Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 98-407 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, October 2, 1998. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: SEPTEMBER 1998 Payroll employment rose slightly, and unemployment was virtually unchanged at 4.6 percent in September, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment was up by only 69,000. The number of manufacturing and construction jobs declined, and growth in the services industry was weak for the second month in a row. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) Both the number of unemployed persons, 6.3 million, and the unemployment rate, 4.6 percent, remained essentially unchanged in September. The jobless rate has been at or below 5 percent since April 1997. Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.8 percent), adult women (4.0 percent), teenagers (15.4 percent), whites (3.9 percent), blacks (9.2 percent), and Hispanics (7.4 percent) showed little movement in September. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment rose by 597,000 in September to 131.8 million, after seasonal adjustment. Over the year, employment has risen by 2.3 million, after adjusting for changes in the composite estimation procedure introduced with the January 1998 data. Over the month, the employment- population ratio--the proportion of the population age 16 and older with jobs--increased by 0.3 percentage point to 64.1 percent. (See table A-1.) About 7.9 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in September. These multiple jobholders comprised 6.0 percent of the total employed, the same as a year earlier. (See table A-10.) The civilian labor force increased by 660,000 in September to 138.1 million (seasonally adjusted). Over the year, the labor force has grown by 1.9 million, after adjusting for the changes in the composite estimation procedure. In September, the labor force participation rate edged up to 67.1 percent. (See table A-1.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.4 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in September, little changed over the year. These were people who wanted and were available for work and had looked - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________| Aug.- Category | 1998 1/ | 1998 1/ | Sept. |_________________|__________________________|change | II | III | July | Aug. | Sept. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 137,351| 137,596| 137,296| 137,415| 138,075| 660 Employment..........| 131,349| 131,333| 131,067| 131,168| 131,765| 597 Unemployment........| 6,002| 6,262| 6,230| 6,247| 6,310| 63 Not in labor force....| 67,554| 67,887| 67,973| 68,064| 67,624| -440 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.4| 4.6| 4.5| 4.5| 4.6| 0.1 Adult men...........| 3.6| 3.8| 3.9| 3.7| 3.8| .1 Adult women.........| 4.0| 4.0| 4.0| 4.1| 4.0| -.1 Teenagers...........| 14.0| 14.7| 13.8| 15.0| 15.4| .4 White...............| 3.8| 3.9| 3.8| 4.0| 3.9| -.1 Black...............| 8.7| 9.3| 9.7| 9.0| 9.2| .2 Hispanic origin.....| 6.9| 7.4| 7.2| 7.5| 7.4| -.1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA 2/| Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 125,516|p126,098| 125,869|p126,178|p126,247| p69 Goods-producing 2/..| 25,315| p25,203| 25,135| p25,255| p25,219| p-36 Construction......| 5,931| p5,977| 5,970| p5,991| p5,971| p-20 Manufacturing.....| 18,804| p18,655| 18,594| p18,693| p18,677| p-16 Service-producing 2/| 100,201|p100,895| 100,734|p100,923|p101,028| p105 Retail trade......| 22,402| p22,553| 22,547| p22,537| p22,574| p37 Services..........| 37,347| p37,675| 37,614| p37,693| p37,717| p24 Government........| 19,802| p19,886| 19,826| p19,915| p19,916| p1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.6| p34.5| 34.6| p34.6| p34.4| p-0.2 Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.7| 41.7| p41.7| p41.7| p.0 Overtime..........| 4.6| p4.6| 4.6| p4.6| p4.5| p-.1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 144.6| p145.0| 145.2| p145.3| p144.6| p-0.7 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.73| p$12.83| $12.79| p$12.85| p$12.86| p$0.01 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 440.46| p443.17| 442.53| p444.61| p442.38| p-2.23 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1998, household data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them--was 317,000 in September, about the same as a year earlier. (See table A-10.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment, at 126.2 million, increased by only 69,000 in September, after seasonal adjustment. After adjusting for the direct impact of recent strikes and related shutdowns in automobile-related manufacturing (which affected about 150,000 jobs), the past 3 months show gains of about 270,000 in July, about 160,000 in August, and 69,000 in September. The September figure reflected an unusually small increase in services and declines in manufacturing and construction. (See table B-1.) Manufacturing employment decreased by 16,000 in September; since March, it has fallen by 152,000. All of the loss in September was in durable goods (-29,000). The largest declines occurred in electronic equipment (-7,000) and industrial machinery (-8,000); these two industries have accounted for nearly two-fifths of all factory job losses since March. In nondurable goods, employment in food and kindred products increased by 15,000 in September; weak summer hiring resulted in fewer layoffs than usual, yielding a large employment gain after seasonal adjustment. Employment in textiles also grew (3,000), although employment in the industry has been on a downward trend for many years. Construction employment decreased by 20,000 in September, with losses occurring throughout the industry. Despite this drop, construction has added 258,000 jobs over the year. Employment in mining was unchanged for the second straight month, but the industry has lost 23,000 jobs over the last 12 months. The services industry added only 24,000 jobs in September, well below its monthly average through August of this year (112,000). Health services employment rose by 15,000, with gains in hospitals (9,000) and doctors' offices (8,000). In contrast, home health care services continued to decline and has lost 49,000 jobs over the year. Other industries that added workers in September were amusement and recreation services (23,000) and social services (13,000). Employment also increased in computer and data processing services (10,000) and in engineering and management services (6,000). In both industries, however, the gains in both August and September were well below the average for the first 7 months of the year. The gains in various service industries were largely offset by the loss of 44,000 jobs in help supply services, where employment returned to its January level. Finance, insurance, and real estate resumed its strong pace of job growth in September (23,000), following an unusually small increase in August. Employment in real estate increased by 9,000 in September, after decreasing by almost as much in August. Finance and insurance continued to grow, adding 8,000 and 6,000 jobs, respectively. Within finance, there were continued gains in mortgage brokerages, security brokerages, and other investment offices. Employment in retail trade was up by 37,000 in September, following a decline in August. The largest growth occurred in eating and drinking places (27,000). Wholesale trade employment increased by 14,000 in September after only moderate growth in the prior 3 months. - 4 - Transportation and public utilities experienced only moderate growth in September (6,000) due to a strike in communications. Employment in transportation increased by 9,000, with most of this growth occurring in air transportation. There was little change in government employment in September. Over the past 12 months, public-sector employment has risen by 309,000, with over half of the increase taking place in local education. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.2 hour in September to 34.4 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek was unchanged at 41.7 hours. Factory overtime edged down over the month by 0.1 hour to 4.5 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.5 percent to 144.6 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index was virtually unchanged in September at 108.0. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls edged up 1 cent in September to $12.86, seasonally adjusted. For the 3 months ending in September, the increase in average hourly earnings (10 cents) was less than the increase in each of the prior four quarters (13 cents). Average weekly earnings decreased by 0.5 percent over the month to $442.38. Over the year, average hourly and weekly earnings have risen by 4.0 and 3.4 percent, respectively. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for October 1998 is scheduled to be released on Friday, November 6, at 8:30 A.M. (EST). - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1998, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted(1) | | Employment status, sex, and age | | _______________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | Sept. | Aug. | Sept. | Sept. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TOTAL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............|203,570|205,479|205,699|203,570|204,899|205,085|205,270|205,479|205,699 Civilian labor force............................|136,375|138,379|137,903|136,439|137,364|137,447|137,296|137,415|138,075 Participation rate........................| 67.0| 67.3| 67.0| 67.0| 67.0| 67.0| 66.9| 66.9| 67.1 Employed......................................|129,972|132,206|131,864|129,761|131,453|131,209|131,067|131,168|131,765 Employment-population ratio...............| 63.8| 64.3| 64.1| 63.7| 64.2| 64.0| 63.9| 63.8| 64.1 Agriculture.................................| 3,569| 3,818| 3,671| 3,422| 3,335| 3,343| 3,441| 3,529| 3,518 Nonagricultural industries..................|126,403|128,388|128,193|126,339|128,118|127,867|127,626|127,640|128,247 Unemployed....................................| 6,403| 6,173| 6,039| 6,678| 5,910| 6,237| 6,230| 6,247| 6,310 Unemployment rate.........................| 4.7| 4.5| 4.4| 4.9| 4.3| 4.5| 4.5| 4.5| 4.6 Not in labor force..............................| 67,195| 67,100| 67,796| 67,131| 67,535| 67,639| 67,973| 68,064| 67,624 | | | | | | | | | Men, 16 years and over | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 97,946| 98,892| 99,006| 97,946| 98,591| 98,691| 98,785| 98,892| 99,006 Civilian labor force............................| 73,068| 74,540| 73,954| 73,192| 73,783| 73,818| 74,027| 73,695| 74,165 Participation rate........................| 74.6| 75.4| 74.7| 74.7| 74.8| 74.8| 74.9| 74.5| 74.9 Employed......................................| 69,890| 71,537| 70,866| 69,656| 70,685| 70,570| 70,605| 70,441| 70,751 Employment-population ratio...............| 71.4| 72.3| 71.6| 71.1| 71.7| 71.5| 71.5| 71.2| 71.5 Unemployed....................................| 3,178| 3,003| 3,088| 3,536| 3,098| 3,249| 3,422| 3,253| 3,414 Unemployment rate.........................| 4.3| 4.0| 4.2| 4.8| 4.2| 4.4| 4.6| 4.4| 4.6 | | | | | | | | | Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 90,068| 90,889| 91,003| 90,068| 90,622| 90,700| 90,802| 90,889| 91,003 Civilian labor force............................| 69,204| 69,823| 69,817| 69,136| 69,624| 69,545| 69,790| 69,490| 69,829 Participation rate........................| 76.8| 76.8| 76.7| 76.8| 76.8| 76.7| 76.9| 76.5| 76.7 Employed......................................| 66,648| 67,464| 67,416| 66,298| 67,190| 66,950| 67,040| 66,901| 67,185 Employment-population ratio...............| 74.0| 74.2| 74.1| 73.6| 74.1| 73.8| 73.8| 73.6| 73.8 Agriculture.................................| 2,474| 2,556| 2,526| 2,383| 2,324| 2,333| 2,394| 2,443| 2,424 Nonagricultural industries..................| 64,174| 64,908| 64,890| 63,915| 64,866| 64,617| 64,646| 64,457| 64,761 Unemployed....................................| 2,556| 2,359| 2,401| 2,838| 2,434| 2,595| 2,750| 2,589| 2,645 Unemployment rate.........................| 3.7| 3.4| 3.4| 4.1| 3.5| 3.7| 3.9| 3.7| 3.8 | | | | | | | | | Women, 16 years and over | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............|105,623|106,587|106,693|105,623|106,308|106,394|106,484|106,587|106,693 Civilian labor force............................| 63,307| 63,839| 63,949| 63,247| 63,581| 63,628| 63,270| 63,721| 63,910 Participation rate........................| 59.9| 59.9| 59.9| 59.9| 59.8| 59.8| 59.4| 59.8| 59.9 Employed......................................| 60,082| 60,669| 60,998| 60,105| 60,768| 60,640| 60,462| 60,727| 61,014 Employment-population ratio...............| 56.9| 56.9| 57.2| 56.9| 57.2| 57.0| 56.8| 57.0| 57.2 Unemployed....................................| 3,225| 3,170| 2,951| 3,142| 2,813| 2,989| 2,808| 2,994| 2,896 Unemployment rate.........................| 5.1| 5.0| 4.6| 5.0| 4.4| 4.7| 4.4| 4.7| 4.5 | | | | | | | | | Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 98,082| 98,901| 98,994| 98,082| 98,668| 98,735| 98,778| 98,901| 98,994 Civilian labor force............................| 59,705| 59,426| 60,059| 59,432| 59,573| 59,599| 59,359| 59,712| 59,804 Participation rate........................| 60.9| 60.1| 60.7| 60.6| 60.4| 60.4| 60.1| 60.4| 60.4 Employed......................................| 57,038| 56,786| 57,610| 56,883| 57,253| 57,172| 57,000| 57,286| 57,435 Employment-population ratio...............| 58.2| 57.4| 58.2| 58.0| 58.0| 57.9| 57.7| 57.9| 58.0 Agriculture.................................| 886| 883| 834| 826| 755| 747| 793| 819| 773 Nonagricultural industries..................| 56,153| 55,903| 56,776| 56,057| 56,499| 56,424| 56,207| 56,468| 56,663 Unemployed....................................| 2,666| 2,639| 2,449| 2,549| 2,320| 2,427| 2,359| 2,426| 2,368 Unemployment rate.........................| 4.5| 4.4| 4.1| 4.3| 3.9| 4.1| 4.0| 4.1| 4.0 | | | | | | | | | Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 15,420| 15,689| 15,702| 15,420| 15,609| 15,651| 15,690| 15,689| 15,702 Civilian labor force............................| 7,466| 9,130| 8,027| 7,871| 8,166| 8,302| 8,147| 8,213| 8,442 Participation rate........................| 48.4| 58.2| 51.1| 51.0| 52.3| 53.0| 51.9| 52.4| 53.8 Employed......................................| 6,285| 7,955| 6,838| 6,580| 7,010| 7,088| 7,027| 6,981| 7,145 Employment-population ratio...............| 40.8| 50.7| 43.5| 42.7| 44.9| 45.3| 44.8| 44.5| 45.5 Agriculture.................................| 209| 379| 311| 213| 256| 262| 254| 267| 322 Nonagricultural industries..................| 6,076| 7,577| 6,527| 6,367| 6,754| 6,826| 6,773| 6,715| 6,823 Unemployed....................................| 1,181| 1,175| 1,189| 1,291| 1,156| 1,215| 1,120| 1,232| 1,297 Unemployment rate.........................| 15.8| 12.9| 14.8| 16.4| 14.2| 14.6| 13.8| 15.0| 15.4 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted(1) | | Employment status, race, sex, age, and | | _______________________________________________________________________ Hispanic origin | | | | | | | | | | | | Sept. | Aug. | Sept. | Sept. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WHITE | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............|170,290|171,655|171,804|170,290|171,257|171,387|171,513|171,655|171,804 Civilian labor force............................|114,614|115,959|115,599|114,758|115,309|115,137|114,975|115,275|115,776 Participation rate..........................| 67.3| 67.6| 67.3| 67.4| 67.3| 67.2| 67.0| 67.2| 67.4 Employed......................................|110,018|111,511|111,316|109,904|111,025|110,535|110,630|110,708|111,233 Employment-population ratio.................| 64.6| 65.0| 64.8| 64.5| 64.8| 64.5| 64.5| 64.5| 64.7 Unemployed....................................| 4,596| 4,448| 4,284| 4,854| 4,284| 4,602| 4,346| 4,567| 4,543 Unemployment rate...........................| 4.0| 3.8| 3.7| 4.2| 3.7| 4.0| 3.8| 4.0| 3.9 | | | | | | | | | Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 59,052| 59,515| 59,542| 59,110| 59,366| 59,257| 59,403| 59,314| 59,592 Participation rate..........................| 77.2| 77.3| 77.2| 77.3| 77.2| 77.0| 77.2| 77.0| 77.3 Employed......................................| 57,186| 57,787| 57,756| 56,989| 57,516| 57,302| 57,436| 57,385| 57,584 Employment-population ratio.................| 74.8| 75.0| 74.9| 74.5| 74.8| 74.5| 74.6| 74.5| 74.7 Unemployed....................................| 1,867| 1,728| 1,785| 2,121| 1,850| 1,955| 1,967| 1,929| 2,008 Unemployment rate...........................| 3.2| 2.9| 3.0| 3.6| 3.1| 3.3| 3.3| 3.3| 3.4 | | | | | | | | | Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 49,214| 48,763| 49,348| 48,955| 49,019| 48,886| 48,705| 49,013| 49,110 Participation rate..........................| 60.3| 59.4| 60.0| 60.0| 59.8| 59.6| 59.3| 59.7| 59.8 Employed......................................| 47,354| 46,861| 47,682| 47,165| 47,416| 47,197| 47,087| 47,287| 47,492 Employment-population ratio.................| 58.0| 57.1| 58.0| 57.8| 57.8| 57.5| 57.4| 57.6| 57.8 Unemployed....................................| 1,861| 1,902| 1,667| 1,790| 1,603| 1,688| 1,618| 1,726| 1,618 Unemployment rate...........................| 3.8| 3.9| 3.4| 3.7| 3.3| 3.5| 3.3| 3.5| 3.3 | | | | | | | | | Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 6,347| 7,681| 6,709| 6,693| 6,924| 6,994| 6,867| 6,949| 7,074 Participation rate..........................| 51.9| 61.5| 53.6| 54.8| 55.8| 56.2| 55.1| 55.6| 56.5 Employed......................................| 5,479| 6,863| 5,878| 5,750| 6,093| 6,036| 6,107| 6,036| 6,158 Employment-population ratio.................| 44.8| 54.9| 46.9| 47.0| 49.1| 48.5| 49.0| 48.3| 49.2 Unemployed....................................| 868| 818| 832| 943| 831| 958| 760| 913| 917 Unemployment rate...........................| 13.7| 10.7| 12.4| 14.1| 12.0| 13.7| 11.1| 13.1| 13.0 Men.......................................