Richmond, VA National Compensation Survey (NCS) Bulletin
NC BL 06/00/2010 Table: Richmond, VA, Bulletin, October 2009
Table 1. Summary: Mean hourly earnings(1) and weekly hours for selected worker and establishment characteristics, Richmond, VA, October 2009
Civilian Private industry State and local government
workers workers workers
Hourly earnings Hourly earnings Hourly earnings
Worker and establishment
characteristics Mean Mean Mean
weekly weekly weekly
Relative hours(- Relative hours(- Relative hours(-
Mean error(2) 3) Mean error(2) 3) Mean error(2) 3)
(percen- (percen- (percen-
t) t) t)
All workers........................................................... $19.79 2.8 35.2 $19.35 3.4 34.6 $21.85 3.6 38.4
Worker characteristics(4)(5)
Management, professional, and related............................... 30.40 4.4 36.0 31.87 6.0 35.1 26.97 3.9 38.5
Management, business, and financial............................... 36.50 4.7 37.8 38.30 5.3 37.3 28.98 13.4 40.0
Professional and related.......................................... 27.32 4.2 35.2 27.82 6.1 33.8 26.42 4.5 38.2
Service............................................................. 11.03 4.6 31.7 9.99 4.2 30.8 17.07 9.8 38.7
Sales and office.................................................... 16.57 5.9 35.2 16.59 6.7 34.7 16.40 3.7 38.2
Sales and related................................................. 16.72 18.1 32.1 16.87 18.6 32.1 – – –
Office and administrative support................................. 16.49 2.9 36.9 16.43 3.5 36.5 16.75 3.6 38.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance.................... 19.49 3.7 39.9 19.83 3.9 39.9 17.53 5.5 40.0
Construction and extraction...................................... 17.68 6.3 39.9 17.94 7.4 39.9 16.65 8.2 40.0
Installation, maintenance, and repair............................. 21.59 5.0 39.9 21.76 5.3 39.9 – – –
Production, transportation, and material moving..................... 16.61 5.4 36.7 16.64 5.6 36.9 16.13 8.1 33.1
Production........................................................ 17.91 8.7 39.4 17.84 9.1 39.4 – – –
Transportation and material moving................................ 15.40 5.2 34.4 15.50 5.4 34.8 13.32 8.5 29.1
Full time........................................................... 21.17 2.7 39.6 20.93 3.3 39.6 22.18 3.4 39.5
Part time........................................................... 11.08 3.3 20.9 10.96 3.4 20.8 13.49 6.1 22.1
Union............................................................... 20.15 2.9 36.0 20.30 3.1 35.7 – – –
Nonunion............................................................ 19.77 2.9 35.2 19.28 3.6 34.5 21.95 3.5 38.3
Time................................................................ 19.41 2.6 34.9 18.84 3.1 34.2 21.85 3.6 38.4
Incentive........................................................... 24.32 13.4 39.0 24.32 13.4 39.0 – – –
Establishment characteristics
Goods producing..................................................... (6) (6) (6) 20.98 4.2 39.0 (6) (6) (6)
Service providing................................................... (6) (6) (6) 19.05 3.9 33.9 (6) (6) (6)
1-99 workers........................................................ 17.20 6.1 33.5 17.20 6.2 33.4 – – –
100-499 workers..................................................... 20.33 7.3 35.4 20.66 8.8 34.8 19.10 9.6 38.0
500 workers or more................................................. 23.83 2.7 38.4 24.05 4.1 38.3 23.49 2.9 38.6
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay.
Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and
dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
2 The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate. It can be used to calculate a "confidence interval"
around a sample estimate. For more information about RSEs, see appendix A.
3 Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a week, exclusive of overtime.
4 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Union workers are
those whose wages are determined through collective bargaining. Wages of time workers are based solely on hourly rate or salary; incentive workers are those
whose wages are at least partially based on productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production bonuses.
5 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more information.
6 Estimates for goods-producing and service-providing industries are published for private industry only. Industries are determined by the 2007 North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
Table 2. Civilian workers: Mean hourly earnings(1) for full-time and part-time workers(2) by work levels(3), Richmond, VA, October 2009
Total Full-time workers Part-time workers
Occupation(4) and level
Relative Relative Relative
Mean error(5) Mean error(5) Mean error(5)
(percent) (percent) (percent)
All workers........................................................... $19.79 2.8 $21.17 2.7 $11.08 3.3
Management occupations.............................................. 44.11 6.8 44.14 6.8 – –
Level 11.................................................. 37.80 5.9 37.80 5.9 – –
Level 13.................................................. 63.49 7.3 63.49 7.3 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 43.37 11.1 43.42 11.2 – –
General and operations managers................................... 43.34 16.1 – – – –
Computer and information systems managers......................... 58.39 7.7 58.39 7.7 – –
Financial managers................................................ 44.75 20.9 44.75 20.9 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 55.68 17.1 55.68 17.1 – –
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 29.27 4.1 29.26 4.1 – –
Level 7 .................................................. 22.63 4.2 22.63 4.2 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 27.70 3.3 27.63 3.3 – –
Level 10.................................................. 33.92 7.0 33.92 7.0 – –
Level 11.................................................. 39.78 2.7 39.78 2.7 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 25.96 11.4 25.88 11.6 – –
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists........ 26.98 12.4 – – – –
Management analysts............................................... 28.00 12.4 28.00 12.4 – –
Accountants and auditors.......................................... 28.67 5.8 28.67 5.8 – –
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 35.60 6.7 35.60 6.7 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 33.69 3.8 33.69 3.8 – –
Level 11.................................................. 39.89 4.3 39.89 4.3 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 38.13 6.6 38.13 6.6 – –
Computer software engineers....................................... 39.23 3.2 39.23 3.2 – –
Computer support specialists...................................... 24.02 13.2 24.02 13.2 – –
Computer systems analysts......................................... 42.44 14.3 42.44 14.3 – –
Architecture and engineering occupations
Level 11.................................................. 41.05 12.6 41.05 12.6 – –
Engineers......................................................... 44.09 12.8 43.12 15.3 – –
Level 11.................................................. 41.05 12.6 41.05 12.6 – –
Life, physical, and social science occupations...................... 25.64 4.7 25.64 4.7 – –
Community and social services occupations........................... 21.40 6.9 21.41 7.4 – –
Level 7 .................................................. 20.45 1.6 20.45 1.6 – –
Counselors........................................................ 23.15 10.7 23.15 10.7 – –
Legal occupations................................................... 32.51 11.7 32.76 12.2 – –
Lawyers........................................................... 51.09 21.6 51.09 21.6 – –
Paralegals and legal assistants................................... 22.27 4.9 22.34 5.3 – –
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 27.31 2.8 28.06 2.3 15.27 11.4
Level 9 .................................................. 29.82 2.0 29.82 2.0 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 26.92 8.0 29.11 10.2 – –
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 28.69 7.9 29.53 10.6 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 28.26 7.3 29.11 10.2 – –
Miscellaneous postsecondary teachers............................ 27.03 5.6 – – – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 27.03 5.6 – – – –
Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 28.96 2.5 29.14 2.7 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 29.82 2.0 29.82 2.0 – –
Elementary and middle school teachers........................... 28.80 5.3 29.05 6.0 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 30.69 3.9 30.69 3.9 – –
Elementary school teachers, except special education.......... 28.37 5.2 28.65 5.6 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 30.44 2.4 30.44 2.4 – –
Secondary school teachers....................................... 29.37 .7 29.54 .3 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 29.54 .3 29.54 .3 – –
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational
education.................................................... 29.37 .7 29.54 .3 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 29.54 .3 29.54 .3 – –
Special education teachers...................................... 28.40 1.2 28.40 1.2 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 28.40 1.2 28.40 1.2 – –
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.......... 18.20 6.3 18.87 7.5 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 17.20 6.5 – – – –
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 25.77 4.3 25.62 6.7 26.29 6.9
Level 6 .................................................. 22.18 9.4 22.83 17.2 – –
Level 7 .................................................. 24.08 11.3 – – – –
Level 8 .................................................. 28.38 5.7 29.29 4.7 26.83 9.1
Level 9 .................................................. 30.59 3.5 30.87 4.3 29.86 2.3
Registered nurses................................................. 29.10 3.2 29.08 3.7 29.17 3.7
Level 8 .................................................. 28.20 3.6 – – – –
Level 9 .................................................. 30.17 3.4 30.31 3.8 – –
Therapists........................................................ 30.94 7.6 – – – –
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................. 18.85 7.6 18.74 4.7 – –
Level 6 .................................................. 19.35 11.5 – – – –
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 11.02 6.5 11.80 4.3 9.13 5.5
Level 3 .................................................. 10.77 8.8 11.65 5.6 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 12.02 5.8 – – – –
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides....................... 10.75 4.9 11.68 1.7 8.99 8.8
Level 3 .................................................. 10.20 5.5 11.15 4.1 – –
Home health aides............................................... 9.13 7.5 – – – –
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants........................ 12.09 .2 12.21 .7 – –
Level 3 .................................................. 11.54 2.2 11.68 1.9 – –
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations...................... 11.65 12.3 11.99 13.8 – –
Protective service occupations...................................... 17.29 10.0 17.55 10.3 13.13 17.1
Level 3 .................................................. 10.88 3.2 10.78 2.6 – –
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................. 12.22 4.4 12.39 4.7 – –
Level 3 .................................................. 10.88 3.2 10.78 2.6 – –
Security guards................................................. 12.22 4.4 12.39 4.7 – –
Level 3 .................................................. 10.88 3.2 10.78 2.6 – –
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 8.34 1.6 9.63 1.2 6.82 5.0
Level 1 .................................................. 7.84 2.9 8.46 4.4 7.56 2.7
Level 2 .................................................. 7.57 8.9 8.98 9.3 4.87 7.6
Level 3 .................................................. 9.09 12.1 10.11 7.8 – –
Cooks............................................................. 9.98 9.3 10.74 7.6 – –
Level 3 .................................................. 9.27 1.7 – – – –
Cooks, restaurant............................................... 10.11 5.1 – – – –
Food service, tipped.............................................. 5.60 15.9 7.23 18.6 4.34 24.6
Level 1 .................................................. 8.08 9.3 – – – –
Level 2 .................................................. 3.65 25.5 – – – –
Waiters and waitresses.......................................... 2.27 7.6 – – 2.31 8.0
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers...... 7.93 2.4 – – – –
Fast food and counter workers..................................... 7.89 4.8 8.88 8.1 7.11 6.5
Level 1 .................................................. 7.49 2.3 – – 7.34 1.5
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast
food........................................................... 7.61 3.8 8.23 4.6 7.14 6.6
Level 1 .................................................. 7.53 2.1 – – – –
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 11.44 8.1 11.91 9.6 9.73 5.7
Level 1 .................................................. 10.35 4.5 – – – –
Level 2 .................................................. 9.68 3.2 9.81 2.2 – –
Building cleaning workers......................................... 10.56 3.1 10.78 2.8 – –
Level 1 .................................................. 10.15 4.0 – – – –
Level 2 .................................................. 9.69 3.7 9.71 2.9 – –
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners... 11.39 2.7 11.64 2.4 – –
Level 2 .................................................. 10.45 2.7 10.47 4.6 – –
Maids and housekeeping cleaners................................. 9.16 2.3 9.34 1.1 – –
Grounds maintenance workers....................................... 10.79 3.8 11.13 5.8 – –
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers.......................... 11.04 6.1 11.13 5.8 – –
Personal care and service occupations............................... 8.95 11.2 9.07 12.4 8.74 14.4
Level 2 .................................................. 8.20 3.6 – – – –
Child care workers................................................ 8.23 .3 – – – –
Sales and related occupations....................................... 16.72 18.1 20.25 20.1 8.70 2.8
Level 1 .................................................. 7.71 .3 – – 7.69 .9
Level 2 .................................................. 8.89 5.5 – – 8.54 3.6
Level 3 .................................................. 12.01 13.3 13.05 12.5 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.41 8.0 14.69 8.7 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 16.95 13.3 16.95 13.3 – –
Level 6 .................................................. 19.44 14.0 19.44 14.0 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 13.61 3.8 13.96 5.2 – –
First-line supervisors/managers, sales workers.................... 20.19 23.2 20.19 23.2 – –
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers......... 18.24 19.3 18.24 19.3 – –
Retail sales workers.............................................. 10.79 4.9 12.74 12.1 8.68 3.0
Level 1 .................................................. 7.68 .1 – – 7.63 .6
Level 2 .................................................. 8.89 5.5 – – 8.54 3.6
Level 3 .................................................. 12.01 13.3 13.05 12.5 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 13.98 9.1 14.45 8.2 – –
Cashiers, all workers........................................... 9.69 5.7 10.37 11.6 8.92 3.9
Level 2 .................................................. 9.33 7.7 – – 8.94 6.3
Level 3 .................................................. 11.48 12.9 – – – –
Cashiers...................................................... 9.69 5.7 10.37 11.6 8.92 3.9
Level 2 .................................................. 9.33 7.7 – – 8.94 6.3
Level 3 .................................................. 11.48 12.9 – – – –
Retail salespersons............................................. 11.09 3.2 13.75 7.4 8.48 2.9
Level 2 .................................................. 8.30 3.9 – – 8.11 1.8
Level 4 .................................................. 12.70 4.7 12.99 .9 – –
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 16.49 2.9 16.96 2.9 12.25 4.7
Level 2 .................................................. 9.79 5.4 – – 9.81 8.4
Level 3 .................................................. 13.44 3.2 13.67 3.1 11.97 9.2
Level 4 .................................................. 15.16 2.9 15.31 3.1 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 17.84 7.0 17.84 7.0 – –
Level 6 .................................................. 21.22 4.9 21.67 4.7 – –
Level 7 .................................................. 22.32 4.9 22.32 4.9 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 16.58 5.9 17.02 5.0 13.00 15.8
Financial clerks.................................................. 16.28 8.3 16.66 8.5 13.53 10.3
Level 3 .................................................. 13.51 7.6 – – – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.47 7.7 14.87 11.0 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 16.79 11.8 16.79 11.8 – –
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.................... 17.09 10.1 17.31 10.7 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 16.47 9.9 17.42 9.1 – –
Customer service representatives.................................. 15.80 5.5 15.99 5.6 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.78 3.6 14.82 3.7 – –
Receptionists and information clerks.............................. 14.31 11.6 14.48 13.1 – –
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................... – – 13.41 8.4 – –
Stock clerks and order fillers.................................... 11.76 9.7 – – 8.79 4.8
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 18.47 5.7 19.12 5.3 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.14 2.1 14.44 1.7 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 17.21 7.9 17.21 7.9 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 17.40 10.1 18.68 7.4 – –
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants............. 18.67 7.2 19.29 7.6 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.09 2.5 – – – –
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................... 17.62 4.9 17.62 4.9 – –
Office clerks, general............................................ 16.16 4.7 16.44 4.4 – –
Level 3 .................................................. 13.27 3.2 – – – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.89 5.9 14.89 5.9 – –
