Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 98-364 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, September 4, 1998. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: AUGUST 1998 Payroll employment rose, and unemployment was unchanged in August, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 365,000, in part because workers who were off payrolls in July due to strikes and plant shutdowns in automobile-related manufacturing returned to their jobs. The jobless rate remained at 4.5 percent. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) Since June, the number of unemployed persons has remained essentially unchanged at 6.2 million, and the unemployment rate has held at 4.5 percent. Among the major demographic groups, the jobless rates for adult men (3.7 percent), adult women (4.1 percent), teenagers (15.0 percent), whites (4.0 percent), blacks (9.0 percent), and Hispanics (7.5 percent) were little changed in August. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons declined by 320,000 to 3.5 million. (See table A-4.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment was about unchanged over the month at 131.2 million. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population age 16 and older with jobs--was 63.8 percent, likewise little changed from the previous month. (See table A-1.) About 7.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in August. These multiple jobholders comprised 5.6 percent of the total employed, compared with 5.8 percent a year earlier. (See table A-10.) The civilian labor force, 137.4 million in August, has remained about unchanged since April. The labor force participation rate—66.9 percent in August--also has remained little changed over this period. (See table A-1.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.3 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in August. These were people who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________| July- Category | 1998 1/ | 1998 1/ | Aug. |_________________|__________________________|change | I | II | June | July | Aug. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 137,524| 137,351| 137,447| 137,296| 137,415| 119 Employment..........| 131,080| 131,349| 131,209| 131,067| 131,168| 101 Unemployment........| 6,444| 6,002| 6,237| 6,230| 6,247| 17 Not in labor force....| 66,871| 67,554| 67,639| 67,973| 68,064| 91 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.7| 4.4| 4.5| 4.5| 4.5| .0 Adult men...........| 3.8| 3.6| 3.7| 3.9| 3.7| -0.2 Adult women.........| 4.3| 4.0| 4.1| 4.0| 4.1| .1 Teenagers...........| 14.6| 14.0| 14.6| 13.8| 15.0| 1.2 White...............| 4.0| 3.8| 4.0| 3.8| 4.0| .2 Black...............| 9.4| 8.7| 8.2| 9.7| 9.0| -.7 Hispanic origin.....| 6.9| 6.9| 7.6| 7.2| 7.5| .3 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA 2/| Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 124,795| 125,516| 125,751|p125,819|p126,184| p365 Goods-producing 2/..| 25,296| 25,315| 25,304| p25,118| p25,227| p109 Construction......| 5,881| 5,931| 5,946| p5,967| p5,983| p16 Manufacturing.....| 18,825| 18,804| 18,780| p18,580| p18,675| p95 Service-producing 2/| 99,500| 100,201| 100,447|p100,701|p100,957| p256 Retail trade......| 22,274| 22,402| 22,448| p22,545| p22,561| p16 Services..........| 37,019| 37,347| 37,494| p37,580| p37,715| p135 Government........| 19,711| 19,802| 19,813| p19,827| p19,884| p57 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.7| 34.6| 34.6| p34.6| p34.6| p.0 Manufacturing.......| 42.0| 41.7| 41.8| p41.7| p41.7| p.0 Overtime..........| 4.8| 4.6| 4.6| p4.7| p4.4| p-0.3 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 144.3| 144.6| 144.8| p145.2| p145.3| p0.1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.59| $12.73| $12.76| p$12.79| p$12.86| p$0.07 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 436.75| 440.46| 441.50| p442.53| p444.96| p2.43 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1998, household data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them--totaled 280,000 in August, essentially unchanged from a year earlier. (See table A-10.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 365,000 in August to 126.2 million, seasonally adjusted, following a gain of only 68,000 in July. Part of the August rebound reflected the return of workers to their jobs after strikes and associated plant shutdowns in auto-related manufacturing industries. The average monthly increase in payroll employment in July and August was 217,000. (See table B-1.) Manufacturing employment rose by 95,000 in August, following a loss of 200,000 in July, much of which was strike related. (Persons on strike or on layoff for the entire reference period are not on payrolls and, thus, are not counted as employed in the establishment survey.) In August, employment in motor vehicles and equipment was up by 117,000, largely representing a return to work of persons who were either on strike or on layoff due to strike-related plant shutdowns. Other over-the-month gains at least partly attributable to the settlement of strikes occurred in primary metals (11,000), fabricated metals (7,000), and rubber and miscellaneous plastics (8,000). Despite the return of nearly all of the workers in autos and related industries, manufacturing employment overall was down by 105,000 from its June level. In August, employment in apparel and other textile products declined by 18,000. Other manufacturing industries that experienced over-the-month job losses included electronic components (-6,000), food and kindred products (-4,000), and textile mill products (-3,000). Construction employment continued to grow in August (up 16,000); the industry has added 261,000 jobs since last October. Employment in services rose by 135,000 in August. Help supply services increased by 42,000 jobs, following a decrease of similar magnitude in July. At least some of this movement was attributable to the strikes in auto-related industries. After showing no growth in July, health services rebounded in August with a gain of 24,000 jobs. Nevertheless, average monthly growth in the industry this year has been sharply lower than in 1997. Social services employment increased by 15,000, and the industry has added 75,000 jobs since April. In August, computer and data processing services had a job gain (11,000) that was below the monthly average (17,000) this year. Employment in engineering and management services was little changed, following 3 months of strong gains. Transportation and public utilities added 24,000 jobs in August. Most of the gain was in transportation (23,000), with about half of that increase (12,000) in trucking and warehousing. Employment growth in communications has slowed since April. Employment in retail trade, and in eating and drinking places in particular, was little changed in August, following a substantial gain in July. Employment in wholesale trade increased by 11,000, entirely in durable goods. Employment growth in finance, insurance, and real estate in August (13,000) was well below the average (23,000) for the prior 12 months. Almost all of the August gain was in finance (12,000), led by mortgage brokerages (5,000) and security brokerages (3,000). Employment in real estate did not grow for only the second time this year, and growth in insurance was sluggish, following 4 months of strong gains. Government added 57,000 jobs in August, nearly all in local government (55,000). Local government education increased by 38,000. In contrast, employment in the federal government continued to decline. - 4 - Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in August at 34.6 hours, seasonally adjusted. It has been at this level since June. The manufacturing workweek also was unchanged at 41.7 hours. Factory overtime decreased over the month by 0.3 hour to 4.4 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was little changed in August at 145.3 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index rose by 0.6 percent to 107.9, reflecting the returns from strikes and layoffs in auto-related industries. The manufacturing index in August was 1.0 percent lower than in June. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 7 cents in August to $12.86, seasonally adjusted. This follows increases of 3 cents an hour in each of the prior 3 months. Average weekly earnings rose by 0.5 percent in August to $444.96. Over the year, average hourly and weekly earnings have risen by 4.2 and 3.9 percent, respectively. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for September 1998 is scheduled to be released on Friday, October 2, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1998, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ 203,364 205,270 205,479 203,364 204,731 204,899 205,085 205,270 205,479 Civilian labor force.......................... 137,460 139,336 138,379 136,404 137,242 137,364 137,447 137,296 137,415 Participation rate...................... 67.6 67.9 67.3 67.1 67.0 67.0 67.0 66.9 66.9 Employed.................................... 130,865 132,769 132,206 129,747 131,383 131,453 131,209 131,067 131,168 Employment-population ratio............. 64.4 64.7 64.3 63.8 64.2 64.2 64.0 63.9 63.8 Agriculture............................... 3,661 3,866 3,818 3,379 3,350 3,335 3,343 3,441 3,529 Nonagricultural industries................ 127,205 128,903 128,388 126,368 128,033 128,118 127,867 127,626 127,640 Unemployed.................................. 6,594 6,567 6,173 6,657 5,859 5,910 6,237 6,230 6,247 Unemployment rate....................... 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.9 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.5 Not in labor force............................ 65,904 65,934 67,100 66,960 67,489 67,535 67,639 67,973 68,064 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 97,838 98,785 98,892 97,838 98,503 98,591 98,691 98,785 98,892 Civilian labor force.......................... 74,149 75,467 74,540 73,265 73,799 73,783 73,818 74,027 73,695 Participation rate...................... 75.8 76.4 75.4 74.9 74.9 74.8 74.8 74.9 74.5 Employed.................................... 70,890 72,049 71,537 69,748 70,831 70,685 70,570 70,605 70,441 Employment-population ratio............. 72.5 72.9 72.3 71.3 71.9 71.7 71.5 71.5 71.2 Unemployed.................................. 3,259 3,418 3,003 3,517 2,969 3,098 3,249 3,422 3,253 Unemployment rate....................... 4.4 4.5 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.4 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 89,982 90,802 90,889 89,982 90,580 90,622 90,700 90,802 90,889 Civilian labor force.......................... 69,571 70,202 69,823 69,198 69,697 69,624 69,545 69,790 69,490 Participation rate...................... 77.3 77.3 76.8 76.9 76.9 76.8 76.7 76.9 76.5 Employed.................................... 67,000 67,619 67,464 66,386 67,301 67,190 66,950 67,040 66,901 Employment-population ratio............. 74.5 74.5 74.2 73.8 74.3 74.1 73.8 73.8 73.6 Agriculture............................... 2,424 2,586 2,556 2,311 2,420 2,324 2,333 2,394 2,443 Nonagricultural industries................ 64,576 65,034 64,908 64,075 64,881 64,866 64,617 64,646 64,457 Unemployed.................................. 2,571 2,582 2,359 2,812 2,396 2,434 2,595 2,750 2,589 Unemployment rate....................... 3.7 3.7 3.4 4.1 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.7 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 105,527 106,484 106,587 105,527 106,228 106,308 106,394 106,484 106,587 Civilian labor force.......................... 63,311 63,869 63,839 63,139 63,443 63,581 63,628 63,270 63,721 Participation rate...................... 60.0 60.0 59.9 59.8 59.7 59.8 59.8 59.4 59.8 Employed.................................... 59,976 60,720 60,669 59,999 60,553 60,768 60,640 60,462 60,727 Employment-population ratio............. 56.8 57.0 56.9 56.9 57.0 57.2 57.0 56.8 57.0 Unemployed.................................. 3,335 3,149 3,170 3,140 2,890 2,813 2,989 2,808 2,994 Unemployment rate....................... 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.7 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 98,000 98,778 98,901 98,000 98,583 98,668 98,735 98,778 98,901 Civilian labor force.......................... 59,123 59,101 59,426 59,362 59,486 59,573 59,599 59,359 59,712 Participation rate...................... 60.3 59.8 60.1 60.6 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.1 60.4 Employed.................................... 56,311 56,569 56,786 56,789 57,075 57,253 57,172 57,000 57,286 Employment-population ratio............. 57.5 57.3 57.4 57.9 57.9 58.0 57.9 57.7 57.9 Agriculture............................... 888 868 883 824 705 755 747 793 819 Nonagricultural industries................ 55,423 55,701 55,903 55,965 56,370 56,499 56,424 56,207 56,468 Unemployed.................................. 2,811 2,532 2,639 2,573 2,411 2,320 2,427 2,359 2,426 Unemployment rate....................... 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... 15,382 15,690 15,689 15,382 15,569 15,609 15,651 15,690 15,689 Civilian labor force.......................... 8,765 10,033 9,130 7,844 8,059 8,166 8,302 8,147 8,213 Participation rate...................... 57.0 63.9 58.2 51.0 51.8 52.3 53.0 51.9 52.4 Employed.................................... 7,554 8,580 7,955 6,572 7,007 7,010 7,088 7,027 6,981 Employment-population ratio............. 49.1 54.7 50.7 42.7 45.0 44.9 45.3 44.8 44.5 Agriculture............................... 348 412 379 244 225 256 262 254 267 Nonagricultural industries................ 7,205 8,168 7,577 6,328 6,782 6,754 6,826 6,773 6,715 Unemployed.................................. 1,212 1,453 1,175 1,272 1,052 1,156 1,215 1,120 1,232 Unemployment rate....................... 13.8 14.5 12.9 16.2 13.1 14.2 14.6 13.8 15.0 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 170,148 171,513 171,655 170,148 171,141 171,257 171,387 171,513 171,655 Civilian labor force.......................... 115,365 116,570 115,959 114,669 115,057 115,309 115,137 114,975 115,275 Participation rate........................ 67.8 68.0 67.6 67.4 67.2 67.3 67.2 67.0 67.2 Employed.................................... 110,654 112,047 111,511 109,832 110,859 111,025 110,535 110,630 110,708 Employment-population ratio............... 65.0 65.3 65.0 64.6 64.8 64.8 64.5 64.5 64.5 Unemployed.................................. 4,711 4,523 4,448 4,837 4,198 4,284 4,602 4,346 4,567 Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.2 3.6 3.7 4.0 3.8 4.0 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 59,307 59,768 59,515 59,118 59,307 59,366 59,257 59,403 59,314 Participation rate........................ 77.6 77.7 77.3 77.4 77.2 77.2 77.0 77.2 77.0 Employed.................................... 