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Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages

Employment and Wages, Annual Averages 2022

The annual bulletin Employment and Wages contains employment and wage data from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program aggregated by industry at the national, state, and county levels.

Preface

This web-only publication, Employment and Wages Online Annual Averages, is the successor to the annual print bulletin, Employment and Wages. The 2008 issue of the Employment and Wages bulletin was the final edition to be issued on paper in March 2010.

The graphs that appeared in the print publication are no longer produced for the web-only publication. The newest improvement to the E&W comes in the form of interactive tables. The replacement tables include monthly employment and quarterly establishment and wage data for more series. The new tables include wage information for size data tables, which had not been available in the old tables. Questions regarding these data can be addressed to the QCEW program by calling (202) 691-6567 or by using any of the channels provided on the QCEW contact page.

The quarterly County Employment and Wages news releases produced by the QCEW program as well as PDFs of all 2022 QCEW news releases can be found at the QCEW news release archive. County Employment and Wages news releases present employment and wages by county and are released within 5 months after the end of each referenced quarter. With continuous process improvements, the QCEW is now on an accelerated schedule to release data earlier than in previous years. All data, at each level of geography, can be found at QCEW databases. All tables in this publication are available as PDFs on the above Web site. Questions regarding these data can be addressed to the QCEW program by calling (202) 691-6567 or by e-mail.

Business Employment Dynamics (BED) news releases present gross job gains and losses and are released approximately 7 months after the reference quarter. Questions about BED data can be directed to the information line at (202) 691-6467 or by e-mail.

Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals on request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.

Acknowledgments

The following members of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics prepared this publication under the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover, David M. Talan, Chief; Jennifer Cheng, Kathryn Evans, Shanna Holloway, David A. Ivory, Spencer A. Jobe, Keith G. Keel, Jay Miller, Scott Miller, Maribeth Rucker-Dong, Masa Shirako, Trent Thompson, Selena Trevino, and Ric Wise of the Current Data Analysis Branch, Imani Drayton-Hill (current) and David R. H. Hiles (former), Chief; Monique Ortiz, Systems Coordination and Redesign Branch, William Yowler, Chief; Akbar Sadeghi, and Eric Simants of the State Operations and Frame Research Branch, Kevin Cooksey, Chief.

Data were prepared and processed by the following members of the Division of Business Establishment Systems (DBES), Michael Dorsey (Division Chief); Raymond Brown, Ali Latif, Reuel Paredes, Ian Preston, Carl Smahaj, Natasha Tsyryulnikova, and Patricia Walker of the Procedures Branch, Usha Gundlapudi (Branch Chief); Omar Bonilla, Andrew Chrismer, Margarita Gershkovich, Periyaswamysangili Satya Govindarajan, Andrea Jones, David Lambe, Pablo Palomera, Long Pham, Hyunjoo Reed,  and Ramesh Srigiriraju of the Database Systems Branch, Sean Wu (Branch Chief); Sal Adlakonda, Vladimir Kogan, Srinivas Pasupunuti, Fe Quita, and Nasim Tuhki of the ES-202 Systems Branch, Deborah Morris (Branch Chief).

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) wishes to express its appreciation to U.S. employers for their continued cooperation in providing establishment-level data on the Multiple Worksite Report (MWR) form. This information for each business location is critical to the accurate distribution of employment and wage data to the appropriate geographical area and specific industry. If businesses did not provide this level of detail, the quality of the data would be adversely affected.

State workforce agencies that collect data from employers also play a primary role in this ongoing program. The efforts of staff at these agencies in verifying, editing, and supplying high-quality data to BLS are essential to the accuracy of this bulletin and are appreciated. We also would like to express our gratitude for the dedicated work of the BLS staff in the Electronic Data Interchange Center and in the regional offices for their ongoing efforts to improve the quality of data provided in this bulletin.

Introduction

Data contained in this publication represent the complete and final count of employment and wages for workers covered by state Unemployment Insurance (UI) laws and the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) program during 2022 for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Data are aggregated by geography at the county, metropolitan statistical area, combined statistical area, state, and national levels; by ownership for the private sector, as well as federal, state, or local government; and by industry as defined under the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). County, state, and national level aggregates appear in the tables in this publication. These data are the product of a Federal-State cooperative program, the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), also referenced as ES-202. State workforce agencies compile the data for both private- and public-sector workers from reports filed by employers each quarter and report it to the BLS.