| 13.7| 11.4| 14.1| 14.4| 14.0| 14.7| 13.1| 14.3| 15.0 Women.....................................| 13.7| 9.9| 10.5| 13.7| 9.8| 12.6| 8.9| 11.9| 10.7 | | | | | | | | | BLACK | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 24,081| 24,418| 24,458| 24,081| 24,317| 24,349| 24,381| 24,418| 24,458 Civilian labor force............................| 15,706| 16,129| 15,996| 15,691| 15,756| 16,013| 16,059| 15,907| 15,982 Participation rate..........................| 65.2| 66.1| 65.4| 65.2| 64.8| 65.8| 65.9| 65.1| 65.3 Employed......................................| 14,220| 14,663| 14,552| 14,180| 14,344| 14,700| 14,508| 14,476| 14,510 Employment-population ratio.................| 59.1| 60.1| 59.5| 58.9| 59.0| 60.4| 59.5| 59.3| 59.3 Unemployed....................................| 1,487| 1,466| 1,444| 1,511| 1,412| 1,313| 1,551| 1,431| 1,472 Unemployment rate...........................| 9.5| 9.1| 9.0| 9.6| 9.0| 8.2| 9.7| 9.0| 9.2 | | | | | | | | | Men, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 7,026| 7,055| 7,024| 6,978| 7,009| 7,088| 7,120| 7,017| 6,975 Participation rate..........................| 73.1| 72.4| 72.0| 72.6| 72.2| 73.0| 73.2| 72.0| 71.5 Employed......................................| 6,484| 6,548| 6,534| 6,424| 6,536| 6,599| 6,485| 6,470| 6,475 Employment-population ratio.................| 67.4| 67.2| 66.9| 66.8| 67.4| 67.9| 66.7| 66.4| 66.3 Unemployed....................................| 542| 507| 490| 554| 473| 489| 635| 547| 499 Unemployment rate...........................| 7.7| 7.2| 7.0| 7.9| 6.7| 6.9| 8.9| 7.8| 7.2 | | | | | | | | | Women, 20 years and over | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 7,810| 7,912| 7,932| 7,790| 7,787| 7,866| 7,921| 7,894| 7,918 Participation rate..........................| 64.8| 64.7| 64.8| 64.6| 64.0| 64.5| 64.9| 64.6| 64.7 Employed......................................| 7,132| 7,267| 7,277| 7,135| 7,130| 7,256| 7,296| 7,296| 7,277 Employment-population ratio.................| 59.2| 59.5| 59.4| 59.2| 58.6| 59.5| 59.8| 59.7| 59.4 Unemployed....................................| 678| 645| 655| 655| 657| 609| 625| 597| 641 Unemployment rate...........................| 8.7| 8.2| 8.3| 8.4| 8.4| 7.7| 7.9| 7.6| 8.1 | | | | | | | | | Both sexes, 16 to 19 years | | | | | | | | | Civilian labor force............................| 870| 1,161| 1,040| 923| 960| 1,060| 1,018| 996| 1,089 Participation rate..........................| 36.1| 47.3| 42.3| 38.3| 39.4| 43.4| 41.6| 40.6| 44.3 Employed......................................| 603| 848| 742| 621| 678| 846| 727| 709| 758 Employment-population ratio.................| 25.0| 34.6| 30.2| 25.8| 27.8| 34.6| 29.7| 28.9| 30.8 Unemployed....................................| 267| 313| 299| 302| 283| 214| 291| 287| 332 Unemployment rate...........................| 30.7| 27.0| 28.7| 32.7| 29.4| 20.2| 28.6| 28.8| 30.4 Men.......................................| 33.0| 28.8| 30.5| 37.6| 30.2| 20.4| 30.6| 29.7| 34.1 Women.....................................| 28.7| 25.3| 26.9| 28.6| 28.8| 20.1| 26.4| 28.1| 26.8 HISPANIC ORIGIN | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population..............| 20,464| 21,159| 21,224| 20,464| 20,975| 21,036| 21,097| 21,159| 21,224 Civilian labor force............................| 13,864| 14,420| 14,487| 13,861| 14,458| 14,420| 14,240| 14,277| 14,484 Participation rate..........................| 67.8| 68.2| 68.3| 67.7| 68.9| 68.5| 67.5| 67.5| 68.2 Employed......................................| 12,882| 13,349| 13,481| 12,807| 13,480| 13,328| 13,219| 13,203| 13,413 Employment-population ratio.................| 62.9| 63.1| 63.5| 62.6| 64.3| 63.4| 62.7| 62.4| 63.2 Unemployed....................................| 982| 1,071| 1,007| 1,054| 978| 1,092| 1,022| 1,074| 1,071 Unemployment rate...........................| 7.1| 7.4| 6.9| 7.6| 6.8| 7.6| 7.2| 7.5| 7.4 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Not seasonally adjusted | Seasonally adjusted(1) | | _________________________________________________________________________________________ Educational attainment | | | | | | | | | | | | Sept. | Aug. | Sept. | Sept. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Less than a high school diploma | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population......| 29,350 | 29,204 | 29,290 | 29,350 | 29,931 | 30,064 | 29,027 | 29,204 | 29,290 Civilian labor force....................| 12,583 | 12,402 | 12,642 | 12,555 | 12,690 | 12,888 | 12,548 | 12,450 | 12,597 Percent of population...............| 42.9 | 42.5 | 43.2 | 42.8 | 42.4 | 42.9 | 43.2 | 42.6 | 43.0 Employed..............................| 11,663 | 11,602 | 11,845 | 11,548 | 11,839 | 11,963 | 11,648 | 11,567 | 11,728 Employment-population ratio.........| 39.7 | 39.7 | 40.4 | 39.3 | 39.6 | 39.8 | 40.1 | 39.6 | 40.0 Unemployed............................| 921 | 800 | 797 | 1,007 | 851 | 925 | 901 | 883 | 869 Unemployment rate...................| 7.3 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 8.0 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 6.9 | | | | | | | | | High school graduates, no college (2) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population......| 57,483 | 57,729 | 57,589 | 57,483 | 57,706 | 57,446 | 57,374 | 57,729 | 57,589 Civilian labor force....................| 37,873 | 37,305 | 37,468 | 37,585 | 37,496 | 37,096 | 37,219 | 37,381 | 37,218 Percent of population...............| 65.9 | 64.6 | 65.1 | 65.4 | 65.0 | 64.6 | 64.9 | 64.8 | 64.6 Employed..............................| 36,405 | 35,898 | 36,050 | 36,003 | 36,114 | 35,602 | 35,694 | 35,898 | 35,693 Employment-population ratio.........| 63.3 | 62.2 | 62.6 | 62.6 | 62.6 | 62.0 | 62.2 | 62.2 | 62.0 Unemployed............................| 1,468 | 1,407 | 1,418 | 1,582 | 1,383 | 1,494 | 1,525 | 1,483 | 1,525 Unemployment rate...................| 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | | | | | | | | | Less than a bachelor's degree(3) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population......| 42,075 | 41,842 | 41,769 | 42,075 | 42,024 | 41,880 | 42,293 | 41,842 | 41,769 Civilian labor force....................| 31,431 | 31,106 | 31,184 | 31,401 | 31,408 | 31,227 | 31,174 | 30,863 | 31,152 Percent of population...............| 74.7 | 74.3 | 74.7 | 74.6 | 74.7 | 74.6 | 73.7 | 73.8 | 74.6 Employed..............................| 30,439 | 30,227 | 30,276 | 30,382 | 30,437 | 30,333 | 30,224 | 29,987 | 30,216 Employment-population ratio.........| 72.3 | 72.2 | 72.5 | 72.2 | 72.4 | 72.4 | 71.5 | 71.7 | 72.3 Unemployed............................| 991 | 879 | 907 | 1,019 | 971 | 894 | 950 | 876 | 937 Unemployment rate...................| 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.0 | | | | | | | | | College graduates | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population......| 41,769 | 43,431 | 43,669 | 41,769 | 42,090 | 42,464 | 43,309 | 43,431 | 43,669 Civilian labor force....................| 33,627 | 34,504 | 35,059 | 33,577 | 33,920 | 34,274 | 34,721 | 34,847 | 35,015 Percent of population...............| 80.5 | 79.4 | 80.3 | 80.4 | 80.6 | 80.7 | 80.2 | 80.2 | 80.2 Employed..............................| 32,887 | 33,757 | 34,453 | 32,891 | 33,364 | 33,674 | 34,146 | 34,236 | 34,453 Employment-population ratio.........| 78.7 | 77.7 | 78.9 | 78.7 | 79.3 | 79.3 | 78.8 | 78.8 | 78.9 Unemployed............................| 740 | 747 | 606 | 686 | 556 | 600 | 575 | 611 | 562 Unemployment rate...................| 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.6 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted | | Category | | _______________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | Sept. | Aug. | Sept. | Sept. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CHARACTERISTIC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total employed, 16 years and over.................|129,972|132,206|131,864|129,761|131,453|131,209|131,067|131,168|131,765 Married men, spouse present.....................| 42,825| 42,875| 43,385| 42,648| 42,471| 42,539| 42,837| 42,833| 43,255 Married women, spouse present...................| 33,007| 32,238| 33,067| 32,846| 32,805| 32,805| 32,658| 32,597| 32,870 Women who maintain families.....................| 7,899| 7,900| 8,042| 7,876| 7,848| 7,922| 7,846| 7,932| 8,002 | | | | | | | | | OCCUPATION | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Managerial and professional specialty...........| 37,833| 38,558| 39,572| 37,860| 38,641| 38,732| 39,011| 38,916| 39,607 Technical, sales, and administrative support....| 38,523| 39,045| 38,485| 38,535| 38,401| 38,567| 38,500| 38,889| 38,485 Service occupations.............................| 17,595| 18,081| 17,835| 17,746| 17,749| 17,873| 17,584| 17,727| 17,961 Precision production, craft, and repair.........| 13,988| 14,360| 14,060| 13,859| 14,853| 14,509| 14,312| 14,079| 13,963 Operators, fabricators, and laborers............| 18,345| 18,138| 18,073| 18,302| 18,322| 18,120| 18,145| 17,866| 18,047 Farming, forestry, and fishing..................