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www.bls.gov/ect THURSDAY, JANUARY 31, 2008
EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX-DECEMBER 2007
Total compensation costs for civilian workers increased 0.8 percent from September to
December 2007, seasonally adjusted, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department
of Labor reported today. This was the same increase as the June to September period. Both
components of compensation rose about the same amount--wages and salaries rose 0.8 percent
and benefits rose 0.9 percent. In the previous quarter, both wages and salaries and benefits
increased 0.8 percent. The Employment Cost Index (ECI), a product of the National
Compensation Survey, measures quarterly changes in compensation costs for civilian workers
(nonfarm private industry and state and local government workers).
Quarterly changes, seasonally adjusted
Compensation costs for both private industry and state and local government rose
0.8 percent from September to December 2007, the same as for the prior quarter. Wages and
salaries for private industry workers increased 0.8 percent for the September to December 2007
period, the same as the previous quarter. In state and local government, the increase was
also 0.8 percent, compared with 1.0 percent in the prior quarter. Benefit costs for private
industry rose 0.9 percent, compared to 0.8 percent the previous quarter. For state and local
government, benefit costs increased 0.9 percent, compared to 0.7 percent in the previous quarter.
(See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Table A. 3-month percent changes in the Employment Cost Index, seasonally adjusted
Compensation Mar. June Sep. Dec. Mar. June Sep. Dec.
component 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007
Civilian workers
Compensation costs 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8
Wages and salaries 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.8
Benefit costs 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.1 1.3 0.8 0.9
Private industry
Compensation costs 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.8
Wages and salaries 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.8
Benefit costs 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.9 -0.3 1.1 0.8 0.9
State and local government
Compensation costs 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8
Wages and salaries 0.5 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.8
Benefit costs 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 2.1 1.7 0.7 0.9
Over-the-year changes, not seasonally adjusted
Compensation costs for civilian workers increased 3.3 percent for the year ended
December 2007, the same as for the year ended December 2006. In private industry, compensation
costs rose 3.0 percent in the year ended December 2007. In December 2006 the increase was
3.2 percent. For state and local government, the increase for the 12-month period ended
December 2007 was 4.1 percent, the same as the December 2006 increase. Wages and salaries for
civilian workers increased 3.4 percent for the 12-month period. In December 2006, the increase
was 3.2 percent. Private industry and state and local government changes for wages and salaries
were similar to the civilian worker changes. However, benefits--which increased 3.1 percent for
civilian workers--differed by ownership sector. Private industry benefit costs increased
2.4 percent, less than the state and local government increase of 5.5 percent for the 12-month
period ended December 2007. (See table B.)
Table B. 12-month percent changes in the Employment Cost Index, not seasonally adjusted
Compensation Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
component 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Civilian workers
Compensation costs 3.3 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.3
Wages and salaries 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.6 3.2 3.4
Benefit costs 4.6 6.4 6.7 4.5 3.6 3.1
Private industry
Compensation costs 3.1 4.0 3.8 2.9 3.2 3.0
Wages and salaries 2.6 3.1 2.6 2.5 3.2 3.3
Benefit costs 4.2 6.5 6.7 4.0 3.1 2.4
State and local government
Compensation costs 4.1 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.1 4.1
Wages and salaries 3.1 2.2 2.1 3.1 3.5 3.5
Benefit costs 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.3 5.2 5.5
Nonfarm private industry
For the year ended December 2007, private industry compensation costs increased 2.4 percent
for goods-producing industries, compared to a 2.5 percent increase in December 2006.
Compensation cost increases for manufacturing remained low, at 2.0 percent for the year ended
December 2007, compared to 1.8 percent for the year ended December 2006. Compensation costs
for the construction industry rose 3.9 percent, compared to 3.6 percent for the previous year.
(See table 5.)
The over-the-year increase for December 2007 in compensation costs for service-providing
industries was 3.2 percent. The December 2006 increase was 3.4 percent. Among the major
service-providing industries, compensation gains ranged from 2.4 percent in trade, transportation,
and utilities to 4.2 percent in leisure and hospitality. (See table 5.)
Table C. 12-month percent changes in the Employment Cost Index, private industry workers,
by bargaining status, not seasonally adjusted
Compensation Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
component 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Union workers
Compensation costs 4.0 4.6 5.4 2.8 3.0 2.0
Wages and salaries 3.3 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.3
Benefit costs 5.0 8.5 9.9 3.3 4.2 1.5
Nonunion workers
Compensation costs 2.8 4.0 3.5 2.9 3.2 3.2
Wages and salaries 2.6 3.1 2.6 2.5 3.3 3.5
Benefit costs 4.0 6.0 6.0 4.2 2.9 2.6
Among private industry occupational groups, over-the-year compensation gains ranged from
2.2 percent for production, transportation, and material moving to 3.8 percent for service
occupations. (See table 5.)
Compensation costs for union workers advanced 2.0 percent for the year ended December 2007.
This was less than the compensation cost increases for nonunion workers, which increased
3.2 percent for the same 12-month period. Wages and salaries for union workers increased
2.3 percent for the 12-month period ended December 2007, less than that for nonunion workers,
which rose 3.5 percent. Benefit costs for union workers rose 1.5 percent for the 12-month
period, which was also less than benefit cost increases for nonunion workers, which rose
2.6 percent. (See tables C, 6, 10, and 12.)
State and local government
For the year ended December 2007, wages and salaries for state and local government workers
rose 3.5 percent, the same as the increase for the 12-month period ended December 2006. For
benefits, costs increased 5.5 percent compared to 5.2 percent for the previous year. Wages and
salaries for health care and social assistance increased 3.5 percent, down from 5.5 percent
a year earlier. Public administration wages and salaries increased 3.8 percent. In
December 2006 the increase was 3.5 percent. Education services wages and salaries increased
3.3 percent, about the same as the 3.4 percent increase the year earlier.
(See tables B, 11,and 12.)
Over-the-year changes in wages and salaries, constant dollars, not seasonally adjusted
After adjusting for the changes in the prices of consumer goods and services, wages and
salaries for civilian workers decreased 0.7 percent for the 12-month period ended
December 2007, compared to a 0.7 percent increase for the 12-month period ended December 2006.
The decrease for private industry was 0.7 percent compared to an increase of 0.6 percent for
the year ended December 2006. State and local government registered a 0.6 percent decrease,
compared to an increase of 1.0 percent for the previous year. (See table D.)
Table D. 12-month percent changes in wages and salaries, Employment Cost Index,
constant dollars, not seasonally adjusted
Ownership sector, Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
occupational group, and industry 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Civilian workers 0.3 1.0 -0.7 -0.8 0.7 -0.7
Occupation
Management, professional, and related 0.4 1.4 -0.8 -0.9 1.0 -0.6
Sales and office 0.6 0.9 -0.3 -0.5 0.4 -0.9
Natural resources, construction,
and maintenance 0.5 0.8 -0.9 -0.7 0.9 -0.6
Production, transportation, and
material moving 0.2 0.4 -0.8 -1.1 -0.1 -1.4
Service 0.0 0.5 -1.2 -1.0 0.6 -0.1
Industry
Goods producing 0.5 0.6 -0.8 -0.5 0.3 -1.0
Service providing 0.4 1.1 -0.7 -0.9 0.8 -0.7
Private industry 0.3 1.2 -0.7 -0.9 0.6 -0.7
State and local government 0.7 0.4 -1.2 -0.3 1.0 -0.6
________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE:
The ECI for March 2008 is scheduled to be released Wednesday, April 30, 2008, at
8:30 AM EDT.
New seasonal factors for 2008, along with revised seasonally adjusted indexes for the
past five years will be available Friday, April 25, 2008 at www.bls.gov/ect, by email to
NCSinfo@bls.gov, or by calling (202) 691-6199.
