Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6378 USDL 98-119 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Media contact: 606-5902 Thursday, March 26, 1998 WORKERS ON FLEXIBLE AND SHIFT SCHEDULES IN 1997 In May 1997, about 25.0 million full-time wage and salary workers had flexible work schedules that allowed them to vary the time they began or ended work, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The proportion of workers with such schedules was 27.6 percent, up sharply from the 15.1 percent recorded when the data were last collected in May 1991. The increase in flexible work schedules was widespread across demographic groups, occupations, and industries. These findings were obtained from a supplement to the May 1997 Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 50,000 households that provides the basic data on national employment and unemployment. The information presented in this release pertain to wage and salary workers who were at work during the May 1997 reference week and who usually worked 35 or more hours per week. The survey also collected information about the prevalence of shift work. For further information about the survey, see the Technical Note. Some of the highlights from the 1997 survey are: --Men were somewhat more likely to be working flexible schedules than women (28.7 and 26.2 percent, respectively). --Private-sector employees were more likely to have flexible work hours than those in the public sector (28.8 versus 21.7 percent). --About 15.2 million persons normally worked a shift other than a regular daytime schedule. Flexible schedules Among whites, 29.6 percent of the men and 27.3 percent of the women had flexible schedules. In contrast, among blacks and Hispanics, the proportions were lower and there was little difference by sex. Overall, the proportions working flexible schedules among all groups has increased considerably since 1991. (See tables A and 1.) Parents were more likely than workers with no children under 18 to work a flexible schedule, 28.9 and 26.8 percent, respectively. (See table 1.) About 42.4 percent of executives, administrators, and managers and 41.0 percent of sales workers were able to vary their work hours. In contrast, less than one-quarter of those employed in administrative support roles or as service workers had such flexibility. Operators, fabricators, and laborers, and precision production, craft, and repair workers were the least likely to have flexible work schedules. (See table 2.) Among private-sector employees, the proportion of workers with flexible schedules was much higher in service-producing industries (31.7 percent) than in goods-producing industries (23.3 percent). In the public sector, flexible schedules were more common among federal government employees (34.5 percent) than workers in state (29.4 percent) or local government (13.1 percent), which includes public elementary and secondary schools. (See table 2.) - 2 - Table A. Flexible schedules and shift work of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, May, selected years, 1985-97 --------------------------------------------------------------- |Percent with flexible| Percent with | schedules | alternate shifts Characteristics |---------------------|----------------------- | May |May |May | May | May | May | 1985 |1991 |1997 | 1985 | 1991 | 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------- Sex | | | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years | 12.4 | 15.1 | 27.6 | 15.9 | 17.8 | 16.8 and over | | | | | | Men | 13.1 | 15.5 | 28.7 | 17.8 | 20.1 | 19.1 Women | 11.3 | 14.5 | 26.2 | 13.0 | 14.6 | 13.7 | | | | | | Race and Hispanic| | | | | | origin | | | | | | | | | | | | White | 12.8 | 15.5 | 28.7 | 15.3 | 17.1 | 16.1 Black | 9.1 | 12.1 | 20.1 | 19.9 | 23.3 | 20.9 Hispanic origin| 8.9 | 10.6 | 18.4 | 15.5 | 19.1 | 16.