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 17.68 6.3 17.68 6.3 – –
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................... 21.59 5.0 21.59 5.0 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 19.14 4.1 19.14 4.1 – –
Level 6 .................................................. 24.54 6.0 24.54 6.0 – –
Level 7 .................................................. 25.49 2.7 25.49 2.7 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 19.29 26.3 19.29 26.3 – –
Automotive technicians and repairers.............................. 22.89 6.3 22.89 6.3 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 19.92 5.5 19.92 5.5 – –
Automotive service technicians and mechanics.................... 22.89 6.3 22.89 6.3 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 19.92 5.5 19.92 5.5 – –
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............. 19.58 5.8 19.58 5.8 – –
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers 18.71 14.6 18.71 14.6 – –
Production occupations.............................................. 17.91 8.7 18.03 8.7 – –
Level 2 .................................................. 10.52 4.0 – – – –
Level 3 .................................................. 13.27 8.2 13.27 8.2 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 19.55 3.3 19.55 3.3 – –
Level 7 .................................................. 23.46 3.7 23.46 3.7 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 19.28 7.7 19.28 7.7 – –
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating
workers.......................................................... 29.38 15.0 29.38 15.0 – –
Miscellaneous production workers.................................. 14.97 18.0 14.97 18.0 – –
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 15.40 5.2 16.39 4.8 10.63 6.7
Level 1 .................................................. 9.07 6.4 – – 8.55 6.9
Level 2 .................................................. 12.91 7.1 13.44 7.5 10.78 10.9
Level 3 .................................................. 14.06 5.1 14.47 5.0 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 18.50 4.2 18.50 4.2 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 17.89 11.0 17.89 11.0 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 16.69 6.0 16.94 5.9 – –
Bus drivers....................................................... 14.56 7.1 – – – –
Bus drivers, school............................................. 14.56 7.1 – – – –
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers............................ 16.38 6.7 17.10 6.7 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 19.38 5.5 19.38 5.5 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 17.45 13.5 17.45 13.5 – –
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer........................ 17.58 9.2 17.54 9.5 – –
Truck drivers, light or delivery services....................... 15.73 4.9 – – – –
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................. 13.30 5.0 13.30 5.0 – –
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators........... 13.30 5.0 13.30 5.0 – –
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 16.15 5.7 16.15 5.7 – –
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 11.96 8.3 12.44 9.0 10.41 10.2
Level 1 .................................................. 9.65 6.0 – – 9.62 6.6
Level 2 .................................................. 13.82 12.5 14.52 11.8 – –
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand.......... 12.72 6.0 13.31 6.4 11.14 12.9
Level 1 .................................................. 10.52 9.2 – – – –
Level 2 .................................................. 13.77 16.6 – – – –
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by
totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment.
Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as
part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 Each occupation for which data are collected in an establishment is evaluated based on four factors, including knowledge, job
controls and complexity, contacts, and physical environment. The knowledge factor is tailored to 24 families of closely related jobs.
Points are assigned based on the occupation's rank within each factor. The points are summed to determine the overall level of the
occupation. See appendix A for more information.
4 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more
information.
5 The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate. It can be used to calculate a
"confidence interval" around a sample estimate. For more information about RSEs, see appendix A.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups may
include data for categories not shown separately
Table 3. Private industry workers: Mean hourly earnings(1) for full-time and part-time workers(2) by work levels(3), Richmond, VA,
October 2009
Total Full-time workers Part-time workers
Occupation(4) and level
Relative Relative Relative
Mean error(5) Mean error(5) Mean error(5)
(percent) (percent) (percent)
All workers........................................................... $19.35 3.4 $20.93 3.3 $10.96 3.4
Management occupations.............................................. 44.53 7.7 44.56 7.7 – –
Level 11.................................................. 38.67 6.7 38.67 6.7 – –
Level 13.................................................. 63.49 7.3 63.49 7.3 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 43.96 12.4 44.03 12.5 – –
Financial managers................................................ 43.34 22.9 43.34 22.9 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 55.68 17.1 55.68 17.1 – –
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 31.29 4.0 31.29 4.0 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 27.72 4.0 27.64 4.1 – –
Level 11.................................................. 39.78 2.7 39.78 2.7 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 28.33 11.7 28.29 12.1 – –
Accountants and auditors.......................................... 29.94 6.5 29.94 6.5 – –
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 36.07 8.8 36.07 8.8 – –
Level 11.................................................. 41.58 3.6 41.58 3.6 – –
Computer systems analysts......................................... 42.44 14.3 42.44 14.3 – –
Architecture and engineering occupations
Level 11.................................................. 41.05 12.6 41.05 12.6 – –
Engineers......................................................... 46.35 12.5 45.45 15.5 – –
Level 11.................................................. 41.05 12.6 41.05 12.6 – –
Life, physical, and social science occupations...................... 26.39 4.3 26.39 4.3 – –
Community and social services occupations........................... 20.98 4.7 20.93 5.6 – –
Legal occupations................................................... 32.87 12.4 33.15 13.0 – –
Paralegals and legal assistants................................... 22.40 5.0 – – – –
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 23.93 9.3 25.15 11.2 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 22.51 25.7 – – – –
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 27.00 19.8 35.98 4.9 – –
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.......... 19.24 7.3 – – – –
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 25.96 4.1 25.88 7.1 26.19 7.1
Level 6 .................................................. 22.33 9.7 23.07 18.2 – –
Level 8 .................................................. 28.38 5.7 29.29 4.7 26.83 9.1
Level 9 .................................................. 30.25 3.3 30.45 3.9 29.86 2.3
Registered nurses................................................. 28.93 3.6 28.94 4.3 28.91 3.9
Level 8 .................................................. 28.20 3.6 – – – –
Level 9 .................................................. 30.27 3.7 30.47 4.2 – –
Therapists........................................................ 28.39 5.8 – – – –
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................. 18.86 8.3 18.75 5.3 – –
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 11.00 6.5 11.80 4.3 9.03 5.2
Level 3 .................................................. 10.77 8.8 11.65 5.6 – –
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides....................... 10.73 5.0 11.68 1.7 8.87 8.7
Level 3 .................................................. 10.20 5.5 11.15 4.1 – –
Home health aides............................................... 9.13 7.5 – – – –
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants........................ 12.08 .3 12.21 .7 – –
Level 3 .................................................. 11.54 2.2 11.68 1.9 – –
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations...................... 11.65 12.3 11.99 13.8 – –
Protective service occupations...................................... 13.29 8.4 13.55 9.3 – –
Level 3 .................................................. 10.88 3.2 10.78 2.6 – –
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................. 12.18 4.9 12.36 5.3 – –
Level 3 .................................................. 10.88 3.2 10.78 2.6 – –
Security guards................................................. 12.18 4.9 12.36 5.3 – –
Level 3 .................................................. 10.88 3.2 10.78 2.6 – –
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 8.31 1.7 9.60 1.3 6.82 5.0
Level 1 .................................................. 7.84 2.9 8.46 4.4 7.56 2.7
Level 2 .................................................. 7.54 9.1 8.96 9.4 4.87 7.6
Level 3 .................................................. 8.97 13.4 10.06 9.0 – –
Cooks............................................................. 9.98 9.3 10.74 7.6 – –
Level 3 .................................................. 9.27 1.7 – – – –
Cooks, restaurant............................................... 10.11 5.1 – – – –
Food service, tipped.............................................. 5.45 17.7 – – 4.34 24.6
Level 1 .................................................. 8.08 9.3 – – – –
Level 2 .................................................. 3.45 28.2 – – – –
Waiters and waitresses.......................................... 2.27 7.6 – – 2.31 8.0
Fast food and counter workers..................................... 7.84 4.9 8.80 8.5 7.11 6.5
Level 1 .................................................. 7.49 2.3 – – 7.34 1.5
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast
food........................................................... 7.54 4.0 – – 7.14 6.6
Level 1 .................................................. 7.53 2.1 – – – –
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 11.63 9.9 12.28 12.3 9.76 5.8
Level 1 .................................................. 10.49 4.7 – – – –
Level 2 .................................................. 9.69 3.7 9.87 2.1 – –
Building cleaning workers......................................... 10.68 3.5 11.00 2.7 – –
Level 1 .................................................. 10.30 4.4 – – – –
Level 2 .................................................. 9.69 4.5 9.75 3.5 – –
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners... 11.36 3.1 11.66 2.9 – –
Maids and housekeeping cleaners................................. 9.13 3.6 – – – –
Grounds maintenance workers....................................... 10.55 4.9 – – – –
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers.......................... 10.81 6.9 – – – –
Personal care and service occupations............................... 8.93 11.6 – – – –
Child care workers................................................ 8.23 .3 – – – –
Sales and related occupations....................................... 16.87 18.6 20.59 20.5 8.66 2.7
Level 1 .................................................. 7.71 .3 – – 7.69 .9
Level 2 .................................................. 8.89 5.5 – – 8.54 3.6
Level 3 .................................................. 11.54 20.6 – – – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.41 8.0 14.69 8.7 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 16.95 13.3 16.95 13.3 – –
Level 6 .................................................. 19.44 14.0 19.44 14.0 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 13.61 3.8 13.96 5.2 – –
First-line supervisors/managers, sales workers.................... 20.19 23.2 20.19 23.2 – –
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers......... 18.24 19.3 18.24 19.3 – –
Retail sales workers.............................................. 10.66 5.4 12.70 13.5 8.64 2.9
Level 1 .................................................. 7.68 .1 – – 7.63 .6
Level 2 .................................................. 8.89 5.5 – – 8.54 3.6
Level 3 .................................................. 11.54 20.6 – – – –
Level 4 .................................................. 13.98 9.1 14.45 8.2 – –
Cashiers, all workers........................................... 9.14 3.1 9.50 10.4 8.83 4.0
Level 2 .................................................. 9.33 7.7 – – 8.94 6.3
Cashiers...................................................... 9.14 3.1 9.50 10.4 8.83 4.0
Level 2 .................................................. 9.33 7.7 – – 8.94 6.3
Retail salespersons............................................. 11.09 3.2 13.75 7.4 8.48 2.9
Level 2 .................................................. 8.30 3.9 – – 8.11 1.8
Level 4 .................................................. 12.70 4.7 12.99 .9 – –
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 16.43 3.5 16.96 3.6 12.14 5.2
Level 2 .................................................. 9.79 5.4 – – 9.81 8.4
Level 3 .................................................. 13.47 3.8 13.74 3.9 11.97 9.2
Level 4 .................................................. 15.21 3.3 15.34 3.6 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 17.93 8.5 17.93 8.5 – –
Level 6 .................................................. 21.85 5.3 22.38 5.0 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 16.33 8.1 16.87 7.3 13.14 17.5
Financial clerks.................................................. 16.26 9.4 16.70 9.7 13.53 10.3
Level 3 .................................................. 13.41 8.9 – – – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.47 7.7 14.87 11.0 – –
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.................... 17.28 12.0 17.58 12.8 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 16.47 9.9 17.42 9.1 – –
Customer service representatives.................................. 15.73 6.3 15.94 6.4 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.82 4.2 14.86 4.3 – –
Receptionists and information clerks.............................. 14.31 11.6 14.48 13.1 – –
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................... – – 13.41 8.4 – –
Stock clerks and order fillers.................................... 11.76 9.7 – – 8.79 4.8
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 18.38 7.1 18.77 6.4 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 16.66 10.4 18.12 8.6 – –
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants............. 18.73 9.5 18.73 9.5 – –
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................... 17.62 4.9 17.62 4.9 – –
Office clerks, general............................................ 16.59 5.1 16.98 4.5 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.69 7.1 14.69 7.1 – –
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 17.94 7.4 17.94 7.4 – –
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................... 21.76 5.3 21.76 5.3 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 19.59 4.6 19.59 4.6 – –
Level 7 .................................................. 25.59 2.8 25.59 2.8 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 19.29 26.3 19.29 26.3 – –
Automotive technicians and repairers.............................. 22.89 6.3 22.89 6.3 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 19.92 5.5 19.92 5.5 – –
Automotive service technicians and mechanics.................... 22.89 6.3 22.89 6.3 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 19.92 5.5 19.92 5.5 – –
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............. 19.58 5.8 19.58 5.8 – –
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers 19.25 16.9 19.25 16.9 – –
Production occupations.............................................. 17.84 9.1 17.97 9.1 – –
Level 2 .................................................. 10.52 4.0 – – – –
Level 3 .................................................. 13.24 9.2 13.24 9.2 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 19.55 3.3 19.55 3.3 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 19.49 7.8 19.49 7.8 – –
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating
workers.......................................................... 32.13 14.3 32.13 14.3 – –
Miscellaneous production workers.................................. 14.97 18.0 14.97 18.0 – –
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 15.50 5.4 16.47 4.9 10.62 7.2
Level 1 .................................................. 9.08 6.9 – – 8.49 7.9
Level 2 .................................................. 12.87 7.5 13.47 7.8 10.43 11.3
Level 3 .................................................. 13.94 5.8 14.36 5.9 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 18.50 4.2 18.50 4.2 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 17.89 11.0 17.89 11.0 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 16.69 6.0 16.94 5.9 – –
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers............................ 16.38 6.7 17.10 6.7 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 19.38 5.5 19.38 5.5 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 17.45 13.5 17.45 13.5 – –
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer........................ 17.58 9.2 17.54 9.5 – –
Truck drivers, light or delivery services....................... 15.73 4.9 – – – –
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................. 13.30 5.0 13.30 5.0 – –
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators........... 13.30 5.0 13.30 5.0 – –
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 16.15 5.7 16.15 5.7 – –
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 11.96 8.3 12.44 9.0 10.41 10.2
Level 1 .................................................. 9.65 6.0 – – 9.62 6.6
Level 2 .................................................. 13.82 12.5 14.52 11.8 – –
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand.......... 12.72 6.0 13.31 6.4 11.14 12.9
Level 1 .................................................. 10.52 9.2 – – – –
Level 2 .................................................. 13.77 16.6 – – – –
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by
totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment.
Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as
part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 Each occupation for which data are collected in an establishment is evaluated based on four factors, including knowledge, job
controls and complexity, contacts, and physical environment. The knowledge factor is tailored to 24 families of closely related jobs.
Points are assigned based on the occupation's rank within each factor. The points are summed to determine the overall level of the
occupation. See appendix A for more information.
4 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more
information.
5 The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate. It can be used to calculate a
"confidence interval" around a sample estimate. For more information about RSEs, see appendix A.
Table 4. State and local government workers: Mean hourly earnings(1) for full-time and part-time workers(2) by work levels(3), Richmond,
VA, October 2009
Total Full-time workers Part-time workers
Occupation(4) and level
Relative Relative Relative
Mean error(5) Mean error(5) Mean error(5)
(percent) (percent) (percent)
All workers........................................................... $21.85 3.6 $22.18 3.4 $13.49 6.1
Management occupations.............................................. 41.10 7.9 41.10 7.9 – –
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 23.51 8.9 23.51 8.9 – –
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 34.15 4.7 34.15 4.7 – –
Community and social services occupations........................... 21.58 10.4 21.58 10.4 – –
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 27.88 3.1 28.48 2.0 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 29.79 2.0 29.79 2.0 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 27.40 10.2 – – – –
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 28.97 9.7 – – – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 28.97 9.7 – – – –
Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 29.59 1.8 29.79 2.0 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 29.79 2.0 29.79 2.0 – –
Elementary and middle school teachers........................... 30.41 2.8 30.73 4.0 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 30.73 4.0 30.73 4.0 – –
Elementary school teachers, except special education.......... 30.12 1.0 30.48 2.4 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 30.48 2.4 30.48 2.4 – –
Secondary school teachers....................................... 29.28 .7 29.45 .1 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 29.45 .1 29.45 .1 – –
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational
education.................................................... 29.28 .7 29.45 .1 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 29.45 .1 29.45 .1 – –
Special education teachers...................................... 28.40 1.2 28.40 1.2 – –
Level 9 .................................................. 28.40 1.2 28.40 1.2 – –
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 24.53 18.6 24.27 18.6 – –
Protective service occupations...................................... 20.86 9.1 20.90 9.2 – –
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 10.69 5.7 10.76 5.4 – –
Building cleaning workers......................................... 10.16 7.5 10.23 7.4 – –
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 16.75 3.6 16.93 3.4 – –
Level 4 .................................................. 14.88 2.1 15.16 1.8 – –
Level 5 .................................................. 17.46 4.5 17.46 4.5 – –
Not able to be leveled.................................... 17.10 5.8 17.27 4.6 – –
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 18.73 8.9 20.33 5.2 – –
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 16.65 8.2 16.65 8.2 – –
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 13.32 8.5 – – – –
Bus drivers....................................................... 14.56 7.1 – – – –
Bus drivers, school............................................. 14.56 7.1 – – – –
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by
totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment.
Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as
part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 Each occupation for which data are collected in an establishment is evaluated based on four factors, including knowledge, job
controls and complexity, contacts, and physical environment. The knowledge factor is tailored to 24 families of closely related jobs.
Points are assigned based on the occupation's rank within each factor. The points are summed to determine the overall level of the
occupation. See appendix A for more information.
4 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more
information.
5 The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate. It can be used to calculate a
"confidence interval" around a sample estimate. For more information about RSEs, see appendix A.
Table 5. Combined work levels(1) for civilian workers: Mean hourly earnings(2) for full-time and part-time workers(3), Richmond, VA,
October 2009
Total Full-time workers Part-time workers
Occupation(4) and level
Relative Relative Relative
Mean error(5) Mean error(5) Mean error(5)
(percent) (percent) (percent)
All workers........................................................... $19.79 2.8 $21.17 2.7 $11.08 3.3
Management occupations.............................................. 44.11 6.8 44.14 6.8 – –
Group III................................................. 42.53 2.6 – – – –
Group IV.................................................. 63.74 4.0 – – – –
General and operations managers................................... 43.34 16.1 – – – –
Computer and information systems managers......................... 58.39 7.7 58.39 7.7 – –
Financial managers................................................ 44.75 20.9 44.75 20.9 – –
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 29.27 4.1 29.26 4.1 – –
Group II.................................................. 22.99 5.4 – – – –
Group III................................................. 33.39 5.6 – – – –
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists........ 26.98 12.4 – – – –
Management analysts............................................... 28.00 12.4 28.00 12.4 – –
Accountants and auditors.......................................... 28.67 5.8 28.67 5.8 – –
Group III................................................. 30.94 8.8 30.94 8.8 – –
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 35.60 6.7 35.60 6.7 – –
Group II.................................................. 22.72 7.2 – – – –
Group III................................................. 37.61 3.6 – – – –
Computer software engineers....................................... 39.23 3.2 39.23 3.2 – –
Computer support specialists...................................... 24.02 13.2 24.02 13.2 – –
Computer systems analysts......................................... 42.44 14.3 42.44 14.3 – –
Group III................................................. 39.00 5.9 39.00 5.9 – –
Architecture and engineering occupations
Group III................................................. 37.88 13.4 – – – –
Engineers......................................................... 44.09 12.8 43.12 15.3 – –
Group III................................................. 40.28 12.1 – – – –
Life, physical, and social science occupations...................... 25.64 4.7 25.64 4.7 – –
Group II.................................................. 25.02 3.7 – – – –
Community and social services occupations........................... 21.40 6.9 21.41 7.4 – –
Group II.................................................. 19.91 4.0 – – – –
Counselors........................................................ 23.15 10.7 23.15 10.7 – –
Legal occupations................................................... 32.51 11.7 32.76 12.2 – –
Lawyers........................................................... 51.09 21.6 51.09 21.6 – –
Paralegals and legal assistants................................... 22.27 4.9 22.34 5.3 – –
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 27.31 2.8 28.06 2.3 15.27 11.4
Group II.................................................. 19.52 10.4 – – – –
Group III................................................. 30.03 1.9 – – – –
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 28.69 7.9 29.53 10.6 – –
Miscellaneous postsecondary teachers............................ 27.03 5.6 – – – –
Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 28.96 2.5 29.14 2.7 – –
Group III................................................. 29.82 2.0 – – – –
Elementary and middle school teachers........................... 28.80 5.3 29.05 6.0 – –
Group III................................................. 30.69 3.9 – – – –
Elementary school teachers, except special education.......... 28.37 5.2 28.65 5.6 – –
Group III................................................. 30.44 2.4 30.44 2.4 – –
Secondary school teachers....................................... 29.37 .7 29.54 .3 – –
Group III................................................. 29.54 .3 – – – –
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational
education.................................................... 29.37 .7 29.54 .3 – –
Group III................................................. 29.54 .3 29.54 .3 – –
Special education teachers...................................... 28.40 1.2 28.40 1.2 – –
Group III................................................. 28.40 1.2 – – – –
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.......... 18.20 6.3 18.87 7.5 – –
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 25.77 4.3 25.62 6.7 26.29 6.9
Group II.................................................. 23.35 5.5 – – – –
Group III................................................. 32.34 4.2 – – – –
Registered nurses................................................. 29.10 3.2 29.08 3.7 29.17 3.7
Group II.................................................. 26.62 2.1 26.56 1.0 – –
Group III................................................. 30.49 3.3 30.75 3.6 – –
Therapists........................................................ 30.94 7.6 – – – –
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................. 18.85 7.6 18.74 4.7 – –
Group II.................................................. 19.54 8.4 19.85 1.8 – –
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 11.02 6.5 11.80 4.3 9.13 5.5
Group I................................................... 10.98 6.9 – – – –
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides....................... 10.75 4.9 11.68 1.7 8.99 8.8
Group I................................................... 10.75 4.9 – – – –
Home health aides............................................... 9.13 7.5 – – – –
Group I................................................... 9.13 7.5 – – – –
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants........................ 12.09 .2 12.21 .7 – –
Group I................................................... 12.09 .2 12.21 .7 – –
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations...................... 11.65 12.3 11.99 13.8 – –
Group I................................................... 11.53 14.3 – – – –
Protective service occupations...................................... 17.29 10.0 17.55 10.3 13.13 17.1
Group I................................................... 12.22 4.3 – – – –
Group II.................................................. 20.75 10.2 – – – –
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................. 12.22 4.4 12.39 4.7 – –
Group I................................................... 12.32 4.0 – – – –
Security guards................................................. 12.22 4.4 12.39 4.7 – –
Group I................................................... 12.32 4.0 12.39 4.7 – –
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 8.34 1.6 9.63 1.2 6.82 5.0
Group I................................................... 8.12 3.1 – – – –
Cooks............................................................. 9.98 9.3 10.74 7.6 – –
Group I................................................... 9.98 9.3 – – – –
Cooks, restaurant............................................... 10.11 5.1 – – – –
Group I................................................... 10.11 5.1 – – – –
Food service, tipped.............................................. 5.60 15.9 7.23 18.6 4.34 24.6
Group I................................................... 5.60 15.9 – – – –
Waiters and waitresses.......................................... 2.27 7.6 – – 2.31 8.0
Group I................................................... 2.27 7.6 – – 2.31 8.0
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers...... 7.93 2.4 – – – –
Group I................................................... 7.93 2.4 – – – –
Fast food and counter workers..................................... 7.89 4.8 8.88 8.1 7.11 6.5
Group I................................................... 7.89 4.8 – – – –
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast
food........................................................... 7.61 3.8 8.23 4.6 7.14 6.6
Group I................................................... 7.61 3.8 8.23 4.6 7.14 6.6
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 11.44 8.1 11.91 9.6 9.73 5.7
Group I................................................... 10.37 3.1 – – – –
Building cleaning workers......................................... 10.56 3.1 10.78 2.8 – –
Group I................................................... 10.15 3.9 – – – –
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners... 11.39 2.7 11.64 2.4 – –
Group I................................................... – – 11.02 2.6 – –
Maids and housekeeping cleaners................................. 9.16 2.3 9.34 1.1 – –
Group I................................................... 9.16 2.3 9.34 1.1 – –
Grounds maintenance workers....................................... 10.79 3.8 11.13 5.8 – –
Group I................................................... 10.72 4.1 – – – –
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers.......................... 11.04 6.1 11.13 5.8 – –
Group I................................................... 10.98 6.2 – – – –
Personal care and service occupations............................... 8.95 11.2 9.07 12.4 8.74 14.4
Group I................................................... 8.95 11.2 – – – –
Child care workers................................................ 8.23 .3 – – – –
Group I................................................... 8.23 .3 – – – –
Sales and related occupations....................................... 16.72 18.1 20.25 20.1 8.70 2.8
Group I................................................... 10.94 6.3 – – – –
Group II.................................................. 21.00 6.5 – – – –
First-line supervisors/managers, sales workers.................... 20.19 23.2 20.19 23.2 – –
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers......... 18.24 19.3 18.24 19.3 – –
Retail sales workers.............................................. 10.79 4.9 12.74 12.1 8.68 3.0
Group I................................................... 10.26 4.0 – – – –
Cashiers, all workers........................................... 9.69 5.7 10.37 11.6 8.92 3.9
Group I................................................... 9.62 5.9 – – – –
Cashiers...................................................... 9.69 5.7 10.37 11.6 8.92 3.9
Group I................................................... 9.62 5.9 10.33 12.7 8.92 3.9
Retail salespersons............................................. 11.09 3.2 13.75 7.4 8.48 2.9
Group I................................................... 10.12 3.1 12.67 1.8 8.44 3.0
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 16.49 2.9 16.96 2.9 12.25 4.7
Group I................................................... 14.27 2.6 – – – –
Group II.................................................. 19.81 4.8 – – – –
Financial clerks.................................................. 16.28 8.3 16.66 8.5 13.53 10.3
Group I................................................... 14.16 5.8 – – – –
Group II.................................................. 18.59 12.0 – – – –