ECI data are available on the Compensation Cost Trends page at www.bls.gov/ect. For
ECI data requests, send e-mail to NCSinfo@bls.gov. For technical assistance in using the
BLS Internet site, send e-mail to webmaster@bls.gov.
BLS news releases, including the ECI, are available through an e-mail subscription
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Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals
upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service Number: 1-800-877-8339.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 1. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), by ownership, occupational group, and industry
Indexes (Dec. Percent changes for 3-months ended-
2005 = 100)
Occupational group and industry
Sep. Dec. Mar. June Sep. Dec. Mar. June Sep. Dec.
2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007
Civilian workers
All workers(2)............................. 105.9 106.8 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8
Private industry workers
All workers................................ 105.6 106.4 .7 .8 .9 .8 .6 .9 .8 .8
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related(3) 106.3 107.1 .7 .8 1.1 .9 .7 .9 .9 .8
Management, business, and financial(3) 106.0 106.6 .9 .6 .9 .7 .7 .8 1.0 .6
Professional and related(3)............ 106.6 107.5 .7 .9 1.2 1.2 .6 1.0 .8 .8
Sales and office(3)...................... 105.1 106.3 .4 .9 .6 1.0 .6 .8 .6 1.1
Sales and related(3)................... 103.8 105.5 -.2 .9 .3 1.2 .2 .8 .3 1.6
Office and administrative support(3)... 106.1 106.9 .7 .9 .9 .9 .8 .8 .9 .8
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance(3).......................... 105.8 106.9 .8 .9 1.0 .9 .3 .7 1.0 1.0
Construction, extraction, farming,
fishing, and forestry(3).............. 106.3 107.6 .8 1.1 .9 .9 .7 1.0 .8 1.2
Installation, maintenance, and
repair(3)............................. 105.1 106.1 .7 .8 1.0 .9 -.1 .2 1.3 1.0
Production, transportation, and material
moving(3)............................... 103.9 104.6 .3 .7 .6 .7 .1 .8 .6 .7
Production(3).......................... 103.2 104.1 .2 .7 .6 .5 -.1 .8 .4 .9
Transportation and material moving(3).. 104.8 105.4 .4 .7 .6 .9 .5 .8 .8 .6
Service occupations(3)................... 106.4 107.1 .7 .7 .8 .9 1.2 .8 1.1 .7
Industry
Goods-producing industries(4)............ 104.3 105.2 .1 1.0 .5 .8 .3 .9 .5 .9
Construction........................... 106.6 107.8 .8 .9 .9 1.0 1.2 .9 .8 1.1
Manufacturing.......................... 103.1 103.9 -.2 .9 .5 .5 .1 .8 .3 .8
Service-providing industries(5).......... 106.0 106.9 .8 .8 1.0 .8 .8 .9 .8 .8
Trade, transportation, and utilities... 104.7 105.6 .7 .5 1.1 .8 -.1 1.0 .6 .9
Wholesale trade(3)................... 104.2 105.4 .1 .5 1.7 .6 .6 .9 -.3 1.2
Retail trade......................... 105.0 106.2 .5 .5 .8 .8 .2 1.0 1.1 1.1
Information............................ 105.8 106.4 .6 1.0 1.1 .5 .8 1.0 .5 .6
Financial activities................... 105.4 106.0 .7 .4 .7 .7 1.2 .2 1.1 .6
Professional and business services..... 106.8 107.6 1.1 1.1 .7 .6 1.2 1.1 .8 .7
Education and health services.......... 106.8 107.8 .8 1.0 1.2 1.1 .8 .8 .9 .9
Education services................... 106.2 107.4 1.0 1.2 .7 1.3 .5 .9 .8 1.1
Health care and social assistance(6) 106.9 107.9 .9 .9 1.3 1.1 .8 .8 .9 .9
Leisure and hospitality................ 107.6 108.0 .6 .9 1.0 1.2 1.5 .9 1.4 .4
Other services, except public
administration........................ 107.0 107.7 .4 .9 1.1 1.7 1.5 .2 .9 .7
State and local government workers
All workers................................ 107.2 108.1 .7 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 .8 .8
1 Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
2 Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public
sector, except the federal government. See "Technical note" for further explanation.
3 Seasonally adjusted indexes and 3-month percent changes for these series were first published with the March
2007 seasonal adjustment revisions. Historical data for these series are available beginning with March 2002.
4 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
5 Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities;
information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific, and technical
services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste management and
remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation;
accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
6 Includes ambulatory health care services and social assistance, not shown separately.
Table 2. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, by ownership, occupational group, and industry
Indexes (Dec. Percent changes for 3-months ended-
2005 = 100)
Occupational group and industry
Sep. Dec. Mar. June Sep. Dec. Mar. June Sep. Dec.
2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007
Civilian workers
All workers(1)............................. 105.9 106.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.8
Private industry workers
All workers................................ 105.9 106.7 .7 .8 .8 .8 1.1 .8 .8 .8
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related(2) 106.6 107.4 .9 .8 1.0 .9 1.1 .8 .9 .8
Management, business, and financial(2) 106.3 106.8 1.1 .7 .8 .5 1.4 .6 1.0 .5
Professional and related(2)............ 106.8 107.8 .8 .9 1.2 1.1 .9 .9 .8 .9
Sales and office(2)...................... 105.1 106.3 .4 .9 .6 1.0 .8 .8 .4 1.1
Sales and related(2)................... 103.8 105.7 .0 1.1 .2 1.3 .4 .8 -.1 1.8
Office and administrative support(2)... 106.0 106.8 .8 .9 .8 .8 1.1 .7 .6 .8
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance(2).......................... 106.1 107.1 .8 .8 .9 .9 .9 .6 1.0 .9
Construction, extraction, farming,
fishing, and forestry(2).............. 106.6 107.9 .7 1.1 1.0 .9 1.0 .9 .8 1.2
Installation, maintenance, and
repair(2)............................. 105.4 106.2 .8 .6 .9 .7 .8 .2 1.2 .8
Production, transportation, and material
moving(2)............................... 104.5 104.9 .6 .6 .6 .6 .8 .6 .7 .4
Transportation and material moving(2).. 104.9 105.4 .5 .7 .7 .7 .7 .8 .7 .5
Industry
Goods-producing industries(3)............ 105.3 106.1 .7 .9 .5 .8 1.0 .7 .6 .8
Construction........................... 106.7 107.9 .7 1.2 .7 1.1 1.3 .8 .7 1.1
Manufacturing.......................... 104.4 105.0 .5 .9 .2 .7 .8 .5 .6 .6
Service-providing industries(4).......... 106.1 106.8 .8 .8 .9 .8 1.1 .9 .8 .7
Trade, transportation, and utilities... 104.5 105.5 .4 .5 1.1 .7 .6 1.1 .1 1.0
Retail trade......................... 105.0 106.1 .5 .5 .8 1.0 .3 1.1 .7 1.0
Information............................ 105.2 105.4 .9 .6 1.0 -.1 1.3 1.0 .4 .2
Financial activities................... 105.9 106.3 1.0 .6 .6 .7 1.5 -.1 1.2 .4
Professional and business services..... 106.6 107.6 1.0 1.2 .7 .6 1.3 1.0 .8 .9
Education and health services.......... 106.8 107.7 .7 1.0 1.2 1.0 .9 .9 1.0 .8
Education services................... 105.8 107.2 1.0 1.1 .8 1.3 .3 .8 .7 1.3
Health care and social assistance(5) 106.9 107.8 .7 1.0 1.3 .9 1.0 .9 1.0 .8
Leisure and hospitality................ 108.1 108.6 .6 .9 .9 1.2 2.0 .9 1.5 .5
State and local government workers
All workers................................ 106.1 106.9 .5 .9 1.3 .8 .9 .8 1.0 .8
1 Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public
sector, except the federal government. See "Technical note" for further explanation.
