	126,906	126,982	127,051
Civilian labor force	72,728	72,784	73,296	72,255	72,855	72,883	72,842	72,533	72,784
Participation rate	57.5	57.3	57.7	57.1	57.5	57.5	57.4	57.1	57.3
Employed	68,109	69,699	70,274	67,534	68,817	69,235	69,357	69,466	69,604
Employment-population ratio	53.8	54.9	55.3	53.4	54.3	54.6	54.7	54.7	54.8
Unemployed	4,619	3,085	3,022	4,721	4,038	3,648	3,485	3,067	3,179
Unemployment rate	6.4	4.2	4.1	6.5	5.5	5.0	4.8	4.2	4.4
Not in labor force	53,792	54,198	53,755	54,265	53,915	53,954	54,065	54,449	54,267

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,551	16,447	16,451	16,551	16,443	16,440	16,443	16,447	16,451
Civilian labor force	5,750	5,743	5,780	5,958	5,817	5,938	6,031	5,975	5,984
Participation rate	34.7	34.9	35.1	36.0	35.4	36.1	36.7	36.3	36.4
Employed	4,994	5,097	5,137	5,122	5,240	5,369	5,357	5,287	5,271
Employment-population ratio	30.2	31.0	31.2	30.9	31.9	32.7	32.6	32.1	32.0
Unemployed	756	647	644	836	577	569	674	687	714
Unemployment rate	13.1	11.3	11.1	14.0	9.9	9.6	11.2	11.5	11.9
Not in labor force	10,801	10,704	10,670	10,593	10,626	10,502	10,412	10,473	10,466
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	201,610	202,057	202,138	201,610	201,814	201,888	201,968	202,057	202,138
Civilian labor force	124,735	124,134	124,407	124,672	123,800	124,413	124,332	124,222	124,333
Participation rate	61.9	61.4	61.5	61.8	61.3	61.6	61.6	61.5	61.5
Employed	117,599	119,154	119,891	117,146	117,320	118,428	118,697	119,023	119,338
Employment-population ratio	58.3	59.0	59.3	58.1	58.1	58.7	58.8	58.9	59.0
Unemployed	7,135	4,980	4,517	7,525	6,480	5,985	5,635	5,199	4,995
Unemployment rate	5.7	4.0	3.6	6.0	5.2	4.8	4.5	4.2	4.0
Not in labor force	76,876	77,923	77,731	76,939	78,013	77,475	77,635	77,835	77,805
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	65,076	64,939	64,725	65,123	64,478	64,858	64,856	64,996	64,784
Participation rate	70.4	70.0	69.8	70.4	69.6	70.0	70.0	70.1	69.9
Employed	61,491	62,471	62,644	61,314	61,122	61,701	61,980	62,295	62,424
Employment-population ratio	66.5	67.4	67.5	66.3	66.0	66.6	66.9	67.2	67.3
Unemployed	3,585	2,467	2,081	3,808	3,357	3,157	2,875	2,700	2,360
Unemployment rate	5.5	3.8	3.2	5.8	5.2	4.9	4.4	4.2	3.6
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,151	54,690	55,170	54,866	54,800	54,993	54,816	54,578	54,870
Participation rate	56.8	56.2	56.7	56.5	56.4	56.6	56.4	56.1	56.4
Employed	52,153	52,666	53,184	51,761	52,084	52,538	52,496	52,571	52,736
Employment-population ratio	53.7	54.1	54.6	53.3	53.6	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.2
Unemployed	2,998	2,024	1,986	3,105	2,716	2,455	2,319	2,007	2,134
Unemployment rate	5.4	3.7	3.6	5.7	5.0	4.5	4.2	3.7	3.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,507	4,505	4,512	4,683	4,522	4,562	4,661	4,648	4,679
Participation rate	37.1	37.4	37.4	38.6	37.5	37.8	38.7	38.5	38.8
Employed	3,955	4,016	4,062	4,071	4,114	4,189	4,220	4,157	4,177
Employment-population ratio	32.6	33.3	33.7	33.5	34.1	34.7	35.0	34.5	34.6
Unemployed	552	489	450	612	408	373	441	492	501
Unemployment rate	12.3	10.9	10.0	13.1	9.0	8.2	9.5	10.6	10.7

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	33,453	33,673	33,699	33,453	33,595	33,619	33,645	33,673	33,699
Civilian labor force	20,249	20,588	20,689	20,123	20,679	20,430	20,717	20,634	20,590
Participation rate	60.5	61.1	61.4	60.2	61.6	60.8	61.6	61.3	61.1
Employed	18,109	19,063	19,120	17,955	18,769	18,757	18,892	18,996	18,959
Employment-population ratio	54.1	56.6	56.7	53.7	55.9	55.8	56.2	56.4	56.3
Unemployed	2,140	1,524	1,568	2,169	1,910	1,673	1,825	1,638	1,631
Unemployment rate	10.6	7.4	7.6	10.8	9.2	8.2	8.8	7.9	7.9
Not in labor force	13,204	13,086	13,011	13,330	12,916	13,189	12,928	13,039	13,109
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	9,285	9,394	9,540	9,224	9,607	9,402	9,491	9,399	9,484
Participation rate	65.8	66.0	66.9	65.4	67.7	66.2	66.7	66.0	66.5
Employed	8,249	8,696	8,779	8,166	8,648	8,609	8,628	8,644	8,693
Employment-population ratio	58.5	61.1	61.6	57.9	60.9	60.6	60.7	60.7	61.0
Unemployed	1,036	698	761	1,058	958	793	864	755	791
Unemployment rate	11.2	7.4	8.0	11.5	10.0	8.4	9.1	8.0	8.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,245	10,451	10,447	10,169	10,358	10,293	10,480	10,442	10,390
Participation rate	60.5	61.3	61.2	60.1	60.9	60.5	61.5	61.2	60.9
Employed	9,296	9,725	9,742	9,230	9,473	9,511	9,652	9,683	9,665
Employment-population ratio	54.9	57.0	57.1	54.5	55.7	55.9	56.7	56.8	56.6
Unemployed	949	726	705	939	886	782	828	759	725
Unemployment rate	9.3	6.9	6.7	9.2	8.5	7.6	7.9	7.3	7.0
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	718	743	702	731	714	735	746	794	716
Participation rate	29.8	31.1	29.4	30.3	29.9	30.8	31.2	33.3	30.0
Employed	563	642	599	559	648	637	612	669	601
Employment-population ratio	23.4	26.9	25.1	23.2	27.1	26.7	25.6	28.0	25.2
Unemployed	155	101	102	172	67	98	134	125	115
Unemployment rate	21.6	13.5	14.6	23.5	9.3	13.3	17.9	15.7	16.1

ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,542	16,540	16,485	16,542	16,428	16,514	16,555	16,540	16,485
Civilian labor force	10,365	10,683	10,756	10,382	10,387	10,654	10,610	10,635	10,742
Participation rate	62.7	64.6	65.2	62.8	63.2	64.5	64.1	64.3	65.2
Employed	9,588	10,245	10,312	9,598	9,789	10,094	10,122	10,190	10,288
Employment-population ratio	58.0	61.9	62.5	58.0	59.6	61.1	61.1	61.6	62.4
Unemployed	777	438	445	784	598	559	488	446	454
Unemployment rate	7.5	4.1	4.1	7.6	5.8	5.3	4.6	4.2	4.2
Not in labor force	6,177	5,857	5,729	6,160	6,042	5,861	5,945	5,905	5,744
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	44,475	45,083	45,159	44,475	44,857	44,927	45,004	45,083	45,159
Civilian labor force	29,235	29,577	29,736	29,156	29,367	29,529	29,534	29,617	29,681
Participation rate	65.7	65.6	65.8	65.6	65.5	65.7	65.6	65.7	65.7
Employed	26,754	27,813	28,154	26,582	27,183	27,576	27,652	27,738	27,934
Employment-population ratio	60.2	61.7	62.3	59.8	60.6	61.4	61.4	61.5	61.9
Unemployed	2,481	1,764	1,582	2,575	2,184	1,953	1,882	1,880	1,748
Unemployment rate	8.5	6.0	5.3	8.8	7.4	6.6	6.4	6.3	5.9
Not in labor force	15,240	15,506	15,423	15,318	15,490	15,398	15,470	15,466	15,478
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	16,103	16,369	16,220	16,080	16,068	16,228	16,285	16,403	16,256
Participation rate	80.2	80.3	79.5	80.1	79.3	79.9	80.1	80.5	79.7
Employed	14,845	15,488	15,495	14,767	15,005	15,225	15,318	15,411	15,409
Employment-population ratio	73.9	76.0	75.9	73.5	74.0	75.0	75.3	75.6	75.5
Unemployed	1,258	881	724	1,313	1,063	1,003	967	992	848
Unemployment rate	7.8	5.4	4.5	8.2	6.6	6.2	5.9	6.0	5.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	11,816	11,938	12,127	11,746	12,071	12,020	11,977	11,915	12,029
Participation rate	58.0	57.8	58.6	57.7	58.8	58.4	58.1	57.7	58.2
Employed	10,793	11,277	11,485	10,688	11,111	11,209	11,253	11,253	11,347
Employment-population ratio	53.0	54.6	55.5	52.5	54.1	54.5	54.6	54.5	54.9
Unemployed	1,023	661	642	1,058	959	811	725	662	681
Unemployment rate	8.7	5.5	5.3	9.0	7.9	6.7	6.0	5.6	5.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,316	1,270	1,389	1,331	1,228	1,280	1,271	1,300	1,396
Participation rate	32.6	31.3	34.1	33.0	30.4	31.6	31.3	32.0	34.3
Employed	1,117	1,048	1,173	1,127	1,066	1,142	1,081	1,074	1,177
Employment-population ratio	27.7	25.8	28.8	27.9	26.4	28.2	26.7	26.4	28.9
Unemployed	199	222	216	203	162	138	190	226	219
Unemployment rate	15.1	17.5	15.5	15.3	13.2	10.8	15.0	17.4	15.7
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]
Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	9,052	9,263	8,921	9,169	9,142	9,254	9,158	9,127	9,033
Participation rate	45.4	45.9	45.9	46.0	44.1	46.7	45.8	45.3	46.5
Employed	8,243	8,644	8,365	8,258	8,210	8,377	8,448	8,406	8,367
Employment-population ratio	41.4	42.9	43.1	41.5	39.6	42.3	42.2	41.7	43.1
Unemployed	809	619	555	911	932	877	710	721	666
Unemployment rate	8.9	6.7	6.2	9.9	10.2	9.5	7.8	7.9	7.4

