Technical information: (202) 691-6392 USDL 03-742 http://www.bls.gov/mls/ For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Media contact: 691-5902 Thursday, November 20, 2003 EXTENDED MASS LAYOFFS IN THE THIRD QUARTER OF 2003 In the third quarter of 2003, 1,375 mass layoff actions were taken by employers that resulted in the separation of 268,020 workers from their jobs for at least 31 days, according to preliminary figures released by the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. Both the total number of layoff events and the number of separations were lower than in July-September 2002 and were the lowest for a third quarter since 2000. (See table A.) The decline from third quarter 2002 was most notable in computer and electronic product manufacturing, truck transportation, and general merchandise stores. The completion of seasonal work accounted for 22 percent of all events and 74,805 separations during the period--the lowest level for a third quar- ter since 1998. Layoffs due to internal company restructuring represented 22 percent of events and resulted in 57,727 separations, both lower than a year earlier. Permanent closure of worksites occurred in 14 percent of all events and affected 46,646 workers. A year earlier, such closures occurred in 21 percent of all events and affected 80,152 workers. Forty percent of the employers anticipating a recall expected to extend the offer to all laid- off workers, the highest proportion for a third quarter since 2000. Industry Distribution of Extended Layoffs Extended mass layoff separations occurred in 441 of the 1,197 detailed industries for which data are available. Manufacturing industries accounted for 35 percent of private-sector layoff events and 34 percent of separations during July-September 2003. The 82,030 worker separations in manufacturing were lower than in the third quarter of 2002. Layoff activity in this sector was concentrated in food manufacturing (18,422, largely in the highly seasonal fruit and vegetable canning industry), followed by transportation equipment (9,955), computer and electronic product manufacturing (7,175), and textile mills (7,005). (See table 1.) Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting accounted for 10 percent of private-sector layoff events and 14 percent of separations, with nearly all layoff activity concentrated in agriculture and forestry support activities. Layoffs in administrative and waste services comprised 10 percent of events and 13 percent of separations, almost entirely in temporary help services. Cutbacks in retail trade accounted for 5 percent of events and 7 percent of separations, mainly in supermarkets and other grocery stores. The transpor- tation and warehousing sector accounted for an additional 6 percent of events and separations during the quarter, primarily from school and employee bus transportation. - 2 - Table A. Selected measures of extended mass layoff activity --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Period | Layoff events| Separations | Initial claimants -------------------------|--------------|--------------|------------------- 1999 | | | January-March............| 1,509 | 277,780 | 252,122 April-June...............| 1,444 | 294,968 | 242,464 July-September...........| 1,097 | 241,725 | 189,973 October-December.........| 1,625 | 334,794 | 287,685 2000 | | | January-March............| 1,330 | 254,646 | 221,368 April-June...............| 1,271 | 258,608 | 231,471 July-September...........| 1,014 | 230,103 | 189,250 October-December.........| 2,005 | 427,070 | 376,611 2001 | | | January-March............| 1,765 | 342,954 | 340,210 April-June...............| 2,072 | 481,886 | 401,269 July-September...........| 1,815 | 384,403 | 371,541 October-December.........| 2,697 | 542,125 | 502,502 2002 | | | January-March............| 1,750 | 334,017 | 316,489 April-June...............| 1,905 | 432,869 | 353,017 July-September(r)........| 1,383 | 310,351 | 284,629 October-December(r)......| 2,257 | 469,672 | 421,570 2003 | | | January-March(r).........| 1,700 | 334,464 | 333,197 April-June(r)............| 2,131 | 457,434 | 415,316 July-September(p)........| 1,375 | 268,020 | 181,793 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary. r=revised. Layoffs in government establishments accounted for 9 percent of all events and separations, the highest third quarter share of events and separations since the mass layoff series began in second quarter 1995. Layoffs in the government sector were primarily concentrated in elementary and secondary schools. Reasons for Extended Layoff Layoffs due to the completion of seasonal work accounted for 22 percent of the extended layoff events and resulted in 74,805 separations in the third quarter. (See table 2.) This marked the lowest level of seasonal separations for a third quarter since 1998. Seasonal layoffs were most numerous among workers in agriculture and forestry support activities (largely among farm labor contractors and crew leaders), food manufacturing (mainly in fruit and vegetable canning), and in crop production (mostly in grape vineyards and in strawberry farming). Internal company restructuring (bankruptcy, business ownership change, financial difficulty, and reorganization) accounted for 22 percent of layoff events and resulted in 57,727 separations. These layoffs were mostly among workers in textile mills, in credit intermediation and related activities, and in food and beverage stores. In the third quarter of 2002, layoff events for these reasons represented 29 percent of events and involved 98,292 workers. Contract completion accounted for 14 percent of events and resulted in 27,193 separations during the third quarter and were the largest third- quarter shares since 2000. These layoffs were primarily concentrated among administrative and support services. - 3 - Table B. Summary of employer expectations of a recall from extended layoff, third quarter 2002-third quarter 2003 ------------------------------------------------------------- | Percentage of events |--------------------------------------- Nature of the recall | III | IV | I | II | III | 2002 | 2002 | 2003 | 2003r | 2003p ----------------------|------|-------|-------|-------|-------- Anticipate a recall..