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.................... 17.09 10.1 17.31 10.7 – –
Group I................................................... 16.12 7.8 17.00 7.4 – –
Group II.................................................. 17.41 14.7 17.41 14.7 – –
Customer service representatives.................................. 15.80 5.5 15.99 5.6 – –
Group I................................................... 14.33 4.2 14.34 4.3 – –
Group II.................................................. 19.74 6.7 20.62 5.2 – –
Receptionists and information clerks.............................. 14.31 11.6 14.48 13.1 – –
Group I................................................... 14.31 11.6 14.48 13.1 – –
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................... – – 13.41 8.4 – –
Stock clerks and order fillers.................................... 11.76 9.7 – – 8.79 4.8
Group I................................................... 11.67 10.8 – – 8.79 4.8
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 18.47 5.7 19.12 5.3 – –
Group I................................................... 14.14 2.1 – – – –
Group II.................................................. 20.75 9.0 – – – –
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants............. 18.67 7.2 19.29 7.6 – –
Group I................................................... 14.09 2.5 – – – –
Group II.................................................. 20.69 10.2 20.69 10.2 – –
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................... 17.62 4.9 17.62 4.9 – –
Office clerks, general............................................ 16.16 4.7 16.44 4.4 – –
Group I................................................... 14.04 4.0 14.20 3.7 – –
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 17.68 6.3 17.68 6.3 – –
Group I................................................... 12.43 5.4 – – – –
Group II.................................................. 20.59 2.4 – – – –
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................... 21.59 5.0 21.59 5.0 – –
Group II.................................................. 22.62 5.6 – – – –
Automotive technicians and repairers.............................. 22.89 6.3 22.89 6.3 – –
Group II.................................................. 21.60 10.6 – – – –
Automotive service technicians and mechanics.................... 22.89 6.3 22.89 6.3 – –
Group II.................................................. 21.60 10.6 21.60 10.6 – –
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............. 19.58 5.8 19.58 5.8 – –
Group II.................................................. 19.58 5.8 19.58 5.8 – –
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers 18.71 14.6 18.71 14.6 – –
Group II.................................................. 22.56 11.8 – – – –
Production occupations.............................................. 17.91 8.7 18.03 8.7 – –
Group I................................................... 12.15 9.5 – – – –
Group II.................................................. 21.99 5.9 – – – –
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating
workers.......................................................... 29.38 15.0 29.38 15.0 – –
Miscellaneous production workers.................................. 14.97 18.0 14.97 18.0 – –
Group I................................................... 11.00 22.6 – – – –
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 15.40 5.2 16.39 4.8 10.63 6.7
Group I................................................... 13.81 4.2 – – – –
Group II.................................................. 18.09 10.5 – – – –
Bus drivers....................................................... 14.56 7.1 – – – –
Group I................................................... 14.56 7.1 – – – –
Bus drivers, school............................................. 14.56 7.1 – – – –
Group I................................................... 14.56 7.1 – – – –
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers............................ 16.38 6.7 17.10 6.7 – –
Group I................................................... 15.63 8.5 – – – –
Group II.................................................. 17.52 13.1 – – – –
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer........................ 17.58 9.2 17.54 9.5 – –
Group I................................................... 17.51 9.1 17.40 10.2 – –
Group II.................................................. 17.82 16.2 17.82 16.2 – –
Truck drivers, light or delivery services....................... 15.73 4.9 – – – –
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................. 13.30 5.0 13.30 5.0 – –
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators........... 13.30 5.0 13.30 5.0 – –
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 16.15 5.7 16.15 5.7 – –
Group I................................................... 15.46 5.9 15.46 5.9 – –
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 11.96 8.3 12.44 9.0 10.41 10.2
Group I................................................... 11.92 8.6 – – – –
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand.......... 12.72 6.0 13.31 6.4 11.14 12.9
Group I................................................... 12.72 6.4 13.37 7.1 11.14 12.9
1 Combined work levels simplify the presentation of work levels by combining levels 1 through 15 into four broad groups. Group I
combines levels 1-4, group II combines levels 5-8, group III combines levels 9-12, and group IV combines levels 13-15.
2 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by
totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
3 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment.
Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as
part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
4 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more
information.
5 The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate. It can be used to calculate a
"confidence interval" around a sample estimate. For more information about RSEs, see appendix A.
Table 6. Civilian workers: Hourly wage percentiles(1), Richmond, VA, October 2009
Occupation(2) 10 25 Median 75 90
50
All workers........................................................... $8.50 $11.72 $16.50 $24.30 $33.41
Management occupations.............................................. 25.81 31.25 38.86 52.89 67.31
General and operations managers................................... 32.99 34.94 35.34 50.48 93.56
Computer and information systems managers......................... 51.48 52.89 52.89 62.50 72.19
Financial managers................................................ 19.65 25.81 32.61 59.14 76.44
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 18.00 21.44 28.13 34.67 44.13
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists........ 19.71 20.62 25.96 33.65 35.36
Management analysts............................................... 18.00 19.59 24.20 34.99 41.29
Accountants and auditors.......................................... 18.00 21.68 27.40 33.41 42.83
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 19.76 25.99 35.95 40.94 51.83
Computer software engineers....................................... 28.85 36.06 38.46 42.91 51.83
Computer support specialists...................................... 17.19 19.06 22.76 30.50 35.63
Computer systems analysts......................................... 25.99 30.29 39.55 61.15 61.15
Architecture and engineering occupations
Engineers......................................................... 26.00 36.06 39.62 55.00 60.34
Life, physical, and social science occupations...................... 22.36 23.08 24.97 25.78 31.39
Community and social services occupations........................... 16.41 18.19 21.12 22.55 29.02
Counselors........................................................ 18.70 18.96 21.76 22.47 29.93
Legal occupations................................................... 14.10 20.72 26.89 31.25 59.31
Lawyers........................................................... 30.05 31.25 50.62 66.67 85.82
Paralegals and legal assistants................................... 12.00 17.98 22.42 25.09 27.47
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 17.08 22.92 27.57 31.01 35.97
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 22.92 22.92 31.01 31.01 35.19
Miscellaneous postsecondary teachers............................ 22.92 22.92 29.53 31.01 31.01
Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 23.77 25.72 27.57 31.60 37.10
Elementary and middle school teachers........................... 17.98 24.84 28.38 32.77 38.18
Elementary school teachers, except special education.......... 17.59 24.40 27.67 32.59 37.63
Secondary school teachers....................................... 25.28 27.57 27.57 30.53 35.73
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational
education.................................................... 25.28 27.57 27.57 30.53 35.73
Special education teachers...................................... 24.84 25.49 27.02 29.95 35.97
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.......... 9.00 16.33 16.33 21.63 25.00
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 16.00 18.52 24.55 31.67 35.70
Registered nurses................................................. 22.10 25.24 28.89 32.76 35.66
Therapists........................................................ 24.00 27.03 30.00 33.12 44.66
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................. 14.63 16.00 18.44 21.50 22.92
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 7.85 9.00 11.00 12.58 14.11
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides....................... 7.85 8.65 10.82 12.24 13.95
Home health aides............................................... 7.40 7.95 8.65 10.50 11.00
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants........................ 9.50 10.92 12.12 13.34 14.28
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations...................... 8.25 9.00 11.00 14.00 15.00
Protective service occupations...................................... 9.83 12.41 14.68 20.40 27.58
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................. 9.58 10.00 12.41 14.68 14.68
Security guards................................................. 9.58 10.00 12.41 14.68 14.68
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 2.50 7.25 8.00 10.00 12.15
Cooks............................................................. 7.25 8.04 10.00 12.00 12.50
Cooks, restaurant............................................... 7.50 8.50 9.38 12.50 12.50
Food service, tipped.............................................. 2.13 2.15 7.25 8.00 10.54
Waiters and waitresses.......................................... 2.13 2.13 2.15 2.50 2.50
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers...... 7.25 7.25 7.59 8.52 10.00
Fast food and counter workers..................................... 6.55 7.20 7.50 8.00 9.50
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast
food........................................................... 6.55 7.25 7.50 8.00 9.27
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 8.92 9.41 10.08 11.96 14.39
Building cleaning workers......................................... 8.44 9.25 10.06 11.50 14.39
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners... 9.70 10.03 10.88 12.08 14.39
Maids and housekeeping cleaners................................. 8.00 8.44 9.09 9.80 10.27
Grounds maintenance workers....................................... 9.00 10.00 10.00 12.24 13.45
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers.......................... 9.33 10.00 10.56 12.26 13.45
Personal care and service occupations............................... 7.25 7.25 8.50 9.25 11.72
Child care workers................................................ 7.25 7.25 8.00 9.00 9.25
Sales and related occupations....................................... 7.50 8.58 12.10 17.62 23.11
First-line supervisors/managers, sales workers.................... 12.29 12.44 12.99 31.43 34.93
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers......... 12.29 12.29 12.99 15.70 36.75
Retail sales workers.............................................. 7.25 7.85 9.25 12.10 16.57
Cashiers, all workers........................................... 7.25 8.00 9.00 10.69 14.00
Cashiers...................................................... 7.25 8.00 9.00 10.69 14.00
Retail salespersons............................................. 7.25 7.75 9.75 13.40 17.50
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 11.69 13.13 15.28 18.85 23.67
Financial clerks.................................................. 11.69 13.12 15.04 18.43 24.86
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.................... 13.12 13.12 15.96 19.43 27.76
Customer service representatives.................................. 12.28 12.85 14.00 17.36 23.44
Receptionists and information clerks.............................. 9.00 12.00 13.33 16.50 20.50
Stock clerks and order fillers.................................... 8.00 9.00 10.23 15.24 17.60
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 13.25 14.82 15.99 23.41 25.08
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants............. 13.28 14.84 15.88 23.41 26.00
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................... 14.58 15.14 16.76 18.95 21.86
Office clerks, general............................................ 11.81 13.12 15.00 18.92 21.58
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 10.00 13.37 18.10 20.50 23.52
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................... 12.83 17.00 20.38 25.47 31.25
Automotive technicians and repairers.............................. 15.75 17.78 20.49 24.00 28.99
Automotive service technicians and mechanics.................... 15.75 17.78 20.49 24.00 28.99
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............. 17.05 17.05 19.00 21.56 22.00
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers 11.00 14.63 16.31 20.34 33.60
Production occupations.............................................. 8.05 10.25 17.00 23.19 28.78
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating
workers.......................................................... 13.12 19.82 31.27 33.35 44.23
Miscellaneous production workers.................................. 7.25 7.55 15.67 18.54 26.45
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 9.00 11.90 15.20 18.00 20.75
Bus drivers....................................................... 12.08 13.38 13.62 15.42 19.11
Bus drivers, school............................................. 12.08 13.38 13.62 15.42 19.11
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers............................ 10.06 14.17 15.88 18.90 21.10
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer........................ 13.33 14.50 16.63 20.75 21.75
Truck drivers, light or delivery services....................... 12.25 12.75 15.85 17.00 17.45
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................. 12.82 12.82 12.82 13.00 13.00
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators........... 12.82 12.82 12.82 13.00 13.00
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 10.24 15.00 16.50 17.68 19.47
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 8.50 8.70 10.50 14.12 19.20
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand.......... 9.00 9.19 11.00 15.20 19.20
1 Percentiles designate position in the earnings distribution and are calculated from individual-worker earnings and the
hours they are scheduled to work. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the hours are paid the same as or more than the
rate shown, and half are paid the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the hours are
paid the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth are paid the same as or more than the rate
shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic. Hourly wages are the straight-time wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, and holidays; nonproduction bonuses; and tips.
2 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for
more information.