High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	35,692	35,261	35,575	35,479	34,972	34,947	35,347	34,858	35,276
Participation rate	56.1	55.7	55.5	55.8	55.9	55.3	55.3	55.1	55.0
Employed	32,910	33,351	33,774	32,607	32,517	32,735	33,232	32,838	33,365
Employment-population ratio	51.7	52.7	52.7	51.3	52.0	51.8	52.0	51.9	52.0
Unemployed	2,782	1,910	1,801	2,873	2,455	2,211	2,115	2,020	1,911
Unemployment rate	7.8	5.4	5.1	8.1	7.0	6.3	6.0	5.8	5.4

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	36,145	35,840	35,710	35,762	36,079	35,896	35,845	35,826	35,354
Participation rate	63.1	63.1	63.4	62.4	63.1	63.0	63.6	63.0	62.7
Employed	33,863	34,273	34,236	33,409	33,970	34,111	34,019	34,200	33,783
Employment-population ratio	59.1	60.3	60.8	58.3	59.4	59.9	60.4	60.2	60.0
Unemployed	2,282	1,567	1,474	2,354	2,109	1,785	1,826	1,626	1,571
Unemployment rate	6.3	4.4	4.1	6.6	5.8	5.0	5.1	4.5	4.4

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	59,639	60,710	61,068	59,530	60,483	60,927	60,794	60,785	60,973
Participation rate	72.1	72.0	72.0	72.0	72.3	72.4	72.3	72.1	71.9
Employed	57,199	59,213	59,654	57,041	58,392	59,027	59,077	59,246	59,493
Employment-population ratio	69.2	70.3	70.3	69.0	69.8	70.1	70.2	70.3	70.2
Unemployed	2,440	1,497	1,414	2,488	2,091	1,900	1,717	1,539	1,480
Unemployment rate	4.1	2.5	2.3	4.2	3.5	3.1	2.8	2.5	2.4
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	18,359	17,981	16,449	16,059	1,910	1,922
Civilian labor force	8,706	8,417	7,607	7,267	1,099	1,150
Participation rate	47.4	46.8	46.2	45.3	57.5	59.8
Employed	8,224	8,090	7,180	6,999	1,044	1,091
Employment-population ratio	44.8	45.0	43.6	43.6	54.7	56.8
Unemployed	483	327	428	268	55	59
Unemployment rate	5.5	3.9	5.6	3.7	5.0	5.1
Not in labor force	9,653	9,564	8,842	8,792	811	772

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,503	4,607	3,727	3,834	776	773
Civilian labor force	3,497	3,637	2,963	3,081	534	557
Participation rate	77.7	79.0	79.5	80.4	68.8	72.0
Employed	3,281	3,500	2,765	2,974	516	526
Employment-population ratio	72.9	76.0	74.2	77.6	66.5	68.1
Unemployed	216	137	198	107	18	30
Unemployment rate	6.2	3.8	6.7	3.5	3.4	5.5
Not in labor force	1,006	969	764	753	242	216

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,101	3,131	2,604	2,599	497	532
Civilian labor force	2,256	2,236	1,934	1,879	323	357
Participation rate	72.8	71.4	74.3	72.3	65.0	67.2
Employed	2,136	2,144	1,832	1,804	303	340
Employment-population ratio	68.9	68.5	70.4	69.4	61.1	63.9
Unemployed	121	92	101	74	19	18
Unemployment rate	5.3	4.1	5.2	4.0	6.0	4.9
Not in labor force	844	895	670	720	174	175

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,711	6,328	6,475	6,105	236	223
Civilian labor force	1,155	1,002	1,117	952	38	50
Participation rate	17.2	15.8	17.2	15.6	16.3	22.2
Employed	1,116	961	1,081	917	35	45
Employment-population ratio	16.6	15.2	16.7	15.0	14.8	20.0
Unemployed	39	40	35	35	4	5
Unemployment rate	3.4	4.0	3.2	3.7	-	-
Not in labor force	5,556	5,326	5,358	5,153	198	173

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,044	3,915	3,643	3,521	401	394
Civilian labor force	1,797	1,542	1,593	1,355	204	186
Participation rate	44.4	39.4	43.7	38.5	50.8	47.3
Employed	1,691	1,485	1,501	1,304	190	180
Employment-population ratio	41.8	37.9	41.2	37.0	47.3	45.8
Unemployed	107	57	93	51	14	6
Unemployment rate	5.9	3.7	5.8	3.8	6.9	3.2
Not in labor force	2,247	2,373	2,050	2,166	197	208

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	233,874	235,095	105,419	106,291	128,455	128,804
Civilian labor force	150,260	151,257	76,842	77,395	73,417	73,862
Participation rate	64.2	64.3	72.9	72.8	57.2	57.3
Employed	140,364	144,876	71,745	74,192	68,619	70,684
Employment-population ratio	60.0	61.6	68.1	69.8	53.4	54.9
Unemployed	9,895	6,381	5,097	3,203	4,798	3,178
Unemployment rate	6.6	4.2	6.6	4.1	6.5	4.3
Not in labor force	83,614	83,837	28,577	28,896	55,038	54,941
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	29,583	31,195	231,342	230,713
Civilian labor force	6,093	6,987	154,960	154,876
Participation rate	20.6	22.4	67.0	67.1
Employed	5,417	6,352	145,016	148,615
Employment-population ratio	18.3	20.4	62.7	64.4
Unemployed	676	635	9,944	6,261
Unemployment rate	11.1	9.1	6.4	4.0
Not in labor force	23,489	24,208	76,382	75,837

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,611	2,900	76,968	76,743
Participation rate	35.3	37.5	81.9	82.1
Employed	2,340	2,636	71,822	73,652
Employment-population ratio	31.6	34.1	76.4	78.8
Unemployed	270	264	5,145	3,091
Unemployment rate	10.4	9.1	6.7	4.0
Not in labor force	4,792	4,828	17,013	16,695

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,335	2,855	68,494	68,510
Participation rate	31.3	36.1	70.7	71.3
Employed	2,004	2,550	64,174	65,667
Employment-population ratio	26.9	32.3	66.2	68.3
Unemployed	331	305	4,320	2,844
Unemployment rate	14.2	10.7	6.3	4.2
Not in labor force	5,119	5,050	28,375	27,572

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,147	1,232	9,498	9,622
Participation rate	7.8	7.9	23.5	23.4
Employed	1,073	1,166	9,020	9,296
Employment-population ratio	7.3	7.5	22.3	22.6
Unemployed	74	66	478	326
Unemployment rate	6.5	5.3	5.0	3.4
Not in labor force	13,578	14,330	30,995	31,571
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
Employment status and nativity	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	41,891	43,449	20,120	21,226	21,770	22,223
Civilian labor force	26,919	28,564	15,452	16,570	11,468	11,994
Participation rate	64.3	65.7	76.8	78.1	52.7	54.0
Employed	24,865	27,341	14,442	15,932	10,423	11,409
Employment-population ratio	59.4	62.9	71.8	75.1	47.9	51.3
Unemployed	2,055	1,224	1,010	639	1,045	585
Unemployment rate	7.6	4.3	6.5	3.9	9.1	4.9
Not in labor force	14,971	14,885	4,669	4,656	10,303	10,229