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: Data for May 1997 are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years because the 1997 data incorporate 1990 census-based population controls and the effects of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey introduced in January 1994. Data exclude the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. Shift work Among full-time wage and salary workers, 82.9 percent were on regular daytime schedules; alternate schedules worked included evening shifts (4.6 percent), employer-arranged irregular schedules (3.9 percent), night shifts (3.5 percent), and rotating shifts (2.9 percent). Men were more likely than women to work an alternate shift (19.1 and 13.7 percent, respectively). Blacks were more likely than either whites or Hispanics to work such shifts. Since May 1991, the proportion of full-time wage and salary workers on alternate schedules edged down. (See tables A and 3.) The prevalence of shift work was greatest among workers in service- oriented occupations, such as protective service (55.1 percent)--which includes police, firefighters, and guards--and food service (42.0 percent), and among those employed as operators, fabricators, and laborers (27.0 percent). It was lowest for managers and professionals (9.4 percent) and those in administrative support occupations (8.8 percent). (See table 4.) In private-sector industries, the percent of workers on alternative shifts was highest in eating and drinking places (47.2 percent) and lowest in construction (3.7 percent). Although shift work was generally less common in the public sector, nearly half the local government workers employed in "justice, public order, and safety"--the category that includes police and fire departments--were shift workers. (See table 4.) Beginning and ending hours The May 1997 supplement also provided data on the specific times persons worked during the survey reference week. About 67.0 percent of all full-time wage and salary workers began work at times between 6:30 A.M. and 9:29 A.M., with the greatest concentration around 8 A.M. Three-fifths usually left between 3:30 P.M. and 6:29 P.M., with times around 5 P.M. by far the most frequently reported. (See table 5.) Technical Note These data and other information on work schedules were obtained from a supplement to the May 1997 Current Population Survey (CPS), the monthly survey of about 50,000 households that provides information on employment and unemployment for the nation. Respondents to the May 1997 supplement answered questions about flexible and shift schedules, the reasons for working particular shifts, the beginning and ending hours of work, and home- based work. The data in this release pertain to wage and salary workers who were at work during the May 1997 reference week and who usually worked 35 hours or more per week on their principal job. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577 Reliability Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of the February 1994 and subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings. Concepts Data on flexible schedules, shift work, and beginning and ending hours of work were obtained from the following questions: Flexible schedules. Do you have flexible work hours that allow you to vary or make changes in the time you begin and end work? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don't know Shift work. On your (main) job, do you USUALLY work a regular daytime schedule or some other schedule? 1. A regular daytime schedule (Anytime between 6 A.M. to 6 P.M.) 2. Some other schedule 3. Don't know (If the respondent answers "some other schedule" to the above question, then the following question is asked to determine the shift worked) Which of the following best describes the hours you USUALLY work at this (main) job? 1. A regular evening shift (Anytime between 2 P.M. to midnight) 2. A regular night shift (Anytime around 9 P.M. to 8 A.M.) 3. A rotating shift - one that changes periodically from days to evenings or night 4. Split shift - one consisting of two distinct periods each day 5. An irregular schedule arranged by employer 6. Other 7. Don't know Beginning and ending hours of work. Last week at what time of day did you begin work on your (main) job most days? 1. __hour __minutes A.M./P.M. 2. It varies 3. Don't know Last week at what time of day did you end work on your (main) job most days? 1. __hour __minutes A.M./P.M. 2. It varies 3. Don't know Table 1. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 1997 (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Women Men Characteristic With flexible With flexible With flexible schedules schedules schedules Total(1) Total(1) Total(1) Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent of total of total of total Age Total 16 years and over............. 90,549 25,031 27.6 52,073 14,952 28.7 38,476 10,079 26.2 16 to 19 years.......................... 1,640 339 20.7 1,050 177 16.9 590 161 27.4 20 years and over....................... 88,909 24,692 27.8 51,023 14,774 29.0 37,886 9,918 26.2 20 to 24 years........................ 8,462 1,923 22.7 4,968 1,111 22.4 3,494 812 23.2 25 to 34 years........................ 25,208 7,161 28.4 14,721 4,231 28.7 10,486 2,931 27.9 35 to 44 years........................ 26,755 7,781 29.1 15,434 4,730 30.6 11,321 3,051 26.9 45 to 54 years........................ 19,596 5,355 27.3 10,806 3,118 28.9 8,790 2,237 25.4 55 to 64 years........................ 7,778 2,129 27.4 4,431 1,334 30.1 3,347 796 23.8 65 years and over..................... 1,110 344 31.0 662 251 38.0 448 93 20.7 16 to 24 years.......................... 10,102 2,262 22.4 6,018 1,288 21.4 4,084 973 23.8 25 to 54 years.......................... 71,559 20,296 28.4 40,961 12,078 29.5 30,598 8,218 26.9 55 years and over....................... 8,888 2,473 27.8 5,094 1,585 31.1 3,794 888 23.4 Race and Hispanic origin White................................... 75,683 21,698 28.7 44,495 13,186 29.6 31,188 8,512 27.3 Black................................... 10,884 2,191 20.1 5,323 1,068 20.1 5,561 1,123 20.2 Hispanic origin......................... 9,635 1,769 18.4 6,283 1,147 18.3 3,352 622 18.5 Marital status Never married........................... 21,721 5,523 25.4 12,746 3,180 24.9 8,975 2,343 26.1 Married, spouse present................. 53,369 15,358 28.8 32,756 10,077 30.8 20,613 5,281 25.6 Other marital status.................... 15,459 4,150 26.8 6,571 1,695 25.8 8,888 2,456 27.6 Presence and age of children Without own children under 18........... 55,251 14,824 26.8 31,266 8,596 27.5 23,985 6,228 26.0 With own children under 18.............. 35,298 10,208 28.9 20,807 6,356 30.5 14,491 3,851 26.6 With own children 6 to 17............. 19,852 5,542 27.9 10,820 3,211 29.7 9,032 2,331 25.8 With own children under 6............. 15,446 4,666 30.2 9,986 3,146 31.5 5,459 1,520 27.8 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers who were at work during the survey reference week and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black poulation groups. Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data reflect revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey effective with the January 1997 estimates. Table 2. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, May 1997 (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Women Men Occupation and industry With flexible With flexible With flexible schedules schedules schedules Total(1) Total(1) Total(1) Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent of total of total of total Occupation Managerial and professional specialty........ 27,384 10,651 38.9 13,882 6,407 46.2 13,502 4,245 31.4 Executive, administrative, and managerial.. 13,469 5,705 42.4 7,213 3,251 45.1 6,255 2,454 39.2 Professional specialty..................... 13,915 4,947 35.5 6,668 3,156 47.3 7,247 1,791 24.7 Mathematical and computer scientists..... 1,308 772 59.0 887 549 61.9 421 223 53.0 Natural scientists....................... 