In 2022, BLS derived totals of 11.5 million establishments, 150.0 million employed, and $10.5 trillion in wages, from reports submitted to state workforce agencies by every employer covered by UI or by UCFE. Of these employers, those in private industry provided state workforce agencies with quarterly tax reports on monthly employment, quarterly total and taxable wages, and contributions for an average of 128.7 million wage and salary employees in approximately 11.2 million business establishments. Similar reports of monthly employment and quarterly wages were submitted by the federal government for 2.9 million civilian employees, by state governments for 4.5 million employees, and by local governments for 13.6 million employees. UI-covered employment reported by these sources constituted a virtual census (97.4 percent) of employees on nonfarm payrolls. The principal exclusions from UI and UCFE coverage are cited in the Characteristics and Employment sections of this publication. In this document, BLS presents data by ownership, industry, and area. These data include the average number of establishments, average annual employment, total wages, and annual and average weekly wages per employee. Additionally, BLS publishes national employment and wage totals for 11 supersectors, 21 sectors, and all 1,030 six-digit NAICS industries. County-level data include number of establishments, employment, and average weekly wage. Private-sector data are presented by area, from the total private ownership level to the six-digit NAICS industries. Private-sector data also are presented by national gross job gains and losses. State, local, and federal government data are detailed for selected industries.

QCEW data for 2022 are classified according to the NAICS 2022. QCEW has implemented NAICS 2022 with all data publication forward. For more information on the classification systems used by the QCEW program, please refer to the QCEW Industry Classification page.

Coverage by ownership

QCEW current employment coverage chart QCEW current total wages coverage chart



Tables

  1. Total coverage, all ownerships, all industries, by state: Establishments, employment, and wages, 2022 annual averages. Total coverage includes all UI and UCFE covered. Total covered UI is comparable to Total all ownerships less federal government data (UCFE). (HTML)
  2. Private, federal, state and local ownerships, by six-digit NAICS industry or higher: Establishments, employment, and wages, 2022 annual averages. For measures of change over time, see Table 19. "One area, one industry, annually" on the QCEW Data Viewer.
    • Private ownership, by six-digit NAICS industry or higher (HTML)
    • Federal government, by six-digit NAICS industry or higher (HTML)
    • State government, by six-digit NAICS industry or higher (HTML)
    • Local government, by six-digit NAICS industry or higher (HTML)
  3. Private ownership, by supersector and size of establishment: Establishments, employment, and wages, first quarter 2023. (HTML)
  4. Private ownership, by total all industries, or domain, or supersector, and by size of establishment, and by state: Establishments, employment and wages, first quarter 2023.
    • Total All Industries (HTML)
    • Goods Producing (HTML)
      • Natural Resources and Mining (HTML)
      • Construction (HTML)
      • Manufacturing (HTML)
    • Service Providing (HTML)
      • Trade, Transportation, and Utilities (HTML)
      • Information (HTML)
      • Financial Activities (HTML)
      • Professional and Business Services (HTML)
      • Education and Health Services (HTML)
      • Leisure and Hospitality (HTML)
      • Other Services (HTML)
      • Unclassified (HTML)
    • *Please note: Public Administration is not included in the list above. There is no representation of private ownership in public administration by nature of the industry. Additionally, size data is only available for private ownership. More information about QCEW size data is available at https://www.bls.gov/cew/classifications/size/size-data-info.htm.

  5. Total covered, all ownerships, all industries, by state: Establishments, employment, and wages, 2022 annual averages. Total coverage includes all UI and UCFE covered. Total covered UI is comparable to Total all ownerships less federal government data (UCFE). (HTML)
  6. Private ownership, all industries, by state: Establishments, employment, and wages, 2022 annual averages. (HTML)
    For measures of change over time, see Table 19. "One area, one industry, annually" on the QCEW Data Viewer.
  7. Federal government, all industries, by state: Establishments, employment, and wages, 2022 annual averages. (HTML)
  8. State government, all industries, by state: Establishments, employment, and wages, 2022 annual averages. (HTML)
  9. Local government, all industries, by state: Establishments, employment, and wages, 2022 annual averages. (HTML)
  10. Private ownership, all industry levels, by state: Establishments, employment, and wages, 2022 annual averages. See Table 12. "All industry levels, one area" on the QCEW Data Viewer, and then select the state of interest. (EXAMPLE HTML)
  11. Covered establishments, employment, and wages in the 361 largest counties, first quarter 2023. See Table 1 on pages 5-12. (PDF)
  12. Private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted, March 2012 to December 2022. See Table 1 on page 9. (PDF)
  13. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted, December 2021 to December 2022. See Table 3 on pages 11-13. (PDF)
  14. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted, December 2021 to December 2022. See Table 6 on page 16. (PDF)
  15. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted, December 2021 to December 2022. See Table 7 on page 17. (PDF)