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	219,034	218,458	106,098	105,492	112,937	112,966
Civilian labor force	134,134	133,298	70,013	69,155	64,121	64,144
Participation rate	61.2	61.0	66.0	65.6	56.8	56.8
Employed	125,569	127,626	65,352	66,232	60,216	61,394
Employment-population ratio	57.3	58.4	61.6	62.8	53.3	54.3
Unemployed	8,565	5,673	4,660	2,923	3,905	2,750
Unemployment rate	6.4	4.3	6.7	4.2	6.1	4.3
Not in labor force	84,901	85,160	36,085	36,338	48,816	48,822
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]
Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Category	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,620	2,272	2,418	2,515	2,318	2,305	2,329	2,249	2,306
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,670	1,504	1,596	1,570	1,604	1,584	1,606	1,519	1,511
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	892	743	785	881	692	708	712	724	759
Unpaid family workers	58	26	37	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	147,813	151,754	152,548	147,255	149,329	150,481	151,115	151,693	151,676
Wage and salary workers(1)	138,954	142,210	142,933	138,539	139,873	140,487	141,168	141,768	142,280
Government	20,799	20,343	20,586	20,678	20,578	20,761	20,793	20,487	20,453
Private industries	118,155	121,866	122,347	117,939	119,460	119,955	120,345	121,741	121,872
Private households	636	768	766	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	117,520	121,099	121,581	117,304	118,948	119,334	119,608	120,981	120,954
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	8,789	9,491	9,548	8,690	9,146	9,571	9,541	9,418	9,442
Unpaid family workers	70	53	68	-	-	-	-	-	-

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	6,338	4,130	4,094	6,668	4,627	4,483	4,469	4,468	4,423
Slack work or business conditions	5,065	2,960	2,913	5,298	3,430	2,965	3,183	3,180	3,178
Could only find part-time work	1,115	982	928	1,135	1,007	1,116	1,032	975	947
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	19,921	20,432	21,128	19,465	20,337	20,087	20,359	20,389	20,605
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	6,237	4,077	3,998	6,552	4,544	4,351	4,414	4,406	4,328
Slack work or business conditions	5,002	2,924	2,838	5,227	3,381	2,908	3,126	3,130	3,059
Could only find part-time work	1,092	967	927	1,113	996	1,099	1,019	960	946
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	19,465	20,037	20,773	19,029	19,982	19,736	20,027	20,003	20,268
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	150,433	154,026	154,966	149,669	151,602	152,645	153,154	153,680	154,039
16 to 19 years	4,994	5,097	5,137	5,122	5,240	5,369	5,357	5,287	5,271
16 to 17 years	1,845	2,071	1,999	1,824	1,952	1,971	2,025	2,013	1,981
18 to 19 years	3,148	3,026	3,137	3,295	3,287	3,378	3,293	3,256	3,284
20 years and over	145,440	148,929	149,830	144,547	146,362	147,277	147,797	148,393	148,768
20 to 24 years	13,225	13,448	13,800	13,212	13,399	13,342	13,238	13,498	13,709
25 years and over	132,215	135,481	136,030	131,566	133,068	134,135	134,652	134,958	135,223
25 to 54 years	96,365	98,702	99,355	95,875	97,331	98,131	98,289	98,346	98,746
25 to 34 years	34,018	34,780	35,257	33,836	34,284	34,589	34,742	34,664	35,010
35 to 44 years	32,100	33,085	33,237	31,903	32,612	32,923	32,914	32,915	33,020
45 to 54 years	30,247	30,837	30,862	30,136	30,436	30,620	30,633	30,767	30,716
55 years and over	35,850	36,778	36,674	35,692	35,737	36,003	36,363	36,611	36,477

Men, 16 years and over	79,794	81,731	82,163	79,537	80,176	80,712	81,100	81,501	81,825
16 to 19 years	2,464	2,501	2,608	2,524	2,631	2,670	2,660	2,574	2,661
16 to 17 years	869	997	972	878	942	944	949	974	979
18 to 19 years	1,594	1,503	1,636	1,647	1,679	1,720	1,691	1,584	1,685
20 years and over	77,330	79,230	79,556	77,013	77,545	78,041	78,440	78,927	79,163
20 to 24 years	6,720	6,846	6,969	6,749	6,737	6,713	6,769	6,868	6,969
25 years and over	70,610	72,384	72,587	70,291	70,955	71,479	71,690	72,046	72,168
25 to 54 years	51,369	52,634	53,007	51,140	51,804	52,220	52,348	52,398	52,700
25 to 34 years	18,150	18,598	18,855	18,056	18,167	18,472	18,535	18,516	18,714
35 to 44 years	17,292	17,891	17,866	17,209	17,616	17,707	17,699	17,793	17,784
45 to 54 years	15,927	16,145	16,286	15,876	16,021	16,041	16,115	16,090	16,202
55 years and over	19,241	19,751	19,580	19,151	19,150	19,259	19,342	19,647	19,467

Women, 16 years and over	70,639	72,295	72,803	70,131	71,426	71,934	72,054	72,179	72,214
16 to 19 years	2,530	2,596	2,529	2,598	2,609	2,698	2,697	2,713	2,610
16 to 17 years	976	1,073	1,027	946	1,010	1,027	1,076	1,040	1,002
18 to 19 years	1,554	1,523	1,501	1,648	1,608	1,658	1,602	1,672	1,600
20 years and over	68,109	69,699	70,274	67,534	68,817	69,235	69,357	69,466	69,604
20 to 24 years	6,505	6,602	6,831	6,463	6,662	6,629	6,469	6,630	6,740
25 years and over	61,605	63,097	63,443	61,275	62,113	62,655	62,962	62,912	63,055
25 to 54 years	44,995	46,069	46,348	44,735	45,527	45,911	45,941	45,948	46,045
25 to 34 years	15,867	16,182	16,401	15,781	16,117	16,116	16,207	16,149	16,296
35 to 44 years	14,808	15,194	15,371	14,694	14,995	15,216	15,215	15,122	15,236
45 to 54 years	14,321	14,692	14,576	14,260	14,415	14,579	14,519	14,677	14,514
55 years and over	16,609	17,028	17,095	16,540	16,587	16,744	17,021	16,964	17,010

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	43,951	43,821	43,910	43,761	43,533	43,823	43,641	43,593	43,706
Married women, spouse present(1)	35,001	35,044	35,209	34,685	34,891	35,208	35,043	35,013	34,907
Women who maintain families(2)	9,275	9,618	9,696	-	-	-	-	-	-

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	124,165	128,484	128,848	123,646	126,201	127,466	127,436	128,027	128,306
Part-time workers(4)	26,269	25,542	26,119	26,139	25,610	25,360	25,783	25,747	25,906

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	6,866	7,032	7,166	6,669	7,109	7,026	7,041	7,045	6,978
Percent of total employed	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.5	4.7	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.5

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,315	6,146	6,334	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,681	10,234	10,332	9,571	9,837	10,279	10,253	10,142	10,201
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
Characteristic	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	11,049	7,674	7,419	6.9	5.9	5.4	5.2	4.8	4.6
16 to 19 years	836	687	714	14.0	9.9	9.6	11.2	11.5	11.9
16 to 17 years	299	258	247	14.1	9.6	9.7	11.6	11.4	11.1
18 to 19 years	541	429	473	14.1	10.1	9.4	11.0	11.6	12.6
20 years and over	10,213	6,987	6,705	6.6	5.7	5.2	5.0	4.5	4.3
20 to 24 years	1,619	1,166	1,104	10.9	9.1	9.1	9.3	8.0	7.5
25 years and over	8,626	5,902	5,624	6.2	5.4	4.8	4.5	4.2	4.0
25 to 54 years	6,570	4,566	4,303	6.4	5.5	4.9	4.7	4.4	4.2
25 to 34 years	2,679	1,958	1,764	7.3	6.5	6.1	5.6	5.3	4.8
35 to 44 years	1,979	1,374	1,331	5.8	5.3	4.7	4.4	4.0	3.9
45 to 54 years	1,912	1,235	1,208	6.0	4.6	3.8	4.0	3.9	3.8
55 years and over	2,066	1,349	1,372	5.5	4.9	4.4	3.9	3.6	3.6