2 Seasonally adjusted indexes and 3-month percent changes for these series were first published with the March
2007 seasonal adjustment revisions. Historical data for these series are available beginning with March 2002.
3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
4 Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities;
information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific, and technical
services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste management and
remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation;
accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
5 Includes ambulatory health care services and social assistance, not shown separately.
Table 3. Employment Cost Index for benefits, by ownership, occupational group, and industry
Indexes (Dec. Percent changes for 3-months ended-
2005 = 100)
Occupational group and industry
Sep. Dec. Mar. June Sep. Dec. Mar. June Sep. Dec.
2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007
Civilian workers
All workers(1)............................. 106.0 107.0 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.1 1.3 0.8 0.9
Private industry workers
All workers................................ 105.0 105.9 .5 .7 1.0 .9 -.3 1.1 .8 .9
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related(2) 105.6 106.5 .4 .7 1.2 1.1 -.5 1.3 .9 .9
Sales and office(2)...................... 105.2 106.4 .2 .7 .8 1.1 -.1 .9 1.2 1.1
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance(2).......................... 105.2 106.4 .6 1.1 1.2 1.1 -1.0 .8 .9 1.1
Production, transportation, and material
moving(2)............................... 102.7 104.0 -.3 .8 .7 .8 -1.2 1.2 .4 1.3
Service occupations(2)................... 106.1 107.1 .8 .9 .9 1.0 -.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
Industry
Goods-producing industries(3)............ 102.3 103.4 -.7 .8 .9 .7 -1.0 1.2 .2 1.1
Manufacturing.......................... 100.7 101.8 -1.2 .8 .8 .5 -1.5 1.4 -.2 1.1
Service-providing industries(4).......... 106.0 107.0 1.0 .7 1.0 1.1 -.2 1.1 1.0 .9
State and local government workers
All workers................................ 109.7 110.7 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 2.1 1.7 .7 .9
1 Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public
sector, except the federal government. See "Technical note" for further explanation.
2 Seasonally adjusted indexes and 3-month percent changes for these series were first published with the March
2007 seasonal adjustment revisions. Historical data for these series are available beginning with March 2002.
3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
4 Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities;
information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific, and technical
services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste management and
remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation;
accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
Table 4. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for civilian workers, by occupational group and
industry
Indexes (Dec. 2005 = Percent changes for-
100)
Occupational group and industry 3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007
Dec. Sep. Dec. Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007
Civilian workers
All workers(2)............................. 103.3 106.1 106.7 0.6 1.0 0.6 3.3 3.3 3.3
Excluding incentive paid occupations(3) 103.4 106.2 106.8 .7 1.0 .6 3.4 3.4 3.3
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related.... 103.7 106.7 107.2 .7 1.1 .5 3.7 3.6 3.4
Management, business, and financial.... 103.2 106.2 106.6 .5 1.0 .4 3.2 3.4 3.3
Professional and related............... 104.0 107.0 107.6 .8 1.2 .6 4.0 3.7 3.5
Sales and office......................... 103.0 105.5 106.4 .6 .7 .9 3.0 3.0 3.3
Sales and related...................... 102.3 104.1 105.2 .6 .5 1.1 2.3 2.4 2.8
Office and administrative support...... 103.5 106.4 107.1 .7 .9 .7 3.5 3.5 3.5
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance............................. 103.6 106.1 106.8 .6 1.0 .7 3.6 3.0 3.1
Construction, extraction, farming,
fishing, and forestry................. 103.7 106.5 107.4 .7 .8 .8 3.7 3.4 3.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair.. 103.6 105.6 106.2 .6 1.1 .6 3.6 2.5 2.5
Production, transportation, and material
moving.................................. 102.4 104.2 104.7 .6 .7 .5 2.4 2.4 2.2
Production............................. 102.0 103.3 104.1 .4 .5 .8 2.0 1.7 2.1
Transportation and material moving..... 102.8 105.3 105.6 .6 .9 .3 2.8 3.0 2.7
Service occupations...................... 103.5 106.9 107.7 1.0 1.3 .7 3.5 4.3 4.1
Industry
Goods-producing industries(4)............ 102.5 104.4 105.0 .5 .5 .6 2.5 2.4 2.4
Manufacturing.......................... 101.8 103.2 103.8 .4 .3 .6 1.8 1.8 2.0
Service-providing industries(5).......... 103.5 106.4 107.0 .6 1.1 .6 3.5 3.4 3.4
Education and health services.......... 104.2 107.2 107.9 .7 1.6 .7 4.2 3.6 3.6
Education services................... 104.1 107.3 107.9 .7 2.3 .6 4.1 3.8 3.7
Elementary and secondary schools... 104.2 107.4 107.9 .7 2.3 .5 4.2 3.8 3.6
Junior colleges, colleges,
universities, and professional
schools........................... 103.8 107.1 108.0 .5 2.1 .8 3.8 3.7 4.0
Health care and social assistance(6) 104.3 107.1 107.9 .8 .9 .7 4.3 3.5 3.5
Hospitals.......................... 104.0 106.7 107.5 .8 .9 .7 4.0 3.4 3.4
Nursing and residential care
facilities........................ 103.7 105.6 106.3 1.1 .6 .7 3.7 2.9 2.5
Public administration.................. 103.8 108.0 109.1 1.4 1.3 1.0 3.8 5.5 5.1
1 Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
2 Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the
public sector, except the federal government. See "Technical note" for further explanation.
3 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table. See "Technical
note" for further explanation.
4 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
5 Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing;
utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific,
and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts,
entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services, except public administration;
and public administration.
6 Includes ambulatory health care services and social assistance, not shown separately.
NOTE: Dashes indicate data not available.