| 3,688| 4,023| 3,838| 3,483| 3,479| 3,503| 3,503| 3,618| 3,621 | | | | | | | | | CLASS OF WORKER | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Agriculture: | | | | | | | | | Wage and salary workers.......................| 1,940| 2,315| 2,260| 1,889| 1,871| 1,841| 2,018| 2,165| 2,213 Self-employed workers.........................| 1,586| 1,466| 1,368| 1,495| 1,395| 1,470| 1,383| 1,345| 1,280 Unpaid family workers.........................| 43| 37| 43| 44| 51| 48| 30| 28| 43 Nonagricultural industries: | | | | | | | | | Wage and salary workers.......................|117,380|119,366|118,974|117,303|119,013|118,654|118,543|118,676|118,978 Government..................................| 17,979| 17,782| 18,268| 18,109| 18,034| 18,497| 18,364| 18,257| 18,415 Private industries..........................| 99,401|101,584|100,706| 99,194|100,979|100,157|100,179|100,419|100,563 Private households........................| 869| 914| 887| 877| 1,015| 961| 974| 853| 900 Other industries..........................| 98,532|100,670| 99,818| 98,317| 99,964| 99,195| 99,205| 99,566| 99,663 Self-employed workers.........................| 8,935| 8,938| 9,131| 8,949| 9,023| 8,969| 9,094| 8,947| 9,159 Unpaid family workers.........................| 87| 84| 88| 83| 97| 100| 91| 83| 85 | | | | | | | | | PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | All industries: | | | | | | | | | Part time for economic reasons................| 3,638| 3,508| 3,112| 3,928| 3,772| 3,837| 3,783| 3,463| 3,365 Slack work or business conditions...........| 1,986| 1,908| 1,721| 2,187| 2,104| 2,230| 2,372| 1,989| 1,897 Could only find part-time work..............| 1,405| 1,201| 1,113| 1,455| 1,344| 1,246| 1,192| 1,175| 1,152 Part time for noneconomic reasons.............| 18,097| 15,851| 18,989| 17,901| 18,662| 18,665| 18,584| 18,648| 18,857 | | | | | | | | | Nonagricultural industries: | | | | | | | | | Part time for economic reasons................| 3,475| 3,350| 2,928| 3,739| 3,630| 3,676| 3,632| 3,307| 3,152 Slack work or business conditions...........| 1,881| 1,813| 1,619| 2,067| 2,024| 2,151| 2,261| 1,900| 1,779 Could only find part-time work..............| 1,365| 1,164| 1,072| 1,417| 1,315| 1,199| 1,162| 1,143| 1,113 Part time for noneconomic reasons.............| 17,506| 15,229| 18,378| 17,381| 18,067| 18,019| 17,972| 18,001| 18,305 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Number of | | unemployed persons | Unemployment rates(1) | (in thousands) | _______________________________________________________________________ Category | | | | | | | | | | | | Sept. | Aug. | Sept. | Sept. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CHARACTERISTIC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over.........................| 6,678| 6,247| 6,310| 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 Men, 20 years and over.........................| 2,838| 2,589| 2,645| 4.1 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 Women, 20 years and over.......................| 2,549| 2,426| 2,368| 4.3 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.....................| 1,291| 1,232| 1,297| 16.4 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 13.8 | 15.0 | 15.4 | | | | | | | | | Married men, spouse present....................| 1,139| 1,038| 1,004| 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 Married women, spouse present..................| 1,034| 1,070| 884| 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.6 Women who maintain families....................| 666| 575| 660| 7.8 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 7.6 | | | | | | | | | Full-time workers..............................| 5,309| 4,941| 4,963| 4.7 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 Part-time workers..............................| 1,328| 1,301| 1,305| 5.5 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 | | | | | | | | | OCCUPATION(2) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Managerial and professional specialty..........| 765| 745| 710| 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 Technical, sales, and administrative support...| 1,591| 1,497| 1,557| 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 Precision production, craft, and repair........| 696| 680| 626| 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.3 Operators, fabricators, and laborers...........| 1,558| 1,286| 1,401| 7.8 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 7.2 Farming, forestry, and fishing.................| 249| 212| 295| 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 7.5 | | | | | | | | | INDUSTRY | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers| 5,232| 4,991| 5,052| 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 Goods-producing industries...................| 1,485| 1,380| 1,516| 5.2 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.3 Mining.....................................| 23| 24| 18| 3.4 | 1.3 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.0 Construction...............................| 591| 520| 625| 8.7 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 9.0 Manufacturing..............................| 871| 835| 873| 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 4.1 Durable goods............................| 407| 470| 492| 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.8 Nondurable goods.........................| 464| 365| 381| 5.3 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.6 Service-producing industries.................| 3,747| 3,611| 3,537| 4.9 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.6 Transportation and public utilities........| 284| 269| 266| 3.8 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6 Wholesale and retail trade.................| 1,655| 1,503| 1,572| 6.2 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate........| 231| 213| 186| 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.3 Services...................................| 1,577| 1,627| 1,513| 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.4 Government workers.............................| 478| 408| 431| 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.3 Agricultural wage and salary workers...........| 186| 164| 189| 9.0 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 7.9 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted | | _______________________________________________________________________ Duration | | | | | | | | | | | | Sept. | Aug. | Sept. | Sept. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Less than 5 weeks................................| 2,525| 2,509| 2,665| 2,484| 2,634| 2,519| 2,625| 2,675| 2,639 5 to 14 weeks....................................| 1,896| 2,150| 1,793| 2,115| 1,954| 2,084| 1,983| 1,960| 1,999 15 weeks and over................................| 1,982| 1,514| 1,581| 2,109| 1,462| 1,621| 1,600| 1,647| 1,651 15 to 26 weeks................................| 933| 679| 686| 1,031| 656| 852| 793| 820| 733 27 weeks and over.............................| 1,049| 835| 896| 1,078| 806| 769| 807| 827| 918 | | | | | | | | | Average (mean) duration, in weeks................| 16.0| 13.7| 14.5| 15.9| 14.6| 13.8| 14.3| 13.5| 14.3 Median duration, in weeks........................| 8.3| 7.0| 6.8| 8.1| 5.9| 6.6| 6.6| 6.9| 6.6 | | | | | | | | | PERCENT DISTRIBUTION | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total unemployed.................................| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0 Less than 5 weeks..............................| 39.4| 40.6| 44.1| 37.0| 43.5| 40.5| 42.3| 42.6| 42.0 5 to 14 weeks..................................| 29.6| 34.8| 29.7| 31.5| 32.3| 33.5| 31.9| 31.2| 31.8 15 weeks and over..............................| 31.0| 24.5| 26.2| 31.4| 24.2| 26.0| 25.8| 26.2| 26.2 15 to 26 weeks...............................| 14.6| 11.0| 11.4| 15.4| 10.8| 13.7| 12.8| 13.0| 11.7 27 weeks and over............................| 16.4| 13.5| 14.8| 16.1| 13.3| 12.4| 13.0| 13.2| 14.6 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | |Not seasonally adjusted| Seasonally adjusted | | _______________________________________________________________________ Reason | | | | | | | | | | | | Sept. | Aug. | Sept. | Sept. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | | jobs...........................................| 2,616| 2,715| 2,534| 3,007| 2,772| 2,819| 2,908| 2,852| 2,902 On temporary layoff.............................| 595| 782| 628| 893| 786| 841| 966| 978| 939 Not on temporary layoff.........................| 2,021| 1,932| 1,905| 2,114| 1,986| 1,978| 1,941| 1,874| 1,963 Permanent job losers..........................| 1,384| 1,342| 1,237| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs..........| 637| 590| 668| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) Job leavers.......................................| 980| 795| 854| 853| 748| 766| 799| 740| 724 Reentrants........................................| 2,307| 2,157| 2,223| 2,263| 2,033| 2,096| 2,042| 2,132| 2,195 New entrants......................................