Men, 16 years and over	5,958	4,296	3,896	7.0	6.0	5.6	5.4	5.0	4.5
16 to 19 years	466	377	370	15.6	9.5	10.4	11.9	12.8	12.2
16 to 17 years	169	136	117	16.1	10.5	10.1	11.2	12.3	10.7
18 to 19 years	300	243	257	15.4	8.8	10.5	12.6	13.3	13.2
20 years and over	5,492	3,919	3,526	6.7	5.9	5.4	5.1	4.7	4.3
20 to 24 years	903	706	633	11.8	10.2	10.4	9.7	9.3	8.3
25 years and over	4,617	3,238	2,938	6.2	5.4	4.9	4.7	4.3	3.9
25 to 54 years	3,574	2,502	2,227	6.5	5.6	5.1	4.9	4.6	4.1
25 to 34 years	1,517	1,120	987	7.8	7.0	6.2	5.9	5.7	5.0
35 to 44 years	1,045	767	689	5.7	5.0	4.7	4.5	4.1	3.7
45 to 54 years	1,012	614	551	6.0	4.7	4.1	4.2	3.7	3.3
55 years and over	1,043	737	711	5.2	4.8	4.4	4.0	3.6	3.5

Women, 16 years and over	5,091	3,378	3,523	6.8	5.7	5.2	5.0	4.5	4.7
16 to 19 years	370	310	344	12.5	10.4	8.7	10.4	10.3	11.6
16 to 17 years	130	122	130	12.1	8.8	9.3	11.9	10.5	11.5
18 to 19 years	241	186	217	12.8	11.3	8.3	9.3	10.0	11.9
20 years and over	4,721	3,067	3,179	6.5	5.5	5.0	4.8	4.2	4.4
20 to 24 years	716	460	471	10.0	7.9	7.7	9.0	6.5	6.5
25 years and over	4,008	2,664	2,686	6.1	5.3	4.7	4.3	4.1	4.1
25 to 54 years	2,996	2,064	2,076	6.3	5.3	4.8	4.5	4.3	4.3
25 to 34 years	1,161	837	776	6.9	5.8	6.0	5.3	4.9	4.5
35 to 44 years	935	607	643	6.0	5.5	4.7	4.2	3.9	4.0
45 to 54 years	900	621	657	5.9	4.6	3.5	3.9	4.1	4.3
55 years and over	1,021	604	649	5.8	5.0	4.3	3.8	3.4	3.7

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	1,885	1,279	1,139	4.1	3.8	3.4	3.2	2.9	2.5
Married women, spouse present(1)	1,748	1,040	1,090	4.8	3.7	3.3	2.9	2.9	3.0
Women who maintain families(2)	871	698	610	8.6	8.1	8.5	7.9	6.8	5.9

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	9,228	6,589	6,184	6.9	6.0	5.5	5.2	4.9	4.6
Part-time workers(4)	1,891	1,135	1,286	6.7	5.4	5.0	5.2	4.2	4.7
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Reason	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	7,313	3,728	3,306	7,685	5,787	4,960	4,468	4,065	3,719
On temporary layoff	2,870	786	693	3,231	1,811	1,239	1,252	1,124	1,056
Not on temporary layoff	4,443	2,943	2,613	4,454	3,976	3,721	3,217	2,941	2,663
Permanent job losers	3,608	2,270	2,082	3,620	3,187	2,930	2,487	2,251	2,126
Persons who completed temporary jobs	835	672	530	834	789	791	730	689	537
Job leavers	787	852	869	763	942	930	822	788	840
Reentrants	2,009	2,301	2,186	2,017	2,298	2,287	2,487	2,289	2,210
New entrants	511	486	536	526	494	463	512	490	537

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	68.9	50.6	47.9	69.9	60.8	57.4	53.9	53.3	50.9
On temporary layoff	27.0	10.7	10.1	29.4	19.0	14.3	15.1	14.7	14.5
Not on temporary layoff	41.8	39.9	37.9	40.5	41.8	43.1	38.8	38.5	36.4
Job leavers	7.4	11.6	12.6	6.9	9.9	10.8	9.9	10.3	11.5
Reentrants	18.9	31.2	31.7	18.3	24.1	26.5	30.0	30.0	30.2
New entrants	4.8	6.6	7.8	4.8	5.2	5.4	6.2	6.4	7.4

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	4.5	2.3	2.0	4.8	3.6	3.1	2.8	2.5	2.3
Job leavers	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reentrants	1.2	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.4
New entrants	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Duration	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,300	2,209	1,884	2,494	1,981	2,257	2,083	2,237	2,085
5 to 14 weeks	2,198	1,565	1,762	2,341	2,166	1,861	2,066	1,872	1,966
15 weeks and over	6,122	3,593	3,251	6,185	5,314	4,599	4,343	3,674	3,320
15 to 26 weeks	2,570	889	919	2,651	1,329	1,174	1,164	990	994
27 weeks and over	3,552	2,704	2,332	3,534	3,985	3,425	3,179	2,683	2,326

Average (mean) duration, in weeks	22.7	29.2	27.7	21.4	31.6	29.5	29.6	28.4	26.7
Median duration, in weeks	19.9	13.9	13.1	19.0	19.8	15.2	14.7	13.3	12.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	21.7	30.0	27.3	22.6	20.9	25.9	24.5	28.7	28.3
5 to 14 weeks	20.7	21.2	25.5	21.2	22.9	21.3	24.3	24.1	26.7
15 weeks and over	57.6	48.8	47.1	56.1	56.2	52.8	51.1	47.2	45.0
15 to 26 weeks	24.2	12.1	13.3	24.1	14.0	13.5	13.7	12.7	13.5
27 weeks and over	33.4	36.7	33.8	32.1	42.1	39.3	37.4	34.5	31.6
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
Occupation	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021
Total, 16 years and over(1)	150,433	154,966	10,620	6,896	6.6	4.3
Management, professional, and related occupations	63,277	65,335	2,448	1,453	3.7	2.2
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	27,004	27,665	1,212	656	4.3	2.3
Professional and related occupations	36,274	37,669	1,237	796	3.3	2.1
Service occupations	24,137	25,458	2,796	1,709	10.4	6.3
Sales and office occupations	30,501	29,914	2,132	1,400	6.5	4.5
Sales and related occupations	14,531	14,155	1,087	672	7.0	4.5
Office and administrative support occupations	15,970	15,759	1,045	728	6.1	4.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13,956	14,258	993	616	6.6	4.1
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,117	1,076	73	65	6.1	5.7
Construction and extraction occupations	8,240	8,356	691	446	7.7	5.1
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,599	4,826	229	104	4.7	2.1
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	18,562	20,001	1,730	1,169	8.5	5.5
Production occupations	7,753	8,268	525	388	6.3	4.5
Transportation and material moving occupations	10,809	11,733	1,205	782	10.0	6.2
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
Industry and class of worker	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021
Total, 16 years and over(1)	10,620	6,896	6.6	4.3
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	8,681	5,301	6.8	4.2
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	89	63	13.8	10.0
Construction	674	398	6.8	4.0
Manufacturing	787	499	5.2	3.3
Durable goods	436	279	4.6	2.9
Nondurable goods	351	220	6.3	4.0
Wholesale and retail trade	1,333	1,019	6.5	5.2
Transportation and utilities	588	381	7.9	4.7
Information	137	83	5.8	3.5
Financial activities	383	192	3.8	1.9
Professional and business services	1,066	791	6.1	4.4
Education and health services	1,007	677	4.2	2.8
Leisure and hospitality	2,102	960	16.3	7.5
Other services	514	239	8.3	3.5
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	110	83	6.3	5.1
Government workers	685	467	3.2	2.2
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	632	510	6.1	4.7
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]
Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Measure	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	3.8	2.2	2.0	3.8	3.3	2.9	2.7	2.3	2.1
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	4.5	2.3	2.0	4.8	3.6	3.1	2.8	2.5	2.3
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	6.6	4.6	4.3	6.9	5.9	5.4	5.2	4.8	4.6
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	6.9	4.8	4.5	7.2	6.2	5.7	5.4	5.0	4.9
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	7.7	5.6	5.2	8.0	6.9	6.5	6.1	5.8	5.6
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	11.6	8.1	7.7	12.1	9.8	9.2	8.8	8.5	8.3
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Total		Men		Women
Category	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021	Oct. 2020	Oct. 2021
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	99,872	100,045	40,754	40,994	59,118	59,052
Persons who currently want a job	6,317	5,567	2,996	2,478	3,321	3,089
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,923	1,638	1,049	842	874	796
Discouraged workers(2)	594	460	367	315	228	145
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,328	1,178	682	527	646	651

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	6,866	7,166	3,363	3,467	3,503	3,699
Percent of total employed	4.6	4.6	4.2	4.2	5.0	5.1
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	3,813	4,193	2,101	2,194	1,711	1,999
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,716	1,598	565	540	1,150	1,059
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	248	361	145	215	103	146
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,046	953	541	499	505	454
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
Industry	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)	Change from: Sept.2021 - Oct.2021(p)
Total nonfarm	143,568	147,012	147,659	149,217	142,545	147,476	147,788	148,319	531
Total private	121,581	125,943	125,709	127,001	120,962	125,424	125,789	126,393	604
Goods-producing	20,261	20,782	20,746	20,861	20,078	20,505	20,570	20,678	108