57,418 57,953 57,787 57,011 57,562 57,516 57,302 57,436 57,385 Employment-population ratio............... 75.2 75.3 75.0 74.6 74.9 74.8 74.5 74.6 74.5 Unemployed.................................. 1,889 1,816 1,728 2,107 1,745 1,850 1,955 1,967 1,929 Unemployment rate......................... 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.6 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 48,677 48,445 48,763 48,910 48,955 49,019 48,886 48,705 49,013 Participation rate........................ 59.7 59.0 59.4 60.0 59.7 59.8 59.6 59.3 59.7 Employed.................................... 46,699 46,711 46,861 47,122 47,300 47,416 47,197 47,087 47,287 Employment-population ratio............... 57.3 56.9 57.1 57.8 57.7 57.8 57.5 57.4 57.6 Unemployed.................................. 1,978 1,734 1,902 1,788 1,654 1,603 1,688 1,618 1,726 Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 7,382 8,356 7,681 6,641 6,795 6,924 6,994 6,867 6,949 Participation rate........................ 60.5 67.0 61.5 54.4 54.9 55.8 56.2 55.1 55.6 Employed.................................... 6,538 7,384 6,863 5,699 5,996 6,093 6,036 6,107 6,036 Employment-population ratio............... 53.6 59.2 54.9 46.7 48.5 49.1 48.5 49.0 48.3 Unemployed.................................. 843 972 818 942 799 831 958 760 913 Unemployment rate......................... 11.4 11.6 10.7 14.2 11.8 12.0 13.7 11.1 13.1 Men..................................... 12.1 12.9 11.4 15.1 12.7 14.0 14.7 13.1 14.3 Women................................... 10.7 10.2 9.9 13.1 10.7 9.8 12.6 8.9 11.9 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ 24,043 24,381 24,418 24,043 24,289 24,317 24,349 24,381 24,418 Civilian labor force.......................... 15,953 16,413 16,129 15,728 15,907 15,756 16,013 16,059 15,907 Participation rate........................ 66.4 67.3 66.1 65.4 65.5 64.8 65.8 65.9 65.1 Employed.................................... 14,409 14,708 14,663 14,237 14,499 14,344 14,700 14,508 14,476 Employment-population ratio............... 59.9 60.3 60.1 59.2 59.7 59.0 60.4 59.5 59.3 Unemployed.................................. 1,544 1,706 1,466 1,491 1,408 1,412 1,313 1,551 1,431 Unemployment rate......................... 9.7 10.4 9.1 9.5 8.9 9.0 8.2 9.7 9.0 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,077 7,173 7,055 7,035 7,097 7,009 7,088 7,120 7,017 Participation rate........................ 73.7 73.7 72.4 73.3 73.2 72.2 73.0 73.2 72.0 Employed.................................... 6,554 6,537 6,548 6,480 6,573 6,536 6,599 6,485 6,470 Employment-population ratio............... 68.3 67.2 67.2 67.5 67.8 67.4 67.9 66.7 66.4 Unemployed.................................. 523 636 507 555 524 473 489 635 547 Unemployment rate......................... 7.4 8.9 7.2 7.9 7.4 6.7 6.9 8.9 7.8 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,793 7,910 7,912 7,771 7,822 7,787 7,866 7,921 7,894 Participation rate........................ 64.8 64.8 64.7 64.6 64.3 64.0 64.5 64.9 64.6 Employed.................................... 7,081 7,238 7,267 7,115 7,182 7,130 7,256 7,296 7,296 Employment-population ratio............... 58.8 59.3 59.5 59.1 59.0 58.6 59.5 59.8 59.7 Unemployed.................................. 712 673 645 656 640 657 609 625 597 Unemployment rate......................... 9.1 8.5 8.2 8.4 8.2 8.4 7.7 7.9 7.6 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 1,083 1,330 1,161 922 988 960 1,060 1,018 996 Participation rate........................ 44.9 54.3 47.3 38.3 40.6 39.4 43.4 41.6 40.6 Employed.................................... 774 933 848 642 744 678 846 727 709 Employment-population ratio............... 32.1 38.1 34.6 26.6 30.6 27.8 34.6 29.7 28.9 Unemployed.................................. 309 397 313 280 244 283 214 291 287 Unemployment rate......................... 28.5 29.9 27.0 30.4 24.7 29.4 20.2 28.6 28.8 Men..................................... 32.7 31.8 28.8 33.9 23.9 30.2 20.4 30.6 29.7 Women................................... 24.4 27.7 25.3 27.2 25.3 28.8 20.1 26.4 28.1 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ 20,407 21,097 21,159 20,407 20,915 20,975 21,036 21,097 21,159 Civilian labor force.......................... 14,028 14,438 14,420 13,886 14,369 14,458 14,420 14,240 14,277 Participation rate........................ 68.7 68.4 68.2 68.0 68.7 68.9 68.5 67.5 67.5 Employed.................................... 13,014 13,351 13,349 12,867 13,434 13,480 13,328 13,219 13,203 Employment-population ratio............... 63.8 63.3 63.1 63.1 64.2 64.3 63.4 62.7 62.4 Unemployed.................................. 1,014 1,087 1,071 1,019 935 978 1,092 1,022 1,074 Unemployment rate......................... 7.2 7.5 7.4 7.3 6.5 6.8 7.6 7.2 7.5 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Educational attainment Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population.... 29,314 29,027 29,204 29,314 29,638 29,931 30,064 29,027 29,204 Civilian labor force.................. 12,460 12,269 12,402 12,534 12,664 12,690 12,888 12,548 12,450 Percent of population............. 42.5 42.3 42.5 42.8 42.7 42.4 42.9 43.2 42.6 Employed............................ 11,589 11,426 11,602 11,573 11,773 11,839 11,963 11,648 11,567 Employment-population ratio....... 39.5 39.4 39.7 39.5 39.7 39.6 39.8 40.1 39.6 Unemployed.......................... 872 842 800 961 891 851 925 901 883 Unemployment rate................. 7.0 6.9 6.5 7.7 7.0 6.7 7.2 7.2 7.1 High school graduates, no college (2) Civilian noninstitutional population.... 57,607 57,374 57,729 57,607 57,484 57,706 57,446 57,374 57,729 Civilian labor force.................. 37,798 36,912 37,305 37,842 37,340 37,496 37,096 37,219 37,381 Percent of population............. 65.6 64.3 64.6 65.7 65.0 65.0 64.6 64.9 64.8 Employed............................ 36,262 35,408 35,898 36,225 35,885 36,114 35,602 35,694 35,898 Employment-population ratio....... 62.9 61.7 62.2 62.9 62.4 62.6 62.0 62.2 62.2 Unemployed.......................... 1,535 1,504 1,407 1,617 1,454 1,383 1,494 1,525 1,483 Unemployment rate................. 4.1 4.1 3.8 4.3 3.9 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.0 Less than a bachelor's degree(3) Civilian noninstitutional population.... 42,401 42,293 41,842 42,401 42,303 42,024 41,880 42,293 41,842 Civilian labor force.................. 31,689 31,448 31,106 31,445 31,517 31,408 31,227 31,174 30,863 Percent of population............. 74.7 74.4 74.3 74.2 74.5 74.7 74.6 73.7 73.8 Employed............................ 30,673 30,496 30,227 30,438 30,669 30,437 30,333 30,224 29,987 Employment-population ratio....... 72.3 72.1 72.2 71.8 72.5 72.4 72.4 71.5 71.7 Unemployed.......................... 1,016 952 879 1,007 848 971 894 950 876 Unemployment rate................. 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.2 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.8 College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population.... 41,232 43,309 43,431 41,232 42,197 42,090 42,464 43,309 43,431 Civilian labor force.................. 32,986 34,481 34,504 33,290 33,989 33,920 34,274 34,721 34,847 Percent of population............. 80.0 79.6 79.4 80.7 80.5 80.6 80.7 80.2 80.2 Employed............................ 