| 36.4 | 55.8 | 38.4 | 46.6 | 38.3 | | | | | Timeframe | | | | | | | | | | Within 6 months......| 77.5 | 78.8 | 74.5 | 85.6 | 84.4 Within 3 months....| 51.3 | 32.6 | 45.6 | 55.7 | 54.4 | | | | | Size | | | | | | | | | | At least half........| 82.5 | 86.7 | 80.1 | 86.9 | 84.6 All workers........| 32.6 | 37.3 | 29.4 | 46.5 | 39.7 ------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary. r=revised. Out-of-country moves (overseas relocation) have resulted in 12,128 workers being separated from their jobs in extended mass layoffs so far this year, compared with 13,668 workers during the first three quarters of 2002. Company moves to Mexico have accounted for 41 percent of the workers thus far in 2003 compared with 45 percent a year earlier. Recall Expectations Thirty-eight percent of employers reporting an extended layoff in the third quarter of 2003 indicated they anticipated some type of recall. This compares with 36 percent of the employers anticipating a recall a year earlier. (See table B.) Most of the employers not expecting a recall were in administrative and support services, computer and electronic product manufacturing, and credit intermediation and related activities. Among establishments expecting a recall, most employers expected to recall over one-half of the separated employees and to do so within 6 months. Forty percent of the employers expected to extend the offer to all laid-off workers, the highest proportion for a third quarter since 2000. Excluding layoff events due to seasonal work and vacation period (in which 93 percent of the employers expected a recall), employers expected to recall laid-off workers in 22 percent of the events. In layoff events due to inter- nal company restructuring, employers anticipated a recall in only 10 percent of the events. Size of Extended Layoff Layoff events during the third quarter continued to be concentrated at the lower end of the extended layoff-size spectrum, with 65 percent involving fewer than 150 workers. These events, however, accounted for only 29 percent of all separations. (See table C.) Separations involving 500 or more workers accounted for 34 percent of all separations, down from 39 percent a year ear- lier. The average size of layoffs (as measured by separations per layoff event) differed widely by industry, ranging from a low of 68 separations in membership associations and organizations to a high of 821 in warehousing and storage industries. - 4 - Table C. Distribution of extended layoff events by size of layoff, July-September 2003p ------------------------------------------------------------------- | Layoff events | Separations Size |------------------------|------------------------ | Number | Percent | Number | Percent -----------------|-----------|------------|----------|------------- | | | | Total........| 1,375 | 100.0 | 268,020 | 100.0 | | | | 50-99............| 603 | 43.9 | 42,339 | 15.8 100-149..........| 294 | 21.4 | 34,217 | 12.8 150-199..........| 142 | 10.3 | 23,892 | 8.9 200-299..........| 146 | 10.6 | 34,334 | 12.8 300-499..........| 112 | 8.1 | 41,148 | 15.4 500-999..........| 52 | 3.8 | 32,973 | 12.3 1,000 or more....| 26 | 1.9 | 59,117 | 22.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary. Initial Claimant Characteristics A total of 181,793 initial claimants for unemployment insurance were associated with extended mass layoffs in the third quarter of 2003. Of these claimants, 16 percent were black, 20 percent were Hispanic, 46 percent were women, and 16 percent were 55 years of age or older. (See table 3.) Thirty-nine percent of claimants were 30 to 44 years of age. Among the civilian labor force for the same period, 11 percent were black, 13 percent were Hispanic, 46 percent were women, and 15 percent were 55 years of age or older. Thirty-six percent of the civilian labor force were ages 30 to 44. Geographic Distribution In the third quarter, the number of separations due to extended mass layoff events was highest in the West (127,734), followed by the Midwest (56,038), the South (47,294), and the Northeast (36,954). (See table 4.) Extended mass layoffs in the West were mainly in administration and support services and in agricultural and forestry support activities. Three of the four regions reported over-the-year decreases in separations, with the largest decrease occurring in the Northeast (-24,012), followed by the South (-22,814). The West had the only over-the-year increase (+15,153). Six of the nine geographic divisions reported over-the-year declines in laid- off workers, with the largest declines in the Middle Atlantic (-19,903), West South Central (-12,436), and West North Central (-11,008) divisions. The largest increase in separations occurred in the Pacific (+23,736) division. Among the 50 states and the District of Columbia, the largest number of worker separations occurred in California (105,816), followed by Illinois (26,884). These two states accounted for 38 percent of total layoff events and 50 percent of the separations during the third quarter of 2003. They were followed by Florida (14,247), New York (11,782), and Washington (9,506). (See table 5.) After excluding the substantial impact of seasonal work, California still reported the most laid-off workers (62,964), largely due to layoffs in administrative and support services, educational services, and motion picture and sound recording industries. - 5 - Table D. Mass layoff events and separations, selected metropolitan areas --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Events | Separations |-------------|------------------ Metropolitan area | III | III | III | III | 2002 | 2003p| 2002 | 2003p ------------------------------------------|------|------|---------|-------- | | | | Total, nonmetropolitan areas..............| 188 | 170 | 34,637 | 25,731 | | | | Total, 331 metropolitan areas.............