Table 7. Private industry workers: Hourly wage percentiles(1), Richmond, VA, October 2009
Occupation(2) 10 25 Median 75 90
50
All workers........................................................... $8.04 $10.77 $16.00 $23.08 $33.41
Management occupations.............................................. 25.81 31.25 39.23 52.89 71.25
Financial managers................................................ 18.14 25.81 25.81 59.14 86.54
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 18.57 22.80 29.33 38.46 45.40
Accountants and auditors.......................................... 20.43 22.45 28.13 34.29 44.13
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 19.06 25.99 36.54 43.92 53.31
Computer systems analysts......................................... 25.99 30.29 39.55 61.15 61.15
Architecture and engineering occupations
Engineers......................................................... 29.04 36.06 45.32 55.00 61.44
Life, physical, and social science occupations...................... 23.08 23.08 24.97 26.97 31.39
Community and social services occupations........................... 17.79 17.79 20.41 21.41 25.64
Legal occupations................................................... 14.10 20.72 25.09 31.25 64.10
Paralegals and legal assistants................................... 12.00 20.00 22.42 25.09 27.47
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 16.12 17.27 20.72 30.40 35.19
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 16.12 16.12 26.53 35.19 39.49
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.......... 9.00 15.50 20.69 23.08 25.00
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 16.74 18.52 25.00 31.67 35.19
Registered nurses................................................. 21.88 25.96 28.89 32.76 35.19
Therapists........................................................ 24.00 24.84 29.60 30.20 34.72
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................. 14.63 16.00 18.25 21.50 22.92
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 7.85 9.00 11.00 12.58 14.11
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides....................... 7.85 8.65 10.78 12.20 13.84
Home health aides............................................... 7.40 7.95 8.65 10.50 11.00
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants........................ 9.50 10.92 12.12 13.33 14.28
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations...................... 8.25 9.00 11.00 14.00 15.00
Protective service occupations...................................... 9.58 10.02 12.62 14.68 14.68
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................. 9.58 9.83 12.10 14.68 14.68
Security guards................................................. 9.58 9.83 12.10 14.68 14.68
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 2.50 7.25 8.00 10.00 12.00
Cooks............................................................. 7.25 8.04 10.00 12.00 12.50
Cooks, restaurant............................................... 7.50 8.50 9.38 12.50 12.50
Food service, tipped.............................................. 2.13 2.15 7.25 8.00 10.00
Waiters and waitresses.......................................... 2.13 2.13 2.15 2.50 2.50
Fast food and counter workers..................................... 6.55 7.05 7.50 8.00 9.27
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast
food........................................................... 6.55 7.20 7.50 8.00 9.27
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 9.00 9.75 10.06 11.85 14.39
Building cleaning workers......................................... 8.44 9.66 10.25 11.50 14.39
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners... 9.48 10.03 10.88 11.91 14.39
Maids and housekeeping cleaners................................. 7.25 8.25 9.00 10.00 11.00
Grounds maintenance workers....................................... 9.00 9.33 10.00 10.56 13.45
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers.......................... 9.33 10.00 10.00 10.56 13.45
Personal care and service occupations............................... 7.25 7.25 8.25 9.20 11.72
Child care workers................................................ 7.25 7.25 8.00 9.00 9.25
Sales and related occupations....................................... 7.50 8.50 12.10 17.62 24.02
First-line supervisors/managers, sales workers.................... 12.29 12.44 12.99 31.43 34.93
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers......... 12.29 12.29 12.99 15.70 36.75
Retail sales workers.............................................. 7.25 7.75 9.00 11.95 17.02
Cashiers, all workers........................................... 7.25 7.84 8.58 9.90 12.10
Cashiers...................................................... 7.25 7.84 8.58 9.90 12.10
Retail salespersons............................................. 7.25 7.75 9.75 13.40 17.50
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 11.69 13.12 15.11 18.92 24.00
Financial clerks.................................................. 11.69 12.82 13.83 18.43 24.86
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.................... 13.12 13.12 15.96 20.00 27.76
Customer service representatives.................................. 12.28 12.78 14.00 17.36 24.38
Receptionists and information clerks.............................. 9.00 12.00 13.33 16.50 20.50
Stock clerks and order fillers.................................... 8.00 9.00 10.23 15.24 17.60
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 12.99 14.84 15.88 23.41 25.08
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants............. 13.62 14.95 15.88 23.41 25.72
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................... 14.58 15.14 16.76 18.95 21.86
Office clerks, general............................................ 12.32 13.32 15.43 19.46 21.58
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 9.56 13.37 20.00 20.50 25.00
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................... 12.83 17.00 20.38 25.75 31.25
Automotive technicians and repairers.............................. 15.75 17.78 20.49 24.00 28.99
Automotive service technicians and mechanics.................... 15.75 17.78 20.49 24.00 28.99
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............. 17.05 17.05 19.00 21.56 22.00
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers 11.00 12.00 16.31 25.85 33.60
Production occupations.............................................. 7.93 10.00 17.00 23.19 28.78
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating
workers.......................................................... 13.12 30.32 31.27 43.54 44.23
Miscellaneous production workers.................................. 7.25 7.55 15.67 18.54 26.45
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 9.00 11.90 15.50 18.45 20.75
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers............................ 10.06 14.17 15.88 18.90 21.10
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer........................ 13.33 14.50 16.63 20.75 21.75
Truck drivers, light or delivery services....................... 12.25 12.75 15.85 17.00 17.45
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................. 12.82 12.82 12.82 13.00 13.00
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators........... 12.82 12.82 12.82 13.00 13.00
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 10.24 15.00 16.50 17.68 19.47
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 8.50 8.70 10.50 14.12 19.20
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand.......... 9.00 9.19 11.00 15.20 19.20
1 Percentiles designate position in the earnings distribution and are calculated from individual-worker earnings and the
hours they are scheduled to work. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the hours are paid the same as or more than the
rate shown, and half are paid the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the hours are
paid the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth are paid the same as or more than the rate
shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic. Hourly wages are the straight-time wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, and holidays; nonproduction bonuses; and tips.
2 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for
more information.
Table 8. State and local government workers: Hourly wage percentiles(1), Richmond, VA, October 2009
Occupation(2) 10 25 Median 75 90
50
All workers........................................................... $12.26 $15.06 $19.82 $27.47 $33.46
Management occupations.............................................. 32.61 32.99 35.07 51.48 59.30
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 16.80 18.71 21.38 27.55 32.00
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 25.39 29.64 35.63 38.26 40.39
Community and social services occupations........................... 15.18 18.39 21.12 23.35 29.93
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 22.92 23.77 27.57 31.01 36.59
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 22.92 22.92 31.01 31.01 31.01
Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 24.84 26.20 27.57 31.84 37.34
Elementary and middle school teachers........................... 23.86 25.87 29.55 33.63 38.92
Elementary school teachers, except special education.......... 23.86 25.50 29.55 33.57 38.42
Secondary school teachers....................................... 25.28 27.57 27.57 30.36 35.34
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational
education.................................................... 25.28 27.57 27.57 30.36 35.34
Special education teachers...................................... 24.84 25.49 27.02 29.95 35.97
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 10.44 14.59 22.93 30.76 42.90
Protective service occupations...................................... 13.85 16.44 19.19 24.16 29.80
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 8.92 9.19 10.47 12.24 12.73
Building cleaning workers......................................... 8.51 9.00 9.74 10.89 12.73
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 13.02 14.56 15.54 18.46 22.64
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 13.25 13.80 18.94 23.68 24.91
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 12.19 13.64 15.57 19.25 22.80
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 8.68 11.70 13.48 14.63 18.41
Bus drivers....................................................... 12.08 13.38 13.62 15.42 19.11
Bus drivers, school............................................. 12.08 13.38 13.62 15.42 19.11
1 Percentiles designate position in the earnings distribution and are calculated from individual-worker earnings and the
hours they are scheduled to work. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the hours are paid the same as or more than the
rate shown, and half are paid the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the hours are
paid the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth are paid the same as or more than the rate
shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic. Hourly wages are the straight-time wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, and holidays; nonproduction bonuses; and tips.
2 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for
more information.
Table 9. Full-time(1) civilian workers: Hourly wage percentiles(2), Richmond, VA, October 2009
Full-time workers
Occupation(3)
10 25 Median 75 90
50
All workers........................................................... $10.00 $13.12 $17.79 $25.47 $34.99
Management occupations.............................................. 25.81 31.25 38.86 52.89 67.31
Computer and information systems managers......................... 51.48 52.89 52.89 62.50 72.19
Financial managers................................................ 19.65 25.81 32.61 59.14 76.44
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 18.00 21.38 27.93 34.91 44.23
Management analysts............................................... 18.00 19.59 24.20 34.99 41.29
Accountants and auditors.......................................... 18.00 21.68 27.40 33.41 42.83
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 19.76 25.99 35.95 40.94 51.83
Computer software engineers....................................... 28.85 36.06 38.46 42.91 51.83
Computer support specialists...................................... 17.19 19.06 22.76 30.50 35.63
Computer systems analysts......................................... 25.99 30.29 39.55 61.15 61.15
Architecture and engineering occupations
Engineers......................................................... 26.00 34.71 37.74 51.30 61.44
Life, physical, and social science occupations...................... 22.36 23.08 24.97 25.78 31.39
Community and social services occupations........................... 16.83 18.19 20.83 22.47 29.46
Counselors........................................................ 18.70 18.96 21.76 22.47 29.93
Legal occupations................................................... 14.10 20.72 27.44 31.25 60.07
Lawyers........................................................... 30.05 31.25 50.62 66.67 85.82
Paralegals and legal assistants................................... 12.00 17.95 22.42 25.09 27.47
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 18.86 23.36 27.57 31.01 36.26
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 22.92 22.92 31.01 31.01 39.76
Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 23.77 26.09 27.57 31.65 37.11
Elementary and middle school teachers........................... 18.28 24.91 28.65 32.93 38.18
Elementary school teachers, except special education.......... 17.98 24.83 27.91 32.59 37.63
Secondary school teachers....................................... 25.72 27.57 27.57 30.68 35.73
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational
education.................................................... 25.72 27.57 27.57 30.68 35.73
Special education teachers...................................... 24.84 25.49 27.02 29.95 35.97
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.......... 16.33 16.33 16.33 21.10 23.08
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 14.97 18.52 24.44 31.67 36.14
Registered nurses................................................. 21.90 25.50 28.68 32.76 36.00
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................. 14.63 15.45 18.75 21.21 22.00
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 9.00 10.50 11.75 12.88 14.56
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides....................... 9.30 10.50 11.73 12.88 14.18
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants........................ 9.75 11.13 12.20 13.47 14.35
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations...................... 8.80 9.00 11.00 14.14 18.00
Protective service occupations...................................... 10.00 12.62 14.89 20.56 28.19
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................. 9.58 10.18 12.41 14.68 14.68
Security guards................................................. 9.58 10.18 12.41 14.68 14.68
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 7.25 8.00 9.27 11.90 13.55
Cooks............................................................. 7.50 8.75 12.00 12.00 12.50
Food service, tipped.............................................. 2.15 7.25 7.59 9.28 10.54
Fast food and counter workers..................................... 7.25 7.50 8.00 9.27 12.50
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast
food........................................................... 7.00 7.50 8.00 9.00 9.70
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 9.00 9.88 10.56 12.64 14.39
Building cleaning workers......................................... 8.46 9.25 10.25 11.85 14.39
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners... 9.19 9.98 11.50 14.39 14.39
Maids and housekeeping cleaners................................. 8.25 8.46 9.25 9.80 11.00
Grounds maintenance workers....................................... 10.00 10.00 10.56 12.26 13.45
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers.......................... 10.00 10.00 10.56 12.26 13.45
Personal care and service occupations............................... 7.25 7.55 8.50 9.15 10.00
Sales and related occupations....................................... 8.58 11.63 15.24 19.56 24.56
First-line supervisors/managers, sales workers.................... 12.29 12.44 12.99 31.43 34.93
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers......... 12.29 12.29 12.99 15.70 36.75
Retail sales workers.............................................. 7.99 8.75 11.63 15.24 19.80
Cashiers, all workers........................................... 7.50 8.00 9.45 12.66 15.24
Cashiers...................................................... 7.50 8.00 9.45 12.66 15.24
Retail salespersons............................................. 8.00 10.36 12.56 15.56 18.84
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 12.28 13.37 15.67 19.54 24.15
Financial clerks.................................................. 11.69 13.12 15.62 18.59 24.86
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.................... 13.12 13.12 16.80 20.00 27.76
Customer service representatives.................................. 12.28 12.89 14.35 17.36 24.38
Receptionists and information clerks.............................. 9.00 12.09 13.33 20.50 20.50
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................... 8.60 10.45 14.21 15.67 17.26
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 13.62 15.11 18.94 23.60 25.53
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants............. 13.80 15.72 17.26 23.68 26.00
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................... 14.58 15.14 16.76 18.95 21.86
Office clerks, general............................................ 12.39 13.32 15.00 19.15 21.58
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 10.00 13.37 18.10 20.50 23.52
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................... 12.83 17.00 20.38 25.47 31.25
Automotive technicians and repairers.............................. 15.75 17.78 20.49 24.00 28.99
Automotive service technicians and mechanics.................... 15.75 17.78 20.49 24.00 28.99
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............. 17.05 17.05 19.00 21.56 22.00
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers 11.00 14.63 16.31 20.34 33.60
Production occupations.............................................. 8.00 10.30 17.00 23.24 28.78
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating
workers.......................................................... 13.12 19.82 31.27 33.35 44.23
Miscellaneous production workers.................................. 7.25 7.55 15.67 18.54 26.45
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 10.24 12.82 15.99 18.95 20.75
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers............................ 12.75 14.50 16.01 18.95 21.75
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer........................ 13.33 14.50 16.40 20.75 21.75
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................. 12.82 12.82 12.82 13.00 13.00
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators........... 12.82 12.82 12.82 13.00 13.00
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 10.24 15.00 16.50 17.68 19.47
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 8.68 9.00 11.00 15.00 19.50
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand.......... 9.00 11.00 11.00 15.44 19.20
1 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
2 Percentiles designate position in the earnings distribution and are calculated from individual-worker earnings and the
hours they are scheduled to work. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the hours are paid the same as or more than the
rate shown, and half are paid the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the hours are
paid the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth are paid the same as or more than the rate
shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic. Hourly wages are the straight-time wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, and holidays; nonproduction bonuses; and tips.
3 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for
more information.