Mining and logging	597	646	649	656	594	643	647	651	4
Logging	46.3	45.7	43.9	43.4	44.6	44.5	43.3	42.7	-0.6
Mining	550.9	600.2	605.3	612.3	549.4	598.8	603.7	608.6	4.9
Oil and gas extraction	138.7	140.9	142.2	144.0	137.7	139.8	140.9	142.1	1.2
Mining, except oil and gas	178.3	186.2	185.0	184.5	175.9	182.6	182.4	182.9	0.5
Coal mining	39.8	42.4	42.2	42.6	39.5	42.2	42.3	42.5	0.2
Metal ore mining	41.7	42.6	42.2	42.8	41.9	42.5	42.4	43.0	0.6
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	96.8	101.2	100.6	99.1	94.5	97.9	97.7	97.4	-0.3
Support activities for mining	233.9	273.1	278.1	283.8	235.8	276.4	280.4	283.6	3.2

Construction	7,506	7,644	7,627	7,669	7,329	7,424	7,454	7,498	44
Construction of buildings	1,671.9	1,725.0	1,721.2	1,727.7	1,645.5	1,691.9	1,699.1	1,702.5	3.4
Residential building	849.6	894.9	888.1	897.2	832.7	880.9	883.2	885.0	1.8
Nonresidential building	822.3	830.1	833.1	830.5	812.8	811.0	815.9	817.5	1.6
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,090.9	1,097.2	1,104.1	1,111.0	1,029.8	1,033.4	1,041.5	1,053.6	12.1
Specialty trade contractors	4,743.2	4,822.1	4,801.9	4,830.4	4,653.4	4,698.7	4,713.5	4,741.9	28.4
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,153.8	2,215.6	2,203.0	2,222.0	2,114.5	2,173.9	2,175.9	2,185.0	9.1
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,589.4	2,606.5	2,598.9	2,608.4	2,538.9	2,524.8	2,537.6	2,556.9	19.3

Manufacturing	12,158	12,492	12,470	12,536	12,155	12,438	12,469	12,529	60

Durable goods	7,538	7,754	7,743	7,788	7,550	7,738	7,758	7,799	41
Wood products	396.8	411.4	410.7	413.8	397.2	408.4	410.7	412.1	1.4
Nonmetallic mineral products	399.1	403.8	402.7	402.5	394.6	397.4	398.3	397.9	-0.4
Primary metals	346.1	355.5	353.8	355.4	348.7	355.8	356.6	358.6	2.0
Fabricated metal products	1,376.3	1,417.2	1,419.8	1,425.8	1,380.2	1,417.3	1,425.2	1,431.0	5.8
Machinery	1,049.0	1,081.9	1,080.6	1,080.0	1,054.2	1,080.4	1,086.9	1,087.1	0.2
Computer and electronic products	1,069.2	1,091.7	1,088.1	1,092.6	1,071.6	1,088.5	1,090.8	1,094.3	3.5
Computer and peripheral equipment	162.9	166.6	166.8	168.3	162.6	166.0	167.2	168.2	1.0
Communications equipment	84.2	85.3	85.0	84.8	84.7	85.1	85.4	85.4	0.0
Semiconductors and electronic components	368.5	374.8	373.7	374.4	369.2	373.2	374.3	375.5	1.2
Electronic instruments	419.9	430.1	428.3	430.3	421.5	429.8	429.8	430.8	1.0
Miscellaneous computer and electronic products	33.7	34.9	34.3	34.8	33.5	34.4	34.1	34.4	0.3
Electrical equipment and appliances	372.2	381.9	380.5	381.8	372.4	380.3	380.8	382.0	1.2
Transportation equipment(1)	1,577.7	1,620.4	1,617.8	1,640.4	1,580.5	1,620.9	1,618.3	1,642.0	23.7
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	888.2	919.8	918.1	943.1	889.2	917.4	911.8	939.5	27.7
Furniture and related products	350.8	359.9	361.4	362.2	352.0	361.3	362.1	361.5	-0.6
Miscellaneous durable goods manufacturing	600.3	630.3	627.3	633.7	598.8	627.6	627.8	632.2	4.4

Nondurable goods	4,620	4,738	4,727	4,748	4,605	4,700	4,711	4,730	19
Food manufacturing	1,633.1	1,660.1	1,655.5	1,663.0	1,623.0	1,643.6	1,647.0	1,650.0	3.0
Textile mills	95.3	98.9	98.5	99.2	95.8	98.4	98.4	98.9	0.5
Textile product mills	104.6	107.9	107.9	108.6	103.9	107.6	107.7	108.4	0.7
Apparel	91.7	93.2	93.5	94.3	91.3	92.8	92.9	93.5	0.6
Paper and paper products	353.0	352.7	352.9	355.2	354.6	352.8	353.9	356.1	2.2
Printing and related support activities	371.2	375.3	377.1	380.9	370.2	372.7	375.9	380.1	4.2
Petroleum and coal products	106.2	103.3	103.1	103.7	105.0	101.0	101.2	101.4	0.2
Chemicals	838.0	859.6	854.3	860.2	840.0	859.8	859.5	865.1	5.6
Plastics and rubber products	713.4	741.1	737.3	739.0	714.7	736.4	737.8	741.0	3.2
Miscellaneous nondurable goods manufacturing	313.8	345.5	346.7	343.4	306.5	334.7	337.0	335.9	-1.1

Private service-providing	101,320	105,161	104,963	106,140	100,884	104,919	105,219	105,715	496

Trade, transportation, and utilities	26,889	27,329	27,419	27,761	26,847	27,491	27,613	27,717	104

Wholesale trade	5,596.4	5,735.7	5,723.1	5,748.1	5,587.6	5,716.9	5,724.2	5,737.7	13.5
Durable goods	3,054.2	3,146.2	3,141.6	3,155.9	3,050.2	3,133.0	3,140.8	3,154.9	14.1
Nondurable goods	2,063.3	2,109.4	2,104.3	2,111.9	2,060.1	2,105.4	2,105.5	2,104.4	-1.1
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	478.9	480.1	477.2	480.3	477.3	478.5	477.9	478.4	0.5

Retail trade	15,131.1	15,309.1	15,281.5	15,500.0	15,131.8	15,377.5	15,434.8	15,470.1	35.3
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	1,936.2	1,992.0	1,987.3	1,989.1	1,935.1	1,983.9	1,986.7	1,989.1	2.4
Automobile dealers	1,227.9	1,255.7	1,254.4	1,251.4	1,225.5	1,254.8	1,255.7	1,253.0	-2.7
Other motor vehicle dealers	152.2	171.7	166.4	167.3	154.2	165.1	165.1	167.6	2.5
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores	556.1	564.6	566.5	570.4	555.4	564.0	565.9	568.5	2.6
Furniture and home furnishings stores	432.2	440.1	440.3	447.2	432.3	446.8	446.7	446.0	-0.7
Electronics and appliance stores	448.5	414.5	418.6	444.2	444.4	427.3	429.2	435.3	6.1
Building material and garden supply stores	1,371.8	1,374.5	1,365.2	1,343.3	1,391.5	1,357.7	1,374.8	1,364.4	-10.4
Food and beverage stores	3,133.5	3,107.3	3,070.8	3,098.0	3,127.2	3,094.6	3,084.7	3,100.3	15.6
Health and personal care stores	959.0	997.3	1,006.5	1,031.4	958.9	1,009.0	1,016.2	1,024.4	8.2
Gasoline stations	935.8	971.4	958.1	956.8	935.9	955.4	953.0	954.7	1.7
Clothing and clothing accessories stores	962.8	1,046.2	1,036.0	1,055.3	977.9	1,057.3	1,071.3	1,064.3	-7.0
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores	464.6	494.7	489.2	501.8	469.4	502.7	501.6	504.1	2.5
General merchandise stores	3,094.0	3,010.3	3,047.2	3,149.8	3,082.9	3,086.2	3,104.6	3,119.9	15.3
Department stores	983.1	967.4	971.7	1,012.2	975.4	1,001.1	1,006.6	1,005.0	-1.6
General merchandise stores, including warehouse clubs and supercenters	2,110.9	2,042.9	2,075.5	2,137.6	2,107.5	2,085.1	2,098.0	2,114.9	16.9
Miscellaneous store retailers	780.4	837.1	827.9	838.6	770.1	828.2	831.9	832.5	0.6
Nonstore retailers	612.3	623.7	634.4	644.5	606.2	628.4	634.1	635.1	1.0