Characteristics of the data

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) compiled the data in this publication as part of the operations of its Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program. Data are derived from the quarterly tax reports submitted to state workforce agencies by employers, subject to state UI laws and from federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) program. Each quarter, state agencies edit and process the data and send the information to the Bureau's national office in Washington, DC. The QCEW program provides the most complete set of monthly employment and quarterly wage data by six-digit industry at the national, state, combined metropolitan statistical area, metropolitan statistical area, and county levels. Data have broad economic significance for the evaluation of labor market trends and major industry developments, for time-series analyses, and for intra-area and inter-industry comparisons.

Unemployment insurance laws and coverage

The employer reports that form the input to the QCEW are required by the Federal Unemployment Insurance Tax Act and its extensions. Initially, the Federal Unemployment Insurance Tax Act (1935) applied only to firms employing at least 8 persons for a minimum of 20 weeks in a calendar year and excluded certain categories of workers. Amendments to Title XV of the Social Security Act established the UCFE program, which extended coverage to federal civilian employees effective January 1, 1955, and to workers in firms employing from four to seven workers effective January 1, 1956.

Federal legislation, effective January 1, 1972, extended coverage of state UI systems to firms employing one worker or more in 28 states and expanded some of the statutory coverage provisions. (The remaining states previously had extended coverage to these small employers.) The 1972 legislation also brought coverage to employees of state hospitals, colleges, and universities.

The Federal Unemployment Compensation Amendments of 1976 incorporated major changes in state UI laws effective January 1, 1978. Under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), states expanded coverage to include nearly all remaining state and local government employees, employees of nonprofit elementary and secondary schools, and certain domestic workers. Some states began implementing the amendments as early as 1976. The law also brought the U.S. Virgin Islands under the UI system.

The 1976 amendments covered agricultural labor if performed for an employer who, in any calendar quarter in the current or preceding calendar year, paid cash remuneration of $20,000 or more to individuals employed in agricultural labor. The 1976 amendments also apply to employers who, on each of some 20 days in 20 different weeks during the current or preceding calendar year, employed at least 10 individuals in agricultural labor.

Under a 1981 United States Supreme Court ruling, schools affiliated with religious organizations are not required to be covered under the UI system. Many of these schools, however, continue to cover their employees on a voluntary basis. Special provisions for railroad workers are made through the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act. Data for workers covered under the Railroad Retirement Board and for those covered under the Unemployment Compensation for Ex-Servicemembers (UCX) program are excluded from the tables in this publication.

In a number of states, certain types of nonprofit employers, such as religious organizations, are given a choice of coverage or exclusion. Under FUTA, all states must cover nonprofits that employ four or more workers. Some states have extended coverage to nonprofits employing one or more workers. Details on coverage laws are provided in Comparison of State Unemployment Insurance Laws, available on request from the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor, www.doleta.gov.

While coverage is largely consistent, comparisons of data from one state to another should take into consideration the differences in UI laws among states. In addition, when UI-covered private-industry employment data are compared directly with other employment series, the coverage exclusions should be considered. See Table A under Employment (Coverage exclusions) for details.

For more detailed information about UI history in QCEW, please see the Federal Unemployment Insurance Employment Coverage Timeline page.

Industrial classification

Employment and wage data developed in the QCEW program have been classified by industry since 1938. Data presented in this publication are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). It is the product of a cooperative effort on the part of the statistical agencies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

A six-digit NAICS industry code, specifically based on a description provided by the employer on a questionnaire, is assigned to each establishment by the state workforce agency. If a private or government employer conducts different activities at various establishments or installations, separate industrial codes are assigned, to the extent possible, to each establishment. For a searchable resource related to NAICS codes used by QCEW, see the BLS Industry Finder application.