| 501| 506| 428| 560| 493| 532| 463| 503| 487 | | | | | | | | | PERCENT DISTRIBUTION | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total unemployed..................................| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0 Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | | jobs...........................................| 40.9| 44.0| 42.0| 45.0| 45.8| 45.4| 46.8| 45.8| 46.0 On temporary layoff............................| 9.3| 12.7| 10.4| 13.4| 13.0| 13.5| 15.6| 15.7| 14.9 Not on temporary layoff........................| 31.6| 31.3| 31.5| 31.6| 32.8| 31.8| 31.3| 30.1| 31.1 Job leavers......................................| 15.3| 12.9| 14.1| 12.8| 12.4| 12.3| 12.9| 11.9| 11.5 Reentrants.......................................| 36.0| 34.9| 36.8| 33.9| 33.6| 33.7| 32.9| 34.2| 34.8 New entrants.....................................| 7.8| 8.2| 7.1| 8.4| 8.2| 8.6| 7.5| 8.1| 7.7 | | | | | | | | | UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE | | | | | | | | | CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Job losers and persons who completed temporary | | | | | | | | | jobs...........................................| 1.9| 2.0| 1.8| 2.2| 2.0| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1 Job leavers......................................| .7| .6| .6| .6| .5| .6| .6| .5| .5 Reentrants.......................................| 1.7| 1.6| 1.6| 1.7| 1.5| 1.5| 1.5| 1.6| 1.6 New entrants.....................................| .4| .4| .3| .4| .4| .4| .3| .4| .4 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Not seasonally | Seasonally adjusted | adjusted | Measure | | ______________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | Sept.| Aug. | Sept.| Sept.| May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of | | | | | | | | | the civilian | | | | | | | | | labor force..............................................| 1.5| 1.1| 1.1| 1.5| 1.1| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2 | | | | | | | | | U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as | | | | | | | | | a percent of the | | | | | | | | | civilian labor force.....................................| 1.9| 2.0| 1.8| 2.2| 2.0| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1 | | | | | | | | | U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor | | | | | | | | | force | | | | | | | | | (official unemployment rate).............................| 4.7| 4.5| 4.4| 4.9| 4.3| 4.5| 4.5| 4.5| 4.6 | | | | | | | | | U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent | | | | | | | | | of the civilian | | | | | | | | | labor force plus discouraged workers....................| 4.9| 4.7| 4.6| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | | | | | | | | | U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all | | | | | | | | | other marginally | | | | | | | | | attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor | | | | | | | | | force plus all marginally | | | | | | | | | attached workers........................................| 5.6| 5.3| 5.3| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | | | | | | | | | U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, | | | | | | | | | plus total employed | | | | | | | | | part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the | | | | | | | | | civilian labor force plus | | | | | | | | | all marginally attached workers.........................| 8.3| 7.8| 7.6| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Number of | | unemployed persons | Unemployment rates(1) | (in thousands) | Age and sex | | _______________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | Sept. | Aug. | Sept. | Sept. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over..........................| 6,678| 6,247| 6,310| 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 16 to 24 years..................................| 2,408| 2,417| 2,438| 11.2 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.0 16 to 19 years................................| 1,291| 1,232| 1,297| 16.4 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 13.8 | 15.0 | 15.4 16 to 17 years..............................| 631| 557| 611| 19.3 | 15.8 | 18.2 | 15.2 | 17.1 | 17.9 18 to 19 years..............................| 669| 678| 696| 14.5 | 13.2 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 13.8 | 13.8 20 to 24 years................................| 1,117| 1,185| 1,141| 8.2 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 8.3 25 years and over...............................| 4,304| 3,853| 3,888| 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 25 to 54 years................................| 3,791| 3,391| 3,421| 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 55 years and over.............................| 512| 450| 471| 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.7 | | | | | | | | | Men, 16 years and over..........................| 3,536| 3,253| 3,414| 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.6 16 to 24 years................................| 1,347| 1,301| 1,403| 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 12.1 16 to 19 years..............................| 698| 664| 769| 17.2 | 16.0 | 15.3 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 17.7 16 to 17 years............................| 314| 311| 365| 18.8 | 17.9 | 21.0 | 17.3 | 18.6 | 20.7 18 to 19 years............................| 381| 357| 401| 16.1 | 14.8 | 11.8 | 14.6 | 14.2 | 15.7 20 to 24 years..............................| 649| 637| 634| 9.1 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 8.7 25 years and over.............................| 2,182| 1,979| 2,002| 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.2 25 to 54 years..............................| 1,901| 1,729| 1,715| 3.6 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 55 years and over...........................| 276| 241| 296| 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.1 | | | | | | | | | Women, 16 years and over........................| 3,142| 2,994| 2,896| 5.0 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 4.5 16 to 24 years................................| 1,061| 1,116| 1,036| 10.4 | 9.0 | 10.3 | 9.1 | 10.7 | 9.8 16 to 19 years..............................| 593| 568| 528| 15.5 | 12.3 | 13.9 | 11.5 | 14.2 | 12.9 16 to 17 years............................| 317| 246| 246| 19.8 | 13.5 | 15.1 | 12.9 | 15.5 | 14.8 18 to 19 years............................| 288| 322| 295| 12.8 | 11.4 | 12.7 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 11.9 20 to 24 years..............................| 468| 548| 508| 7.3 | 6.9 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 7.9 25 years and over.............................| 2,122| 1,874| 1,886| 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 25 to 54 years..............................| 1,890| 1,663| 1,706| 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 55 years and over...........................| 236| 209| 175| 3.2 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.3 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | Total | Men | Women | | | _________________________________________________________________ Category | | | | | | | | | | Sept. | Sept. | Sept. | Sept. | Sept. | Sept. | 1997 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 | 1997 | 1998 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total not in the labor force......................................| 67,195 | 67,796 | 24,878 | 25,051 | 42,317 | 42,744 Persons who currently want a job................................| 4,705 | 4,753 | 1,888 | 1,951 | 2,816 | 2,801 Searched for work and vailable to work now(1)................| 1,363 | 1,377 | 667 | 634 | 696 | 743 Reason not currently looking: | | | | | | Discouragement over job prospects(2)....................| 328 | 317 | 213 | 188 | 115 | 129 Reasons other than discouragement(3).................| 1,035 | 1,060 | 454 | 446 | 581 | 614 | | | | | | MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS | | | | | | | | | | | | Total multiple jobholders(4)......................................| 7,838 | 7,906 | 4,220 | 4,156 | 3,618 | 3,750 Percent of total employed.....................................| 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.1 | | | | | | Primary job full time, secondary job part time................| 4,438 | 4,442 | 2,611 | 2,550 | 1,827 | 1,892 Primary and secondary jobs both part time.....................| 1,601 | 1,635 | 514 | 534 | 1,087 | 1,101 Primary and secondary jobs both full time.....................| 238 | 310 | 183 | 228 | 55 | 82 Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................| 1,528 | 1,461 | 894 | 827 | 634 | 634 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total......................... 123,688 125,841 125,991 126,676 123,280 125,562 125,751 125,869 126,178 126,247 Total private.................... 104,294 107,040 107,273 106,970 103,673 105,734 105,938 106,043 106,263 106,331 Goods-producing......................... 25,379 25,451 25,720 25,611 24,993 25,301 25,304 25,135 25,255 25,219 Mining................................ 