| 970 | 795 | 209,233 | 150,754 | | | | Chicago, Ill. ........................| 62 | 65 | 15,875 | 14,682 Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif. .......| 37 | 42 | 11,305 | 11,152 Fresno, Calif. .......................| 22 | 17 | 6,228 | 7,170 Ventura, Calif. ......................| 24 | 27 | 5,550 | 5,569 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville,Calif. ....| 15 | 14 | 1,880 | 5,095 Riverside-San Bernardino, Calif. .....| 25 | 16 | 5,468 | 4,544 New York, NY. ........................| 54 | 30 | 10,019 | 4,055 Modesto, Calif. ......................| 4 | 4 | 8,810 | 3,938 Bakersfield, Calif. ..................| 17 | 11 | 7,805 | 3,756 Stockton-Lodi, Calif. ................| (1) | 5 | (1) | 2,935 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1)Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. p=preliminary. Over the year, New York reported the greatest decrease in laid-off workers (-12,899), followed by Texas (-11,757) and Florida (-8,086). The largest increase occurred in California (+26,418). Fifty-eight percent of events and 56 percent of separations occurred in metropolitan areas in the third quarter of 2003, a decrease from 70 percent of events and 67 percent of separations during the third quarter of 2002. Among the 331 metropolitan areas, Chicago, Ill., reported the highest number of separations, 14,682, mainly in administration and support services, amusement, gambling and recreation, and specialty trade contractors, closely followed by Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif., with 11,152 separations, largely in administrative and support services and in food and beverage stores. The next-highest areas were Fresno, Calif. (7,170), Ventura, Calif. (5,569), and Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, Calif. (5,095). (See table D.) Eight of the 10 areas reporting the largest number of extended mass layoffs in the third quarter were in California. Employers located in nonmetropolitan areas separated 25,731 workers in mass layoffs, down from 34,637 workers in the third quarter of 2002. Relative Impacts of Mass Layoffs The index of mass layoff activity describes a geographic area's share of national mass layoffs relative to its share of national employment in establishments with at least 50 workers. This allows for geographic comparisons that account for differences in each area's share of employment. An index at or near 100.0 indicates the area's share of mass layoffs is in line with its share of employment. An index below 100.0 indicates the area has relatively few layoffs, and, conversely, an index over 100.0 indicates an area with a relatively high level of layoffs. (See table 6.) A separate index is calculated that excludes the impact of seasonal work and vacation periods from the separation data. (See table 7.) Among the four regions, the West, with an index of 226.4 in the third quarter, recorded the highest concentration of mass layoffs relative to the region's employment, due in part to the impact of the seasonal agriculture sector. (See table E.) The Midwest, 83.6, the Northeast, 71.3, and the South, 51.0, all reported indexes well below 100.0, indicating the relative infrequency of layoffs in those regions. - 6 - Table E. Index of mass layoff activity, third quarter 2002-third quarter 2003 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Third quarter | Third quarter | Over-the-year Region | 2002 | 2003p | change -------------------|---------------|---------------|------------------ Northeast..........| 101.7 | 71.3 | -30.4 South..............| 65.3 | 51.0 | -14.3 Midwest............| 86.0 | 83.6 | -2.4 West...............| 171.8 | 226.4 | 54.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary. Over the year, three of the four regions recorded declines, with the largest decrease occurring in the Northeast (-30.4). The West posted the only over-the-year increase (+54.6). Among the nine geographic divisions, the Pacific posted the highest index for the quarter, 300.0, primarily due to layoff activity in administrative and support services, agriculture and forestry support activities, and food manufacturing. The next highest indexes were reported in East North Central, 101.1, and New England, 82.3. The West South Central division had the lowest index, 31.5, followed by the West North Central, 39.8, and the Mountain divisions, 48.9. Among the 47 states and the District of Columbia that reported extended mass layoffs during the third quarter of 2003, 40 states and the District of Columbia reported indexes below 100.0, indicating a relatively small share of layoffs. (See table 6.) Of the seven States with indexes above 100.0, California had the highest index of 344.8--due to the high concentrations of layoff activity in administrative and support services, agriculture and forestry support activities, and in crop production. (See chart 1.) Relative concentrations of layoffs also were high in Illinois (198.1), Washington (193.6), and Idaho (185.2). Utah, at 11.5, had the lowest relative concentration of mass layoffs followed by Iowa (13.0), New Hampshire (13.9), and West Virginia, (16.0). After the exclusion of seasonal work and vacation periods, the Pacific division recorded the highest index, 242.9, reflecting a concentration of layoffs in administrative and waste services and in manufacturing. (See chart 2.) At the state level, California reported the highest index, excluding seasonal and vacation period events, (278.5) for third quarter 2003, followed by Idaho (219.1) and Hawaii (218.4). The lowest indexes occurred in West Virginia (15.9), Utah (16.3), Arizona (16.4), and Nebraska (16.5). (See table 7 and chart 2.) Note The quarterly series on extended mass layoffs cover layoffs of at least 31-days duration that involve 50 or more individuals from a single estab- lishment filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a con- secutive 5-week period. Approximately 30 days after a mass layoff is triggered at an establishment, the employer is