507 327 64.5 353 240 68.0 154 87 56.2 Teachers, college and university......... 494 320 64.7 330 224 68.0 164 95 58.2 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 25,779 7,828 30.4 9,992 3,613 36.2 15,787 4,215 26.7 Technicians and related support............ 3,376 1,040 30.8 1,724 611 35.4 1,651 429 26.0 Sales occupations.......................... 9,001 3,687 41.0 5,106 2,315 45.3 3,895 1,372 35.2 Sales workers, retail and personal services.................................. 3,165 951 30.0 1,428 464 32.5 1,737 487 28.0 Administrative support, including clerical. 13,402 3,101 23.1 3,162 687 21.7 10,240 2,414 23.6 Service occupations.......................... 11,055 2,373 21.5 6,306 1,256 19.9 4,749 1,116 23.5 Private household.......................... 308 125 40.5 21 16 (2) 287 109 37.8 Protective service......................... 1,891 314 16.6 1,619 254 15.7 272 60 22.2 Service, except private household and protective................................ 8,855 1,934 21.8 4,665 986 21.1 4,190 947 22.6 Food service............................. 2,777 630 22.7 1,441 263 18.3 1,336 366 27.4 Health service........................... 1,466 258 17.6 205 26 12.9 1,261 232 18.4 Cleaning and building service............ 2,000 326 16.3 1,252 208 16.6 749 117 15.7 Personal service......................... 871 254 29.1 216 63 29.0 655 191 29.2 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 11,519 2,023 17.6 10,506 1,861 17.7 1,013 162 16.0 Mechanics and repairers.................... 3,863 708 18.3 3,672 658 17.9 192 50 26.3 Construction trades........................ 4,069 718 17.7 3,996 707 17.7 74 12 (2) Other precision production, craft, and repair.................................... 3,587 596 16.6 2,839 497 17.5 748 99 13.3 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 14,812 2,156 14.6 11,388 1,815 15.9 3,424 342 10.0 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors................................ 6,813 702 10.3 4,359 521 12.0 2,454 181 7.4 Transportation and material moving......... 4,351 961 22.1 4,064 914 22.5 287 47 16.3 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................................. 3,648 494 13.5 2,965 379 12.8 683 114 16.7 Industry Private sector............................... 75,612 21,795 28.8 45,023 13,284 29.5 30,589 8,511 27.8 Goods-producing industries................. 25,925 6,033 23.3 19,458 4,640 23.8 6,466 1,393 21.5 Agriculture.............................. 1,492 448 30.0 1,265 373 29.5 227 74 32.8 Mining................................... 541 122 22.6 473 106 22.4 68 16 (2) Construction............................. 5,389 1,218 22.6 4,974 1,086 21.8 415 132 31.8 Manufacturing............................ 18,503 4,245 22.9 12,747 3,074 24.1 5,756 1,170 20.3 Durable goods.......................... 11,179 2,572 23.0 8,148 1,944 23.9 3,031 629 20.7 Nondurable goods....................... 7,324 1,673 22.8 4,599 1,131 24.6 2,725 542 19.9 Service producing industries............... 49,687 15,763 31.7 25,565 8,644 33.8 24,122 7,118 29.5 Transportation and public utilities...... 6,088 1,669 27.4 4,518 1,215 26.9 1,570 454 28.9 Wholesale trade.......................... 3,969 1,281 32.3 2,854 979 34.3 1,115 302 27.1 Retail trade............................. 12,111 3,745 30.9 6,812 1,988 29.2 5,299 1,757 33.2 Eating and drinking places............. 3,135 987 31.5 1,758 497 28.2 1,377 490 35.6 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 5,857 2,096 35.8 2,288 1,028 44.9 3,569 1,068 29.9 Services................................. 21,662 6,971 32.2 9,094 3,434 37.8 12,568 3,537 28.1 Private households..................... 391 148 37.7 42 27 (2) 350 120 34.4 Business, automobile, and repair....... 5,060 1,607 31.8 3,319 1,118 33.7 1,740 489 28.1 Personal, except private household..... 1,627 522 32.1 749 227 30.3 878 295 33.7 Entertainment and recreation........... 1,051 397 37.8 619 231 37.3 432 167 38.5 Professional services.................. 