Table 10. Part-time(1) civilian workers: Hourly wage percentiles(2), Richmond, VA, October 2009
Part-time workers
Occupation(3)
10 25 Median 75 90
50
All workers........................................................... $7.25 $7.40 $9.00 $12.00 $18.98
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 9.16 9.16 16.12 16.12 30.77
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 16.00 21.37 26.00 31.00 35.00
Registered nurses................................................. 24.00 25.00 29.59 32.78 35.00
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 7.25 7.55 8.42 10.86 12.00
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides....................... 7.25 7.75 8.42 10.03 11.00
Protective service occupations...................................... 9.03 9.25 10.39 16.40 20.52
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 2.13 6.55 7.25 8.04 9.20
Food service, tipped.............................................. 2.13 2.13 2.50 8.00 9.00
Waiters and waitresses.......................................... 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.50 2.50
Fast food and counter workers..................................... 6.50 6.75 7.25 7.75 8.25
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast
food........................................................... 6.55 6.85 7.25 7.80 8.30
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 8.00 9.00 10.00 10.88 11.40
Personal care and service occupations............................... 7.25 7.25 8.00 10.00 11.72
Sales and related occupations....................................... 7.25 7.25 8.20 9.50 10.90
Retail sales workers.............................................. 7.25 7.25 8.15 9.49 10.82
Cashiers, all workers........................................... 7.25 7.50 8.95 10.00 11.13
Cashiers...................................................... 7.25 7.50 8.95 10.00 11.13
Retail salespersons............................................. 7.25 7.25 7.85 9.00 9.86
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 8.20 9.27 12.82 13.83 15.00
Financial clerks.................................................. 8.02 12.82 13.44 13.83 13.83
Stock clerks and order fillers.................................... 7.25 8.10 9.00 9.50 9.60
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 7.25 8.00 9.50 12.00 14.03
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 7.25 8.00 9.19 11.56 19.13
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand.......... 7.25 8.10 9.19 12.00 19.13
1 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
2 Percentiles designate position in the earnings distribution and are calculated from individual-worker earnings and the
hours they are scheduled to work. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the hours are paid the same as or more than the
rate shown, and half are paid the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the hours are
paid the same as or less than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth are paid the same as or more than the rate
shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic. Hourly wages are the straight-time wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, and holidays; nonproduction bonuses; and tips.
3 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for
more information.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups
may include data for categories not shown separately
Table 11. Full-time(1) civilian workers: Mean and median hourly, weekly, and annual earnings and mean weekly and annual hours, Richmond, VA,
October 2009
Hourly earnings(3) Weekly earnings(4) Annual earnings(5)
Occupation(2)
Mean Mean
Mean Median Mean Median weekly Mean Median annual
hours hours
All workers........................................................... $21.17 $17.79 $838 $712 39.6 $42,938 $36,999 2,028
Management occupations.............................................. 44.14 38.86 1,769 1,572 40.1 91,926 81,764 2,083
Computer and information systems managers......................... 58.39 52.89 2,335 2,115 40.0 121,441 110,001 2,080
Financial managers................................................ 44.75 32.61 1,790 1,304 40.0 93,087 67,831 2,080
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 29.26 27.93 1,154 1,102 39.5 60,025 57,304 2,052
Management analysts............................................... 28.00 24.20 1,114 968 39.8 57,934 50,342 2,069
Accountants and auditors.......................................... 28.67 27.40 1,147 1,096 40.0 59,629 56,994 2,080
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 35.60 35.95 1,404 1,406 39.4 72,991 73,097 2,050
Computer software engineers....................................... 39.23 38.46 1,569 1,538 40.0 81,601 80,001 2,080
Computer support specialists...................................... 24.02 22.76 961 911 40.0 49,965 47,349 2,080
Computer systems analysts......................................... 42.44 39.55 1,666 1,620 39.3 86,624 84,255 2,041
Architecture and engineering occupations
Engineers......................................................... 43.12 37.74 1,704 1,510 39.5 88,601 78,499 2,055
Life, physical, and social science occupations...................... 25.64 24.97 1,020 999 39.8 53,065 51,938 2,070
Community and social services occupations........................... 21.41 20.83 845 840 39.4 43,773 43,362 2,044
Counselors........................................................ 23.15 21.76 892 870 38.5 45,954 45,250 1,985
Legal occupations................................................... 32.76 27.44 1,231 962 37.6 64,013 50,001 1,954
Lawyers........................................................... 51.09 50.62 2,015 1,898 39.4 104,774 98,699 2,051
Paralegals and legal assistants................................... 22.34 22.42 818 846 36.6 42,520 44,009 1,903
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 28.06 27.57 1,084 1,098 38.6 46,131 46,089 1,644
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 29.53 31.01 1,170 1,240 39.6 57,322 64,164 1,941
Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 29.14 27.57 1,122 1,103 38.5 45,093 43,952 1,547
Elementary and middle school teachers........................... 29.05 28.65 1,102 1,069 37.9 43,778 42,148 1,507
Elementary school teachers, except special education.......... 28.65 27.91 1,091 1,069 38.1 43,484 42,148 1,518
Secondary school teachers....................................... 29.54 27.57 1,157 1,103 39.2 46,633 46,089 1,579
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational
education.................................................... 29.54 27.57 1,157 1,103 39.2 46,633 46,089 1,579
Special education teachers...................................... 28.40 27.02 1,096 1,029 38.6 45,049 42,636 1,586
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.......... 18.87 16.33 737 653 39.1 38,330 33,966 2,032
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 25.62 24.44 1,003 1,016 39.2 51,486 51,022 2,010
Registered nurses................................................. 29.08 28.68 1,117 1,095 38.4 57,146 56,938 1,965
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................. 18.74 18.75 739 737 39.4 38,441 38,298 2,051
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 11.80 11.75 451 445 38.2 23,471 23,150 1,989
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides....................... 11.68 11.73 452 450 38.7 23,481 23,400 2,011
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants........................ 12.21 12.20 466 477 38.2 24,236 24,814 1,985
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations...................... 11.99 11.00 444 440 37.0 23,074 22,880 1,924
Protective service occupations...................................... 17.55 14.89 717 656 40.8 36,290 33,292 2,068
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................. 12.39 12.41 489 496 39.4 24,745 25,802 1,997
Security guards................................................. 12.39 12.41 489 496 39.4 24,745 25,802 1,997
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 9.63 9.27 378 350 39.3 19,458 17,680 2,021
Cooks............................................................. 10.74 12.00 469 457 43.6 24,222 23,770 2,255
Food service, tipped.............................................. 7.23 7.59 274 290 37.9 13,884 15,080 1,919
Fast food and counter workers..................................... 8.88 8.00 306 256 34.4 15,673 13,312 1,765
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast
food........................................................... 8.23 8.00 279 256 33.9 14,287 13,312 1,736
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 11.91 10.56 471 410 39.5 24,425 21,203 2,051
Building cleaning workers......................................... 10.78 10.25 427 410 39.6 22,138 21,203 2,053
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners... 11.64 11.50 465 460 40.0 24,061 23,920 2,068
Maids and housekeeping cleaners................................. 9.34 9.25 364 360 38.9 18,922 18,720 2,025
Grounds maintenance workers....................................... 11.13 10.56 437 400 39.2 22,707 20,800 2,041
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers.......................... 11.13 10.56 437 400 39.2 22,707 20,800 2,041
Personal care and service occupations............................... 9.07 8.50 347 330 38.3 17,893 17,160 1,973
Sales and related occupations....................................... 20.25 15.24 805 624 39.8 41,865 32,463 2,068
First-line supervisors/managers, sales workers.................... 20.19 12.99 874 628 43.3 45,459 32,652 2,252
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers......... 18.24 12.99 785 532 43.0 40,803 27,672 2,237
Retail sales workers.............................................. 12.74 11.63 504 436 39.5 26,192 22,649 2,055
Cashiers, all workers........................................... 10.37 9.45 410 364 39.6 21,337 18,928 2,057
Cashiers...................................................... 10.37 9.45 410 364 39.6 21,337 18,928 2,057
Retail salespersons............................................. 13.75 12.56 542 469 39.5 28,198 24,388 2,051
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 16.96 15.67 669 618 39.4 34,757 32,101 2,050
Financial clerks.................................................. 16.66 15.62 660 613 39.6 34,331 31,884 2,060
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.................... 17.31 16.80 686 644 39.7 35,697 33,509 2,062
Customer service representatives.................................. 15.99 14.35 638 560 39.9 33,187 29,120 2,076
Receptionists and information clerks.............................. 14.48 13.33 552 528 38.1 28,648 27,456 1,978
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................... 13.41 14.21 536 568 40.0 27,884 29,557 2,080
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 19.12 18.94 749 751 39.1 38,928 39,045 2,036
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants............. 19.29 17.26 760 690 39.4 39,506 35,905 2,048
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................... 17.62 16.76 691 649 39.2 35,949 33,771 2,041
Office clerks, general............................................ 16.44 15.00 646 600 39.3 33,601 31,200 2,043
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 17.68 18.10 705 730 39.9 36,500 37,648 2,065
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................... 21.59 20.38 863 815 39.9 44,856 42,380 2,077
Automotive technicians and repairers.............................. 22.89 20.49 934 820 40.8 48,576 42,619 2,122
Automotive service technicians and mechanics.................... 22.89 20.49 934 820 40.8 48,576 42,619 2,122
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............. 19.58 19.00 783 760 40.0 40,723 39,520 2,080
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers 18.71 16.31 734 695 39.2 38,179 36,150 2,041
Production occupations.............................................. 18.03 17.00 712 680 39.5 37,032 35,360 2,054
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating
workers.......................................................... 29.38 31.27 1,172 1,251 39.9 60,939 65,040 2,074
Miscellaneous production workers.................................. 14.97 15.67 593 627 39.6 30,841 32,594 2,060
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 16.39 15.99 669 651 40.8 33,876 33,280 2,067
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers............................ 17.10 16.01 742 680 43.4 37,834 35,360 2,212
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer........................ 17.54 16.40 785 830 44.8 39,739 41,599 2,266
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................. 13.30 12.82 532 513 40.0 27,656 26,666 2,080
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators........... 13.30 12.82 532 513 40.0 27,656 26,666 2,080
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 16.15 16.50 634 660 39.3 32,988 34,320 2,043
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 12.44 11.00 494 440 39.7 25,686 22,880 2,064
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand.......... 13.31 11.00 526 440 39.5 27,356 22,880 2,055
1 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore,
a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another
firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
2 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more information.
3 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard
pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all
workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
4 Mean weekly earnings are the straight-time weekly wages or salaries paid to employees. Median weekly earnings designates position - one-half
of the hours are paid the same as or more than the rate shown. Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a week,
exclusive of overtime.