32,135 33,839 33,757 32,592 33,419 33,364 33,674 34,146 34,236 Employment-population ratio....... 77.9 78.1 77.7 79.0 79.2 79.3 79.3 78.8 78.8 Unemployed.......................... 852 643 747 698 571 556 600 575 611 Unemployment rate................. 2.6 1.9 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 130,865 132,769 132,206 129,747 131,383 131,453 131,209 131,067 131,168 Married men, spouse present................... 42,740 42,794 42,875 42,680 42,865 42,471 42,539 42,837 42,833 Married women, spouse present................. 32,472 32,266 32,238 32,861 32,973 32,805 32,805 32,658 32,597 Women who maintain families................... 7,854 7,752 7,900 7,892 7,813 7,848 7,922 7,846 7,932 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... 37,407 38,620 38,558 37,765 38,643 38,641 38,732 39,011 38,916 Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 38,475 38,923 39,045 38,334 38,585 38,401 38,567 38,500 38,889 Service occupations........................... 18,041 18,111 18,081 17,713 17,478 17,749 17,873 17,584 17,727 Precision production, craft, and repair....... 14,349 14,584 14,360 14,038 14,673 14,853 14,509 14,312 14,079 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,754 18,431 18,138 18,452 18,447 18,322 18,120 18,145 17,866 Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,839 4,098 4,023 3,442 3,495 3,479 3,503 3,503 3,618 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 2,001 2,285 2,315 1,853 1,987 1,871 1,841 2,018 2,165 Self-employed workers....................... 1,597 1,543 1,466 1,477 1,324 1,395 1,470 1,383 1,345 Unpaid family workers....................... 63 38 37 50 28 51 48 30 28 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 118,116 119,638 119,366 117,372 118,774 119,013 118,654 118,543 118,676 Government................................ 17,706 17,905 17,782 18,203 18,202 18,034 18,497 18,364 18,257 Private industries........................ 100,409 101,733 101,584 99,169 100,571 100,979 100,157 100,179 100,419 Private households...................... 1,005 1,021 914 935 1,014 1,015 961 974 853 Other industries........................ 99,404 100,712 100,670 98,234 99,557 99,964 99,195 99,205 99,566 Self-employed workers....................... 8,959 9,167 8,938 8,955 9,069 9,023 8,969 9,094 8,947 Unpaid family workers....................... 130 98 84 126 124 97 100 91 83 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,036 4,025 3,508 3,988 3,735 3,772 3,837 3,783 3,463 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,078 2,344 1,908 2,164 2,074 2,104 2,230 2,372 1,989 Could only find part-time work............ 1,518 1,383 1,201 1,487 1,300 1,344 1,246 1,192 1,175 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 15,398 16,168 15,851 18,096 18,084 18,662 18,665 18,584 18,648 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 3,877 3,882 3,350 3,832 3,608 3,630 3,676 3,632 3,307 Slack work or business conditions......... 1,972 2,256 1,813 2,066 1,998 2,024 2,151 2,261 1,900 Could only find part-time work............ 1,479 1,339 1,164 1,455 1,276 1,315 1,199 1,162 1,143 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 14,839 15,528 15,229 17,521 17,470 18,067 18,019 17,972 18,001 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over....................... 6,657 6,230 6,247 4.9 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.5 Men, 20 years and over....................... 2,812 2,750 2,589 4.1 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.7 Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,573 2,359 2,426 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,272 1,120 1,232 16.2 13.1 14.2 14.6 13.8 15.0 Married men, spouse present.................. 1,135 998 1,038 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.4 Married women, spouse present................ 1,019 947 1,070 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.2 Women who maintain families.................. 689 576 575 8.0 7.6 7.7 6.9 6.8 6.8 Full-time workers............................ 5,305 4,957 4,941 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.4 Part-time workers............................ 1,346 1,285 1,301 5.5 4.8 4.7 5.2 5.3 5.4 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 754 676 745 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,655 1,522 1,497 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 698 655 680 4.7 3.7 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.6 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,507 1,354 1,286 7.6 6.1 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.7 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 268 263 212 7.2 5.8 6.4 6.5 7.0 5.5 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... 5,195 4,863 4,991 5.0 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.7 Goods-producing industries................. 1,524 1,408 1,380 5.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 4.8 Mining................................... 33 24 24 4.9 2.3 1.3 3.9 3.7 3.9 Construction............................. 618 452 520 9.0 6.3 8.0 8.0 6.7 7.4 Manufacturing............................ 873 932 835 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.6 4.4 3.9 Durable goods.......................... 431 555 470 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.9 4.3 3.7 Nondurable goods....................... 442 377 365 5.0 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 Service-producing industries............... 3,671 3,455 3,611 4.9 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.7 Transportation and public utilities...... 274 246 269 3.7 3.1 3.0 3.6 3.4 3.7 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,637 1,482 1,503 6.2 5.2 5.1 5.7 5.6 5.6 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 236 151 213 3.0 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.7 Services................................. 1,524 1,575 1,627 4.5 4.3 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.7 Government workers........................... 491 464 408 2.6 2.0 2.4 2.0 2.5 2.2 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 180 181 164 8.9 8.0 7.9 8.1 8.2 7.0 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,409 2,845 2,509 2,564 2,632 2,634 2,519 2,625 2,675 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,322 2,179 2,150 2,121 1,901 1,954 2,084 1,983 1,960 15 weeks and over.............................. 1,863 1,543 1,514 2,027 1,417 1,462 1,621 1,600 1,647 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 780 685 679 950 584 656 852 793 820 27 weeks and over........................... 1,084 858 835 1,077 833 806 769 807 827 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 16.0 13.7 13.7 15.8 14.3 14.6 13.8 14.3 13.5 Median duration, in weeks...................... 8.0 6.3 7.0 7.9 6.4 5.9 6.6 6.6 6.9 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks............................ 36.5 43.3 40.6 38.2 44.2 43.5 40.5 42.3 42.6 5 to 14 weeks................................ 35.2 33.2 34.8 31.6 31.9 32.3 33.5 31.9 31.2 15 weeks and over............................ 28.3 23.5 24.5 30.2 23.8 24.2 26.0 25.8 26.2 15 to 26 weeks............................. 11.8 10.4 11.0 14.2 9.8 10.8 13.7 12.8 13.0 27 weeks and over.......................... 16.4 13.1 13.5 16.0 14.0 13.3 12.4 13.0 13.2 NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Reason Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......................................... 