To ensure the highest possible quality of data, state workforce agencies verify and update, if necessary, the NAICS, location, and ownership classifications of virtually all establishments on a three-year cycle. Information for government units in the public administration sector, however, is verified less frequently. Each year, changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter.

QCEW data for 2022 are classified according to the NAICS 2022. QCEW has implemented NAICS 2022 with all data publication forward. For more information on the classification systems used by the QCEW program, please refer to the QCEW Industry Classification page.

Employment

In general, QCEW monthly employment data represent the number of covered workers who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period that included the 12th day of the month. Virtually all workers are reported in the state in which their jobs are located.

UI and UCFE coverage is broad and has been basically comparable from state to state since 1978, when the 1976 amendments to the Federal Unemployment Tax Act became effective, expanding coverage to include most state and local government employees. In 2022, UI and UCFE programs covered 150.0 million jobs. The estimated 144.6 million workers in these jobs (after adjustment for multiple jobholders) represented 97.5 percent of civilian wage and salary employment. Covered workers received $10.5 trillion in pay, representing 93.8 percent of the wage and salary component of personal income, and 41.2 percent of the gross domestic product.

Covered private-industry employment includes most corporate officials, executives, supervisory personnel, professionals, clerical workers, wage earners, piece-workers, and part-time workers. Persons on paid sick leave, paid holiday, paid vacation, and the like are also included. Persons on the payroll of more than one firm during the period are counted by each UI-subject employer, if they meet the employment definition noted previously. Workers are counted even though, in the latter months of the year, their wages may not be subject to UI tax.

It excludes proprietors, the unincorporated self-employed, unpaid family members, and certain farm and domestic workers. The employment count also excludes workers who earned no wages during the entire applicable pay period because of work stoppages, temporary layoffs, illness, or unpaid vacations.

Employment at all federal agencies for any given month is based on the number of persons who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period that included the 12th of the month. Employment data reported for federal civilian employees are a byproduct of the operations of state workforce agencies in administering the provisions of Title XV of the Social Security Act, the UCFE program. Federal employment data are based on reports of monthly employment and quarterly wages submitted each quarter to state agencies for all federal installations with employees covered by the Act, except for certain national security agencies, which are omitted for security reasons.

Coverage exclusions

 Table A. Coverage exclusions in 2022, for selected workers
Group Number Excluded (in millions)  Number Included (in millions)

Wage and salary agricultural workers


0.3

1.3

Self-employed agricultural workers1


0.7

Not covered

Self-employed nonagricultural workers1


9.1

Not covered

Domestic workers


0.4

0.2

Unpaid family workers1


0.1

Not covered

State and local government workers


0.9

18.4

Railroad workers


0.15

<0.001

1These are out-of-scope groups, according to QCEW criteria.

Annual Average Employment

QCEW annual average employment is calculated by summing the twelve (12) months of employment (final) for a calendar year, and then dividing by 12. This is usually first published in June of the following year, with final annual average QCEW data available in September of that year. Please note that rounding may result in minor differences between hand calculations and the published annual average employment data from QCEW.

Wages

Total wages

Covered employers in most states report total compensation paid during the calendar quarter, regardless of when the services were performed. A few state laws, however, specify that wages be reported for, or be based on, the period during which services are performed, rather than for the period during which compensation is paid. Under most state laws or regulations, wages include bonuses, stock options, severance pay, the cash value of meals and lodging, tips and other gratuities, and, in some states' employer contributions to certain deferred compensation plans, such as 401(k) plans.

Total wages exclusions

Covered employer contributions for old-age, survivors, and disability insurance; health insurance; UI; workers' compensation; and private pension and welfare funds are not reported as wages. Employee contributions for the same purposes, however, as well as money withheld for income taxes, union dues, and so forth are reported, even though they are deducted from the worker's gross pay.

Average wages

Average annual wages per employee for any given industry are computed by dividing total annual wages by annual average employment. A further division by 52 yields average weekly wages per employee. Annual pay data only approximate annual earnings because an individual may not be employed by the same employer all year or may work for more than one employer at a time.