Table 5. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for private industry workers, by occupational
group and industry
Indexes (Dec. 2005 = Percent changes for-
100)
Occupational group and industry 3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007
Dec. Sep. Dec. Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007
Private industry workers
All workers.................................. 103.2 105.7 106.3 0.7 0.8 0.6 3.2 3.1 3.0
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2).. 103.2 105.8 106.4 .7 .8 .6 3.2 3.2 3.1
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related...... 103.5 106.4 106.8 .6 .9 .4 3.5 3.4 3.2
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2)...................... 103.5 106.4 106.8 .7 .9 .4 3.5 3.5 3.2
Management, business, and financial...... 103.1 106.0 106.3 .4 .9 .3 3.1 3.2 3.1
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2)...................... 103.1 106.1 106.5 .5 .9 .4 3.1 3.4 3.3
Professional and related................. 103.9 106.7 107.3 .8 .8 .6 3.9 3.5 3.3
Sales and office........................... 102.9 105.3 106.1 .6 .6 .8 2.9 2.9 3.1
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2)...................... 103.2 106.0 106.7 .7 .8 .7 3.2 3.4 3.4
Sales and related........................ 102.3 104.2 105.2 .6 .6 1.0 2.3 2.5 2.8
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2)...................... 102.9 105.6 106.5 .7 .9 .9 2.9 3.3 3.5
Office and administrative support........ 103.4 106.0 106.7 .7 .6 .7 3.4 3.2 3.2
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance............................... 103.6 105.9 106.7 .6 .9 .8 3.6 2.8 3.0
Construction, extraction, farming,
fishing, and forestry................... 103.7 106.5 107.4 .6 .8 .8 3.7 3.3 3.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair.... 103.4 105.2 105.8 .4 1.1 .6 3.4 2.1 2.3
Production, transportation, and material
moving.................................... 102.3 103.9 104.5 .6 .6 .6 2.3 2.2 2.2
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2)...................... 102.2 103.9 104.5 .5 .6 .6 2.2 2.2 2.3
Production............................... 102.0 103.2 104.0 .4 .4 .8 2.0 1.6 2.0
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2)...................... 102.0 103.2 103.9 .5 .4 .7 2.0 1.7 1.9
Transportation and material moving....... 102.6 104.9 105.3 .6 .8 .4 2.6 2.8 2.6
Service occupations........................ 103.1 106.4 107.0 .8 1.1 .6 3.1 4.0 3.8
Industry and occupational group
Goods-producing industries(3).............. 102.5 104.4 105.0 .5 .5 .6 2.5 2.4 2.4
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2)...................... 102.5 104.5 105.2 .5 .5 .7 2.5 2.5 2.6
Management, professional, and related.. 102.0 104.3 104.4 .4 .5 .1 2.0 2.7 2.4
Sales and office....................... 102.8 104.1 104.8 .7 .4 .7 2.8 2.0 1.9
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance........................... 103.3 106.1 107.0 .6 .8 .8 3.3 3.3 3.6
Production, transportation, and
material moving....................... 102.0 103.3 104.0 .4 .4 .7 2.0 1.7 2.0
Construction............................. 103.6 106.9 107.6 .6 .9 .7 3.6 3.8 3.9
Manufacturing............................ 101.8 103.2 103.8 .4 .3 .6 1.8 1.8 2.0
Management, professional, and related 101.4 103.3 103.5 .1 .0 .2 1.4 2.0 2.1
Sales and office..................... 102.1 103.5 104.3 .8 .3 .8 2.1 2.2 2.2
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance......................... 102.1 102.8 103.9 .6 .4 1.1 2.1 1.3 1.8
Production, transportation, and
material moving..................... 101.9 103.1 103.8 .4 .5 .7 1.9 1.6 1.9
Aircraft manufacturing................. 93.2 87.1 87.2 -.7 -2.8 .1 -6.8 -7.2 -6.4
Service-providing industries(4)............ 103.4 106.1 106.7 .7 .9 .6 3.4 3.3 3.2
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2)...................... 103.5 106.3 106.9 .8 .9 .6 3.5 3.5 3.3
Management, professional, and related.. 103.8 106.8 107.3 .6 .8 .5 3.8 3.5 3.4
Sales and office....................... 102.9 105.4 106.3 .6 .6 .9 2.9 3.0 3.3
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance........................... 104.0 105.7 106.2 .4 1.1 .5 4.0 2.0 2.1
Production, transportation, and
material moving....................... 102.6 104.7 105.2 .7 .7 .5 2.6 2.7 2.5
Service occupations.................... 103.1 106.4 107.1 .8 1.0 .7 3.1 4.0 3.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities..... 103.0 104.7 105.5 .6 .5 .8 3.0 2.2 2.4
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2).................... 103.1 105.2 105.9 .6 .8 .7 3.1 2.6 2.7
Wholesale trade........................ 102.9 104.2 105.3 .5 -.4 1.1 2.9 1.8 2.3
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2).................... 103.2 105.5 106.2 .7 .6 .7 3.2 2.9 2.9
Retail trade........................... 102.7 105.1 106.1 .8 1.2 1.0 2.7 3.1 3.3
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2).................... 102.6 105.5 106.3 .5 1.2 .8 2.6 3.3 3.6
Transportation and warehousing......... 102.2 104.5 104.5 .6 .5 .0 2.2 2.9 2.3
Utilities.............................. 110.4 105.0 105.6 .3 .3 .6 10.4 -4.6 -4.3
Information.............................. 103.2 105.8 106.1 .2 .2 .3 3.2 2.7 2.8
Financial activities..................... 102.5 105.4 105.6 .4 .8 .2 2.5 3.2 3.0
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2).................... 102.8 105.6 105.9 .5 .4 .3 2.8 3.2 3.0
Finance and insurance.................. 102.9 105.7 106.1 .3 .8 .4 2.9 3.0 3.1
Credit intermediation and related
activities.......................... 102.0 103.6 104.5 -.4 .5 .9 2.0 1.2 2.5
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2).................... 103.2 105.9 106.3 .5 .7 .4 3.2 3.1 3.0
Insurance carriers and related
activities.......................... 102.6 106.0 105.7 .6 1.0 -.3 2.6 3.9 3.0
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2).................... 102.4 104.9 105.4 .4 .1 .5 2.4 2.8 2.9
Real estate and rental and leasing..... 100.8 104.1 103.7 .6 1.1 -.4 .8 3.9 2.9
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(2).................... 102.1 105.8 105.9 .5 .5 .1 2.1 4.1 3.7
Professional and business services....... 103.5 106.9 107.5 .6 .9 .6 3.5 3.9 3.9
Professional, scientific, and technical
services.............................. 104.4 108.4 109.1 .8 .8 .6 4.4 4.6 4.5
Administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services... 102.8 105.6 106.4 .7 .8 .8 2.8 3.4 3.5
Education and health services............ 104.1 106.9 107.7 .9 1.1 .7 4.1 3.6 3.5
Education services..................... 104.2 106.7 107.5 1.0 1.7 .7 4.2 3.4 3.2
Junior colleges, colleges,
universities, and professional
schools............................. 104.4 106.9 107.7 .9 1.7 .7 4.4 3.3 3.2
Health care and social assistance(5)... 104.1 106.9 107.8 .9 .9 .8 4.1 3.6 3.6
Hospitals............................ 103.9 106.5 107.3 .7 .9 .8 3.9 3.2 3.3
Nursing and residential care
facilities.......................... 103.5 105.5 106.2 1.1 .7 .7 3.5 3.0 2.6
Nursing care facilities(2)......... 103.1 105.6 106.2 1.1 .9 .6 3.1 3.5 3.0
Leisure and hospitality.................. 103.7 107.5 108.1 1.3 1.4 .6 3.7 5.0 4.2
Accommodation and food services........ 104.0 108.1 108.6 1.5 1.6 .5 4.0 5.5 4.4
Other services, except public
administration.......................... 104.0 107.1 107.6 .4 .9 .5 4.0 3.4 3.5
1 Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
2 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table. See "Technical note"
for further explanation.
3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
4 Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing;
utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific,
and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts,
entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public
administration.
5 Includes ambulatory health care services and social assistance, not shown separately.
NOTE: Dashes indicate data not available.