Transportation and warehousing	5,622.5	5,746.8	5,879.9	5,977.2	5,587.7	5,860.2	5,917.6	5,972.0	54.4
Air transportation	391.1	449.9	457.6	465.2	390.6	446.1	457.4	466.6	9.2
Rail transportation	144.6	142.5	142.3	142.3	144.4	142.3	141.8	141.9	0.1
Water transportation	59.3	61.3	60.3	58.8	59.2	59.1	59.2	58.6	-0.6
Truck transportation	1,474.4	1,520.5	1,520.6	1,531.6	1,460.4	1,503.1	1,507.6	1,515.5	7.9
Transit and ground passenger transportation	390.2	334.4	413.7	433.4	372.4	401.0	401.8	417.6	15.8
Pipeline transportation	50.1	49.6	49.5	49.7	50.2	49.4	49.5	49.5	0.0
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	23.7	41.4	38.3	35.7	23.1	31.8	32.7	34.8	2.1
Support activities for transportation	689.7	725.4	727.7	735.2	688.1	725.2	728.3	732.9	4.6
Couriers and messengers	980.0	984.4	1,004.4	1,009.0	992.3	1,038.2	1,060.1	1,055.2	-4.9
Warehousing and storage	1,419.4	1,437.4	1,465.5	1,516.3	1,407.0	1,464.0	1,479.2	1,499.4	20.2

Utilities	539.1	537.6	534.5	536.1	540.1	536.7	536.5	536.7	0.2

Information	2,654	2,784	2,772	2,787	2,650	2,778	2,782	2,792	10
Publishing industries, except Internet	755.7	778.2	770.6	772.2	754.8	775.2	770.6	773.1	2.5
Motion picture and sound recording industries	261.9	332.3	332.2	347.7	258.1	326.9	338.4	349.7	11.3
Broadcasting, except Internet	246.8	238.2	239.5	238.7	246.7	239.6	238.9	237.3	-1.6
Telecommunications	682.4	672.6	668.7	666.5	681.2	674.8	669.9	668.8	-1.1
Data processing, hosting and related services	352.4	377.2	380.3	382.2	352.5	379.9	383.8	382.0	-1.8
Other information services	354.3	385.2	380.2	380.1	356.2	381.6	380.6	381.3	0.7

Financial activities	8,751	8,901	8,857	8,898	8,746	8,854	8,861	8,882	21
Finance and insurance	6,523.5	6,562.5	6,533.8	6,556.6	6,526.4	6,550.3	6,544.8	6,553.6	8.8
Monetary authorities - central bank	20.3	20.3	20.2	20.1	20.3	20.2	20.2	20.1	-0.1
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,655.9	2,670.9	2,658.3	2,658.7	2,662.8	2,667.5	2,666.2	2,664.8	-1.4
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,749.5	1,731.2	1,717.2	1,714.3	1,759.9	1,725.4	1,723.8	1,721.0	-2.8
Commercial banking	1,366.0	1,341.4	1,327.1	1,322.6	1,375.3	1,336.2	1,332.7	1,328.8	-3.9
Nondepository credit intermediation	594.4	615.2	618.7	620.7	591.9	616.1	619.4	621.2	1.8
Activities related to credit intermediation	312.0	324.5	322.4	323.7	311.0	326.0	323.0	322.6	-0.4
Securities, commodity contracts, investments, and funds and trusts	974.8	1,007.2	996.0	1,011.8	971.6	998.6	996.9	1,008.1	11.2
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,872.5	2,864.1	2,859.3	2,866.0	2,871.7	2,864.0	2,861.5	2,860.6	-0.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,227.0	2,338.0	2,323.3	2,341.0	2,219.6	2,303.7	2,316.3	2,328.7	12.4
Real estate	1,714.2	1,782.8	1,771.9	1,790.4	1,707.5	1,765.2	1,772.9	1,778.1	5.2
Rental and leasing services	490.3	532.7	529.3	528.0	489.7	516.3	521.1	528.0	6.9
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets	22.5	22.5	22.1	22.6	22.4	22.2	22.3	22.6	0.3

Professional and business services	20,505	21,182	21,205	21,566	20,296	21,078	21,154	21,254	100
Professional and technical services	9,449.5	9,911.0	9,885.0	10,013.4	9,454.4	9,906.3	9,961.8	10,006.9	45.1
Legal services	1,121.4	1,141.7	1,142.6	1,156.4	1,119.6	1,142.6	1,147.9	1,152.6	4.7
Accounting and bookkeeping services	948.9	1,013.9	1,005.3	1,019.3	993.5	1,066.5	1,068.4	1,072.5	4.1
Architectural and engineering services	1,524.3	1,597.4	1,593.6	1,605.2	1,516.3	1,579.4	1,592.1	1,593.9	1.8
Specialized design services	135.6	143.4	142.5	144.7	135.3	142.6	143.2	143.3	0.1
Computer systems design and related services	2,201.7	2,292.8	2,280.7	2,306.6	2,188.6	2,272.1	2,283.0	2,290.0	7.0
Management and technical consulting services	1,548.8	1,643.4	1,649.3	1,684.0	1,533.9	1,635.1	1,647.0	1,660.6	13.6
Scientific research and development services	777.1	836.0	828.0	837.5	780.0	830.8	835.8	841.5	5.7
Advertising and related services	439.9	449.7	450.9	453.1	437.8	447.6	452.7	451.6	-1.1
Other professional and technical services	751.8	792.7	792.1	806.6	749.4	789.6	791.7	800.9	9.2
Management of companies and enterprises	2,332.3	2,347.3	2,337.6	2,344.3	2,336.0	2,336.9	2,339.2	2,345.9	6.7
Administrative and waste services	8,723.4	8,923.8	8,982.7	9,207.9	8,505.6	8,835.1	8,852.5	8,901.1	48.6
Administrative and support services	8,274.7	8,467.7	8,526.0	8,744.3	8,057.8	8,383.9	8,397.9	8,441.4	43.5
Office administrative services	527.2	566.6	566.4	569.8	524.6	563.1	565.0	567.5	2.5
Facilities support services	154.5	152.8	151.1	153.0	152.1	153.0	151.8	151.9	0.1
Employment services(1)	3,260.4	3,348.4	3,436.7	3,636.6	3,131.3	3,373.9	3,383.1	3,423.9	40.8
Temporary help services	2,654.2	2,699.1	2,776.4	2,954.0	2,519.5	2,724.3	2,730.4	2,771.5	41.1
Business support services	806.4	772.8	778.5	786.3	796.1	780.3	782.5	777.4	-5.1
Travel arrangement and reservation services	151.2	163.2	166.0	165.1	151.0	161.7	167.2	166.4	-0.8
Investigation and security services	904.8	902.0	899.3	899.6	901.0	900.1	895.6	896.0	0.4
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,175.1	2,244.0	2,204.3	2,209.2	2,112.1	2,133.1	2,133.6	2,139.5	5.9
Other support services	295.1	317.9	323.7	324.7	289.7	318.7	319.1	318.8	-0.3
Waste management and remediation services	448.7	456.1	456.7	463.6	447.8	451.2	454.6	459.7	5.1

Education and health services	23,427	23,356	23,583	23,929	23,235	23,693	23,706	23,770	64
Educational services	3,540.3	3,325.8	3,562.2	3,783.5	3,393.8	3,634.2	3,613.4	3,630.4	17.0
Health care and social assistance	19,886.6	20,029.8	20,020.5	20,145.6	19,841.0	20,058.5	20,092.5	20,139.4	46.9
Health care(3)	15,934.6	16,004.1	15,971.1	16,039.6	15,905.9	15,996.4	15,995.4	16,032.6	37.2
Ambulatory health care services	7,664.4	7,844.0	7,860.3	7,920.6	7,647.5	7,843.4	7,876.7	7,909.0	32.3
Offices of physicians	2,662.4	2,707.3	2,706.8	2,724.2	2,658.3	2,711.0	2,712.0	2,720.6	8.6
Offices of dentists	976.2	1,023.8	1,022.4	1,028.9	976.0	1,019.8	1,024.5	1,026.8	2.3
Offices of other health practitioners	939.4	995.9	999.4	1,009.9	937.2	993.8	1,004.8	1,009.2	4.4
Outpatient care centers	991.2	1,008.5	1,010.7	1,014.2	992.0	1,009.2	1,011.9	1,013.3	1.4
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	284.4	297.0	297.5	299.4	285.2	297.1	298.5	299.1	0.6
Home health care services	1,505.3	1,496.5	1,505.5	1,526.8	1,496.7	1,496.9	1,507.7	1,523.5	15.8
Other ambulatory health care services	305.5	315.0	318.0	317.2	302.1	315.6	317.3	316.5	-0.8
Hospitals	5,136.3	5,153.7	5,150.0	5,153.1	5,128.0	5,153.4	5,149.3	5,150.4	1.1
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,133.9	3,006.4	2,960.8	2,965.9	3,130.4	2,999.6	2,969.4	2,973.2	3.8
Nursing care facilities	1,453.0	1,367.7	1,347.2	1,356.5	1,451.5	1,365.3	1,349.4	1,361.2	11.8
Residential mental health facilities	614.9	597.2	592.8	589.5	615.0	594.9	592.8	590.0	-2.8
Community care facilities for the elderly	910.0	891.1	870.7	870.2	908.1	889.8	876.3	872.1	-4.2
Other residential care facilities	156.0	150.4	150.1	149.7	155.9	149.6	150.9	149.9	-1.0
Social assistance	3,952.0	4,025.7	4,049.4	4,106.0	3,935.1	4,062.1	4,097.1	4,106.8	9.7
Individual and family services	2,602.6	2,673.4	2,656.7	2,689.8	2,599.7	2,674.3	2,686.2	2,692.3	6.1
Emergency and other relief services	182.1	182.8	184.0	185.3	182.7	184.7	185.4	185.9	0.5
Vocational rehabilitation services	281.6	284.7	282.2	286.4	281.8	283.1	285.1	287.5	2.4
Child day care services	885.7	884.8	926.5	944.5	871.0	920.0	940.4	941.1	0.7