2,859 2,847 2,715 3,010 2,631 2,772 2,819 2,908 2,852 On temporary layoff........................... 716 935 782 891 696 786 841 966 978 Not on temporary layoff....................... 2,143 1,912 1,932 2,119 1,935 1,986 1,978 1,941 1,874 Permanent job losers........................ 1,438 1,316 1,342 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs........ 705 596 590 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers..................................... 958 817 795 894 625 748 766 799 740 Reentrants...................................... 2,217 2,173 2,157 2,173 2,096 2,033 2,096 2,042 2,132 New entrants.................................... 561 731 506 554 511 493 532 463 503 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......................................... 43.4 43.3 44.0 45.4 44.9 45.8 45.4 46.8 45.8 On temporary layoff.......................... 10.9 14.2 12.7 13.4 11.9 13.0 13.5 15.6 15.7 Not on temporary layoff...................... 32.5 29.1 31.3 32.0 33.0 32.8 31.8 31.3 30.1 Job leavers.................................... 14.5 12.4 12.9 13.5 10.7 12.4 12.3 12.9 11.9 Reentrants..................................... 33.6 33.1 34.9 32.8 35.7 33.6 33.7 32.9 34.2 New entrants................................... 8.5 11.1 8.2 8.4 8.7 8.2 8.6 7.5 8.1 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......................................... 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 Job leavers.................................... .7 .6 .6 .7 .5 .5 .6 .6 .5 Reentrants..................................... 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 New entrants................................... .4 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .4 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force.............................................. 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force..................................... 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)............................. 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.9 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.5 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.................... 5.0 5.0 4.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers........................................ 5.7 5.6 5.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers......................... 8.6 8.5 7.8 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 6,657 6,230 6,247 4.9 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.5 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,393 2,230 2,417 11.3 9.5 10.0 10.6 10.3 11.1 16 to 19 years................................ 1,272 1,120 1,232 16.2 13.1 14.2 14.6 13.8 15.0 16 to 17 years.............................. 559 494 557 17.9 15.2 15.8 18.2 15.2 17.1 18 to 19 years.............................. 722 637 678 15.4 11.6 13.2 12.3 12.9 13.8 20 to 24 years................................ 1,121 1,109 1,185 8.4 7.4 7.6 8.1 8.2 8.7 25 years and over............................... 4,296 3,940 3,853 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3 25 to 54 years................................ 3,778 3,460 3,391 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 55 years and over............................. 504 479 450 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.6 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,517 3,422 3,253 4.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.4 16 to 24 years................................ 1,334 1,293 1,301 11.9 9.7 11.0 10.8 11.4 11.4 16 to 19 years.............................. 705 672 664 17.3 14.0 16.0 15.3 15.9 15.8 16 to 17 years............................ 295 294 311 18.1 14.9 17.9 21.0 17.3 18.6 18 to 19 years............................ 417 371 357 17.3 13.3 14.8 11.8 14.6 14.2 20 to 24 years.............................. 629 621 637 8.8 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.7 8.9 25 years and over............................. 2,220 2,104 1,979 3.6 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.2 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,921 1,816 1,729 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.3 55 years and over........................... 284 283 241 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.9 2.5 Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,140 2,808 2,994 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.7 16 to 24 years................................ 1,059 937 1,116 10.6 9.2 9.0 10.3 9.1 10.7 16 to 19 years.............................. 567 448 568 15.0 12.1 12.3 13.9 11.5 14.2 16 to 17 years............................ 264 200 246 17.7 15.5 13.5 15.1 12.9 15.5 18 to 19 years............................ 305 266 322 13.3 9.8 11.4 12.7 11.2 13.3 20 to 24 years.............................. 492 489 548 7.9 7.5 6.9 8.0 7.7 8.6 25 years and over............................. 2,076 1,836 1,874 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,857 1,644 1,663 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.6 55 years and over........................... 220 196 209 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.8 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... 65,904 67,100 23,688 24,352 42,216 42,748 Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,030 5,180 1,899 1,992 3,132 3,188 Searched for work and vailable to work now(1).............. 1,298 1,251 575 580 723 671 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 311 280 175 168 136 112 Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 987 971 400 412 586 559 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,583 7,462 4,123 4,015 3,460 3,447 Percent of total employed................................... 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.7 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,313 4,344 2,584 2,541 1,730 1,803 Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,437 1,408 447 469 990 939 Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 258 271 161 184 97 87 Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,528 1,384 909 796 618 588 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total......................... 122,711 126,873 125,795 125,998 122,894 125,234 125,562 125,751 125,819 126,184 Total private.................... 104,292 106,982 106,994 107,308 103,285 105,470 105,734 105,938 105,992 106,300 Goods-producing......................... 25,437 25,632 25,436 25,696 24,972 25,339 25,301 25,304 25,118 25,227 Mining................................ 602 585 583 581 592 582 579 578 571 569 Metal mining........................ 54.8 51.7 51.4 51.4 54 51 51 51 50 50 Coal mining......................... 95.5 91.2 89.4 88.5 95 92 92 90 89 88 Oil and gas extraction.............. 340.0 331.0 330.6 328.5 336 332 329 330 325 323 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 112.0 111.4 111.8 112.1 107 107 107 107 107 108 Construction.......................... 6,039 6,175 6,301 6,335 5,699 5,930 5,917 5,946 5,967 5,983 General building contractors........ 1,379.9 1,442.2 1,471.3 1,473.9 1,318 1,385 1,388 1,401 1,406 1,409 Heavy construction, except building. 865.8 878.3 895.3 904.5 791 819 819 821 828 829 Special trade contractors........... 