Table 6. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for private industry workers, by bargaining
status, census region, census divisions, and area
Indexes (Dec. 2005 = Percent changes for-
100)
Bargaining status, census region and
division, and metropolitan area status 3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007
Dec. Sep. Dec. Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007
Bargaining status
Union.................................... 103.0 104.4 105.1 0.6 0.5 0.7 3.0 2.0 2.0
Goods-producing industries(2).......... 102.2 103.1 104.0 .4 .3 .9 2.2 1.3 1.8
Manufacturing........................ 100.8 100.0 101.0 .3 .0 1.0 .8 -.5 .2
Service-providing industries(3)........ 103.6 105.4 106.0 .7 .7 .6 3.6 2.4 2.3
Nonunion................................. 103.2 105.9 106.5 .6 .8 .6 3.2 3.2 3.2
Goods-producing industries(2).......... 102.5 104.8 105.4 .5 .6 .6 2.5 2.7 2.8
Manufacturing........................ 102.1 104.1 104.6 .4 .4 .5 2.1 2.4 2.4
Service-providing industries(3)........ 103.4 106.2 106.8 .7 .9 .6 3.4 3.4 3.3
Census region and division(4)
Northeast................................ 103.3 106.2 106.8 .8 1.0 .6 3.3 3.6 3.4
New England............................ 103.1 105.4 106.1 1.0 .6 .7 3.1 3.2 2.9
Middle Atlantic........................ 103.3 106.5 107.1 .7 1.1 .6 3.3 3.8 3.7
South.................................... 103.5 106.1 106.7 .7 .8 .6 3.5 3.2 3.1
South Atlantic......................... 103.8 106.8 107.3 .7 .8 .5 3.8 3.6 3.4
East South Central..................... 102.3 104.8 105.4 .8 1.0 .6 2.3 3.3 3.0
West South Central..................... 103.4 105.6 106.1 .7 .8 .5 3.4 2.8 2.6
Midwest.................................. 102.8 104.6 105.3 .5 .4 .7 2.8 2.2 2.4
East North Central..................... 102.8 104.4 105.0 .5 .3 .6 2.8 2.1 2.1
West North Central..................... 102.7 105.3 105.9 .3 1.0 .6 2.7 2.8 3.1
West..................................... 103.0 105.7 106.5 .5 .8 .8 3.0 3.1 3.4
Mountain............................... 103.1 106.6 107.5 .4 1.3 .8 3.1 3.8 4.3
Pacific................................ 103.0 105.4 106.1 .5 .6 .7 3.0 2.8 3.0
Metropolitan area status
Metropolitan areas....................... 103.1 105.7 106.3 .6 .8 .6 3.1 3.1 3.1
Nonmetropolitan areas.................... 103.3 105.8 106.5 .7 .8 .7 3.3 3.1 3.1
1 Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
3 Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing;
utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific,
and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts,
entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public
administration.
4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census divisions are: New England:
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New
York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi,
and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and
Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.
NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, occupation, and
industry series. (See "Technical note" for further information.) Dashes indicate data not available.
Table 7. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for State and local government workers, by
occupational group and industry
Indexes (Dec. 2005 = Percent changes for-
100)
Occupational group and industry 3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007
Dec. Sep. Dec. Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007
State and local government workers
All workers................................ 104.1 107.6 108.4 0.9 1.8 0.7 4.1 4.3 4.1
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related.... 104.0 107.5 108.3 .7 2.0 .7 4.0 4.1 4.1
Professional and related............... 104.0 107.5 108.2 .6 2.1 .7 4.0 4.0 4.0
Sales and office......................... 104.1 107.9 108.6 .8 1.6 .6 4.1 4.5 4.3
Office and administrative support...... 104.2 108.2 108.9 .7 1.7 .6 4.2 4.5 4.5
Service occupations...................... 104.5 108.0 109.1 1.4 1.6 1.0 4.5 4.8 4.4
Industry
Education and health services............ 104.3 107.5 108.2 .6 2.1 .7 4.3 3.7 3.7
Education services..................... 104.1 107.4 108.0 .6 2.3 .6 4.1 3.8 3.7
Schools(2)........................... 104.1 107.4 108.0 .6 2.4 .6 4.1 3.8 3.7
Elementary and secondary schools... 104.2 107.4 108.0 .6 2.3 .6 4.2 3.7 3.6
Health care and social assistance(3)... 105.7 108.6 109.3 .6 .9 .6 5.7 3.3 3.4
Hospitals............................ 104.3 107.5 108.2 1.0 1.1 .7 4.3 4.1 3.7
Public administration.................... 103.8 108.0 109.1 1.4 1.3 1.0 3.8 5.5 5.1
1 Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
2 Includes elementary and secondary schools; junior colleges; colleges, universities, and professional
schools.
3 Includes ambulatory health care services and social assistance, not shown separately.
NOTE: Dashes indicate data not available.
Table 8. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for civilian workers, by occupational group and
industry
Indexes (Dec. 2005 = Percent changes for-
100)
Occupational group and industry 3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007
Dec. Sep. Dec. Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007
Civilian workers
All workers(1)............................. 103.2 106.0 106.7 0.6 1.0 0.7 3.2 3.3 3.4
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2) 103.2 106.2 106.8 .7 1.0 .6 3.2 3.6 3.5
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related.... 103.6 106.6 107.1 .7 1.1 .5 3.6 3.6 3.4
Management, business, and financial.... 103.1 106.4 106.7 .4 .9 .3 3.1 3.6 3.5
Professional and related............... 103.8 106.7 107.4 .7 1.3 .7 3.8 3.5 3.5
Sales and office......................... 103.0 105.4 106.2 .6 .6 .8 3.0 2.9 3.1
Sales and related...................... 102.5 104.3 105.5 .5 .4 1.2 2.5 2.3 2.9
Office and administrative support...... 103.3 106.1 106.8 .7 .8 .7 3.3 3.4 3.4
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance............................. 103.4 106.3 107.1 .7 1.1 .8 3.4 3.5 3.6
Construction, extraction, farming,
fishing, and forestry................. 103.7 106.6 107.7 .8 .9 1.0 3.7 3.6 3.9
Installation, maintenance, and repair.. 103.1 105.8 106.4 .5 1.3 .6 3.1 3.1 3.2
Production, transportation, and material
moving.................................. 102.5 104.7 105.1 .6 .8 .4 2.5 2.7 2.5
Production............................. 102.3 104.3 104.7 .5 .7 .4 2.3 2.5 2.3
Transportation and material moving..... 102.7 105.1 105.5 .6 .9 .4 2.7 2.9 2.7
Service occupations...................... 103.2 106.5 107.3 1.0 1.1 .8 3.2 4.2 4.0
Industry
Goods-producing industries(3)............ 102.9 105.4 106.0 .6 .7 .6 2.9 3.0 3.0
Manufacturing.......................... 102.3 104.5 104.9 .4 .6 .4 2.3 2.6 2.5
Service-providing industries(4).......... 103.3 106.2 106.8 .6 1.0 .6 3.3 3.4 3.4
Education and health services.......... 103.8 106.6 107.4 .7 1.6 .8 3.8 3.4 3.5
Education services................... 103.5 106.2 106.9 .5 2.1 .7 3.5 3.1 3.3
Elementary and secondary schools... 103.4 106.0 106.6 .5 2.1 .6 3.4 3.0 3.1
Junior colleges, colleges,
universities, and professional
schools........................... 103.6 106.6 107.5 .6 2.2 .8 3.6 3.5 3.8
Health care and social assistance(5) 104.1 107.1 107.9 .9 1.1 .7 4.1 3.8 3.7
Hospitals.......................... 103.8 106.7 107.4 .9 1.0 .7 3.8 3.7 3.5
Nursing and residential care
facilities........................ 103.3 105.8 106.4 1.1 1.1 .6 3.3 3.5 3.0
Public administration.................. 103.5 106.4 107.4 1.5 1.1 .9 3.5 4.3 3.8
1 Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the
public sector, except the federal government. See "Technical note" for further explanation.
2 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table. See "Technical
note" for further explanation.
3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
4 Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing;
utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific,
and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts,
entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services, except public administration;
and public administration.
5 Includes ambulatory health care services and social assistance, not shown separately.
NOTE: Dashes indicate data not available.