contacted for additional information. Data for the third quarter are preliminary and subject to revision. This release also includes revised data for previous quarters. Data are not seasonally adjusted, but survey data suggest that there is a seasonal pattern to layoffs. Thus, comparisons between consecutive quarters should not be used as an indicator of trend. The index of mass layoff activity is calculated as the area's share, or ratio, of the total number of private sector separations in the U.S. divided by the same area's share of U.S. total private sector employment in establishments that employ at least 50 workers. It facilitates relative area-to-area comparisons by discounting the absolute size of the area. Areas with indexes of more than 100.0 account for a larger share of layoffs relative to their share of larger establishment employment. For additional information about the program, see the Technical Note. ____________________________ The report on Mass Layoffs in October 2003 is scheduled to be released on Wednesday, November 26, 2003. - 7 - Technical Note The Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program is a federal-state program which uses a standardized, automated approach to identifying, describing, and tracking the effects of major job cutbacks, using data from each state's unemployment insurance database. Establishments which have at least 50 initial claims filed against them during a consecutive 5-week period are contacted by the state agency to determine whether these separations are of at least 31 days duration, and, if so, information is obtained on the total number of persons separated and the reasons for these separations. Establishments are identified according to industry classification and location, and unemployment insurance claimants are identified by such demographic factors as age, race, sex, ethnic group, and place of residence. The program yields information on an individual's entire spell of unemployment, to the point when regular unemployment insurance benefits are exhausted. The MLS program was resumed in April 1995; it had been terminated in November 1992 due to lack of funding. However, due to changes in concepts and definitions, data from the resumed program are not comparable to earlier data. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Definitions Establishment. A unit at a single physical location at which predominantly one type of economic activity is conducted. Extended layoff event. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment during a 5-week period, with at least 50 workers separated for more than 30 days. Initial claimant. A person who files any notice of unemployment to initiate a request either for a determination of entitlement to and eligibility for compensation, or for a subsequent period of unemployment within a benefit year or period of eligibility. Layoff. The separation of persons from an employer as part of a mass layoff event. (See below.) Such layoffs involve both persons subject to recall and those who are terminated by the establishment. Mass layoff. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment beginning in a given month, regardless of duration. Worksite closure. The full closure of either multi-unit or single- unit establishments or the partial closure of a multi-unit establishment where entire worksites affected by layoffs are closed or planned to be closed. Table 1. Industry distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 2002 and 2003 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry III II III III II III III II III 2002r 2003r 2003p 2002r 2003r 2003p 2002r 2003r 2003p Total( 1 ) ............................... 1,383 2,131 1,375 310,351 457,434 268,020 284,629 415,316 181,793 Total, private ................................... 1,318 1,907 1,252 296,720 392,687 243,762 273,060 360,458 163,231 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting .... 132 108 131 41,568 24,770 34,671 18,105 16,429 11,606 Mining ......................................... 10 10 4 1,517 2,705 582 1,451 2,694 331 Utilities ...................................... ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 924 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 996 ( 2 ) Construction ................................... 63 143 101 8,503 20,583 11,852 12,177 23,064 11,161 Manufacturing .................................. 497 549 436 106,134 104,733 82,030 112,154 105,904 62,953 Food ...................................... 50 93 55 20,320 18,018 18,422 10,144 17,742 8,489 Beverage and tobacco products ............. ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,082 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,000 ( 2 ) Textile mills ............................. 18 25 19 3,001 4,199 7,005 6,693 4,524 6,576 Textile product mills ..................... 6 6 6 1,043 604 1,257 1,851 678 898 Apparel ................................... 36 30 27 7,487 3,535 4,370 6,497 3,690 3,283 Leather and allied products ............... 6 7 ( 2 ) 484 944 ( 2 ) 486 836 ( 2 ) Wood products ............................. 12 16 17 1,584 2,357 1,629 2,288 4,146 1,682 Paper ..................................... 14 12 11 1,959 1,689 1,586 1,907 1,850 908 Printing and related support activities ... 9 17 9 1,267 1,858 1,021 1,039 2,046 846 Petroleum and coal products ............... ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 559 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 574 ( 2 ) Chemicals ................................ 10 13 13 2,515 4,463 1,538 1,488 2,919 1,201 Plastics and rubber products .............. 16 15 17 2,434 1,712 2,024 2,088 2,514 2,033 Nonmetallic mineral products .............. 11 11 10 1,623 1,815 1,337 1,679 1,685 1,432 Primary metals ............................ 30 29 31 4,907 7,270 5,273 6,232 6,497 4,162 Fabricated metal products ................. 25 32 29 4,629 5,261 3,988 3,894 5,530 3,480 Machinery ................................. 38 36 28 6,755 7,373 5,839 9,038 6,417 4,843 Computer and electronic products .......... 