3,793.4 3,854.0 3,934.7 3,956.1 3,590 3,726 3,710 3,724 3,733 3,745 Manufacturing......................... 18,796 18,872 18,552 18,780 18,681 18,827 18,805 18,780 18,580 18,675 Production workers................ 13,005 13,014 12,698 12,916 12,908 13,007 12,971 12,943 12,753 12,830 Durable goods........................ 11,046 11,205 10,931 11,105 11,028 11,170 11,156 11,144 10,978 11,095 Production workers................ 7,579 7,681 7,417 7,579 7,573 7,666 7,642 7,626 7,476 7,580 Lumber and wood products............ 809.5 811.3 814.1 818.6 794 802 803 801 802 803 Furniture and fixtures.............. 508.1 526.3 519.2 522.4 509 524 526 524 527 524 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 564.0 573.2 570.0 575.2 552 561 559 562 562 564 Primary metal industries............ 710.5 718.9 696.9 713.2 712 718 716 717 705 716 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 234.8 236.0 234.1 234.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Fabricated metal products........... 1,478.2 1,497.0 1,463.3 1,483.0 1,478 1,498 1,495 1,490 1,478 1,485 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,166.1 2,213.5 2,185.1 2,179.6 2,172 2,201 2,201 2,202 2,191 2,190 Computer and office equipment..... 380.6 377.2 375.7 372.8 379 377 376 375 374 372 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,693.2 1,716.3 1,694.8 1,692.9 1,694 1,720 1,716 1,714 1,699 1,694 Electronic components and accessories.................... 661.1 674.4 667.8 662.3 660 678 677 672 667 661 Transportation equipment............ 1,858.5 1,892.0 1,741.9 1,873.3 1,862 1,890 1,886 1,882 1,765 1,876 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 997.1 1,002.0 852.4 988.2 998 1,004 998 993 872 989 Aircraft and parts................ 506.7 523.7 524.0 522.7 508 525 524 524 526 526 Instruments and related products.... 865.9 866.6 861.5 860.2 865 867 866 864 861 858 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 391.8 389.4 384.6 386.8 390 389 388 388 388 385 Nondurable goods..................... 7,750 7,667 7,621 7,675 7,653 7,657 7,649 7,636 7,602 7,580 Production workers................ 5,426 5,333 5,281 5,337 5,335 5,341 5,329 5,317 5,277 5,250 Food and kindred products........... 1,758.4 1,703.9 1,728.0 1,766.2 1,682 1,708 1,710 1,706 1,696 1,692 Tobacco products.................... 40.7 36.7 36.5 39.7 41 42 41 40 40 39 Textile mill products............... 616.2 603.0 590.3 590.3 613 605 603 599 592 589 Apparel and other textile products.. 824.5 783.1 759.1 760.1 822 787 780 776 772 754 Paper and allied products........... 688.6 687.4 682.7 682.7 684 686 685 682 680 680 Printing and publishing............. 1,554.7 1,572.2 1,570.8 1,567.7 1,556 1,565 1,566 1,570 1,571 1,569 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,037.0 1,043.7 1,043.3 1,042.6 1,032 1,035 1,039 1,037 1,038 1,037 Petroleum and coal products......... 142.8 139.2 138.9 138.6 139 137 136 137 135 135 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 997.7 1,014.0 992.0 1,006.5 995 1,008 1,006 1,006 997 1,005 Leather and leather products........ 89.5 83.3 79.5 80.8 89 84 83 83 81 80 Service-producing....................... 97,274 101,241 100,359 100,302 97,922 99,895 100,261 100,447 100,701 100,957 Transportation and public utilities... 6,255 6,572 6,545 6,564 6,264 6,513 6,534 6,538 6,556 6,580 Transportation...................... 3,946 4,218 4,187 4,205 3,973 4,173 4,191 4,196 4,214 4,237 Railroad transportation........... 226.7 233.2 234.4 235.6 225 231 232 232 232 233 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 391.8 459.0 403.9 401.3 455 453 459 458 467 466 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,702.1 1,722.9 1,733.9 1,749.7 1,675 1,702 1,703 1,709 1,712 1,724 Water transportation.............. 190.2 190.3 197.5 197.7 181 181 185 183 188 191 Transportation by air............. 976.9 1,150.2 1,154.5 1,156.0 981 1,147 1,151 1,154 1,155 1,160 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.6 14.5 14.6 14.5 14 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 443.9 447.7 447.9 450.6 442 445 447 446 446 449 Communications and public utilities. 2,309 2,354 2,358 2,359 2,291 2,340 2,343 2,342 2,342 2,343 Communications.................... 1,439.9 1,493.6 1,495.5 1,499.3 1,430 1,484 1,486 1,488 1,488 1,490 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 869.0 860.8 862.6 859.9 861 856 857 854 854 853 Wholesale trade....................... 6,700 6,864 6,875 6,868 6,671 6,798 6,815 6,821 6,825 6,836 Durable goods....................... 3,975 4,093 4,101 4,096 3,959 4,050 4,059 4,067 4,071 4,082 Nondurable goods.................... 2,725 2,771 2,774 2,772 2,712 2,748 2,756 2,754 2,754 2,754 Retail trade.......................... 22,209 22,643 22,662 22,715 22,043 22,335 22,423 22,448 22,545 22,561 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 961.8 1,023.7 1,013.6 1,000.1 940 971 972 975 976 978 General merchandise stores.......... 2,688.3 2,724.2 2,735.3 2,760.1 2,723 2,784 2,788 2,784 2,791 2,796 Department stores................. 2,361.6 2,401.6 2,411.7 2,433.7 2,393 2,447 2,462 2,457 2,455 2,469 Food stores......................... 3,520.8 3,558.0 3,571.8 3,572.3 3,503 3,533 3,542 3,538 3,550 3,557 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,343.2 2,371.9 2,383.5 2,385.2 2,317 2,337 2,345 2,351 2,353 2,355 New and used car dealers.......... 1,056.2 1,065.4 1,069.7 1,069.3 1,052 1,058 1,060 1,064 1,066 1,065 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,095.8 1,095.8 1,104.4 1,112.3 1,098 1,105 1,106 1,108 1,113 1,113 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 1,003.5 1,047.4 1,055.5 1,060.6 1,013 1,045 1,055 1,058 1,064 1,072 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,825.3 7,962.7 7,939.9 7,959.4 7,633 7,681 7,714 7,726 7,780 7,775 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,770.1 2,859.5 2,857.9 2,864.8 2,816 2,879 2,901 2,908 2,918 2,915 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,192 7,402 7,457 7,464 7,110 7,289 7,311 7,333 7,368 7,381 Finance............................. 3,446 3,567 3,592 3,598 3,423 3,521 3,536 3,547 3,566 3,578 Depository institutions........... 2,043.7 2,054.6 2,060.6 2,057.9 2,028 2,041 2,044 2,042 2,044 2,046 Commercial banks................ 1,472.2 1,468.9 1,472.8 1,470.8 1,460 1,463 1,463 1,459 1,460 1,461 Savings institutions............ 263.1 266.1 267.0 265.6 261 263 264 264 265 264 Nondepository institutions........ 572.8 619.4 626.0 630.5 571 605 611 616 623 628 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 253.9 287.8 292.2 297.0 253 278 281 284 290 295 Security and commodity brokers.... 606.5 651.1 660.6 663.4 602 636 641 648 655 658 Holding and other investment offices........................ 222.7 242.2 245.1 245.8 222 239 240 241 244 246 Insurance........................... 2,271 2,336 2,347 2,347 2,265 2,312 2,320 2,328 2,336 2,338 Insurance carriers................ 1,543.5 1,591.1 1,600.8 1,601.7 1,538 1,574 1,579 1,586 1,593 1,595 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 727.9 745.0 745.9 745.0 727 738 741 742 743 743 Real estate......................... 1,475 1,499 1,518 1,519 1,422 1,456 1,455 1,458 1,466 1,465 Services2............................. 36,499 37,869 38,019 38,001 36,225 37,196 37,350 37,494 37,580 37,715 Agricultural services............... 