Table 9. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by occupational group and
industry
Indexes (Dec. 2005 = Percent changes for-
100)
Occupational group and industry 3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007
Dec. Sep. Dec. Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007
Private industry workers
All workers.................................. 103.2 106.0 106.6 0.7 0.9 0.6 3.2 3.4 3.3
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1).. 103.2 106.1 106.7 .7 .9 .6 3.2 3.5 3.4
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related...... 103.6 106.7 107.2 .6 .9 .5 3.6 3.6 3.5
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1)...................... 103.6 106.7 107.2 .7 .9 .5 3.6 3.7 3.5
Management, business, and financial...... 103.1 106.3 106.6 .3 .8 .3 3.1 3.4 3.4
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1)...................... 103.2 106.6 106.9 .6 .9 .3 3.2 3.9 3.6
Professional and related................. 104.0 107.0 107.6 .9 .9 .6 4.0 3.8 3.5
Sales and office........................... 103.0 105.3 106.2 .6 .5 .9 3.0 2.8 3.1
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1)...................... 103.1 106.0 106.7 .7 .8 .7 3.1 3.5 3.5
Sales and related........................ 102.6 104.4 105.5 .6 .4 1.1 2.6 2.4 2.8
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1)...................... 102.8 105.7 106.6 .6 .9 .9 2.8 3.4 3.7
Office and administrative support........ 103.3 106.0 106.7 .7 .6 .7 3.3 3.3 3.3
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance............................... 103.4 106.2 107.1 .6 1.0 .8 3.4 3.3 3.6
Construction, extraction, farming,
fishing, and forestry................... 103.7 106.7 107.8 .7 .9 1.0 3.7 3.6 4.0
Installation, maintenance, and repair.... 103.0 105.6 106.1 .4 1.3 .5 3.0 2.9 3.0
Production, transportation, and material
moving.................................... 102.4 104.5 105.0 .6 .7 .5 2.4 2.7 2.5
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1)...................... 102.2 104.6 105.0 .5 .8 .4 2.2 2.9 2.7
Production............................... 102.2 104.2 104.6 .5 .6 .4 2.2 2.5 2.3
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1)...................... 102.2 104.1 104.6 .5 .5 .5 2.2 2.4 2.3
Transportation and material moving....... 102.6 105.0 105.4 .6 .9 .4 2.6 2.9 2.7
Service occupations........................ 102.9 106.5 107.1 .9 1.1 .6 2.9 4.4 4.1
Industry and occupational group
Goods-producing industries(2).............. 102.9 105.4 106.0 .6 .7 .6 2.9 3.0 3.0
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1)...................... 102.9 105.6 106.2 .6 .7 .6 2.9 3.2 3.2
Management, professional, and related.. 102.8 105.9 106.0 .4 .6 .1 2.8 3.4 3.1
Sales and office....................... 103.1 104.7 105.5 .9 .6 .8 3.1 2.4 2.3
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance........................... 103.4 106.5 107.6 .7 .9 1.0 3.4 3.7 4.1
Production, transportation, and
material moving....................... 102.4 104.4 104.8 .5 .7 .4 2.4 2.5 2.3
Construction............................. 103.7 107.0 107.8 .8 .9 .7 3.7 4.0 4.0
Manufacturing............................ 102.3 104.5 104.9 .4 .6 .4 2.3 2.6 2.5
Management, professional, and related 102.3 105.0 105.3 .1 .4 .3 2.3 2.7 2.9
Sales and office..................... 102.0 103.9 104.7 .9 .7 .8 2.0 2.8 2.6
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance......................... 103.0 105.0 105.9 .7 .7 .9 3.0 2.6 2.8
Production, transportation, and
material moving..................... 102.3 104.2 104.5 .5 .6 .3 2.3 2.4 2.2
Aircraft manufacturing................. 102.7 104.4 104.6 -.2 -.4 .2 2.7 1.5 1.9
Service-providing industries(3)............ 103.3 106.1 106.8 .7 .8 .7 3.3 3.4 3.4
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1)...................... 103.3 106.3 106.9 .8 .9 .6 3.3 3.7 3.5
Management, professional, and related.. 103.7 106.8 107.4 .6 .8 .6 3.7 3.6 3.6
Sales and office....................... 102.9 105.4 106.3 .5 .5 .9 2.9 2.9 3.3
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance........................... 103.4 105.7 106.3 .4 1.3 .6 3.4 2.6 2.8
Production, transportation, and
material moving....................... 102.4 104.6 105.2 .7 .6 .6 2.4 2.9 2.7
Service occupations.................... 102.9 106.6 107.2 .9 1.2 .6 2.9 4.5 4.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities..... 102.7 104.6 105.5 .6 .3 .9 2.7 2.4 2.7
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1).................... 102.7 105.4 106.0 .6 .8 .6 2.7 3.2 3.2
Wholesale trade........................ 103.0 104.0 105.2 .3 -.8 1.2 3.0 1.3 2.1
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1).................... 103.3 105.8 106.5 .6 .6 .7 3.3 3.0 3.1
Retail trade........................... 102.8 105.1 106.1 .9 .9 1.0 2.8 3.1 3.2
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1).................... 102.6 105.5 106.3 .6 .9 .8 2.6 3.4 3.6
Transportation and warehousing......... 101.9 104.1 104.2 .5 .4 .1 1.9 2.7 2.3
Utilities.............................. 103.5 106.1 106.8 .5 .6 .7 3.5 3.0 3.2
Information.............................. 102.4 105.2 105.3 -.2 .3 .1 2.4 2.5 2.8
Financial activities..................... 102.8 106.0 105.9 .3 1.0 -.1 2.8 3.4 3.0
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1).................... 103.1 106.1 106.3 .5 .5 .2 3.1 3.4 3.1
Finance and insurance.................. 103.2 106.5 106.6 .3 .9 .1 3.2 3.5 3.3
Credit intermediation and related
activities.......................... 101.7 103.5 104.2 -1.0 .5 .7 1.7 .8 2.5
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1).................... 103.2 106.3 106.7 .3 .7 .4 3.2 3.3 3.4
Insurance carriers and related
activities.......................... 103.0 107.2 106.4 .7 1.3 -.7 3.0 4.8 3.3
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1).................... 102.6 105.6 105.9 .4 .2 .3 2.6 3.3 3.2
Real estate and rental and leasing..... 101.4 103.6 103.1 .6 1.2 -.5 1.4 2.8 1.7
Excluding incentive paid
occupations(1).................... 103.0 105.8 105.8 .5 .6 .0 3.0 3.2 2.7
Professional and business services....... 103.5 106.7 107.5 .5 .8 .7 3.5 3.6 3.9
Professional, scientific, and technical
services.............................. 104.3 107.9 108.7 .6 .7 .7 4.3 4.1 4.2
Administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services... 102.7 105.7 106.5 .7 .9 .8 2.7 3.6 3.7
Education and health services............ 104.0 106.9 107.7 1.0 1.2 .7 4.0 3.8 3.6
Education services..................... 104.1 106.4 107.4 1.0 1.7 .9 4.1 3.2 3.2
Junior colleges, colleges,
universities, and professional
schools............................. 104.4 106.5 107.4 1.0 1.8 .8 4.4 3.0 2.9
Health care and social assistance(4)... 103.9 107.0 107.8 .9 1.1 .7 3.9 3.9 3.8
Hospitals............................ 103.7 106.5 107.2 .8 1.0 .7 3.7 3.5 3.4
Nursing and residential care
facilities.......................... 103.4 105.9 106.5 1.2 1.0 .6 3.4 3.6 3.0
Nursing care facilities(1)......... 103.1 106.0 106.4 1.0 1.1 .4 3.1 3.8 3.2
Leisure and hospitality.................. 103.7 108.1 108.8 1.4 1.6 .6 3.7 5.7 4.9
Accommodation and food services........ 103.8 108.4 109.0 1.6 1.8 .6 3.8 6.1 5.0
Other services, except public
administration.......................... 103.8 107.3 107.9 .4 1.1 .6 3.8 3.8 3.9
1 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table. See "Technical note"
for further explanation.
2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
3 Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing;
utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific,
and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts,
entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public
administration.
4 Includes ambulatory health care services and social assistance, not shown separately.
NOTE: Dashes indicate data not available.