Average weekly or annual pay is affected by the ratio of full-time to part-time workers, as well as by the numbers of individuals in high- and low-paying occupations. When comparing average pay levels among states and industries, data users should take these factors into consideration. For example, industries characterized by high proportions of part-time workers will show average weekly wage levels appreciably less than the weekly pay levels of regular full-time employees in these industries. The opposite is true of industries with low proportions of part-time workers and of industries that typically schedule heavy weekend and overtime work. Average wage data also may be influenced by work stoppages, labor turnover, retroactive payments, seasonal factors, and bonus payments.

Taxable wages and contributions

Taxable wages and contributions data in QCEW are related to each state’s management of all employers’ activity within the state’s Unemployment Insurance (UI) system. A portion of each employee’s total wages are subject to unemployment taxation each quarter. A tax rate is applied to that portion of wages, resulting in contributions due from the employer to the state’s UI trust fund. Each quarter, employers report the aggregate of their taxable wages and contributions to the state UI agency. This information is passed on to QCEW. However, QCEW is not involved in the collection, calculation, or enforcement of the direct taxable wages or contributions for each specific employer. QCEW aggregates the received taxable wages and contributions microdata by area, industry, ownership, and size (size data for 1st quarter only) for macrodata outputs each quarter. Taxable wages and contributions data are available via QCEW downloadable data files.

More information about taxable wages and contributions can be found by using Unemployment Insurance Tax Topic resources from the US Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration (US DOL-ETA), or by contacting the US DOL-ETA Unemployment Insurance office directly. Additionally, for state information related to these topics, please contact each state’s employment security agency, starting with information available at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/regions.

Establishments and employment size

An establishment is an economic unit, such as a farm, mine, factory, or store that produces goods or provides services. It is typically at a single physical location and engaged in one, or predominantly one, type of economic activity for which a single industrial classification may be applied. Occasionally, a single physical location encompasses two or more distinct and significant activities. Each activity is reported as a separate establishment, if separate records are kept, and the various activities are classified under different NAICS industries.

Most employers have only one establishment; thus, the establishment is the predominant reporting unit or statistical entity for reporting employment and wage data. Most employers who operate more than one establishment in a state file a Multiple Worksite Report (MWR) each quarter, in addition to their quarterly UI report. The MWR form is used to collect separate employment and wage data for each of the employer's establishments. Such data are not detailed on the UI report. Some employers with two or more very small establishments do not file an MWR. If the total employment in an employer's secondary establishments (all establishments other than the largest) is 10 or less, the employer generally files a consolidated report for all establishments. Also, some employers either cannot, or will not, report at the establishment level and, thus, aggregate establishments into one consolidated unit, or possibly several units, though not at the establishment level.

Before 1991, employers provided covered employment and wage data on a reporting unit basis. Reporting unit data typically furnished detail only for different county locations or industrial operations within a state. A nonstandard form, similar in concept to the MWR and called the Statistical Supplement, was used by states to collect these county industry data. Although reporting units were, for the most part, individual establishments, employers could provide a summary of their employment and wage data for multiple establishments within a county that were conducting the same type of industrial activity. For example, a fast-food business might have submitted a single report that covered all of its operations within a county prior to 1991; on the MWR, the employer reports employment and wage data for each location. The MWR substantially enhanced the accuracy of the QCEW data after 1991 and allowed the QCEW data to be a better sample frame for other programs.

For government, the reporting unit is the installation: a single location at which a department, agency, or other government body has civilian employees. Federal agencies follow slightly different criteria than do private employers, when breaking down their reports by installation. They are permitted to combine as a single statewide unit all installations with 10 or fewer workers if those installations belong to the same sub-departmental unit. Reports from cabinet-level departments are not aggregated to a department-wide level. Departments submit separate reports for each bureau or agency (terminology for sub-departmental units may differ) within a given department. Independent agencies report on an agency-wide basis. As a result of these reporting rules, the number of reporting units is always larger than the number of employers (or government agencies), but smaller than the number of actual establishments (or installations).

Data reported for the first quarter of the year were tabulated into size categories in Tables 3 and 4, ranging from worksites with few employees to those with 1,000 or more employees. The size category is determined by the establishment's March employment level. It is important to note that data for each establishment of a multi-establishment firm are tabulated separately into the appropriate size category. The total employment level of the reporting multi-establishment firm is not used in the size tabulation. For more information about size data available from QCEW, please see the QCEW size page.