5 Mean annual earnings are the straight-time annual wages or salaries paid to employees. Median annual earnings designates position - one-half
of the hours are paid the same as or more than the rate shown. Mean annual hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a year,
exclusive of overtime.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups may include data for
categories not shown separately
Table 12. Full-time(1) private industry workers: Mean and median hourly, weekly, and annual earnings and mean weekly and annual hours, Richmond,
VA, October 2009
Hourly earnings(3) Weekly earnings(4) Annual earnings(5)
Occupation(2)
Mean Mean
Mean Median Mean Median weekly Mean Median annual
hours hours
All workers........................................................... $20.93 $17.24 $828 $683 39.6 $42,906 $35,464 2,050
Management occupations.............................................. 44.56 40.04 1,787 1,602 40.1 92,916 83,283 2,085
Financial managers................................................ 43.34 25.81 1,734 1,032 40.0 90,154 53,674 2,080
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 31.29 29.33 1,229 1,171 39.3 63,890 60,907 2,042
Accountants and auditors.......................................... 29.94 28.13 1,198 1,125 40.0 62,278 58,500 2,080
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 36.07 36.54 1,415 1,329 39.2 73,605 69,098 2,041
Computer systems analysts......................................... 42.44 39.55 1,666 1,620 39.3 86,624 84,255 2,041
Architecture and engineering occupations
Engineers......................................................... 45.45 43.83 1,792 1,699 39.4 93,190 88,372 2,051
Life, physical, and social science occupations...................... 26.39 24.97 1,050 999 39.8 54,595 51,938 2,068
Community and social services occupations........................... 20.93 20.00 836 800 40.0 43,481 41,600 2,078
Legal occupations................................................... 33.15 26.32 1,238 941 37.3 64,380 48,916 1,942
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 25.15 22.90 982 916 39.0 42,420 35,928 1,687
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 35.98 35.14 1,392 1,348 38.7 63,497 70,100 1,765
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 25.88 24.44 1,010 1,050 39.0 52,544 54,623 2,030
Registered nurses................................................. 28.94 28.89 1,111 1,104 38.4 57,760 57,408 1,996
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................. 18.75 18.75 741 738 39.5 38,515 38,355 2,055
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 11.80 11.75 451 445 38.2 23,471 23,150 1,989
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides....................... 11.68 11.73 452 450 38.7 23,481 23,400 2,011
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants........................ 12.21 12.20 466 477 38.2 24,236 24,814 1,985
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations...................... 11.99 11.00 444 440 37.0 23,074 22,880 1,924
Protective service occupations...................................... 13.55 12.62 535 505 39.5 26,428 25,938 1,950
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................. 12.36 12.62 487 499 39.4 24,610 25,293 1,992
Security guards................................................. 12.36 12.62 487 499 39.4 24,610 25,293 1,992
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 9.60 9.00 380 350 39.5 19,719 18,200 2,053
Cooks............................................................. 10.74 12.00 469 457 43.6 24,222 23,770 2,255
Fast food and counter workers..................................... 8.80 8.00 305 256 34.7 15,870 13,312 1,803
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 12.28 10.50 483 400 39.4 25,131 20,800 2,047
Building cleaning workers......................................... 11.00 10.40 434 412 39.5 22,580 21,424 2,053
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners... 11.66 11.50 467 460 40.0 24,260 23,920 2,080
Sales and related occupations....................................... 20.59 15.35 819 626 39.7 42,565 32,552 2,067
First-line supervisors/managers, sales workers.................... 20.19 12.99 874 628 43.3 45,459 32,652 2,252
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers......... 18.24 12.99 785 532 43.0 40,803 27,672 2,237
Retail sales workers.............................................. 12.70 11.63 501 435 39.5 26,075 22,645 2,053
Cashiers, all workers........................................... 9.50 8.58 374 343 39.4 19,466 17,840 2,050
Cashiers...................................................... 9.50 8.58 374 343 39.4 19,466 17,840 2,050
Retail salespersons............................................. 13.75 12.56 542 469 39.5 28,198 24,388 2,051
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 16.96 15.68 667 617 39.3 34,699 32,094 2,046
Financial clerks.................................................. 16.70 15.50 662 606 39.7 34,436 31,520 2,062
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.................... 17.58 17.37 699 673 39.7 36,323 35,001 2,067
Customer service representatives.................................. 15.94 14.00 637 560 39.9 33,116 29,120 2,077
Receptionists and information clerks.............................. 14.48 13.33 552 528 38.1 28,648 27,456 1,978
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................... 13.41 14.21 536 568 40.0 27,884 29,557 2,080
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 18.77 15.88 731 629 38.9 37,987 32,696 2,023
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants............. 18.73 15.88 733 629 39.2 38,124 32,696 2,036
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................... 17.62 16.76 691 649 39.2 35,949 33,771 2,041
Office clerks, general............................................ 16.98 15.43 665 617 39.1 34,569 32,094 2,036
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 17.94 20.00 715 800 39.9 36,967 41,600 2,061
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................... 21.76 20.38 869 815 39.9 45,196 42,380 2,077
Automotive technicians and repairers.............................. 22.89 20.49 934 820 40.8 48,576 42,619 2,122
Automotive service technicians and mechanics.................... 22.89 20.49 934 820 40.8 48,576 42,619 2,122
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............. 19.58 19.00 783 760 40.0 40,723 39,520 2,080
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers 19.25 16.31 752 697 39.1 39,088 36,254 2,031
Production occupations.............................................. 17.97 17.00 710 680 39.5 36,930 35,360 2,055
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating
workers.......................................................... 32.13 31.27 1,280 1,251 39.8 66,576 65,040 2,072
Miscellaneous production workers.................................. 14.97 15.67 593 627 39.6 30,841 32,594 2,060
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 16.47 16.00 680 656 41.3 35,106 34,112 2,131
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers............................ 17.10 16.01 742 680 43.4 37,834 35,360 2,212
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer........................ 17.54 16.40 785 830 44.8 39,739 41,599 2,266
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................. 13.30 12.82 532 513 40.0 27,656 26,666 2,080
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators........... 13.30 12.82 532 513 40.0 27,656 26,666 2,080
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 16.15 16.50 634 660 39.3 32,988 34,320 2,043
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 12.44 11.00 494 440 39.7 25,686 22,880 2,064
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand.......... 13.31 11.00 526 440 39.5 27,356 22,880 2,055
1 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore,
a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another
firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
2 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more information.
3 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard
pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all
workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
4 Mean weekly earnings are the straight-time weekly wages or salaries paid to employees. Median weekly earnings designates position - one-half
of the hours are paid the same as or more than the rate shown. Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a week,
exclusive of overtime.
5 Mean annual earnings are the straight-time annual wages or salaries paid to employees. Median annual earnings designates position - one-half
of the hours are paid the same as or more than the rate shown. Mean annual hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a year,
exclusive of overtime.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups may include data for
categories not shown separately
Table 13. Full-time(1) State and local government workers: Mean and median hourly, weekly, and annual earnings and mean weekly and annual hours,
Richmond, VA, October 2009
Hourly earnings(3) Weekly earnings(4) Annual earnings(5)
Occupation(2)
Mean Mean
Mean Median Mean Median weekly Mean Median annual
hours hours
All workers........................................................... $22.18 $20.52 $877 $821 39.5 $43,063 $41,001 1,941
Management occupations.............................................. 41.10 35.07 1,644 1,403 40.0 84,952 72,950 2,067
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 23.51 21.38 941 855 40.0 48,906 44,466 2,080
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 34.15 35.63 1,366 1,425 40.0 71,060 74,117 2,081
Community and social services occupations........................... 21.58 21.12 848 845 39.3 43,871 43,936 2,033
Education, training, and library occupations........................ 28.48 27.57 1,098 1,103 38.6 46,650 46,089 1,638
Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 29.79 27.67 1,148 1,103 38.5 46,074 44,676 1,547
Elementary and middle school teachers........................... 30.73 29.55 1,166 1,087 37.9 46,185 42,974 1,503
Elementary school teachers, except special education.......... 30.48 29.55 1,163 1,087 38.1 46,182 42,974 1,515
Secondary school teachers....................................... 29.45 27.57 1,153 1,103 39.1 46,378 46,089 1,575
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational
education.................................................... 29.45 27.57 1,153 1,103 39.1 46,378 46,089 1,575
Special education teachers...................................... 28.40 27.02 1,096 1,029 38.6 45,049 42,636 1,586
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 24.27 22.93 966 951 39.8 46,359 43,193 1,910
Protective service occupations...................................... 20.90 19.19 879 822 42.1 45,499 42,628 2,177
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 10.76 10.70 430 428 40.0 22,189 22,146 2,062
Building cleaning workers......................................... 10.23 9.77 409 391 40.0 21,001 20,047 2,054
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 16.93 15.62 673 625 39.7 34,997 32,492 2,067
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 20.33 20.01 813 800 40.0 42,286 41,621 2,080
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 16.65 15.57 666 623 40.0 34,629 32,386 2,080
1 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore,
a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another
firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
2 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more information.
3 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard
pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all
workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
4 Mean weekly earnings are the straight-time weekly wages or salaries paid to employees. Median weekly earnings designates position - one-half
of the hours are paid the same as or more than the rate shown. Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a week,
exclusive of overtime.
5 Mean annual earnings are the straight-time annual wages or salaries paid to employees. Median annual earnings designates position - one-half
of the hours are paid the same as or more than the rate shown. Mean annual hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a year,
exclusive of overtime.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups may include data for
categories not shown separately
Table 14. Size of establishment: Mean hourly earnings(1) of private industry
establishments for major occupational groups, Richmond, VA, October 2009
1-99 100-499 500
Occupational group(2) Total workers workers workers
or more
All workers.................................. $19.35 $17.20 $20.66 $24.05
Management, professional, and related...... 31.87 27.22 34.80 37.09
Management, business, and financial...... 38.30 34.74 38.60 43.34
Professional and related................. 27.82 22.93 31.68 33.26
Service.................................... 9.99 9.28 10.49 13.09
Sales and office........................... 16.59 16.85 16.37 16.19
Sales and related........................ 16.87 18.03 13.49 15.70
Office and administrative support........ 16.43 15.77 17.75 16.26
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance............................... 19.83 18.94 23.03 27.52
Construction and extraction............. 17.94 17.67 – –
Installation, maintenance, and repair.... 21.76 20.80 22.52 27.52
Production, transportation, and material
moving.................................... 16.64 15.38 17.77 18.45
Production............................... 17.84 16.62 18.57 18.97
Transportation and material moving....... 15.50 14.59 16.45 17.72
B
1-99 100-499 500
Total workers workers workers
or more
Occupational group(2)
Relative error(3)
(percent)
Relative error(3) (percent)
All workers........................................................... 3.4 6.2 8.8 4.1
Management, professional, and related............................... 6.0 9.8 6.2 4.3
Management, business, and financial............................... 5.3 8.6 10.6 3.3
Professional and related.......................................... 6.1 10.1 6.7 5.9
Service............................................................. 4.2 5.3 6.4 6.1
Sales and office.................................................... 6.7 11.3 10.7 3.1
Sales and related................................................. 18.6 23.2 16.6 9.5
Office and administrative support................................. 3.5 6.3 10.3 2.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance.................... 3.9 4.5 6.2 12.1
Construction and extraction...................................... 7.4 7.5 – –
Installation, maintenance, and repair............................. 5.3 7.6 7.7 12.1
Production, transportation, and material moving..................... 5.6 6.4 19.8 1.8
Production........................................................ 9.1 9.0 24.7 2.2
Transportation and material moving................................ 5.4 6.6 23.7 2.6
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay,
cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays,
nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the
number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
2 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See
appendix B for more information.
3 The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate. It can be used
to calculate a "confidence interval" around a sample estimate. For more information about RSEs, see appendix A.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Table 15. Establishments with fewer than 100 workers: Mean and median hourly, weekly, and annual earnings and mean weekly and annual hours for
full-time(1) private industry workers, Richmond, VA, October 2009
Hourly earnings(3) Weekly earnings(4) Annual earnings(5)
Occupation(2)
Mean Mean
Mean Median Mean Median weekly Mean Median annual
hours hours
All workers........................................................... $18.99 $16.12 $752 $650 39.6 $38,933 $33,800 2,050
Management occupations.............................................. 39.05 35.34 1,572 1,413 40.2 81,726 73,497 2,093
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 27.21 25.97 1,054 1,039 38.7 54,811 54,020 2,015
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 24.57 20.74 971 847 39.5 50,493 44,040 2,055
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 11.10 10.65 421 420 37.9 21,903 21,840 1,973
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 9.28 8.75 368 340 39.7 19,118 17,680 2,059
Cooks............................................................. 10.69 12.00 470 500 43.9 24,262 26,000 2,270
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 13.28 10.56 523 410 39.4 27,202 21,320 2,048
Sales and related occupations....................................... 22.46 15.65 886 639 39.5 46,076 33,232 2,052
First-line supervisors/managers, sales workers.................... 18.24 12.99 785 532 43.0 40,803 27,672 2,237
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers......... 18.24 12.99 785 532 43.0 40,803 27,672 2,237
Retail sales workers.............................................. 12.62 10.50 498 384 39.5 25,914 19,980 2,053
Retail salespersons............................................. 13.80 11.63 546 436 39.6 28,408 22,649 2,059
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 16.24 15.00 636 600 39.2 33,086 31,200 2,037
Financial clerks.................................................. 17.24 15.50 687 620 39.9 35,747 32,240 2,074
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 17.27 15.72 667 615 38.6 34,683 32,000 2,008
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants............. 16.33 15.72 630 615 38.6 32,746 32,000 2,006
Office clerks, general............................................ 15.66 15.00 618 600 39.5 32,159 31,200 2,053
Construction and extraction occupations............................. 17.67 19.00 707 760 40.0 36,517 39,520 2,067
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................... 20.80 20.38 834 815 40.1 43,345 42,380 2,084
Automotive technicians and repairers.............................. 21.71 19.85 878 794 40.4 45,651 41,288 2,103
Automotive service technicians and mechanics.................... 21.71 19.85 878 794 40.4 45,651 41,288 2,103
Production occupations.............................................. 16.87 17.00 664 680 39.3 34,520 35,360 2,046
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 15.54 15.83 656 640 42.2 33,684 33,093 2,168
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers............................ 16.02 15.83 714 640 44.6 36,158 33,280 2,257
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer........................ 16.34 15.49 774 690 47.4 38,602 34,840 2,363
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................. 13.30 12.82 532 513 40.0 27,656 26,666 2,080
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators........... 13.30 12.82 532 513 40.0 27,656 26,666 2,080
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 14.99 16.50 600 660 40.0 31,189 34,320 2,080
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 13.54 10.50 536 394 39.6 27,896 20,475 2,061
1 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore,
a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another
firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
2 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more information.
3 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard
pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all
workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
4 Mean weekly earnings are the straight-time weekly wages or salaries paid to employees. Median weekly earnings designates position - one-half
of the hours are paid the same as or more than the rate shown. Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a week,
exclusive of overtime.