Leisure and hospitality	13,607	15,826	15,405	15,433	13,622	15,280	15,368	15,532	164
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,754.6	2,384.8	2,214.6	2,170.1	1,779.5	2,156.8	2,196.3	2,217.2	20.9
Performing arts and spectator sports	319.9	459.5	484.3	494.7	312.3	441.7	471.4	483.0	11.6
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	133.1	152.9	145.5	146.4	132.6	143.3	146.5	147.1	0.6
Amusements, gambling, and recreation	1,301.6	1,772.4	1,584.8	1,529.0	1,334.6	1,571.8	1,578.4	1,587.1	8.7
Accommodation and food services	11,852.3	13,441.1	13,189.9	13,262.6	11,842.3	13,122.8	13,172.1	13,314.7	142.6
Accommodation	1,445.8	1,875.4	1,793.4	1,776.7	1,455.5	1,758.3	1,767.7	1,790.9	23.2
Food services and drinking places	10,406.5	11,565.7	11,396.5	11,485.9	10,386.8	11,364.5	11,404.4	11,523.8	119.4

Other services	5,487	5,783	5,722	5,766	5,488	5,745	5,735	5,768	33
Repair and maintenance	1,309.9	1,378.4	1,372.5	1,389.4	1,307.0	1,371.5	1,372.6	1,381.0	8.4
Personal and laundry services	1,315.0	1,429.3	1,422.8	1,445.4	1,313.5	1,427.7	1,421.5	1,449.6	28.1
Membership associations and organizations	2,862.2	2,975.2	2,926.5	2,931.0	2,867.4	2,945.3	2,940.6	2,937.6	-3.0

Government	21,987	21,069	21,950	22,216	21,583	22,052	21,999	21,926	-73
Federal	2,978	2,887	2,893	2,879	2,975	2,884	2,885	2,882	-3
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,376.0	2,288.2	2,289.2	2,281.6	2,372.1	2,278.4	2,278.9	2,278.1	-0.8
U.S. Postal Service	602.0	599.2	603.3	597.6	602.8	605.3	605.9	603.5	-2.4
State government	5,118	4,793	5,092	5,177	4,945	5,077	5,056	5,031	-25
State government education	2,427.3	2,135.2	2,448.2	2,544.5	2,253.8	2,428.6	2,413.0	2,391.5	-21.5
State government, excluding education	2,690.5	2,658.0	2,643.6	2,632.7	2,691.0	2,648.0	2,643.1	2,639.5	-3.6
Local government	13,891	13,389	13,965	14,160	13,663	14,091	14,058	14,013	-45
Local government education	7,610.6	6,922.8	7,636.0	7,870.1	7,341.4	7,789.0	7,703.5	7,660.1	-43.4
Local government, excluding education	6,280.2	6,466.0	6,328.8	6,290.3	6,321.9	6,302.4	6,354.5	6,352.8	-1.7
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.8	34.6	34.8	34.7
Goods-producing	40.0	40.0	40.5	39.9
Mining and logging	44.7	45.0	45.3	44.8
Construction	38.9	38.8	40.1	38.7
Manufacturing	40.4	40.4	40.4	40.3
Durable goods	40.6	40.5	40.5	40.4
Nondurable goods	40.2	40.3	40.2	40.1
Private service-providing	33.8	33.6	33.6	33.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.5	34.4	34.4	34.5
Wholesale trade	38.7	39.1	39.3	39.3
Retail trade	31.0	30.8	30.7	30.8
Transportation and warehousing	39.0	38.7	38.5	38.6
Utilities	42.8	42.9	42.2	42.0
Information	36.7	37.0	36.8	36.8
Financial activities	37.7	37.5	37.5	37.5
Professional and business services	36.6	36.5	36.7	36.7
Education and health services	33.5	33.3	33.4	33.4
Leisure and hospitality	26.0	26.2	26.2	26.2
Other services	32.4	32.0	32.2	32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.2
Durable goods	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.0
Nondurable goods	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)
Total private	$29.52	$30.67	$30.85	$30.96	$1,027.30	$1,061.18	$1,073.58	$1,074.31
Goods-producing	30.13	31.21	31.38	31.48	1,205.20	1,248.40	1,270.89	1,256.05
Mining and logging	34.89	35.54	35.57	35.56	1,559.58	1,599.30	1,611.32	1,593.09
Construction	31.87	33.09	33.26	33.38	1,239.74	1,283.89	1,333.73	1,291.81
Manufacturing	28.86	29.88	30.02	30.15	1,165.94	1,207.15	1,212.81	1,215.05
Durable goods	30.37	31.44	31.57	31.67	1,233.02	1,273.32	1,278.59	1,279.47
Nondurable goods	26.35	27.30	27.45	27.61	1,059.27	1,100.19	1,103.49	1,107.16
Private service-providing	29.37	30.55	30.72	30.84	992.71	1,026.48	1,032.19	1,039.31
Trade, transportation, and utilities	25.41	26.50	26.65	26.65	876.65	911.60	916.76	919.43
Wholesale trade	32.66	33.80	33.93	34.11	1,263.94	1,321.58	1,333.45	1,340.52
Retail trade	21.11	22.05	22.23	22.05	654.41	679.14	682.46	679.14
Transportation and warehousing	25.46	26.71	26.79	27.05	992.94	1,033.68	1,031.42	1,044.13
Utilities	44.33	45.16	45.25	45.20	1,897.32	1,937.36	1,909.55	1,898.40
Information	44.77	44.27	44.31	44.55	1,643.06	1,637.99	1,630.61	1,639.44
Financial activities	38.66	40.09	40.29	40.57	1,457.48	1,503.38	1,510.88	1,521.38
Professional and business services	35.38	36.99	37.14	37.40	1,294.91	1,350.14	1,363.04	1,372.58
Education and health services	28.72	30.02	30.34	30.41	962.12	999.67	1,013.36	1,015.69
Leisure and hospitality	17.12	18.79	18.86	19.04	445.12	492.30	494.13	498.85
Other services	26.51	27.44	27.50	27.58	858.92	878.08	885.50	888.08
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
Industry	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2021 - Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2021 - Oct. 2021(p)
Total private	105.7	108.9	109.9	110.1	0.2	149.1	159.7	162.1	163.0	0.6
Goods-producing	91.5	93.4	94.9	94.0	-0.9	124.6	131.8	134.6	133.7	-0.7
Mining and logging	83.4	90.9	92.1	91.6	-0.5	116.9	129.7	131.5	130.8	-0.5
Construction	98.3	99.3	103.0	100.0	-2.9	136.1	142.8	148.9	145.1	-2.6
Manufacturing	88.3	90.4	90.6	90.8	0.2	118.6	125.6	126.5	127.4	0.7
Durable goods	86.3	88.2	88.5	88.7	0.2	116.4	123.2	124.0	124.8	0.6
Nondurable goods	92.4	94.5	94.5	94.7	0.2	123.5	131.0	131.7	132.6	0.7
Private service-providing	109.8	113.5	113.8	114.7	0.8	156.7	168.5	170.0	171.9	1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	101.1	103.2	103.6	104.3	0.7	138.5	147.5	149.0	150.0	0.7
Wholesale trade	95.4	98.6	99.2	99.5	0.3	130.3	139.4	140.8	141.9	0.8
Retail trade	95.3	96.2	96.2	96.8	0.6	132.9	140.1	141.4	141.0	-0.3
Transportation and warehousing	125.2	130.3	130.9	132.5	1.2	162.2	177.1	178.4	182.3	2.2
Utilities	100.0	99.6	98.0	97.5	-0.5	146.5	148.6	146.4	145.6	-0.5
Information	88.8	93.9	93.5	93.8	0.3	141.6	148.0	147.5	148.8	0.9
Financial activities	108.0	108.8	108.9	109.1	0.2	162.9	170.1	171.1	172.7	0.9
Professional and business services	116.5	120.6	121.7	122.3	0.5	166.9	180.7	183.1	185.2	1.1
Education and health services	127.1	128.8	129.3	129.6	0.2	175.6	186.1	188.7	189.7	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	101.1	114.2	114.9	116.1	1.0	139.6	173.2	174.8	178.4	2.1
Other services	102.5	106.0	106.5	107.1	0.6	149.0	159.4	160.5	161.9	0.9
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
Industry	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)
Total nonfarm	70,923	73,543	73,598	73,902	49.8	49.9	49.8	49.8
Total private	58,515	60,703	60,842	61,218	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Goods-producing	4,541	4,671	4,691	4,716	22.6	22.8	22.8	22.8
Mining and logging	86	83	83	83	14.5	12.9	12.8	12.7
Construction	973	1,029	1,036	1,041	13.3	13.9	13.9	13.9
Manufacturing	3,482	3,559	3,572	3,592	28.6	28.6	28.6	28.7
Durable goods	1,845	1,887	1,896	1,908	24.4	24.4	24.4	24.5
Nondurable goods	1,637	1,672	1,676	1,684	35.5	35.6	35.6	35.6
Private service-providing	53,974	56,032	56,151	56,502	53.5	53.4	53.4	53.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	10,526	10,798	10,882	10,955	39.2	39.3	39.4	39.5
Wholesale trade	1,674.4	1,725.4	1,724.1	1,724.0	30.0	30.2	30.1	30.0
Retail trade	7,334.8	7,439.6	7,489.4	7,529.0	48.5	48.4	48.5	48.7
Transportation and warehousing	1,383.0	1,499.1	1,533.7	1,566.7	24.8	25.6	25.9	26.2
Utilities	134.0	133.9	135.0	134.9	24.8	24.9	25.2	25.1
Information	1,060	1,100	1,094	1,098	40.0	39.6	39.3	39.3
Financial activities	4,951	4,966	4,970	4,970	56.6	56.1	56.1	56.0
Professional and business services	9,323	9,738	9,781	9,878	45.9	46.2	46.2	46.5
Education and health services	17,934	18,250	18,243	18,301	77.2	77.0	77.0	77.0
Leisure and hospitality	7,258	8,114	8,123	8,219	53.3	53.1	52.9	52.9
Other services	2,922	3,066	3,058	3,081	53.2	53.4	53.3	53.4
Government	12,408	12,840	12,756	12,684	57.5	58.2	58.0	57.8
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]
Industry	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)
Total private	98,541	102,100	102,367	103,036
Goods-producing	14,242	14,633	14,665	14,724
Mining and logging	421	480	483	486
Construction	5,415	5,504	5,522	5,522
Manufacturing	8,406	8,649	8,660	8,716
Durable goods	5,105	5,302	5,304	5,349
Nondurable goods	3,301	3,347	3,356	3,367
Private service-providing	84,299	87,467	87,702	88,312
Trade, transportation, and utilities	22,684	23,155	23,247	23,338
Wholesale trade	4,443.9	4,549.2	4,558.1	4,569.1
Retail trade	12,922.6	13,089.0	13,142.6	13,189.2
Transportation and warehousing	4,889.4	5,089.7	5,119.7	5,152.4
Utilities	428.1	426.9	426.8	427.4
Information	2,088	2,207	2,216	2,219
Financial activities	6,648	6,669	6,685	6,686
Professional and business services	16,322	16,823	16,919	17,104
Education and health services	20,333	20,719	20,666	20,756
Leisure and hospitality	11,755	13,218	13,297	13,509
Other services	4,469	4,676	4,672	4,700
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.2	34.1	34.2	34.1
Goods-producing	40.6	40.8	41.4	40.7
Mining and logging	45.2	46.5	47.3	46.9
Construction	39.1	39.4	41.0	39.3
Manufacturing	41.3	41.4	41.4	41.3
Durable goods	41.4	41.4	41.4	41.2
Nondurable goods	41.0	41.4	41.4	41.3
Private service-providing	33.1	33.0	33.0	33.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.5	34.2	34.2	34.4
Wholesale trade	38.5	38.9	39.0	39.2
Retail trade	31.0	30.7	30.7	30.9
Transportation and warehousing	39.2	38.5	38.3	38.5
Utilities	42.6	42.7	42.2	41.7
Information	36.5	37.3	36.3	36.1
Financial activities	37.3	37.3	37.4	37.4
Professional and business services	36.1	36.2	36.5	36.3
Education and health services	32.8	32.6	32.7	32.7
Leisure and hospitality	24.6	25.0	24.9	25.0
Other services	31.4	31.0	31.2	31.1