600 583 582 576 594 579 578 571 571 571 Metal mining........................ 53.9 51.4 51.2 50.3 53 51 51 50 50 50 Coal mining......................... 95.2 89.6 90.4 90.1 95 92 90 89 90 90 Oil and gas extraction.............. 339.4 330.5 328.3 324.4 338 329 330 325 323 323 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 111.4 111.5 112.0 111.6 108 107 107 107 108 108 Construction.......................... 5,995 6,305 6,343 6,262 5,713 5,917 5,946 5,970 5,991 5,971 General building contractors........ 1,359.7 1,475.0 1,479.4 1,449.5 1,320 1,388 1,401 1,410 1,414 1,408 Heavy construction, except building. 873.4 895.6 905.7 901.2 792 819 821 828 830 818 Special trade contractors........... 3,761.4 3,934.4 3,958.3 3,911.0 3,601 3,710 3,724 3,732 3,747 3,745 Manufacturing......................... 18,784 18,563 18,795 18,773 18,686 18,805 18,780 18,594 18,693 18,677 Production workers................ 13,012 12,690 12,926 12,950 12,915 12,971 12,943 12,746 12,841 12,856 Durable goods........................ 11,048 10,942 11,117 11,100 11,030 11,156 11,144 10,989 11,109 11,080 Production workers................ 7,591 7,409 7,582 7,599 7,573 7,642 7,626 7,468 7,584 7,580 Lumber and wood products............ 805.4 814.5 819.1 816.3 794 803 801 802 804 805 Furniture and fixtures.............. 509.4 519.3 522.7 523.2 510 526 524 528 525 523 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 562.7 569.1 574.7 572.4 553 559 562 561 564 562 Primary metal industries............ 712.3 697.5 711.8 711.2 714 716 717 706 715 713 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 235.5 233.8 232.8 231.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Fabricated metal products........... 1,482.1 1,462.6 1,488.9 1,491.8 1,480 1,495 1,490 1,477 1,491 1,490 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,166.7 2,187.1 2,178.7 2,172.0 2,175 2,201 2,202 2,193 2,189 2,181 Computer and office equipment..... 377.7 376.6 372.2 368.4 379 376 375 375 371 369 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,698.5 1,697.1 1,693.9 1,688.8 1,698 1,716 1,714 1,701 1,695 1,688 Electronic components and accessories.................... 662.8 668.0 662.4 658.9 664 677 672 667 661 660 Transportation equipment............ 1,855.0 1,748.0 1,881.9 1,882.1 1,852 1,886 1,882 1,772 1,884 1,879 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 990.4 858.2 996.3 996.3 986 998 993 878 997 992 Aircraft and parts................ 509.6 524.2 522.7 524.0 510 524 524 526 526 524 Instruments and related products.... 864.9 861.5 858.8 854.0 865 866 864 861 857 854 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 391.4 384.8 386.2 387.8 389 388 388 388 385 385 Nondurable goods..................... 7,736 7,621 7,678 7,673 7,656 7,649 7,636 7,605 7,584 7,597 Production workers................ 5,421 5,281 5,344 5,351 5,342 5,329 5,317 5,278 5,257 5,276 Food and kindred products........... 1,754.7 1,727.4 1,764.0 1,770.9 1,688 1,710 1,706 1,696 1,690 1,705 Tobacco products.................... 42.5 36.5 40.0 40.8 40 41 40 40 40 39 Textile mill products............... 614.8 591.7 593.2 596.5 613 603 599 594 592 595 Apparel and other textile products.. 823.6 759.3 765.1 764.8 817 780 776 772 759 758 Paper and allied products........... 686.9 682.5 682.6 681.9 685 685 682 680 680 680 Printing and publishing............. 1,550.9 1,570.2 1,566.2 1,558.2 1,556 1,566 1,570 1,571 1,567 1,564 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,033.1 1,042.7 1,041.8 1,035.2 1,033 1,039 1,037 1,038 1,036 1,035 Petroleum and coal products......... 141.5 138.3 137.7 136.8 139 136 137 135 134 135 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 998.5 993.1 1,007.0 1,008.5 997 1,006 1,006 998 1,006 1,007 Leather and leather products........ 89.0 79.0 80.5 79.6 88 83 83 81 80 79 Service-producing....................... 98,309 100,390 100,271 101,065 98,287 100,261 100,447 100,734 100,923 101,028 Transportation and public utilities... 6,476 6,541 6,559 6,622 6,435 6,534 6,538 6,550 6,572 6,578 Transportation...................... 4,177 4,183 4,206 4,284 4,141 4,191 4,196 4,208 4,236 4,245 Railroad transportation........... 228.0 234.2 235.4 234.8 227 232 232 231 233 234 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 463.1 403.0 405.0 483.7 451 459 458 466 470 471 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,707.1 1,731.7 1,745.1 1,747.8 1,680 1,703 1,709 1,709 1,719 1,719 Water transportation.............. 183.4 197.7 198.9 194.9 180 185 183 188 192 191 Transportation by air............. 1,139.2 1,153.7 1,156.4 1,158.8 1,147 1,151 1,154 1,154 1,160 1,167 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.3 14.6 14.5 14.4 14 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 442.3 447.9 450.3 450.0 442 447 446 446 448 449 Communications and public utilities. 2,299 2,358 2,353 2,338 2,294 2,343 2,342 2,342 2,336 2,333 Communications.................... 1,436.4 1,495.6 1,493.3 1,487.5 1,432 1,486 1,488 1,488 1,484 1,483 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 862.6 862.7 859.4 850.1 862 857 854 854 852 850 Wholesale trade....................... 6,687 6,877 6,866 6,856 6,679 6,815 6,821 6,827 6,834 6,848 Durable goods....................... 3,958 4,102 4,094 4,080 3,964 4,059 4,067 4,072 4,080 4,087 Nondurable goods.................... 2,729 2,775 2,772 2,776 2,715 2,756 2,754 2,755 2,754 2,761 Retail trade.......................... 22,126 22,662 22,690 22,621 22,078 22,423 22,448 22,547 22,537 22,574 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 943.8 1,014.1 1,001.1 983.2 939 972 975 977 979 979 General merchandise stores.......... 2,692.2 2,734.0 2,745.1 2,756.6 2,726 2,788 2,784 2,790 2,781 2,793 Department stores................. 2,367.6 2,411.2 2,420.7 2,427.0 2,397 2,462 2,457 2,454 2,456 2,459 Food stores......................... 3,501.8 3,574.3 3,569.0 3,556.0 3,506 3,542 3,538 3,552 3,553 3,560 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,336.6 2,385.3 2,382.5 2,371.4 2,321 2,345 2,351 2,355 2,353 2,355 New and used car dealers.......... 1,056.6 1,069.3 1,067.3 1,068.8 1,053 1,060 1,064 1,066 1,063 1,066 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,080.3 1,102.2 1,112.6 1,098.7 1,100 1,106 1,108 1,111 1,113 1,118 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 1,009.2 1,054.6 1,059.4 1,060.0 1,019 1,055 1,058 1,063 1,071 1,070 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,761.9 7,940.2 7,949.8 7,915.7 7,641 7,714 7,726 7,781 7,766 7,793 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,800.3 2,857.7 2,870.7 2,879.8 2,826 2,901 2,908 2,918 2,921 2,906 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,131 7,457 7,454 7,402 7,125 7,311 7,333 7,370 7,372 7,395 Finance............................. 3,429 3,591 3,592 3,575 3,434 3,536 3,547 3,565 3,572 3,580 Depository institutions........... 2,024.2 2,058.7 2,054.0 2,038.2 2,027 2,044 2,042 2,042 2,042 2,041 Commercial banks................ 1,457.1 1,471.1 1,467.2 1,455.7 1,459 1,463 1,459 1,459 1,458 1,457 Savings institutions............ 260.0 266.6 265.1 262.4 261 264 264 265 264 264 Nondepository institutions........ 576.2 626.2 630.3 628.6 576 611 616 624 628 629 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 256.2 292.0 296.6 296.4 256 281 284 289 295 297 Security and commodity brokers.... 605.6 660.8 662.2 661.3 606 641 648 655 657 662 Holding and other investment offices........................ 223.4 245.5 245.5 246.5 225 240 241 244 245 248 Insurance........................... 2,263 2,346 2,347 2,341 2,267 2,320 2,328 2,337 2,339 2,345 Insurance carriers................ 1,538.5 1,601.0 1,601.7 1,597.1 1,540 1,579 1,586 1,594 1,595 1,599 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 724.8 745.4 745.4 743.5 727 741 742 743 744 746 Real estate......................... 1,439 1,520 1,515 1,486 1,424 1,455 1,458 1,468 1,461 1,470 Services2............................. 36,495 38,052 37,984 37,858 36,363 37,350 37,494 37,614 37,693 37,717 Agricultural services............... 729.1 792.1 786.4 760.3 690 700 706 713 718 719 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,792.8 1,921.5 1,914.9 1,826.0 1,745 1,769 1,773 1,781 1,785 1,779 Personal services................... 1,147.4 1,142.0 1,141.0 1,143.5 1,180 1,190 1,186 1,184 1,184 1,176 Business services................... 8,221.2 8,607.8 8,707.3 8,700.1 8,112 8,491 8,556 8,565 8,619 8,588 Services to buildings............. 949.0 987.2 988.4 984.4 947 975 975 980 978 982 Personnel supply services......... 3,120.8 3,168.0 3,256.0 3,251.0 3,013 3,156 3,189 3,151 3,176 3,139 Help supply services............ 2,790.5 2,833.2 2,915.1 2,912.1 2,686 2,818 2,853 2,815 2,848 2,804 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,445.3 1,620.8 1,633.3 1,640.0 1,448 1,578 1,601 1,622 1,634 1,644 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,132.6 1,170.2 1,172.7 1,168.6 1,131 1,153 1,159 1,162 1,166 1,167 Miscellaneous repair services....... 380.1 391.0 390.3 390.1 378 385 387 385 386 388 Motion pictures..................... 