13,497 4,286 31.8 4,336 1,820 42.0 9,161 2,465 26.9 Forestry and fisheries................. 36 11 (2) 29 11 (2) 7 - - Government................................... 14,937 3,236 21.7 7,050 1,668 23.7 7,887 1,568 19.9 Federal.................................... 2,828 977 34.5 1,621 535 33.0 1,208 442 36.6 State...................................... 4,125 1,214 29.4 1,856 606 32.7 2,270 608 26.8 Local...................................... 7,983 1,046 13.1 3,573 527 14.8 4,410 519 11.8 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers who were at work during the survey reference week and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Data reflect revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey effective with the January 1997 estimates. Dash represents or rounds to zero. Table 3. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 1997 (Percent distribution) Shift workers Total workers(1) Regular Characteristic (thousand daytime Employer- s) schedule Total Evening Night Rotating Split arranged Other shift shift shift shift irregular shift schedule Age and sex Total 16 years and over.......... 90,549 82.9 16.8 4.6 3.5 2.9 0.4 3.9 1.4 16 to 19 years..................... 1,640 66.4 32.9 12.5 5.0 4.0 .9 8.8 1.6 20 years and over.................. 88,909 83.2 16.5 4.5 3.5 2.9 .4 3.8 1.4 20 to 24 years................... 8,462 75.7 23.7 7.6 5.3 3.3 .3 6.3 .9 25 to 34 years................... 25,208 82.8 16.7 4.7 3.5 3.2 .4 3.6 1.3 35 to 44 years................... 26,755 84.0 15.8 3.9 3.4 2.9 .4 3.7 1.4 45 to 54 years................... 19,596 85.2 14.6 3.9 3.1 2.6 .3 3.3 1.4 55 to 64 years................... 7,778 84.8 15.0 3.8 2.7 2.5 .6 3.3 2.1 65 years and over................ 1,110 83.8 16.2 3.8 2.1 2.0 .3 4.7 3.3 16 to 24 years..................... 10,102 74.2 25.2 8.4 5.3 3.4 .4 6.7 1.0 25 to 54 years..................... 71,559 83.9 15.8 4.2 3.3 2.9 .4 3.6 1.4 55 years and over.................. 8,888 84.7 15.1 3.8 2.6 2.4 .6 3.5 2.2 Men................................ 52,073 80.5 19.1 5.0 4.0 3.5 .4 4.4 1.7 Women.............................. 38,476 86.1 13.7 4.1 2.8 2.2 .3 3.1 1.0 Race and Hispanic origin White.............................. 75,683 83.6 16.1 4.3 3.2 2.9 .4 3.9 1.4 Black.............................. 10,884 78.5 20.9 6.5 5.5 3.2 .4 4.0 1.4 Hispanic origin.................... 9,635 83.6 16.0 5.4 3.2 2.1 .3 3.8 1.2 Marital status and presence and age of children Men: Never married.................... 12,746 77.1 21.9 7.0 4.4 3.2 .4 5.9 1.1 Married, spouse present.......... 32,756 82.5 17.3 3.9 3.6 3.6 .4 3.9 1.9 Other marital status............. 6,571 77.3 22.1 6.6 5.1 3.6 .5 4.2 2.0 Without own children under 18.... 31,266 79.8 19.6 5.5 4.0 3.3 .4 4.6 1.6 With own children under 18....... 20,807 81.6 18.3 4.2 4.0 3.7 .5 4.1 1.8 With own children 6 to 17...... 10,820 82.8 17.1 3.5 3.7 3.9 .3 3.8 1.8 With own children under 6...... 9,986 80.3 19.7 5.0 4.3 3.5 .6 4.5 1.8 Women: Never married.................... 8,975 79.8 19.8 6.2 4.0 3.2 .2 4.6 1.3 Married, spouse present.......... 20,613 89.2 10.7 3.1 2.3 1.8 .3 2.3 .9 Other marital status............. 8,888 85.4 14.5 4.5 2.9 2.0 .3 3.6 1.1 Without own children under 18.... 23,985 85.0 14.7 4.6 2.6 2.4 0.3 3.6 1.2 With own children under 18....... 14,491 87.9 12.0 3.4 3.2 1.8 .4 2.4 .8 With own children 6 to 17...... 9,032 88.4 11.4 2.7 3.4 1.9 .4 2.3 .7 With own children under 6...... 5,459 87.1 12.9 4.5 2.8 1.6 .3 2.6 1.0 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers who were at work during the survey reference week and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black poulation groups. Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data reflect revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey effective with the January 1997 estimates. Table 4. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, May 1997 (Percent distribution) Shift workers Total workers(1) Regular Occupation and industry (thousand- daytime Rotati- Employer- s) schedule Total Evening Night ng Split arranged Other shift shift shift shift irregular shift schedule Occupation Managerial and professional specialty........ 