Table 10. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by bargaining status,
region, and area
Indexes (Dec. 2005 = Percent changes for-
100)
Bargaining status, census region and
division, and metropolitan area status 3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007
Dec. Sep. Dec. Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007
Bargaining status
Union.................................... 102.3 104.4 104.7 0.6 0.7 0.3 2.3 2.7 2.3
Goods-producing industries(1).......... 102.3 104.3 104.3 .4 .7 .0 2.3 2.4 2.0
Manufacturing........................ 101.7 102.9 102.6 .3 .4 -.3 1.7 1.5 .9
Service-providing industries(2)........ 102.2 104.6 104.9 .6 .8 .3 2.2 3.0 2.6
Nonunion................................. 103.3 106.2 106.9 .6 .9 .7 3.3 3.4 3.5
Goods-producing industries(1).......... 103.0 105.8 106.4 .6 .8 .6 3.0 3.3 3.3
Manufacturing........................ 102.5 104.9 105.5 .5 .7 .6 2.5 2.8 2.9
Service-providing industries(2)........ 103.4 106.3 107.0 .7 .9 .7 3.4 3.5 3.5
Census region and division(3)
Northeast................................ 103.1 106.1 106.6 .6 1.0 .5 3.1 3.5 3.4
New England............................ 103.1 105.7 106.3 .8 .9 .6 3.1 3.3 3.1
Middle Atlantic........................ 103.1 106.4 106.7 .6 1.2 .3 3.1 3.8 3.5
South.................................... 103.6 106.5 107.0 .7 .9 .5 3.6 3.5 3.3
South Atlantic......................... 103.9 106.9 107.5 .7 .8 .6 3.9 3.6 3.5
East South Central..................... 103.1 105.6 106.3 1.0 1.1 .7 3.1 3.4 3.1
West South Central..................... 103.4 106.1 106.6 .7 .8 .5 3.4 3.3 3.1
Midwest.................................. 102.6 105.0 105.6 .6 .6 .6 2.6 2.9 2.9
East North Central..................... 102.5 104.7 105.3 .6 .3 .6 2.5 2.7 2.7
West North Central..................... 102.7 105.6 106.3 .3 1.1 .7 2.7 3.1 3.5
West..................................... 103.2 106.2 107.0 .5 .8 .8 3.2 3.4 3.7
Mountain............................... 103.2 106.7 107.8 .4 1.1 1.0 3.2 3.8 4.5
Pacific................................ 103.3 106.0 106.8 .6 .7 .8 3.3 3.2 3.4
Metropolitan area status
Metropolitan areas....................... 103.1 105.9 106.5 .6 .8 .6 3.1 3.3 3.3
Nonmetropolitan areas.................... 103.5 106.2 107.0 .9 1.0 .8 3.5 3.5 3.4
1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
2 Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing;
utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific,
and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts,
entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public
administration.
3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census divisions are: New England:
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New
York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi,
and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and
Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.
NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, occupation, and
industry series. (See "Technical note" for further information.) Dashes indicate data not available.
Table 11. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for State and local government workers, by
occupational group and industry
Indexes (Dec. 2005 = Percent changes for-
100)
Occupational group and industry 3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007
Dec. Sep. Dec. Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007
State and local government workers
All workers................................ 103.5 106.4 107.1 0.7 1.7 0.7 3.5 3.5 3.5
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related.... 103.5 106.3 107.0 .6 1.9 .7 3.5 3.3 3.4
Professional and related............... 103.6 106.3 107.0 .6 2.0 .7 3.6 3.2 3.3
Sales and office......................... 103.2 106.3 107.0 .6 1.4 .7 3.2 3.6 3.7
Office and administrative support...... 103.4 106.5 107.3 .7 1.4 .8 3.4 3.7 3.8
Service occupations...................... 103.9 106.5 107.7 1.5 1.2 1.1 3.9 4.0 3.7
Industry
Education and health services............ 103.6 106.3 107.1 .5 2.0 .8 3.6 3.1 3.4
Education services..................... 103.4 106.1 106.8 .4 2.1 .7 3.4 3.0 3.3
Schools(1)........................... 103.4 106.1 106.8 .4 2.1 .7 3.4 3.0 3.3
Elementary and secondary schools... 103.4 106.0 106.6 .4 2.1 .6 3.4 2.9 3.1
Health care and social assistance(2)... 105.5 108.2 109.2 .7 .9 .9 5.5 3.2 3.5
Hospitals............................ 104.4 107.6 108.6 1.3 1.0 .9 4.4 4.4 4.0
Public administration.................... 103.5 106.4 107.4 1.5 1.1 .9 3.5 4.3 3.8
1 Includes elementary and secondary schools; junior colleges; colleges, universities, and professional
schools.
2 Includes ambulatory health care services and social assistance, not shown separately.
NOTE: Dashes indicate data not available.
Table 12. Employment Cost Index for benefits, by ownership, occupational group, industry, and bargaining
status
Indexes (Dec. 2005 = Percent changes for-
100)
Occupational group, industry, and
bargaining status 3-months ended- 12-months ended-
Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007
Dec. Sep. Dec. Dec. Sep. Dec.
2006 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007
Civilian workers
All workers(1)............................. 103.6 106.1 106.8 0.8 1.0 0.7 3.6 3.2 3.1
Private industry workers
All workers................................ 103.1 105.0 105.6 .6 .7 .6 3.1 2.4 2.4
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related.... 103.4 105.6 106.0 .6 .7 .4 3.4 2.7 2.5
Sales and office......................... 102.9 105.2 106.0 .9 .9 .8 2.9 3.1 3.0
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance............................. 104.0 105.3 105.9 .5 .5 .6 4.0 1.7 1.8
Production, transportation, and material
moving.................................. 102.0 102.7 103.7 .4 .3 1.0 2.0 1.1 1.7
Service occupations...................... 103.6 106.0 106.7 .6 .9 .7 3.6 2.9 3.0
Industry
Goods-producing industries(2)............ 101.7 102.4 103.2 .4 .2 .8 1.7 1.1 1.5
Manufacturing.......................... 100.8 100.7 101.7 .3 -.3 1.0 .8 .2 .9
Aircraft manufacturing............... 83.2 68.5 68.6 -1.3 -6.7 .1 -16.8 -18.7 -17.5
Service-providing industries(3).......... 103.7 106.0 106.6 .7 .8 .6 3.7 2.9 2.8
Bargaining status
Union.................................... 104.2 104.3 105.8 .8 .2 1.4 4.2 .9 1.5
Nonunion................................. 102.9 105.1 105.6 .6 .8 .5 2.9 2.7 2.6
State and local government workers
All workers................................ 105.2 110.3 111.0 1.1 2.1 .6 5.2 6.0 5.5
1 Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the
public sector, except the federal government. See "Technical note" for further explanation.
2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.
3 Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing;
utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific,
and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts,
entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public
administration.
NOTE: Dashes indicate data not available.
TECHNICAL NOTE
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a measure of the change in the cost of labor, free from
the influence of employment shifts among occupations and industries. The compensation series
includes changes in wages and salaries and employer costs for employee benefits. The wage and
salary series and the benefit cost series provide the changes for the two components of
compensation.
Wages and salaries are defined as the hourly straight-time wage rate or, for workers not paid
on an hourly basis, straight-time earnings divided by the corresponding hours. Straight-time wage
and salary rates are total earnings before payroll deductions, excluding premium pay for overtime
and for work on weekends and holidays, shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses such as
lump-sum payments provided in lieu of wage increases. Production bonuses, incentive earnings,
commission payments, and cost-of-living adjustments are included in straight-time wage and salary
rates.