749.7 788.4 792.3 786.7 685 706 700 706 713 719 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,877.5 1,874.6 1,921.5 1,914.7 1,740 1,767 1,769 1,773 1,781 1,785 Personal services................... 1,138.3 1,158.2 1,142.0 1,142.0 1,180 1,186 1,190 1,186 1,184 1,185 Business services................... 8,129.1 8,592.7 8,602.9 8,712.2 8,055 8,422 8,491 8,556 8,560 8,624 Services to buildings............. 944.3 985.9 986.8 987.3 937 965 975 975 980 976 Personnel supply services......... 3,055.6 3,197.4 3,168.9 3,268.0 2,991 3,140 3,156 3,189 3,152 3,188 Help supply services............ 2,727.5 2,856.6 2,834.1 2,925.2 2,657 2,806 2,818 2,853 2,816 2,858 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,434.6 1,598.9 1,617.9 1,628.7 1,433 1,561 1,578 1,601 1,619 1,630 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,132.9 1,166.5 1,169.4 1,172.5 1,127 1,146 1,153 1,159 1,162 1,166 Miscellaneous repair services....... 381.8 390.5 390.8 390.4 378 383 385 387 385 386 Motion pictures..................... 567.2 558.7 562.4 568.3 554 563 567 554 553 558 Amusement and recreation services... 1,839.7 1,935.8 2,011.5 1,961.6 1,580 1,660 1,662 1,670 1,691 1,689 Health services..................... 9,769.1 9,926.8 9,943.1 9,946.2 9,749 9,873 9,887 9,905 9,904 9,928 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,753.4 1,818.1 1,827.2 1,832.3 1,747 1,801 1,806 1,813 1,818 1,826 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,765.0 1,762.3 1,762.9 1,764.7 1,757 1,760 1,762 1,761 1,756 1,758 Hospitals......................... 3,882.0 3,959.5 3,977.0 3,973.5 3,878 3,938 3,945 3,953 3,963 3,968 Home health care services......... 715.4 684.7 672.0 668.6 716 687 684 683 672 671 Legal services...................... 955.8 994.9 999.6 992.6 949 972 977 980 983 985 Educational services................ 1,831.6 2,004.5 1,912.8 1,892.8 2,128 2,192 2,195 2,200 2,189 2,199 Social services..................... 2,497.2 2,622.8 2,651.6 2,642.7 2,532 2,595 2,609 2,627 2,655 2,670 Child day care services........... 528.0 567.0 532.1 533.8 578 577 575 581 582 583 Residential care.................. 727.7 753.9 757.2 758.0 720 746 749 747 749 752 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 96.7 98.4 99.8 98.9 90 92 91 91 91 92 Membership organizations............ 2,291.0 2,306.3 2,344.6 2,310.0 2,252 2,265 2,266 2,270 2,275 2,271 Engineering and management services. 3,046.9 3,253.8 3,278.4 3,273.7 3,032 3,178 3,212 3,234 3,258 3,262 Engineering and architectural services....................... 886.7 932.6 939.2 940.5 873 910 913 921 927 928 Management and public relations... 964.8 1,046.5 1,058.7 1,058.0 959 1,011 1,029 1,037 1,050 1,052 Services, nec....................... 50.4 52.6 52.8 52.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Government............................ 18,419 19,891 18,801 18,690 19,609 19,764 19,828 19,813 19,827 19,884 Federal............................. 2,705 2,695 2,693 2,683 2,691 2,674 2,671 2,674 2,677 2,672 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,851.7 1,839.6 1,834.7 1,821.6 1,833 1,814 1,810 1,813 1,811 1,804 State............................... 4,361 4,493 4,431 4,412 4,602 4,620 4,637 4,632 4,653 4,660 Education......................... 1,640.4 1,759.0 1,661.1 1,656.6 1,917 1,925 1,932 1,933 1,943 1,944 Other State government............ 2,720.7 2,733.7 2,769.8 2,755.0 2,685 2,695 2,705 2,699 2,710 2,716 Local............................... 11,353 12,703 11,677 11,595 12,316 12,470 12,520 12,507 12,497 12,552 Education......................... 5,763.4 7,078.6 5,928.0 5,918.9 6,933 7,023 7,053 7,045 7,067 7,105 Other local government............ 5,589.4 5,624.0 5,749.4 5,676.1 5,383 5,447 5,467 5,462 5,430 5,447 1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... 35.0 34.7 34.8 35.2 34.7 34.5 34.7 34.6 34.6 34.6 Goods-producing......................... 41.5 41.2 40.9 41.3 41.3 40.8 41.1 41.0 41.1 41.1 Mining................................ 45.6 44.0 44.1 44.2 45.6 44.1 44.6 43.8 44.9 44.0 Construction.......................... 39.7 39.1 40.1 40.1 38.8 38.7 38.6 38.4 39.2 39.1 Manufacturing......................... 42.0 41.8 41.1 41.7 41.9 41.4 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.7 Overtime hours.................... 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.4 Durable goods........................ 42.7 42.4 41.5 42.2 42.8 41.9 42.4 42.3 42.2 42.2 Overtime hours.................... 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.6 5.1 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.6 Lumber and wood products............ 41.3 41.6 41.2 41.7 41.0 41.2 41.2 41.3 41.2 41.3 Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.5 40.8 40.2 41.0 40.2 40.7 40.7 41.0 40.6 40.7 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.8 43.8 43.7 44.2 43.1 43.3 43.5 43.2 43.5 43.7 Primary metal industries............ 44.7 44.4 43.2 43.5 45.0 43.9 44.5 44.4 43.7 43.8 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.8 45.0 43.9 43.8 45.1 44.9 45.6 45.1 43.8 44.1 Fabricated metal products........... 42.5 42.6 41.5 42.2 42.5 41.8 42.6 42.5 42.3 42.3 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.1 43.2 42.2 42.5 43.5 42.6 43.0 43.2 42.9 43.0 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 41.7 41.4 40.7 41.5 41.9 41.1 41.4 41.4 41.4 41.7 Transportation equipment............ 44.3 42.9 41.0 42.5 44.4 42.1 43.3 42.7 42.6 42.4 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 44.7 42.7 39.7 42.0 44.9 42.0 43.3 42.4 41.9 41.8 Instruments and related products.... 42.1 41.3 40.7 41.1 42.2 41.3 41.4 41.3 41.5 41.4 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.3 39.9 39.2 39.7 40.2 40.1 40.0 40.0 40.0 39.9 Nondurable goods..................... 40.9 40.9 40.6 41.0 40.7 40.7 41.0 40.9 41.0 40.9 Overtime hours.................... 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 Food and kindred products........... 41.8 41.5 41.7 42.2 41.2 41.3 41.8 41.7 42.1 41.8 Tobacco products.................... 37.8 39.9 39.2 39.4 38.0 38.2 39.3 39.0 40.5 39.7 Textile mill products............... 41.6 41.5 40.4 41.1 41.3 41.0 41.3 41.1 41.0 40.9 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.4 37.8 36.9 37.5 37.1 37.7 37.4 37.4 37.3 37.4 Paper and allied products........... 43.4 43.5 42.9 43.0 43.5 43.0 43.5 43.6 43.4 43.2 Printing and publishing............. 38.6 37.9 38.1 38.5 38.3 38.2 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.5 Chemicals and allied products....... 43.0 43.2 42.7 43.0 43.3 43.1 43.1 43.2 43.0 43.3 Petroleum and coal products......... 43.0 43.2 44.6 42.5 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.7 42.0 41.1 41.4 41.8 41.7 42.1 42.0 42.1 41.6 Leather and leather products........ 38.4 38.1 36.5 38.0 38.1 37.3 37.3 37.6 36.6 37.8 Service-producing....................... 33.3 33.0 33.2 33.5 32.9 32.9 33.0 32.9 33.0 32.9 Transportation and public utilities... 40.5 39.6 39.7 40.2 40.1 39.6 39.8 39.5 39.6 39.6 Wholesale trade....................... 38.5 38.3 38.4 38.7 38.4 38.3 38.5 38.2 38.4 38.4 Retail trade.......................... 29.7 29.3 29.8 29.9 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.1 29.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.1 36.0 36.1 36.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.9 32.7 32.9 33.2 32.7 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... $12.22 $12.66 $12.66 $12.75 $427.70 $439.30 $440.57 $448.80 Seasonally adjusted............. 