27,384 90.4 9.4 1.7 1.3 1.7 0.3 2.9 1.6 Executive, administrative, and managerial.. 13,469 91.7 8.1 1.4 .7 1.7 .2 2.7 1.3 Professional specialty..................... 13,915 89.1 10.7 2.0 1.7 1.6 .4 3.0 1.9 Mathematical and computer scientists..... 1,308 94.9 4.6 .2 .3 .6 - 1.8 1.6 Natural scientists....................... 507 94.0 6.0 .9 1.0 - - 1.5 2.5 Teachers, college and university......... 494 86.1 13.9 .6 .5 1.0 2.9 4.0 4.9 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 25,779 86.2 13.5 3.5 2.1 2.6 .3 3.8 1.1 Technicians and related support............ 3,376 80.4 19.2 5.6 3.8 3.7 .2 4.2 1.5 Sales occupations.......................... 9,001 81.4 18.4 3.6 1.1 4.4 .3 7.0 1.9 Sales workers, retail and personal services.................................. 3,165 70.9 28.5 6.7 1.7 7.3 .6 10.6 1.5 Administrative support, including clerical. 13,402 91.0 8.8 3.0 2.3 1.0 .2 1.6 .6 Service occupations.......................... 11,055 67.1 32.4 10.8 6.5 5.4 1.0 6.3 2.2 Private household.......................... 308 83.2 16.8 1.4 .8 .7 1.5 8.2 4.3 Protective service......................... 1,891 44.4 55.1 11.3 13.2 16.3 .9 7.9 5.6 Service, except private household and protective................................ 8,855 71.4 28.0 11.0 5.3 3.3 1.0 5.9 1.4 Food service............................. 2,777 57.3 42.0 17.1 5.0 6.2 1.8 10.4 1.3 Health service........................... 1,466 69.5 30.1 10.8 9.4 3.3 .6 4.6 1.1 Cleaning and building service............ 2,000 72.2 27.1 14.9 7.3 1.2 .6 2.2 .7 Personal service......................... 871 73.2 26.4 5.1 5.0 4.7 .8 6.3 4.5 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 11,519 86.2 13.4 4.1 4.0 2.4 .2 2.1 .6 Mechanics and repairers.................... 3,863 85.3 14.2 4.2 4.7 2.7 .3 1.6 .6 Construction trades........................ 4,069 95.3 4.4 .6 .9 .8 - 1.8 .3 Other precision production, craft, and repair.................................... 3,587 77.0 22.8 7.9 6.7 4.0 .2 3.0 1.0 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 14,812 72.5 27.0 7.7 7.4 4.3 .5 5.4 1.7 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors................................ 6,813 73.4 26.2 10.1 8.4 4.6 .2 2.0 .7 Transportation and material moving......... 4,351 69.2 30.4 4.6 4.1 4.7 .9 12.3 3.9 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................................. 3,648 74.8 24.6 7.0 9.3 3.4 .3 3.7 .8 Industry Private sector............................... 75,612 82.3 17.4 4.7 3.5 2.9 .4 4.3 1.4 Goods-producing industries................. 25,925 84.1 15.6 5.1 4.5 2.6 0.2 2.1 0.9 Agriculture.............................. 1,492 93.1 6.7 .3 .3 .7 .5 4.1 .8 Mining................................... 541 74.6 25.4 4.8 2.3 12.5 .2 5.0 .5 Construction............................. 5,389 95.9 3.7 .4 .2 .3 .1 2.1 .6 Manufacturing............................ 18,503 80.2 19.4 6.9 6.2 3.2 .3 1.9 1.0 Durable goods.......................... 11,179 83.0 16.8 6.9 5.0 2.3 .2 1.6 .7 Nondurable goods....................... 7,324 76.0 23.5 6.9 7.9 4.5 .3 2.4 1.5 Service producing industries............... 49,687 81.3 18.3 4.5 3.0 3.1 .5 5.4 1.7 Transportation and public utilities...... 6,088 73.8 25.8 4.2 3.3 4.5 .6 10.3 2.8 Wholesale trade.......................... 3,969 89.7 10.1 2.3 2.6 1.1 .1 2.7 1.3 Retail trade............................. 12,111 71.1 28.4 7.5 3.6 5.9 .8 8.8 1.6 Eating and drinking places............. 3,135 51.9 47.2 16.3 5.4 8.7 2.0 12.6 1.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 5,857 94.8 5.1 1.0 .7 .5 .0 1.5 1.4 Services................................. 21,662 83.9 15.6 4.3 3.3 2.1 .5 3.7 1.6 Private households..................... 391 78.9 21.1 1.9 2.2 2.3 1.1 10.2 3.4 Business, automobile, and repair....... 5,060 86.0 13.3 4.0 3.6 1.5 .2 2.7 1.3 Personal, except private household..... 