Annual Average Establishment Counts

QCEW annual average establishment counts are calculated by summing the four (4) quarters of establishment counts for a calendar year, and then dividing by 4. This is usually first published in June of the following year, with final annual average QCEW data available in September of that year. Please note that rounding may result in minor differences between hand calculations and the published annual average establishment count data from QCEW.

Disclosure restrictions

In accordance with BLS Confidentiality policy, data reported under a promise of confidentiality are not published in an identifiable way and are used only for specified statistical purposes. BLS withholds the publication of UI-covered employment and wage data for any industry level when necessary to protect the identity of cooperating employers. Totals at the industry level for the states and the nation include the undisclosed data suppressed within the detailed tables. However, these totals do not reveal the suppressed data.

For more information about confidentiality concepts, as it relates to QCEW data disclosure, please see this document about Confidentiality and Data Disclosure.

Collection Modes

QCEW data collection may be affected by the availability of state unemployment insurance (UI) staff, state labor market information (LMI) staff, BLS data collection staff, and business respondents. QCEW data are collected through several channels; most QCEW data come from state LMI departments that receive data from their UI tax department partners. QCEW also collects Multiple Worksite Report (MWR) data electronically through the BLS-operated MWR website and the BLS Electronic Data Interchange center. BLS manages a contract to print and collect MWR paper forms for all US states and territories with UI coverage (50 States, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands). BLS offers respondents increased electronic reporting options, working with our MWR contractor to scan as much data as possible electronically, and researching other options to increase web reporting.

For more information and a data table related to Collection Modes for QCEW data, go to https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/cew/data.htm#collection-modes.

Imputed data

To reduce the effect of the exclusion of data because of late reporting by covered private and government employers, state agencies impute employment and wages for such employers and include them in each quarterly report. Corrections to data that may be entered after a report is filed include replacement of imputations with reported data to the extent possible. Imputations are calculated at the individual establishment level, normally from historical data reported by the employer. Sometimes trends reported by employers in the same industry and information obtained from other sources also are used. If a report remains delinquent for more than one quarter, and research shows that it is still active, the data for the establishment will again be imputed.

See our QCEW imputation methodology page for more information about these concepts.

For information about QCEW response rates, go to https://www.bls.gov/cew/reporting-rates/.

The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures-the QCEW, BED, and CES-makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data. Each measure, however, has a somewhat different universe of coverage and estimation procedure, and each produces a different publication. For a complete comparison of QCEW data with other related data series, please see the QCEW Handbook of Methods - Comparisons - Related BLS series.

Comparison of QCEW data with other data programs

QCEW can be compared with other data programs at BLS, as well as other outside agencies. Like the related-data series, each program has a somewhat different universe of coverage and methodology, and each produces a different publication and sets of data. For a complete comparison of QCEW data with other data programs, please see the QCEW Handbook of Methods - Comparisons - Other data programs.

Users and uses of the data

QCEW data are widely used by federal statistical agencies, BLS surveys, and other public and private establishments as a basis for their statistics and research publications. For a complete list of users and uses of QCEW data, please see the QCEW Handbook of Methods - Data - Users and uses.

How to obtain publications and data

Recent and historical data may be obtained from the QCEW program. Previous editions of Employment and Wages Annual Averages are out of print, but file copies may be examined at the BLS Washington office and at Federal Depository Libraries. For assistance in obtaining QCEW data, a QCEW analyst can be reached by telephone at (202) 691-6567, or by e-mail. Requests also may be sent by mail to the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover, Room 4860, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212. The request should include the name and telephone number of an individual whom BLS staff may contact, if necessary.

Most state workforce agencies have QCEW employment and wage data for both the private and government sectors by county and for major labor market areas. If data provided by the BLS Web site are insufficient, requests for these detailed data should be made directly to state agencies. Data for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are also available and may be obtained from the state workforce agencies in those jurisdictions.