Benefits covered by the ECI are: Paid leave-vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other
leave; supplemental pay-premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as
overtime, weekends, and holidays), shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses (such as referral
bonuses and attendance bonuses); insurance benefits-life, health, short-term disability, and
long-term disability; retirement and savings benefits-defined benefit and defined contribution
plans; and legally required benefits-Social Security, Medicare, federal and state unemployment
insurance, and workers’ compensation.
The ECI provides data for the civilian economy, which includes the total private nonfarm
economy excluding private households, and the public sector excluding the federal government.
The private industry series and the state and local government series provide data for the two
sectors separately.
Beginning with this release sample establishments are classified by industry categories based
on the 2007 North American Industry Classification system (NAICS). Prior to this release, the
2002 NAICS classification system was used. Differences between the two NAICS systems did not
affect any of the published ECI series. Within a sample establishment, specific job categories
are selected and classified into about 800 occupational classifications according to the
2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. Individual occupations are combined
to represent one of ten intermediate aggregations, such as professional and related occupations,
or one of five higher-level aggregations such as management, professional, and related occupations.
Both the NAICS and the SOC classification systems are defined by the US Office of Management
and Budget (OMB). For more detailed information on NAICS and SOC, including background definitions,
see the BLS Web sites: www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm and www.bls.gov/soc/home.htm.
To be included in the ECI, employees in occupations must receive cash payments from the
establishment for services performed and the establishment must pay the employer’s portion of
Medicare taxes on that individual’s wages. Major exclusions from the survey are the self-employed,
individuals who set their own pay (for example, proprietors, owners, major stockholders, and
partners in unincorporated firms), volunteers, unpaid workers, family members being paid token
wages, individuals receiving long-term disability compensation, and U.S. citizens working overseas.
Data for the December 2007 quarter were collected from a probability sample of approximately
57,600 occupational observations selected from a sample of about 12,200 establishments in
private industry and approximately 11,900 occupations from a sample of about 2,000 establishments
in state and local governments. This quarter, the state and local government sample, which is
replaced less frequently than the private industry sample, was replaced in its entirety. As a
result of this replacement, the number of state and local government occupations and establishments
increased substantially this quarter. The private industry sample is rotated over approximately
5 years, which makes the sample more representative of the economy and reduces respondent burden.
Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months of March, June,
September, and December. The sample is replaced on a cross-area, cross-industry basis.
Fixed employment weights are used each quarter to calculate the most aggregate series-civilian,
private, and state and local government. These fixed weights are also used to derive all of
the industry and occupational series indexes. Beginning with March 2006 estimates, 2002 fixed
employment weights from the Bureau’s Occupational Employment Statistics survey were introduced.
For the series based on bargaining status, census region and division, metropolitan area
status, and for series excluding incentive paid occupations, fixed employment data are not
available. The employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the
current ECI sample. The nursing care facilities indexes in private industry are estimated using
fixed-employment weights derived from staffing patterns estimated from the four-digit industry
NAICS group 6231, nursing care facilities, a sub-industry of the larger industry group, nursing
and residential care facilities (NAICS 623). The indexes for these series, consequently, are
not strictly comparable with those for the aggregate, occupational, and industry series. A fuller
explanation of the calculation of index numbers appears in chapter 8 of the BLS Handbook of
Methods, at the web site www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch8.pdf.
Beginning with the release of the March 2006 data, indexes were rebased to December 2005=100
from June 1989=100. The percentage changes shown in the current- and constant-dollar historical
tables were calculated from the rebased indexes. Thus, changes may differ from those originally
published because of rounding.
The ECI state and local government sample consists of 152 areas that represent the
Nation's 361 metropolitan statistical areas and 573 micropolitan statistical areas as defined by
OMB in June 2003 and the remaining portions of the 50 states. The ECI private industry sample
consists of 151 metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan areas that represent the Nation's 326
metropolitan statistical areas as defined by OMB in 1994 and the remaining portions of the 50 states.
Metropolitan areas are defined as Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) or Consolidated
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSAs). Nonmetropolitan areas are counties and other geographic
designations that do not fit the metropolitan area definition. The private industry sample will
begin the conversion to June 2003 OMB areas definitions in the future.
Seasonally adjusted data for selected ECI series began with the December 1990 ECI release.
Seasonal adjustment removes the effects of events that follow a more or less regular pattern each
year. These adjustments make nonseasonal patterns easier to identify. The seasonal adjustment
factors are recalculated once per year. The March release contains data reflecting the newly
updated seasonal adjustment factors. The historical data for the last five years are then
revised based on the newly estimated factors. The seasonal factors for 2007 and revised
seasonally adjusted indexes for the past 5 years are available at www.bls.gov/ect or upon
request. Several new seasonally adjusted indexes and 3-month percent changes of occupational
series were added in March 2007, with historical data available beginning with March 2002.
Because the ECI is a sample survey, it is subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors are
differences that occur between the results computed from a sample of observations and those
computed from all observations in the population. The estimates derived from different samples
selected using the same sample design may differ from one other. A measure of the variation
among these differing estimates is the standard error. It can be used to measure the precision
with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the expected result of all possible
samples. The chances are about 68 out of 100 that an estimate from the survey differs from a
complete population figure by less than the standard error. The chances are about 90 out of 100
that this difference would be less than 1.6 times the standard error. The statements of
comparisons appearing in this publication are significant at a 1.6 standard error level or
better, unless otherwise indicated. This means that for differences cited, the estimated
difference is greater than 1.6 times the standard error of the difference.
The ECI uses standard errors to evaluate published series. To assist users in ascertaining
the reliability of series, the standard errors for all estimates (excluding seasonally adjusted
series) are available on the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/ect shortly after the publication of the
news release.
When determining data to be used in contract negotiations, it is important to note that
differences by bargaining status may be due to factors other than union status, such as
occupational and industry mix. An important consideration when choosing a series for escalation
is the sampling error. For more information, see www.bls.gov/ect/escalator.htm.
More detailed information on the ECI is available from several sources. These include a
chapter, "National compensation measures," (www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch8.pdf) from the BLS
Handbook of Methods, and several articles published in the Monthly Labor Review and Compensation
and Working Conditions. The articles and other descriptive pieces are available at
www.bls.gov/ect, by calling (202) 691-6199, or sending e-mail to NCSinfo@bls.gov.
Historical ECI data, using industry categories based on the Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) System and classifying jobs into occupational classifications according to the Census of
Population, are available dating from the first publication of each series to December 2005 at:
www.bls.gov/web/echistry.pdf. Data are also available for series based on the 2002 and
2007 North American Industry Classification Systems (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) beginning in March 2001, using December 2005=100 as the base period at:
www.bls.gov/web/echistrynaics.pdf.
In addition, constant-dollar ECI series derived from the Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers (CPI-U) are available. The constant-dollar series are calculated by converting the
CPI-U to the same base as the ECI. The ECI for each quarter is then divided by the converted
CPI-U for the same reference period. The CPI U U.S. City Average All Items is used to compute
all series except for the regional estimates, which use corresponding CPI regional data.
Supplemental data from the ECI, providing 12-month percent changes in employer costs for
health insurance in private industry, are also available at www.bls.gov/ect/sp/echealth.pdf.
The costs per hour worked of compensation components, based on data from the ECI, are
published in a separate news release titled "Employer Costs for Employee Compensation" (ECEC).
The next ECEC release is scheduled for 10:00 AM EDT on Wednesday, March 12, 2008. Historical
ECEC data are also available in summary documents. Both the release and historical data are
available at www.bls.gov/ect, by email to NCSinfo@bls.gov, or (202) 691-6199. Since the
ECEC is calculated with current employment weights rather than the fixed weights used in
computing the ECI, year-to-year changes in the cost levels usually differ from those in
the ECI.
United States Department of Labor