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.1
Durable goods	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.0
Nondurable goods	4.0	4.1	4.2	4.2
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)
Total private	$24.83	$26.01	$26.16	$26.26	$849.19	$886.94	$894.67	$895.47
Goods-producing	25.58	26.73	26.90	26.93	1,038.55	1,090.58	1,113.66	1,096.05
Mining and logging	30.27	31.64	31.47	31.43	1,368.20	1,471.26	1,488.53	1,474.07
Construction	29.40	30.70	30.81	30.94	1,149.54	1,209.58	1,263.21	1,215.94
Manufacturing	22.99	24.02	24.14	24.22	949.49	994.43	999.40	1,000.29
Durable goods	24.04	25.06	25.18	25.28	995.26	1,037.48	1,042.45	1,041.54
Nondurable goods	21.34	22.38	22.50	22.53	874.94	926.53	931.50	930.49
Private service-providing	24.68	25.86	26.00	26.12	816.91	853.38	858.00	861.96
Trade, transportation, and utilities	21.57	22.61	22.72	22.82	744.17	773.26	777.02	785.01
Wholesale trade	26.98	27.89	28.07	28.22	1,038.73	1,084.92	1,094.73	1,106.22
Retail trade	17.87	18.68	18.72	18.80	553.97	573.48	574.70	580.92
Transportation and warehousing	22.79	24.25	24.51	24.65	893.37	933.63	938.73	949.03
Utilities	39.07	40.17	40.16	40.29	1,664.38	1,715.26	1,694.75	1,680.09
Information	36.50	36.58	36.46	36.87	1,332.25	1,364.43	1,323.50	1,331.01
Financial activities	29.62	30.53	30.58	30.76	1,104.83	1,138.77	1,143.69	1,150.42
Professional and business services	29.39	30.93	31.11	31.34	1,060.98	1,119.67	1,135.52	1,137.64
Education and health services	25.67	27.18	27.45	27.53	841.98	886.07	897.62	900.23
Leisure and hospitality	14.84	16.50	16.51	16.68	365.06	412.50	411.10	417.00
Other services	22.65	23.40	23.41	23.58	711.21	725.40	730.39	733.34
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
Industry	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2021 - Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021(p)	Oct. 2021(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2021 - Oct. 2021(p)
Total private	112.3	116.0	116.7	117.1	0.3	186.4	201.7	204.0	205.5	0.7
Goods-producing	88.4	91.2	92.8	91.6	-1.3	138.4	149.3	152.8	151.0	-1.2
Mining and logging	101.1	118.6	121.4	121.1	-0.2	178.0	218.3	222.2	221.4	-0.4
Construction	106.0	108.6	113.4	108.7	-4.1	168.3	180.0	188.6	181.5	-3.8
Manufacturing	79.7	82.2	82.3	82.6	0.4	119.8	129.1	129.9	130.9	0.8
Durable goods	79.4	82.5	82.5	82.8	0.4	119.2	129.0	129.7	130.7	0.8
Nondurable goods	79.7	81.6	81.9	81.9	0.0	120.2	129.1	130.2	130.4	0.2
Private service-providing	118.9	123.0	123.3	124.2	0.7	201.3	218.1	219.9	222.5	1.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	109.4	110.7	111.2	112.3	1.0	168.7	178.9	180.5	183.1	1.4
Wholesale trade	101.5	105.0	105.5	106.3	0.8	161.7	172.9	174.8	177.1	1.3
Retail trade	101.4	101.7	102.1	103.1	1.0	155.2	162.8	163.8	166.1	1.4
Transportation and warehousing	145.1	148.3	148.4	150.1	1.1	210.4	228.9	231.5	235.5	1.7
Utilities	93.3	93.2	92.1	91.1	-1.1	152.1	156.3	154.4	153.3	-0.7
Information	87.0	94.0	91.8	91.4	-0.4	157.2	170.1	165.7	166.9	0.7
Financial activities	116.7	117.1	117.7	117.7	0.0	212.7	219.9	221.4	222.7	0.6
Professional and business services	131.7	136.2	138.1	138.8	0.5	230.3	250.4	255.4	258.7	1.3
Education and health services	142.2	144.0	144.1	144.7	0.4	240.9	258.4	261.1	263.0	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	105.9	121.0	121.3	123.7	2.0	178.5	226.8	227.4	234.3	3.0
Other services	98.4	101.7	102.2	102.5	0.3	162.4	173.3	174.4	176.1	1.0
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Last Modified Date: November 05, 2021