105 71 50 20,630 11,109 7,175 20,626 11,297 5,591 Electrical equipment and appliances ....... 27 18 16 4,952 2,922 2,891 7,308 3,572 2,177 Transportation equipment .................. 55 65 59 15,025 21,335 9,955 22,340 21,870 10,513 Furniture and related products ............ 10 34 18 1,877 4,914 3,606 2,806 4,801 2,521 Miscellaneous manufacturing ............... 13 12 16 2,897 1,714 2,602 3,173 1,716 1,947 Wholesale trade ................................ 34 47 43 5,343 7,060 7,192 4,580 5,441 4,870 Retail trade ................................... 62 114 65 18,579 26,099 16,250 18,367 24,533 10,070 Transportation and warehousing ................. 84 162 73 25,097 42,172 13,799 22,244 44,400 10,542 Information .................................... 70 76 46 14,787 22,358 10,120 15,702 21,674 9,237 Finance and insurance .......................... 53 52 47 10,984 9,776 9,263 11,005 8,564 6,672 Real estate and rental and leasing ............. 6 6 ( 2 ) 1,197 915 ( 2 ) 1,161 864 ( 2 ) Professional and technical services ............ 58 75 50 9,150 16,433 7,799 8,943 13,681 5,931 Management of companies and enterprises ........ ( 2 ) 9 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,775 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 2,064 ( 2 ) Administrative and waste services .............. 124 172 120 33,487 35,291 32,342 32,597 31,109 16,350 Educational services ........................... 8 11 12 821 3,200 1,083 704 2,420 1,095 Health care and social assistance .............. 39 139 44 4,448 20,981 5,035 4,157 17,670 3,636 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............ 26 55 28 7,541 16,877 4,433 3,485 6,265 3,161 Accommodation and food services ................ 34 117 29 4,159 28,486 4,514 3,809 25,518 3,294 Other services, except public administration ... 12 51 14 1,929 7,055 1,288 1,431 6,674 1,161 Unclassified ................................... - 3 2 - 494 335 - 494 335 Government ....................................... 65 224 123 13,631 64,747 24,258 11,569 54,858 18,562 Federal ................................... 9 12 10 2,165 4,274 2,224 2,124 4,117 1,989 State ..................................... 14 20 23 3,124 10,413 4,675 3,105 4,453 3,537 Local ..................................... 42 192 90 8,342 50,060 17,359 6,340 46,288 13,036 1 For the third quarter of 2003, data on layoffs were reported by employers in all states and the District of Columbia. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Industry data reflect the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), 2002. Dash represents zero. Table 2. Reason for separation: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 2002 and 2003 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Reason for separation III II III III II III III II III 2002r 2003r 2003p 2002r 2003r 2003p 2002r 2003r 2003p Total, all reasons( 1 ) ....... 1,383 2,131 1,375 310,351 457,434 268,020 284,629 415,316 181,793 Automation ....................... 3 - ( 2 ) 406 - ( 2 ) 273 - ( 2 ) Bankruptcy ....................... 59 65 39 24,103 16,458 14,332 20,244 13,355 9,312 Business ownership change ........ 41 30 28 11,370 9,789 5,497 8,363 5,177 3,303 Contract cancellation ............ 53 40 23 13,529 5,665 18,897 9,229 6,918 2,274 Contract completed ............... 154 250 189 28,359 42,650 27,193 36,588 46,437 26,153 Domestic relocation .............. 26 26 26 4,603 4,170 4,156 3,504 3,824 3,141 Energy-related ................... ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - Environment-related .............. - 3 - - 884 - - 711 - Financial difficulty ............. 123 152 87 24,617 33,670 12,271 21,482 30,333 9,826 Import competition ............... 17 32 29 3,010 5,660 6,947 2,616 5,480 4,242 Labor dispute .................... 4 3 8 814 1,085 5,393 822 992 1,922 Material shortage ................ - 5 ( 2 ) - 618 ( 2 ) - 1,041 ( 2 ) Model changeover ................. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 340 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 315 Natural disaster ................. - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Non-natural disaster ............. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - Overseas relocation .............. 18 18 14 4,603 4,205 3,534 3,525 3,204 2,818 Plant or machine repair .......... 7 7 5 825 1,161 618 656 804 673 Product line discontinued ........ 10 10 6 1,693 1,829 903 1,137 2,454 657 Reorganization within company .... 181 186 145 38,202 33,040 25,627 38,189 32,897 18,745 Seasonal work .................... 306 645 296 86,968 161,524 74,805 48,530 121,104 33,603 Slack work ....................... 268 266 193 43,857 41,201 25,447 62,309 48,830 26,556 Vacation period .................. 15 92 26 3,605 18,937 4,531 2,106 18,677 3,883 Weather-related .................. ( 2 ) 3 3 ( 2 ) 2,456 423 ( 2 ) 2,463 412 Other ............................ 42 48 62 7,268 10,622 10,218 8,415 9,100 7,256 Not reported ..................... 51 243 187 11,862 59,499 26,585 15,767 58,886 26,380 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 3. State and selected claimant characteristics: Extended mass layoff events and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 2003 Total Percent of total initial Hispanic Persons age 55 Layoff events claimants Black origin Women and over State II III II III II III II III II III II III 2003r 2003p 2003r 2003p 2003r 2003p 2003r 2003p 2003r 2003p 2003r 2003p Total( 1 ) ......... 2,131 1,375 415,316 181,793 17.7 15.5 16.5 20.1 52.3 46.2 17.0 16.0 Alabama ................. 17 7 2,502 1,115 40.2 50.2 7.8 5.6 53.1 37.8 17.9 20.6 Alaska .................. 9 3 1,220 185 3.5 - 14.4 20.0 48.2 33.0 17.8 20.0 Arizona ................. 46 14 7,157 1,426 2.7 2.0 52.3 68.2 47.8 30.0 14.2 16.2 Arkansas ................ 8 4 845 413 49.3 12.8 2.2 .2 62.8 65.6 12.4 22.5 California .............. 448 405 87,238 48,632 10.7 9.2 34.6 42.0 51.6 49.2 12.9 12.7 Colorado ................ 20 12 3,337 1,210 5.7 9.9 21.8 18.3 53.2 52.7 14.7 16.1 Connecticut ............. 