547.5 573.8 575.7 559.4 556 567 554 564 565 567 Amusement and recreation services... 1,669.4 2,014.3 1,982.8 1,813.1 1,593 1,662 1,670 1,694 1,707 1,730 Health services..................... 9,755.0 9,940.4 9,934.9 9,921.3 9,766 9,887 9,905 9,902 9,917 9,932 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,752.5 1,826.0 1,832.6 1,832.3 1,754 1,806 1,813 1,817 1,826 1,834 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,757.6 1,763.0 1,761.3 1,757.7 1,757 1,762 1,761 1,756 1,755 1,758 Hospitals......................... 3,878.1 3,974.7 3,972.0 3,968.0 3,885 3,945 3,953 3,960 3,966 3,975 Home health care services......... 717.6 673.3 667.0 668.4 716 684 683 673 669 667 Legal services...................... 946.0 1,000.6 993.2 982.2 953 977 980 984 986 989 Educational services................ 2,093.5 1,926.3 1,896.4 2,165.4 2,136 2,195 2,200 2,205 2,203 2,210 Social services..................... 2,528.2 2,654.0 2,605.8 2,632.6 2,541 2,609 2,627 2,657 2,632 2,645 Child day care services........... 576.1 532.7 535.3 580.1 572 575 581 583 585 576 Residential care.................. 722.9 757.4 758.3 756.5 726 749 747 749 752 760 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 91.5 100.0 98.9 94.1 90 91 91 91 92 93 Membership organizations............ 2,229.9 2,342.3 2,312.1 2,247.5 2,250 2,266 2,270 2,272 2,273 2,268 Engineering and management services. 3,037.2 3,279.2 3,275.1 3,257.8 3,048 3,212 3,234 3,259 3,264 3,270 Engineering and architectural services....................... 880.0 937.7 940.3 928.3 876 913 921 925 928 924 Management and public relations... 963.0 1,060.4 1,060.0 1,061.4 962 1,029 1,037 1,052 1,054 1,060 Services, nec....................... 50.1 53.0 52.6 52.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Government............................ 19,394 18,801 18,718 19,706 19,607 19,828 19,813 19,826 19,915 19,916 Federal............................. 2,679 2,689 2,695 2,678 2,684 2,671 2,674 2,672 2,683 2,682 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,830.1 1,833.9 1,834.0 1,814.1 1,827 1,810 1,813 1,810 1,816 1,811 State............................... 4,556 4,424 4,409 4,615 4,604 4,637 4,632 4,645 4,659 4,661 Education......................... 1,866.8 1,657.1 1,659.1 1,890.9 1,921 1,932 1,933 1,938 1,947 1,944 Other State government............ 2,689.0 2,766.5 2,750.3 2,723.7 2,683 2,705 2,699 2,707 2,712 2,717 Local............................... 12,159 11,688 11,614 12,413 12,319 12,520 12,507 12,509 12,573 12,573 Education......................... 6,790.0 5,936.8 5,934.3 6,960.7 6,941 7,053 7,045 7,078 7,123 7,111 Other local government............ 5,369.2 5,750.9 5,679.4 5,452.4 5,378 5,467 5,462 5,431 5,450 5,462 1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... 34.8 34.8 35.2 34.3 34.6 34.7 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.4 Goods-producing......................... 41.9 40.9 41.3 40.5 41.3 41.1 41.0 41.1 41.1 40.7 Mining................................ 45.5 44.0 44.0 42.3 45.1 44.6 43.8 44.8 43.8 42.2 Construction.......................... 40.1 40.1 40.1 37.4 39.1 38.6 38.4 39.2 39.1 38.0 Manufacturing......................... 42.4 41.1 41.7 41.5 41.9 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.7 41.7 Overtime hours.................... 5.2 4.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 Durable goods........................ 43.1 41.5 42.2 41.8 42.7 42.4 42.3 42.2 42.3 42.3 Overtime hours.................... 5.5 4.4 4.8 4.6 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 Lumber and wood products............ 41.5 41.2 41.8 40.5 40.9 41.2 41.3 41.2 41.4 40.8 Furniture and fixtures.............. 41.1 40.3 41.0 39.9 40.4 40.7 41.0 40.7 40.7 40.1 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 44.2 43.7 44.1 43.9 43.2 43.5 43.2 43.5 43.6 43.0 Primary metal industries............ 45.3 43.1 43.7 43.8 45.0 44.5 44.4 43.6 44.0 43.8 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 45.2 43.9 44.2 44.2 45.0 45.6 45.1 43.8 44.5 44.1 Fabricated metal products........... 43.0 41.6 42.2 41.7 42.5 42.6 42.5 42.4 42.3 42.3 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.7 42.3 42.6 42.4 43.5 43.0 43.2 43.0 43.1 43.2 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 42.1 40.6 41.4 40.9 41.8 41.4 41.4 41.3 41.6 41.2 Transportation equipment............ 44.3 41.0 42.7 42.9 44.0 43.3 42.7 42.6 42.6 43.7 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 44.6 39.6 42.3 43.3 44.3 43.3 42.4 41.7 42.1 44.3 Instruments and related products.... 42.1 40.6 41.1 40.5 42.0 41.4 41.3 41.3 41.4 40.8 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.8 39.2 39.9 39.4 40.3 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.1 40.0 Nondurable goods..................... 41.4 40.6 41.0 41.1 40.8 41.0 40.9 41.0 40.9 40.8 Overtime hours.................... 4.9 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 Food and kindred products........... 42.3 41.6 42.0 42.7 41.2 41.8 41.7 42.0 41.6 41.8 Tobacco products.................... 39.4 39.3 39.3 37.9 38.2 39.3 39.0 40.6 39.6 37.5 Textile mill products............... 42.0 40.4 41.2 41.1 41.5 41.3 41.1 41.0 41.0 40.6 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.5 37.0 37.6 37.1 37.3 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.5 Paper and allied products........... 44.1 43.0 43.1 43.6 43.6 43.5 43.6 43.5 43.3 43.2 Printing and publishing............. 39.2 38.1 38.5 38.6 38.6 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.5 38.1 Chemicals and allied products....... 43.5 42.7 43.0 43.1 43.3 43.1 43.2 43.0 43.3 43.0 Petroleum and coal products......... 43.3 44.8 43.9 44.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 42.0 41.1 41.4 41.3 41.7 42.1 42.0 42.1 41.6 41.3 Leather and leather products........ 39.0 36.9 38.5 38.3 38.4 37.3 37.6 37.0 38.3 38.4 Service-producing....................... 32.8 33.2 33.5 32.7 32.8 33.0 32.9 32.9 32.9 32.8 Transportation and public utilities... 40.3 39.7 40.0 39.2 39.9 39.8 39.5 39.6 39.4 39.0 Wholesale trade....................... 38.4 38.3 38.7 38.1 38.4 38.5 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.2 Retail trade.......................... 29.0 29.8 29.9 29.2 28.9 29.1 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.1 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.8 36.1 36.9 35.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.5 32.9 33.2 32.3 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.5 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... $12.40 $12.66 $12.74 $12.87 $431.52 $440.57 $448.45 $441.44 Seasonally adjusted............. 12.37 12.79 12.85 12.86 428.00 442.53 444.61 442.38 Goods-producing......................... 14.07 14.33 14.40 14.43 589.53 586.10 594.72 584.42 Mining................................ 16.26 16.81 16.90 16.91 739.83 739.64 743.60 715.29 Construction.......................... 16.30 16.63 16.74 16.75 653.63 666.86 671.27 626.45 Manufacturing......................... 13.23 13.37 13.45 13.56 560.95 549.51 560.87 562.74 Durable goods........................ 13.80 13.77 13.94 14.04 594.78 571.46 588.27 586.87 Lumber and wood products............ 10.87 11.18 11.20 11.22 451.11 460.62 468.16 454.41 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.70 10.90 10.95 11.03 439.77 439.27 448.95 440.10 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.27 13.60 13.61 13.72 586.53 594.32 600.20 602.31 Primary metal industries............ 15.27 15.56 15.44 15.57 691.73 670.64 674.73 681.97 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 18.30 18.49 18.41 18.44 827.16 811.71 813.72 815.05 Fabricated metal products........... 12.81 12.89 13.08 13.14 550.83 536.22 551.98 547.94 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.19 14.42 14.44 14.47 620.10 609.97 615.14 613.53 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 12.85 13.15 13.16 13.23 540.99 533.89 544.82 541.11 Transportation equipment............ 17.57 16.88 17.32 17.46 778.35 692.08 739.56 749.03 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 18.02 16.87 17.61 17.75 803.69 668.05 744.90 768.58 Instruments and related products.... 13.62 13.74 13.76 13.88 573.40 557.84 565.54 562.14 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.64 10.84 10.83 10.94 434.11 424.93 432.12 431.04 Nondurable goods..................... 12.40 12.79 12.73 12.88 513.36 519.27 521.93 529.37 Food and kindred products........... 11.51 11.80 11.76 11.95 486.87 490.88 493.92 510.27 Tobacco products.................... 18.32 20.66 19.10 18.15 721.81 811.94 750.63 687.89 Textile mill products............... 10.10 10.36 10.38 10.42 424.20 418.54 427.66 428.26 Apparel and other textile products.. 8.32 8.48 8.52 8.53 312.00 313.76 320.35 316.46 Paper and allied products........... 15.17 15.63 15.53 15.89 669.00 672.09 669.34 692.80 Printing and publishing............. 13.21 13.43 13.46 13.64 517.83 511.68 518.21 526.50 Chemicals and allied products....... 16.63 17.19 17.14 17.32 723.41 734.01 737.02 746.49 Petroleum and coal products......... 