1,627 74.9 24.3 7.7 4.1 3.4 .4 6.6 2.2 Entertainment and recreation........... 1,051 63.9 35.1 9.7 2.8 4.4 1.4 13.8 3.1 Professional services.................. 13,497 86.0 13.7 3.6 3.3 2.0 .6 2.7 1.6 Forestry and fisheries................. 36 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Government................................... 14,937 86.1 13.8 4.2 3.2 3.0 .3 1.9 1.3 Federal.................................... 2,828 85.4 14.4 4.3 5.3 1.8 .2 1.8 1.1 State...................................... 4,125 86.1 13.7 4.7 3.1 2.6 .3 1.8 1.2 Local...................................... 7,983 86.4 13.6 3.9 2.4 3.5 .3 1.9 1.5 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers who were at work during the survey reference week and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Data reflect revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey effective with the January 1997 estimates. Dash represents or rounds to zero. Table 5. Beginning and ending hours: Full-time wage and salary workers, May 1997 (Numbers in thousands) Beginning time Ending time Time Number of Percent Number of Percent workers workers Total, 16 years and over............. 90,549 100.0 90,549 100.0 AM 12:30 to 1:29........................... 84 .1 569 .6 1:30 to 2:29............................ 100 .1 411 .5 2:30 to 3:29............................ 179 .2 245 .3 3:30 to 4:29............................ 421 .5 181 .2 4:30 to 5:29............................ 1,509 1.7 231 .3 5:30 to 6:29............................ 6,285 6.9 486 .5 5:30 to 5:59.......................... 768 .8 51 .1 6:00 to 6:29.......................... 5,518 6.1 435 .5 6:30 to 7:29............................ 19,099 21.1 1,517 1.7 6:30 to 6:59.......................... 3,085 3.4 216 .2 7:00 to 7:29.......................... 16,014 17.7 1,302 1.4 7:30 to 8:29............................ 29,517 32.6 930 1.0 7:30 to 7:59.......................... 8,189 9.0 319 .4 8:00 to 8:29.......................... 21,327 23.6 611 .7 8:30 to 9:29............................ 12,068 13.3 182 .2 8:30 to 8:59.......................... 5,524 6.1 64 .1 9:00 to 9:29.......................... 6,544 7.2 117 .1 9:30 to 10:29........................... 1,938 2.1 69 .1 10:30 to 11:29.......................... 762 .8 92 .1 11:30 AM to 12:29 PM.................... 494 .5 226 .2 PM 12:30 to 1:29........................... 429 .5 475 .5 1:30 to 2:29............................ 868 1.0 1,706 1.9 2:30 to 3:29............................ 2,014 2.2 7,083 7.8 2:30 to 2:59.......................... 389 .4 1,804 2.0 3:00 to 3:29.......................... 1,625 1.8 5,279 5.8 3:30 to 4:29............................ 1,380 1.5 15,903 17.6 3:30 to 3:59.......................... 451 .5 6,198 6.8 4:00 to 4:29.......................... 929 1.0 9,705 10.7 4:30 to 5:29............................ 555 .6 26,719 29.5 4:30 to 4:59.......................... 163 .2 7,767 8.6 5:00 to 5:29.......................... 392 .4 18,952 20.9 5:30 to 6:29............................ 450 .5 11,867 13.1 5:30 to 5:59.......................... 60 .1 4,623 5.1 6:00 to 6:29.......................... 390 .4 7,244 8.0 6:30 to 7:29............................ 779 .9 4,187 4.6 7:30 to 8:29............................ 766 .8 1,861 2.1 8:30 to 9:29............................ 415 .5 1,033 1.1 9:30 to 10:29........................... 514 .6 1,058 1.2 10:30 to 11:29.......................... 1,138 1.3 1,786 2.0 11:30 PM to 12:29 AM.................... 478 .5 1,515 1.7 Time varies............................. 6,572 7.3 8,304 9.2 Actual time not available............... 1,734 1.9 1,913 2.1 NOTE: Data refer to most days during the survey reference week and relate to the sole or principal job of wage and salary workers who were at work during the week. Excluded are all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Data reflect revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey effective with the January 1997 estimates.