16 12 3,226 935 11.0 15.0 9.3 15.2 72.9 39.6 16.6 22.9 Delaware ................ ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 35.5 - 8.2 - 80.5 - 18.8 - District of Columbia .... ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 16.2 27.9 .6 .4 64.5 74.6 15.6 14.1 Florida ................. 206 94 33,046 12,332 26.5 20.2 29.8 29.1 51.8 47.0 19.7 18.8 Georgia ................. 43 14 9,260 2,106 67.6 66.7 .7 .4 69.0 48.3 13.8 13.2 Hawaii .................. 7 3 710 1,208 1.4 2.6 16.3 36.7 46.9 18.0 13.5 16.8 Idaho ................... 13 12 1,926 1,750 .5 .2 14.7 24.4 50.9 40.7 22.6 19.0 Illinois ................ 150 114 33,270 15,571 24.0 21.5 10.7 10.8 52.5 45.2 16.7 14.3 Indiana ................. 50 21 11,526 4,019 16.2 18.7 3.6 2.6 48.5 33.6 18.8 15.5 Iowa .................... 5 4 1,422 354 1.0 1.7 3.6 - 56.3 49.2 24.4 15.5 Kansas .................. 11 10 1,529 1,766 15.0 22.5 3.1 2.5 45.7 56.1 18.9 17.1 Kentucky ................ 26 14 3,742 1,119 7.8 8.4 .5 .7 39.4 57.6 16.0 20.8 Louisiana ............... 36 9 4,398 715 63.0 34.5 1.4 2.1 69.5 36.5 15.3 14.1 Maine ................... 13 4 1,378 260 .7 1.2 .1 - 46.3 70.0 14.3 23.5 Maryland ................ 9 7 1,995 594 35.6 45.5 1.0 - 32.6 46.1 35.1 22.7 Massachusetts ........... 58 43 10,418 5,933 10.1 7.2 2.5 4.1 60.1 52.0 18.7 17.3 Michigan ................ 70 49 18,112 5,904 14.7 18.8 4.0 3.6 46.1 43.4 13.6 12.3 Minnesota ............... 42 15 6,975 1,730 7.7 10.1 2.9 2.9 47.6 48.5 15.9 14.0 Mississippi ............. 11 9 1,015 705 67.4 80.0 .9 .1 62.2 52.2 8.8 9.5 Missouri ................ 34 12 7,348 1,560 33.4 22.9 .5 .4 67.5 67.1 23.3 25.9 Montana ................. 11 4 1,334 231 .6 .4 3.7 4.3 54.6 72.7 14.2 19.5 Nebraska ................ 7 ( 2 ) 594 ( 2 ) 17.0 .3 5.1 .8 58.8 8.8 27.4 16.0 Nevada .................. 9 5 1,159 540 20.5 13.7 13.4 19.1 59.4 45.4 19.8 33.3 New Hampshire ........... 6 ( 2 ) 635 ( 2 ) .8 .7 6.1 .7 60.9 62.7 22.8 19.3 New Jersey .............. 74 50 16,342 6,664 20.2 31.4 11.7 15.9 69.0 60.9 29.4 23.5 New Mexico .............. 15 4 2,014 246 1.6 2.8 45.0 33.7 55.7 37.4 7.8 5.7 New York ................ 114 85 28,133 10,284 15.1 12.3 8.9 8.5 55.2 50.9 18.3 15.8 North Carolina .......... 48 28 7,812 7,274 38.4 31.4 3.4 5.7 54.1 52.2 16.9 25.9 North Dakota ............ 4 ( 2 ) 461 ( 2 ) .9 - 1.5 1.2 62.5 3.5 17.1 24.4 Ohio .................... 54 51 12,295 5,810 11.0 10.1 1.8 1.3 36.6 33.9 16.0 13.6 Oklahoma ................ 24 7 6,595 555 12.8 6.3 3.8 3.6 23.6 64.3 19.5 18.2 Oregon .................. 29 22 4,156 4,222 3.1 2.1 9.5 12.1 48.3 38.9 19.0 18.4 Pennsylvania ............ 96 65 27,539 10,031 11.3 9.2 2.2 2.2 54.4 36.2 23.5 17.9 Rhode Island ............ 7 4 874 387 3.5 5.7 25.9 14.0 80.5 62.0 22.3 20.7 South Carolina .......... 11 8 1,734 975 57.3 60.8 - .8 64.2 57.7 .3 1.5 South Dakota ............ 4 ( 2 ) 641 ( 2 ) .5 3.9 .2 - 68.3 72.4 18.6 - Tennessee ............... 20 21 2,524 2,263 37.1 17.5 .1 - 51.1 55.3 12.2 22.8 Texas ................... 84 41 20,602 8,234 19.6 16.4 36.0 36.5 45.2 39.3 13.3 12.2 Utah .................... 8 ( 2 ) 1,042 ( 2 ) 1.6 .6 15.5 11.1 67.2 3.1 9.7 22.2 Vermont ................. 10 - 1,076 - .4 - .2 - 43.4 - 15.7 - Virginia ................ 28 12 4,531 1,612 44.4 42.7 2.3 1.3 64.8 61.4 15.1 16.5 Washington .............. 48 30 8,198 5,089 5.0 3.2 20.2 23.6 40.3 41.1 17.4 19.7 West Virginia ........... 6 3 519 171 .2 - - - 63.4 29.2 16.8 14.0 Wisconsin ............... 61 34 10,334 4,530 7.3 12.0 4.5 3.8 46.4 30.3 17.7 15.2 Wyoming ................. - - - - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico ............. 14 18 2,937 2,339 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 64.8 53.1 12.7 8.2 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 4. Census region and division: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 2002 and 2003 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Census region and division III II III III II III III II III 2002r 2003r 2003p 2002r 2003r 2003p 2002r 2003r 2003p United States( 1 ) .... 1,383 2,131 1,375 310,351 457,434 268,020 284,629 415,316 181,793 Northeast ..................... 300 394 265 60,966 89,526 36,954 67,885 89,621 34,644 New England ............... 63 110 65 15,708 27,037 11,599 12,939 17,607 7,665 Middle Atlantic ........... 237 284 200 45,258 62,489 25,355 54,946 72,014 26,979 South ......................... 350 582 280 70,108 112,965 47,294 74,561 101,697 40,466 South Atlantic ............ 203 356 168 40,764 74,348 30,315 40,780 59,474 25,347 East South Central ........ 48 74 51 8,204 11,867 8,275 5,550 9,783 5,202 West South Central ........ 99 152 61 21,140 26,750 8,704 28,231 32,440 9,917 Midwest ....................... 285 492 314 66,696 112,843 56,038 68,731 104,507 41,782 East North Central ........ 215 385 269 48,074 89,165 48,424 45,800 85,537 35,834 West North Central ........ 70 107 45 18,622 23,678 7,614 22,931 18,970 5,948 West .......................... 448 663 516 112,581 142,100 127,734 73,452 119,491 64,901 Mountain .................. 78 122 53 16,669 29,040 8,086 11,303 17,969 5,565 Pacific ................... 370 541 463 95,912 113,060 119,648 62,149 101,522 59,336 1 See footnote 1, table 1. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census divisions are: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas: East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. Table 5. State distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 2002 and 2003 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance State III II III III II III III II III 2002r 2003r 2003p 2002r 2003r 2003p 2002r 2003r 2003p Total( 1 ) ......... 1,383 2,131 1,375 310,351 457,434 268,020 284,629 415,316 181,793 Alabama ................. ( 2 ) 17 7 ( 2 ) 2,502 1,115 ( 2 ) 2,502 1,115 Alaska .................. - 9 3 - 1,279 185 - 1,220 185 Arizona ................. 35 46 14 9,757 9,526 2,407 5,627 7,157 1,426 Arkansas ................ ( 2 ) 8 4 ( 2 ) 1,899 1,179 ( 2 ) 845 413 California .............. 301 448 405 79,398 95,756 105,816 51,053 87,238 48,632 Colorado ................ 