5 Mean annual earnings are the straight-time annual wages or salaries paid to employees. Median annual earnings designates position - one-half
of the hours are paid the same as or more than the rate shown. Mean annual hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a year,
exclusive of overtime.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups may include data for
categories not shown separately
Table 16. Establishments with 100 workers or more: Mean and median hourly, weekly, and annual earnings and mean weekly and annual hours for
full-time(1) private industry workers, Richmond, VA, October 2009
Hourly earnings(3) Weekly earnings(4) Annual earnings(5)
Occupation(2)
Mean Mean
Mean Median Mean Median weekly Mean Median annual
hours hours
All workers........................................................... $23.32 $18.72 $921 $740 39.5 $47,817 $38,401 2,050
Management occupations.............................................. 50.98 47.60 2,035 1,874 39.9 105,836 97,467 2,076
Financial managers................................................ 56.84 59.14 2,273 2,366 40.0 118,220 123,011 2,080
Business and financial operations occupations....................... 33.42 33.08 1,322 1,314 39.5 68,726 68,349 2,056
Accountants and auditors.......................................... 36.34 33.41 1,454 1,336 40.0 75,592 69,493 2,080
Computer and mathematical science occupations....................... 38.16 37.98 1,515 1,519 39.7 78,770 79,000 2,064
Computer systems analysts......................................... 42.37 38.46 1,662 1,571 39.2 86,406 81,711 2,039
Architecture and engineering occupations............................ 52.37 49.76 2,047 1,953 39.1 106,465 101,542 2,033
Engineers......................................................... 54.09 51.30 2,111 1,961 39.0 109,777 101,993 2,030
Life, physical, and social science occupations...................... 26.56 24.97 1,056 999 39.7 54,890 51,938 2,067
Community and social services occupations........................... 20.85 18.97 833 759 39.9 43,305 39,466 2,077
Legal occupations................................................... 55.76 56.02 2,141 2,111 38.4 111,351 109,785 1,997
Education, training, and library occupations
Postsecondary teachers............................................ 35.98 35.14 1,392 1,348 38.7 63,497 70,100 1,765
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................... 26.73 27.76 1,035 1,086 38.7 53,837 56,493 2,014
Registered nurses................................................. 29.08 29.67 1,112 1,131 38.2 57,831 58,800 1,988
Healthcare support occupations...................................... 12.28 12.31 472 485 38.5 24,570 25,210 2,000
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides....................... 12.26 12.20 468 480 38.2 24,339 24,960 1,985
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants........................ 12.27 12.20 468 480 38.1 24,316 24,960 1,982
Food preparation and serving related occupations.................... 10.83 10.60 423 424 39.0 21,985 22,048 2,030
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 10.98 10.09 432 400 39.3 22,453 20,800 2,046
Building cleaning workers......................................... 10.95 10.09 431 399 39.3 22,401 20,758 2,045
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners... 11.87 11.48 475 459 40.0 24,684 23,878 2,080
Sales and related occupations....................................... 16.25 15.06 657 610 40.4 34,165 31,699 2,103
Retail sales workers.............................................. 12.84 12.95 507 506 39.5 26,357 26,312 2,053
Retail salespersons............................................. 13.68 13.68 537 554 39.3 27,926 28,808 2,041
Office and administrative support occupations....................... 17.52 16.52 692 659 39.5 35,948 34,266 2,052
Financial clerks.................................................. 16.23 14.90 641 576 39.5 33,308 29,952 2,052
Customer service representatives.................................. 17.47 17.35 697 694 39.9 36,236 36,092 2,074
Secretaries and administrative assistants......................... 20.77 21.20 816 846 39.3 42,456 44,000 2,044
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants............. 21.87 23.41 874 936 39.9 45,426 48,693 2,077
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................... 17.62 16.76 691 649 39.2 35,949 33,771 2,041
Office clerks, general............................................ 17.54 18.53 684 741 39.0 35,567 38,534 2,028
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................... 23.74 21.62 942 865 39.7 48,985 44,976 2,063
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers 22.77 20.02 880 730 38.6 45,749 37,964 2,009
Production occupations.............................................. 18.78 17.04 745 682 39.7 38,732 35,443 2,062
Miscellaneous production workers.................................. 15.04 12.98 598 519 39.8 31,118 27,007 2,069
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 17.97 17.24 717 688 39.9 37,291 35,774 2,076
Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 17.23 17.24 666 670 38.6 34,610 34,861 2,009
Laborers and material movers, hand................................ 11.73 11.00 466 440 39.7 24,236 22,880 2,067
1 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore,
a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another
firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
2 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more information.
3 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard
pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all
workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
4 Mean weekly earnings are the straight-time weekly wages or salaries paid to employees. Median weekly earnings designates position - one-half
of the hours are paid the same as or more than the rate shown. Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a week,
exclusive of overtime.
5 Mean annual earnings are the straight-time annual wages or salaries paid to employees. Median annual earnings designates position - one-half
of the hours are paid the same as or more than the rate shown. Mean annual hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a year,
exclusive of overtime.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups may include data for
categories not shown separately
Table 17. Union(1) and nonunion workers: Mean hourly earnings(2) for major occupational groups, Richmond, VA, October 2009
Union Nonunion
Occupational group(3) Private State and Private State and
Civilian industry local Civilian industry local
workers workers government workers workers government
workers workers
All workers........................................................... $20.15 $20.30 – $19.77 $19.28 $21.95
Management, professional, and related............................... – – – 30.44 31.96 26.97
Management, business, and financial............................... – – – 36.52 38.34 28.98
Professional and related.......................................... – – – 27.35 27.87 26.42
Service............................................................. – – – 10.80 9.91 16.83
Sales and office.................................................... – – – 16.42 16.42 16.40
Sales and related................................................. – – – 16.72 16.87 –
Office and administrative support................................. – – – 16.26 16.14 16.75
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance.................... 23.83 23.83 – 18.94 19.23 17.53
Construction and extraction...................................... – – – 17.29 17.49 16.65
Installation, maintenance, and repair............................. 29.82 29.82 – 20.78 20.88 –
Production, transportation, and material moving..................... 19.30 19.30 – 15.91 15.89 16.13
Production........................................................ 19.45 19.45 – 17.12 16.95 –
Transportation and material moving................................ 18.75 18.75 – 15.08 15.18 13.32
Union Nonunion
Private State and Private State and
Civilian industry local Civilian industry local
workers workers government workers workers government
workers workers
Relative error(4)
(percent)
Relative error(4) (percent)
All workers........................................................... 2.9 3.1 – 2.9 3.6 3.5
Management, professional, and related............................... – – – 4.4 6.0 3.9
Management, business, and financial............................... – – – 4.7 5.3 13.4
Professional and related.......................................... – – – 4.2 6.2 4.5
Service............................................................. – – – 4.1 4.2 11.4
Sales and office.................................................... – – – 6.0 7.0 3.7
Sales and related................................................. – – – 18.1 18.6 –
Office and administrative support................................. – – – 2.4 2.8 3.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance.................... 11.1 11.1 – 4.5 4.9 5.5
Construction and extraction...................................... – – – 9.5 11.8 8.2
Installation, maintenance, and repair............................. 6.2 6.2 – 5.9 6.4 –
Production, transportation, and material moving..................... 4.8 4.8 – 7.3 7.7 8.1
Production........................................................ 5.7 5.7 – 13.1 14.1 –
Transportation and material moving................................ 7.4 7.4 – 5.8 6.0 8.5
1 Union workers are those whose wages are determined through collective bargaining.
2 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by
totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
3 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more
information.
4 The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate. It can be used to calculate a
"confidence interval" around a sample estimate. For more information about RSEs, see appendix A.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Table 18. Time and incentive workers(1): Mean hourly earnings(2) for major occupational groups, Richmond, VA,
October 2009
Time Incentive
Occupational group(3)
Civilian Private Civilian Private
workers industry workers industry
workers workers
All workers........................................................... $19.41 $18.84 $24.32 $24.32
Management, professional, and related............................... 30.28 31.81 32.69 32.69
Management, business, and financial............................... 37.18 39.49 31.69 31.69
Professional and related.......................................... 27.20 27.64 – –
Service............................................................. 11.00 9.95 – –
Sales and office.................................................... 15.43 15.24 23.42 23.42
Sales and related................................................. 12.38 12.36 – –
Office and administrative support................................. 16.62 16.58 15.06 15.06
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance.................... 18.96 19.25 – –
Construction and extraction...................................... – 17.12 – –
Installation, maintenance, and repair............................. 20.92 21.02 – –
Production, transportation, and material moving..................... 16.59 16.62 – –
Production........................................................ 18.05 17.99 – –
Transportation and material moving................................ 15.11 15.21 – –
Time Incentive
Civilian Private Civilian Private
workers industry workers industry
workers workers
Relative error(4)
(percent)
Relative error(4) (percent)
All workers........................................................... 2.6 3.1 13.4 13.4
Management, professional, and related............................... 4.1 5.7 10.6 10.6
Management, business, and financial............................... 4.6 5.1 12.3 12.3
Professional and related.......................................... 4.2 6.1 – –
Service............................................................. 4.6 4.1 – –
Sales and office.................................................... 3.2 3.8 22.6 22.6
Sales and related................................................. 7.2 7.7 – –
Office and administrative support................................. 3.0 3.6 4.6 4.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance.................... 4.1 4.5 – –
Construction and extraction...................................... – 4.4 – –
Installation, maintenance, and repair............................. 5.8 6.2 – –
Production, transportation, and material moving..................... 5.2 5.5 – –
Production........................................................ 8.2 8.6 – –
Transportation and material moving................................ 5.4 5.5 – –
1 Wages of time workers are based solely on hourly rate or salary. Incentive workers are those whose wages are
at least partially based on productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production bonuses.
2 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay,
cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays,
nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the
number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
3 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See
appendix B for more information.
4 The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate. It can be used
to calculate a "confidence interval" around a sample estimate. For more information about RSEs, see appendix A.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Table 19. Industry sector(1): Mean hourly earnings(2) for private industry workers by major occupational group, Richmond, VA, October 2009
Goods producing Service providing
Occupational group(3) Trade, Profes- Education Leisure
Construc- Manufac- transpor- Infor- Financial sional and and Other
tion turing tation, mation activiti- and health hospital- services
and es business services ity
utilities services
All workers........................................................... – $23.47 $15.85 – $28.78 – $18.04 $9.70 $15.37
Management, professional, and related............................... – 45.71 33.83 – 37.12 – 26.13 – 25.35
Management, business, and financial............................... – – 32.97 – 36.07 – 35.47 – 26.70
Professional and related.......................................... – 38.96 35.49 – 41.47 – 24.70 – –
Service............................................................. – – 11.47 – – – 10.40 8.73 –
Sales and office.................................................... – 21.66 13.07 – 21.71 – 13.49 14.03 15.44
Sales and related................................................. – – 12.50 – – – – 13.54 –
Office and administrative support................................. – 19.07 14.39 – 16.23 – 13.52 14.36 15.75
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance.................... – 24.30 23.22 – – – – – –
Construction and extraction...................................... – – – – – – – – –
Installation, maintenance, and repair............................. – 23.71 23.03 – – – – – –
Production, transportation, and material moving..................... – 18.77 15.46 – – – – – 10.22
Production........................................................ – 19.83 – – – – – – –
Transportation and material moving................................ – 14.10 15.65 – – – – – –
B
Goods producing Service providing
Trade, Profes- Education Leisure
Construc- Manufac- transpor- Infor- Financial sional and and Other
Occupational group(3) tion turing tation, mation activiti- and health hospital- services
and es business services ity
utilities services
Relative error(4)
(percent)
Relative error(4) (percent)
All workers........................................................... – 4.5 5.8 – 3.1 – 7.8 8.1 14.5
Management, professional, and related............................... – 10.8 6.9 – 7.5 – 1.7 – 3.4
Management, business, and financial............................... – – 9.4 – 5.6 – 9.2 – 3.1
Professional and related.......................................... – 11.6 12.0 – 19.9 – 2.2 – –
Service............................................................. – – 13.5 – – – 9.3 8.3 –
Sales and office.................................................... – 1.3 2.2 – 13.9 – 7.3 13.6 8.8
Sales and related................................................. – – 2.7 – – – – 21.1 –
Office and administrative support................................. – 5.0 4.3 – 4.4 – 7.7 9.4 8.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance.................... – 1.3 4.4 – – – – – –
Construction and extraction...................................... – – – – – – – – –
Installation, maintenance, and repair............................. – 2.6 4.6 – – – – – –
Production, transportation, and material moving..................... – 3.8 6.2 – – – – – 11.5
Production........................................................ – 6.8 – – – – – – –
Transportation and material moving................................ – 2.7 5.9 – – – – – –
1 Industry sectors are determined by the 2007 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
2 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded
are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the
number of workers, weighted by hours. See appendix A for more information.
3 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. See appendix B for more information.
4 The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error expressed as a percent of the estimate. It can be used to calculate a "confidence interval" around a
sample estimate. For more information about RSEs, see appendix A.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Appendix table 1. Number of workers(1) represented by the survey, Richmond, VA, October 2009
Private State and
Occupational group(2) Civilian industry local
workers workers government
workers
All workers........................................................... 548,000 454,100 93,900
Management, professional, and related............................... 159,700 111,200 48,400
Management, business, and financial............................... 49,100 40,200 9,000
Professional and related.......................................... 110,500 71,100 39,400
Service............................................................. 117,700 103,500 14,300
Sales and office.................................................... 160,400 139,700 20,800
Sales and related................................................. 58,000 56,100 –
Office and administrative support................................. 102,400 83,600 18,800
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance.................... 41,900 35,700 6,200
Construction and extraction...................................... 22,600 18,100 4,500
Installation, maintenance, and repair............................. 19,300 17,600 –
Production, transportation, and material moving..................... 68,300 64,100 4,200
Production........................................................ 30,500 29,000 –
Transportation and material moving................................ 37,800 35,100 2,800
1 The number of workers represented by the survey are rounded to the nearest 100. Estimates of the
number of workers provide a description of size and composition of the labor force included in the
survey. Estimates are not intended, however, for comparison to other statistical series to measure
employment trends or levels.
2 Workers are classified by occupation using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)
system. See appendix B for more information.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Appendix table 2. Survey establishment response, Richmond, VA, October 2009
Private State and
Establishments Total industry local
government
Total in sampling frame(1)............................................ 25,925 25,179 746
Total in sample....................................................... 347 316 31
Responding........................................................ 217 187 30
Refused or unable to provide data................................. 73 72 1
Out of business or not in survey scope............................ 57 57 0
1 The list of establishments from which the survey sample was selected (sampling frame) was developed
from State unemployment insurance reports and is based on the 2007 North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS). For private industries, an establishment is usually a single physical
location. For State and local governments, an establishment is defined as all locations of a government
entity.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
Last Modified Date: June 29, 2010