20.24 20.81 20.77 20.83 876.39 932.29 911.80 916.52 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.64 11.91 11.83 11.92 488.88 489.50 489.76 492.30 Leather and leather products........ 9.11 9.16 9.29 9.29 355.29 338.00 357.67 355.81 Service-producing....................... 11.83 12.13 12.21 12.36 388.02 402.72 409.04 404.17 Transportation and public utilities... $15.06 $15.31 $15.36 $15.42 $606.92 $607.81 $614.40 $604.46 Wholesale trade....................... 13.53 13.99 14.12 14.11 519.55 535.82 546.44 537.59 Retail trade.......................... 8.45 8.71 8.73 8.90 245.05 259.56 261.03 259.88 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.48 13.94 14.10 14.05 482.58 503.23 520.29 504.40 Services.............................. 12.36 12.67 12.75 12.98 401.70 416.84 423.30 419.25 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. NOTE: Average hourly and weekly earnings, respectively, have been corrected as follows: in June 1998, manufacturing, $13.44 and $561.79; fabricated metal products, $13.02 and $554.65 in June, and $13.04 and $554.20 in May. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. change Industry 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p from: Aug. 1998- Sept. 1998 Total private: Current dollars.............. $12.37 $12.73 $12.76 $12.79 $12.85 $12.86 0.1 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.58 7.73 7.75 7.75 7.78 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.98 14.27 14.28 14.31 14.39 14.35 -.3 Mining...................... 16.24 16.77 16.73 16.88 17.06 16.89 -1.0 Construction................ 16.10 16.46 16.51 16.64 16.67 16.55 -.7 Manufacturing............... 13.22 13.47 13.47 13.42 13.53 13.55 .1 Excluding overtime4....... 12.50 12.78 12.76 12.71 12.82 12.84 .2 Service-producing............. 11.83 12.23 12.26 12.30 12.35 12.38 .2 Transportation and public utilities................ 15.01 15.31 15.29 15.33 15.38 15.37 -.1 Wholesale trade............. 13.54 14.00 13.98 14.07 14.15 14.12 -.2 Retail trade................ 8.42 8.72 8.73 8.78 8.82 8.87 .6 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 13.53 14.03 14.07 14.10 14.15 14.11 -.3 Services.................... 12.38 12.81 12.87 12.90 12.95 13.01 .5 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .4 percent from July 1998 to August 1998, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Average hourly earnings for manufacturing in June have been corrected. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... 143.7 147.5 149.3 145.1 142.1 144.9 144.8 145.2 145.3 144.6 Goods-producing......................... 118.6 115.2 118.2 115.3 114.6 115.3 114.9 114.2 114.8 113.6 Mining................................ 59.1 55.7 55.6 52.9 57.6 56.0 54.7 55.5 54.0 52.0 Construction.......................... 170.9 179.5 180.9 165.8 157.1 160.5 160.5 164.6 164.5 158.7 Manufacturing......................... 111.2 105.2 108.7 108.5 109.2 109.4 109.0 107.2 108.1 108.0 Durable goods........................ 114.2 107.2 111.7 110.9 112.8 113.1 112.7 109.9 111.9 111.8 Lumber and wood products............ 146.0 146.2 149.1 143.9 141.2 143.8 143.7 144.0 144.7 142.4 Furniture and fixtures.............. 131.0 130.6 134.1 130.6 128.6 134.0 134.4 134.3 133.7 131.1 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 117.8 117.4 120.0 119.0 112.6 114.7 114.4 115.2 115.7 114.1 Primary metal industries............ 95.8 88.9 92.2 92.5 95.4 94.6 94.4 91.1 93.2 92.6 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 73.6 71.4 71.3 70.8 73.5 74.5 73.7 71.2 71.9 70.9 Fabricated metal products........... 119.5 113.1 117.3 116.3 117.9 119.2 118.4 117.0 117.6 117.8 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 109.8 107.0 107.6 107.1 109.9 110.1 110.9 109.8 110.0 109.9 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 112.1 106.1 108.5 107.3 111.3 110.7 110.3 108.7 109.3 108.2 Transportation equipment............ 130.0 105.9 122.7 124.3 128.7 127.0 124.7 112.2 122.9 126.2 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 169.0 118.9 153.6 158.0 167.6 161.8 157.2 129.0 153.2 161.6 Instruments and related products.... 76.8 74.7 75.4 74.5 76.7 76.6 76.1 76.1 75.9 75.0 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 105.4 98.8 100.9 100.8 103.2 102.0 101.6 102.0 101.5 101.3 Nondurable goods..................... 107.2 102.4 104.7 105.2 104.3 104.4 104.0 103.5 102.8 102.8 Food and kindred products........... 125.5 120.2 125.0 127.8 116.4 119.9 119.3 118.9 117.1 119.2 Tobacco products.................... 65.8 52.6 59.8 60.6 58.6 62.3 59.9 60.3 58.8 55.7 Textile mill products............... 90.9 83.8 85.7 86.2 89.5 87.7 86.9 85.7 85.2 85.0 Apparel and other textile products.. 74.0 66.0 67.6 67.0 72.8 68.8 68.5 68.3 67.0 67.0 Paper and allied products........... 112.5 108.9 109.2 110.8 110.8 110.7 110.5 109.4 109.1 109.3 Printing and publishing............. 127.6 124.2 125.4 124.8 126.2 125.6 125.0 125.4 125.4 123.7 Chemicals and allied products....... 101.9 101.9 102.6 102.0 101.4 102.8 103.1 102.6 102.8 101.7 Petroleum and coal products......... 77.2 78.0 76.4 75.9 75.0 73.9 73.1 75.5 73.8 73.9 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 147.4 142.6 146.4 146.2 146.0 148.9 148.4 147.0 146.8 145.9 Leather and leather products........ 40.3 33.4 35.9 35.3 39.5 36.1 35.8 34.7 35.3 35.4 Service-producing....................... 154.9 162.0 163.2 158.5 154.5 158.2 158.2 159.1 159.0 158.5 Transportation and public utilities... 133.3 131.5 133.2 132.0 131.2 131.5 130.5 131.4 131.6 130.3 Wholesale trade....................... 126.7 129.7 130.4 128.0 126.4 128.8 127.9 128.6 128.7 128.1 Retail trade.......................... 138.9 146.3 146.8 142.4 138.1 141.1 140.7 141.9 141.2 141.7 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 128.6 137.2 140.1 134.6 129.3 134.9 134.8 136.1 136.1 135.5 Services.............................. 188.5 198.7 200.0 193.5 188.4 193.7 194.5 195.2 195.2 194.2 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 59.3 60.5 67.0 64.5 58.6 63.3 63.8 61.7 61.5 60.4 64.0 61.7 1995.............. 62.5 60.0 54.9 55.6 47.8 55.6 54.8 59.0 58.0 55.8 54.5 58.8 1996.............. 50.8 64.6 59.6 56.6 62.8 61.0 57.3 61.5 56.0 62.5 62.2 60.7 1997.............. 58.0 61.4 59.8 63.6 60.1 54.6 61.1 59.1 60.0 64.3 62.4 64.9 1998.............. 63.8 58.7 59.6 56.9 56.6 59.0 55.1 p53.2 p49.0 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 64.5 69.2 69.9 68.4 66.6 67.1 69.0 69.5 66.2 65.6 66.6 66.3 1995.............. 63.6 61.4 59.4 53.1 55.2 53.2 59.7 60.1 59.1 58.0 56.6 54.6 1996.............. 61.9 62.8 64.0 63.8 63.5 64.9 64.2 61.5 63.9 64.2 67.0 66.6 1997.............. 64.9 63.3 65.6 66.2 63.9 61.2 60.1 65.9 67.4 68.1 70.8 71.9 1998.............. 68.4 67.3 64.2 61.7 60.4 58.4 p57.6 p53.4 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 70.9 69.9 69.7 71.2 70.2 69.8 69.8 70.2 68.7 67.4 66.7 65.4 1995.............. 66.4 60.1 59.1 57.3 59.0 60.1 57.6 60.4 59.7 59.3 61.1 63.2 1996.............. 62.8 65.4 64.7 65.7 66.2 65.0 66.4 66.0 66.2 67.6 66.9 66.3 1997.............. 67.6 67.0 65.3 64.9 65.6 67.3 68.0 67.3 70.6 72.3 73.3 72.6 1998.............. 72.1 70.9 69.4 63.5 p63.8 p59.1 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0 1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.5 63.5 65.4 1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 69.1 68.3 1997.............. 69.8 67.6 69.2 70.1 69.8 69.8 71.2 71.2 71.1 73.0 72.9 72.3 1998.............. 71.2 p69.8 p69.5 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 56.8 56.5 60.1 59.0 53.6 58.3 59.0 55.8 53.6 56.5 58.3 56.8 1995.............. 54.7 54.3 46.4 53.2 42.4 44.2 46.4 49.6 48.6 52.2 45.3 48.2 1996.............. 42.8 54.7 48.2 42.1 55.4 50.7 47.1 55.4 47.8 52.9 54.3 55.4 1997.............. 49.3 54.3 50.0 56.8 51.4 52.2 50.4 48.9 56.5 57.2 56.1 60.8 1998.............. 55.8 51.8 52.5 48.6 45.0 47.8 39.6 p47.5 p38.8 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 60.4 63.7 63.7 60.4 57.6 59.7 61.9 56.8 54.3 55.4 60.8 59.0 1995.............. 56.8 50.0 47.8 42.1 43.2 38.8 40.6 43.5 48.2 47.1 45.3 39.9 1996.............. 43.9 46.8 46.0 47.5 46.4 49.3 51.4 50.0 53.6 51.1 57.6 54.7 1997.............. 54.3 49.3 54.3 54.0 55.4 50.4 47.5 52.2 57.9 62.6 64.7 65.5 1998.............. 60.1 59.0 50.7 46.4 43.2 38.8 p37.8 p33.1 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 60.4 62.9 61.2 62.6 59.4 57.2 57.6 58.6 58.6 54.7 57.2 55.0 1995.............. 55.4 46.4 42.8 40.3 41.4 42.4 41.0 41.0 43.9 43.2 43.2 45.3 1996.............. 42.1 45.3 46.4 47.1 48.2 48.6 51.1 50.4 52.9 52.9 53.2 52.2 1997.............. 54.3 54.3 51.4 52.9 51.4 55.0 56.8 57.6 60.4 64.4 67.6 65.8 1998.............. 61.5 56.8 52.2 39.2 p40.6 p34.5 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6 1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 38.5 39.9 44.6 1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.0 51.8 1997.............. 57.2 52.5 54.7 56.5 57.9 57.6 58.6 58.6 60.4 60.4 59.4 58.3 1998.............. 50.7 p51.8 p51.1 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.