24 20 12 3,522 8,495 1,894 3,348 3,337 1,210 Connecticut ............. 12 16 12 3,592 3,690 1,553 2,892 3,226 935 Delaware ................ - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - District of Columbia .... ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Florida ................. 110 206 94 22,333 45,511 14,247 19,301 33,046 12,332 Georgia ................. 15 43 14 3,372 10,916 2,363 6,580 9,260 2,106 Hawaii .................. ( 2 ) 7 3 ( 2 ) 690 1,559 ( 2 ) 710 1,208 Idaho ................... 4 13 12 504 1,900 1,675 357 1,926 1,750 Illinois ................ 109 150 114 29,186 37,024 26,884 23,573 33,270 15,571 Indiana ................. 26 50 21 5,524 20,213 4,934 5,910 11,526 4,019 Iowa .................... 5 5 4 556 1,686 356 492 1,422 354 Kansas .................. 15 11 10 8,081 2,385 2,080 13,814 1,529 1,766 Kentucky ................ 21 26 14 3,876 5,104 2,069 2,684 3,742 1,119 Louisiana ............... 15 36 9 2,052 4,846 980 1,543 4,398 715 Maine ................... ( 2 ) 13 4 ( 2 ) 2,753 348 ( 2 ) 1,378 260 Maryland ................ 6 9 7 1,495 2,222 1,440 947 1,995 594 Massachusetts ........... 42 58 43 10,011 18,135 9,161 8,555 10,418 5,933 Michigan ................ 12 70 49 3,993 15,289 6,117 2,636 18,112 5,904 Minnesota ............... 22 42 15 4,336 6,893 1,811 3,800 6,975 1,730 Mississippi ............. 6 11 9 1,057 1,558 1,770 766 1,015 705 Missouri ................ 24 34 12 4,890 10,765 2,451 4,275 7,348 1,560 Montana ................. - 11 4 - 2,073 307 - 1,334 231 Nebraska ................ 4 7 ( 2 ) 759 708 ( 2 ) 550 594 ( 2 ) Nevada .................. 10 9 5 1,106 1,124 1,168 1,081 1,159 540 New Hampshire ........... ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 543 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 635 ( 2 ) New Jersey .............. 56 74 50 8,538 15,496 6,670 8,167 16,342 6,664 New Mexico .............. ( 2 ) 15 4 ( 2 ) 2,675 415 ( 2 ) 2,014 246 New York ................ 122 114 85 24,681 32,189 11,782 26,790 28,133 10,284 North Carolina .......... 30 48 28 7,583 8,687 7,868 6,357 7,812 7,274 North Dakota ............ - 4 ( 2 ) - 613 ( 2 ) - 461 ( 2 ) Ohio .................... 50 54 51 5,711 6,421 5,395 8,964 12,295 5,810 Oklahoma ................ 4 24 7 793 5,712 549 667 6,595 555 Oregon .................. 25 29 22 4,223 3,525 2,582 3,406 4,156 4,222 Pennsylvania ............ 59 96 65 12,039 14,804 6,903 19,989 27,539 10,031 Rhode Island ............ ( 2 ) 7 4 ( 2 ) 840 384 ( 2 ) 874 387 South Carolina .......... 14 11 8 1,760 1,442 1,058 2,115 1,734 975 South Dakota ............ - 4 ( 2 ) - 628 ( 2 ) - 641 ( 2 ) Tennessee ............... 19 20 21 3,052 2,703 3,321 1,915 2,524 2,263 Texas ................... 77 84 41 17,753 14,293 5,996 25,806 20,602 8,234 Utah .................... ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 3,247 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,042 ( 2 ) Vermont ................. ( 2 ) 10 - ( 2 ) 1,076 - ( 2 ) 1,076 - Virginia ................ 20 28 12 2,926 4,056 2,874 4,397 4,531 1,612 Washington .............. 41 48 30 11,955 11,810 9,506 7,354 8,198 5,089 West Virginia ........... 6 6 3 870 937 182 658 519 171 Wisconsin ............... 18 61 34 3,660 10,218 5,094 4,717 10,334 4,530 Wyoming ................. - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico ............. 12 14 18 2,616 1,543 2,231 3,191 2,937 2,339 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 6. State distribution: Index of mass-layoff separations, private sector, third quarter 2002 and 2003 Share of Share of Index of mass-layoff separations(2) establishment employment(3) separations(4) State III III II II III III 2002 2003p 2001 2002 2002 2003p Total( 1 ) ......... 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 100.0 100.0 Alabama ................. .00071 .00416 .01311 .01307 5.4 31.8 Alaska .................. .00000 .00069 .00164 .00167 0.0 41.3 Arizona ................. .03144 .00898 .01880 .01920 167.2 46.8 Arkansas ................ .00175 .00440 .00805 .00818 21.7 53.8 California .............. .25583 .39481 .11500 .11451 222.5 344.8 Colorado ................ .01135 .00707 .01543 .01500 73.6 47.1 Connecticut ............. .01157 .00579 .01290 .01307 89.7 44.3 Delaware ................ .00000 .00000 .00346 .00348 0.0 0.0 District of Columbia .... .00137 .00106 .00428 .00450 32.0 23.5 Florida ................. .07196 .05316 .05836 .05868 123.3 90.6 Georgia ................. .01087 .00882 .03059 .03037 35.5 29.0 Hawaii .................. .00108 .00582 .00377 .00378 28.7 153.8 Idaho ................... .00162 .00625 .00332 .00338 48.9 185.2 Illinois ................ .09404 .10031 .05102 .05063 184.3 198.1 Indiana ................. .01780 .01841 .02363 .02378 75.3 77.4 Iowa .................... .00179 .00133 .01018 .01022 17.6 13.0 Kansas .................. .02604 .00776 .00949 .00957 274.4 81.1 Kentucky ................ .01249 .00772 .01291 .01287 96.8 60.0 Louisiana ............... .00661 .00366 .01258 .01261 52.6 29.0 Maine ................... .00070 .00130 .00389 .00388 18.0 33.5 Maryland ................ .00482 .00537 .01786 .01829 27.0 29.4 Massachusetts ........... .03226 .03418 .02673 .02639 120.7 129.5 Michigan ................ .01287 .02282 .03788 .03784 34.0 60.3 Minnesota ............... .01397 .00676 .02078 .02088 67.2 32.4 Mississippi ............. .00341 .00660 .00787 .00792 43.3 83.4 Missouri ................ .01576 .00914 .02001 .02024 78.7 45.2 Montana ................. .00000 .00115 .00183 .00192 0.0 59.7 Nebraska ................ .00245 .00224 .00639 .00644 38.2 34.8 Nevada .................. .00356 .00436 .00921 .00929 38.7 46.9 New Hampshire ........... .00121 .00057 .00413 .00410 29.2 13.9 New Jersey .............. .02751 .02489 .03052 .03063 90.2 81.3 New Mexico .............. .00182 .00155 .00453 .00467 40.1 33.2 New York ................ .07953 .04396 .06408 .06407 124.1 68.6 North Carolina .......... .02443 .02936 .02879 .02821 84.9 104.1 North Dakota ............ .00000 .00032 .00186 .00190 0.0 16.9 Ohio .................... .01840 .02013 .04461 .04433 41.3 45.4 Oklahoma ................ .00256 .00205 .01021 .01016 25.0 20.2 Oregon .................. .01361 .00963 .01062 .01054 128.1 91.4 Pennsylvania ............ .03879 .02576 .04577 .04606 84.8 55.9 Rhode Island ............ .00111 .00143 .00340 .00344 32.6 41.7 South Carolina .......... .00567 .00395 .01349 .01337 42.0 29.5 South Dakota ............ .00000 .00086 .00220 .00219 0.0 39.2 Tennessee ............... .00983 .01239 .02264 .02271 43.4 54.6 Texas ................... .05720 .02237 .07214 .07214 79.3 31.0 Utah .................... .00392 .00082 .00725 .00715 54.1 11.5 Vermont ................. .00376 .00000 .00173 .00174 217.3 0.0 Virginia ................ .00943 .01072 .02521 .02526 37.4 42.5 Washington .............. .03852 .03547 .01873 .01832 205.7 193.6 West Virginia ........... .00280 .00068 .00417 .00424 67.2 16.0 Wisconsin ............... .01179 .01901 .02193 .02208 53.8 86.1 Wyoming ................. .00000 .00000 .00103 .00108 0.0 0.0 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 The share of separations is the proportion of each State's private sector separations to the total number of private sector separations in the U.S. for the period. 3 The share of establishment employment is the proportion of each State's private sector covered employment in establishments of 50 workers or more to the comparable U.S. total. Covered employment refers to workers who are covered by State unemployment insurance laws. 4 The index is the ratio of the share of separations to the share of establishment employment, multiplied by 100. p = preliminary. Table 7. State distribution: Index of mass-layoff separations (excluding seasonal work and vacation periods), private sector, third quarter 2002 and 2003 Share of Share of Index of mass-layoff separations(2) establishment employment(3) separations(4) State III III II II III III 2002 2003p 2001 2002 2002 2003p Total( 1 ) ......... 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 100.0 100.0 Alabama ................. .00100 .00438 .01311 .01307 7.6 33.5 Alaska .................. .00000 .00000 .00164 .00167 0.0 0.0 Arizona ................. .01815 .00315 .01880 .01920 96.6 16.4 Arkansas ................ .00247 .00625 .00805 .00818 30.6 76.4 California .............. .15815 .31890 .11500 .11451 137.5 278.5 Colorado ................ .01523 .00705 .01543 .01500 98.7 47.0 Connecticut ............. .01475 .00635 .01290 .01307 114.3 48.6 Delaware ................ .00000 .00000 .00346 .00348 0.0 0.0 District of Columbia .... .00193 .00150 .00428 .00450 45.2 33.4 Florida ................. .08427 .06176 .05836 .05868 144.4 105.3 Georgia ................. .01511 .01252 .03059 .03037 49.4 41.2 Hawaii .................. .00153 .00826 .00377 .00378 40.6 218.4 Idaho ................... .00143 .00739 .00332 .00338 43.0 219.1 Illinois ................ .09541 .10791 .05102 .05063 187.0 213.1 Indiana ................. .01713 .02535 .02363 .02378 72.5 106.6 Iowa .................... .00207 .00189 .01018 .01022 20.3 18.5 Kansas .................. .02994 .00943 .00949 .00957 315.5 98.6 Kentucky ................ .01476 .00826 .01291 .01287 114.3 64.2 Louisiana ............... .00906 .00519 .01258 .01261 72.0 41.2 Maine ................... .00099 .00153 .00389 .00388 25.5 39.3 Maryland ................ .00617 .00689 .01786 .01829 34.5 37.7 Massachusetts ........... .03648 .03947 .02673 .02639 136.5 149.6 Michigan ................ .01779 .03185 .03788 .03784 47.0 84.2 Minnesota ............... .01658 .00711 .02078 .02088 79.8 34.0 Mississippi ............. .00276 .00885 .00787 .00792 35.1 111.8 Missouri ................ .01429 .00690 .02001 .02024 71.4 34.1 Montana ................. .00000 .00053 .00183 .00192 0.0 27.6 Nebraska ................ .00345 .00106 .00639 .00644 54.0 16.5 Nevada .................. .00471 .00565 .00921 .00929 51.1 60.9 New Hampshire ........... .00171 .00081 .00413 .00410 41.3 19.8 New Jersey .............. .02508 .02561 .03052 .03063 82.2 83.6 New Mexico .............. .00257 .00220 .00453 .00467 56.7 47.1 New York ................ .07973 .03150 .06408 .06407 124.4 49.2 North Carolina .......... .03450 .04170 .02879 .02821 119.8 147.8 North Dakota ............ .00000 .00046 .00186 .00190 0.0 24.0 Ohio .................... .02569 .02859 .04461 .04433 57.6 64.5 Oklahoma ................ .00361 .00291 .01021 .01016 35.4 28.6 Oregon .................. .01601 .00780 .01062 .01054 150.7 74.0 Pennsylvania ............ .05075 .03016 .04577 .04606 110.9 65.5 Rhode Island ............ .00128 .00106 .00340 .00344 37.6 30.8 South Carolina .......... .00640 .00405 .01349 .01337 47.4 30.3 South Dakota ............ .00000 .00122 .00220 .00219 0.0 55.7 Tennessee ............... .01389 .01713 .02264 .02271 61.3 75.4 Texas ................... .07787 .03133 .07214 .07214 108.0 43.4 Utah .................... .00553 .00117 .00725 .00715 76.3 16.3 Vermont ................. .00531 .00000 .00173 .00174 306.8 0.0 Virginia ................ .01331 .01523 .02521 .02526 52.8 60.3 Washington .............. .03212 .02648 .01873 .01832 171.5 144.6 West Virginia ........... .00396 .00067 .00417 .00424 94.8 15.9 Wisconsin ............... .01508 .02452 .02193 .02208 68.8 111.1 Wyoming ................. .00000 .00000 .00103 .00108 0.0 0.0 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 The share of separations is the proportion of each State's private sector separations to the total number of private sector separations in the U.S. for the period. Seasonal work and vacation periods as reasons for layoff are excluded from these calculations. 3 The share of establishment employment is the proportion of each State's private sector covered employment in establishments of 50 workers or more to the comparable U.S. total. Covered employment refers to workers who are covered by State unemployment insurance laws. 4 The index is the ratio of the share of separations (excluding seasonal work and vacation periods) to the share of establishment employment, multiplied by 100. p = preliminary.