Business Response Survey

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) developed a new survey program that provides data users with timely information to assess the impact of specific events (e.g., policy changes, strikes, resource shortages, health epidemics, terrorist attacks, and severe weather) on the U.S. economy or on new topics of economic interest. The Business Response Survey allows BLS to collect new information about the U.S. economy in a more efficient manner than was previously possible. The first two surveys in this new program were conducted in 2020, and 2021, and asked U.S. businesses how they changed their operations since the onset of the COVID–19 pandemic. In 2022, the new survey asked employers about telework, hiring, and vacancies at their establishments as we begin to emerge from the COVID–19 pandemic. More information is available at https://www.bls.gov/brs/.

Business Employment Dynamics

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of the QCEW program. BED data are compiled by BLS from existing quarterly state UI records for non-household private employers and are supplemented with MWR records. In the BED program, UI records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each privately owned establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establishments.

The linkage process initially matches establishments' unique UI identification numbers assigned by the state workforce agencies. Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by UI numbers. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the state workforce agencies, to relate records with different UI numbers across quarters. Predecessor and successor relationships can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm's restructuring, or a UI account's restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different UI numbers as continuous. The match is based upon establishments having the same business name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched records individually and attempts to make a possible match.

The change in employment at the establishment level results from one of four types of events. An increase in employment can come from either opening establishments or expanding establishments. A decrease in employment can come from either closing establishments or contracting establishments. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding establishments. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting establishments. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses.

The formal definitions of establishment-level employment changes are as follows:

  • Openings.  These are establishments either with positive third-month employment for the first time in the current quarter and with no links to the previous quarter or with positive third-month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.
  • Expansions.  These are establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters and with an increase in employment over this period.
  • Closings.  These are establishments with positive third-month employment in the previous quarter and with either no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter.
  • Contractions.  These are establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters and with a decrease in employment from the previous to the current quarter.

All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third month of each quarter. Not all establishments change their employment levels; these establishments count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.

BED data are subject to revisions. The standard procedure is to revise the previous four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted data each year with the release of first quarter data.

Searchable databases for the Business Employment Dynamics program are available from BED Databases, while BED data files and charts are available from https://www.bls.gov/bdm/charts.htm.

BED Research Data

The BED program has research series available at https://www.bls.gov/bdm/research-data.htm. These series include BED data on non-profit organizations, the age and size of businesses, and business survival rates.

QCEW-related Articles Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics

Established in 1915, the Monthly Labor Review is the principal journal of fact, analysis, and research of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Other BLS publications, including Beyond the Numbers (BTN), Spotlight on Statistics (SOS), and The Economics Daily (TED), focus on short form analysis along with graphics and maps. In 2022 and 2023, these publications released several articles (listed below) at least partly based on QCEW, Business Employment Dynamics (BED), the COVID-19 Business Response Survey (BRS), or Unemployment Insurance (UI) data.

MLR: Labor market impacts of destructive California wildfires (07/20/2023)

MLR: Firm migrations in the United States: magnitude and trends (06/06/2023)

MLR: Jobs, jobs, jobs: what’s an analyst to do? (12/20/2022)

MLR: Telework during the COVID-19 pandemic: estimates using the 2021 Business Response Survey (03/15/2022)

SOS: A Look at a Neat Industries: Distilleries (June 2023)

SOS: Business Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic (March 2023)

SOS: The Decline in Employment Dynamism Over the Last Three Decades (March 2022)

SOS: Business Employment Dynamics by Age and Size of Firms (January 2022)

BTN: Comparing occupational employment and wages in public and private elementary and secondary schools (02/07/2023)

TED: Louisiana has highest percent of employment at risk because of hurricane flooding (06/28/2023)

TED: Counties with highest concentration of jobs in fitness and recreational sports centers, June 2022 (01/12/2023)

TED: Appalachian employment lagged rest of United States from 2001 to 2021 (12/13/2022)

TED: Over one-third of private-sector establishments increased telework during the COVID-19 pandemic (10/21/2022)

TED: Establishment response to the COVID-19 pandemic in health care and social assistance (03/28/2022)

TED: Nearly half of establishments that required COVID-19 vaccinations offered incentives (03/04/2022)

TED: 24 percent of establishments increased pay or paid bonuses because of COVID-19 pandemic (02/18/2022)

TED: COVID-19 workplace safety measures to work onsite (02/10/2022)

TED: Employment peaks by county, 1975–2020 (01/13/2022)


Last Modified Date: November 16, 2023