12.34 12.76 12.79 12.86 428.20 441.50 442.53 444.96 Goods-producing......................... 13.96 14.27 14.34 14.42 579.34 587.92 586.51 595.55 Mining................................ 15.98 16.73 16.77 16.93 728.69 736.12 739.56 748.31 Construction.......................... 16.12 16.44 16.63 16.76 639.96 642.80 666.86 672.08 Manufacturing......................... 13.14 13.43 13.38 13.46 551.88 561.37 549.92 561.28 Durable goods........................ 13.70 13.94 13.79 13.95 584.99 591.06 572.29 588.69 Lumber and wood products............ 10.81 11.10 11.20 11.24 446.45 461.76 461.44 468.71 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.59 10.81 10.93 10.98 428.90 441.05 439.39 450.18 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.21 13.58 13.62 13.63 578.60 594.80 595.19 602.45 Primary metal industries............ 15.16 15.53 15.58 15.46 677.65 689.53 673.06 672.51 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 18.00 18.53 18.54 18.35 806.40 833.85 813.91 803.73 Fabricated metal products........... 12.75 13.00 12.88 13.05 541.88 553.80 534.52 550.71 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.03 14.40 14.42 14.39 604.69 622.08 608.52 611.58 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 12.75 13.08 13.16 13.23 531.68 541.51 535.61 549.05 Transportation equipment............ 17.43 17.45 16.92 17.39 772.15 748.61 693.72 739.08 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.83 17.84 16.96 17.72 797.00 761.77 673.31 744.24 Instruments and related products.... 13.48 13.71 13.74 13.77 567.51 566.22 559.22 565.95 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.57 10.82 10.84 10.84 425.97 431.72 424.93 430.35 Nondurable goods..................... 12.33 12.69 12.79 12.75 504.30 519.02 519.27 522.75 Food and kindred products........... 11.51 11.76 11.77 11.76 481.12 488.04 490.81 496.27 Tobacco products.................... 19.86 20.89 20.69 18.98 750.71 833.51 811.05 747.81 Textile mill products............... 10.02 10.36 10.36 10.41 416.83 429.94 418.54 427.85 Apparel and other textile products.. 8.23 8.50 8.48 8.54 307.80 321.30 312.91 320.25 Paper and allied products........... 15.11 15.45 15.62 15.57 655.77 672.08 670.10 669.51 Printing and publishing............. 13.07 13.33 13.43 13.44 504.50 505.21 511.68 517.44 Chemicals and allied products....... 16.57 17.05 17.22 17.18 712.51 736.56 735.29 738.74 Petroleum and coal products......... 19.97 20.71 20.84 20.71 858.71 894.67 929.46 880.18 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.57 11.81 11.91 11.83 482.47 496.02 489.50 489.76 Leather and leather products........ 8.90 9.35 9.25 9.43 341.76 356.24 337.63 358.34 Service-producing....................... 11.64 12.13 12.13 12.21 387.61 400.29 402.72 409.04 Transportation and public utilities... $15.04 $15.22 $15.34 $15.32 $609.12 $602.71 $609.00 $615.86 Wholesale trade....................... 13.48 13.89 13.99 14.12 518.98 531.99 537.22 546.44 Retail trade.......................... 8.30 8.70 8.71 8.73 246.51 254.91 259.56 261.03 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.38 13.93 13.93 14.14 483.02 501.48 502.87 521.77 Services.............................. 12.12 12.70 12.67 12.76 398.75 415.29 416.84 423.63 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. change Industry 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p from: July 1998- Aug. 1998 Total private: Current dollars.............. $12.34 $12.70 $12.73 $12.76 $12.79 $12.86 0.5 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.58 7.74 7.73 7.75 7.75 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.95 14.25 14.27 14.28 14.31 14.41 .7 Mining...................... 16.16 16.72 16.77 16.73 16.84 17.09 1.5 Construction................ 16.06 16.45 16.46 16.51 16.64 16.69 .3 Manufacturing............... 13.20 13.44 13.47 13.46 13.43 13.54 .8 Excluding overtime4....... 12.49 12.76 12.78 12.76 12.72 12.84 .9 Service-producing............. 11.80 12.19 12.23 12.26 12.30 12.36 .5 Transportation and public utilities................ 15.02 15.32 15.31 15.29 15.36 15.34 -.1 Wholesale trade............. 13.56 13.88 14.00 13.98 14.07 14.15 .6 Retail trade................ 8.37 8.70 8.72 8.73 8.78 8.82 .5 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 13.51 14.00 14.03 14.07 14.09 14.19 .7 Services.................... 12.35 12.76 12.81 12.87 12.90 12.96 .5 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .0 percent from June 1998 to July 1998, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... 144.8 146.9 147.4 149.3 141.7 144.0 144.9 144.8 145.2 145.3 Goods-producing......................... 117.8 117.3 115.2 118.0 114.4 114.9 115.3 114.9 114.2 114.6 Mining................................ 59.4 55.8 55.9 55.5 58.1 55.4 56.0 54.7 55.6 54.0 Construction.......................... 171.0 171.0 179.3 180.7 155.7 161.5 160.5 160.5 164.4 164.1 Manufacturing......................... 110.1 109.7 105.2 108.5 109.2 108.7 109.4 109.0 107.3 107.9 Durable goods........................ 113.0 113.7 107.3 111.5 113.0 112.2 113.1 112.7 110.0 111.7 Lumber and wood products............ 145.7 146.9 146.2 148.7 141.6 143.8 143.8 143.7 143.8 144.3 Furniture and fixtures.............. 128.6 134.4 130.4 133.8 128.0 133.7 134.0 134.4 134.0 133.4 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 116.8 118.7 117.6 120.5 112.3 114.1 114.7 114.4 115.4 116.2 Primary metal industries............ 94.2 94.9 88.8 92.0 95.2 93.7 94.6 94.4 91.1 93.1 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 72.8 73.9 71.5 71.3 73.3 73.4 74.5 73.7 71.6 72.0 Fabricated metal products........... 117.7 119.4 113.1 116.9 117.8 117.5 119.2 118.4 116.9 117.2 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 108.2 111.4 106.7 107.3 109.8 109.1 110.1 110.9 109.4 109.7 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 110.6 110.2 106.2 108.5 111.3 110.1 110.7 110.3 108.8 109.3 Transportation equipment............ 129.7 126.4 107.0 122.1 130.5 124.6 127.0 124.7 113.2 122.2 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 170.2 160.1 121.1 152.3 171.6 158.9 161.8 157.2 131.7 151.7 Instruments and related products.... 76.5 76.5 74.7 75.6 76.7 76.6 76.6 76.1 76.5 76.1 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 104.3 102.3 98.7 100.7 103.7 103.4 102.0 101.6 102.0 101.0 Nondurable goods..................... 106.1 104.3 102.4 104.5 103.9 104.0 104.4 104.0 103.5 102.6 Food and kindred products........... 124.1 118.1 120.3 125.5 115.9 118.3 119.9 119.3 119.1 117.6 Tobacco products.................... 57.9 53.9 52.5 60.1 56.5 62.5 62.3 59.9 60.2 59.0 Textile mill products............... 90.2 88.4 83.7 85.1 88.9 87.4 87.7 86.9 85.5 84.5 Apparel and other textile products.. 73.6 69.9 65.8 66.8 73.0 70.0 68.8 68.5 68.1 66.3 Paper and allied products........... 111.1 111.0 108.6 109.1 110.3 109.9 110.7 110.5 109.2 109.1 Printing and publishing............. 126.4 124.1 124.1 125.3 125.5 124.7 125.6 125.0 125.3 125.4 Chemicals and allied products....... 100.7 103.5 101.9 102.5 100.8 102.7 102.8 103.1 102.8 102.6 Petroleum and coal products......... 77.7 75.5 78.2 74.7 75.6 73.1 73.9 73.1 75.1 72.2 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 146.1 149.6 142.7 146.3 146.0 148.1 148.9 148.4 147.0 146.8 Leather and leather products........ 40.0 37.0 33.5 35.9 39.2 36.7 36.1 35.8 34.9 35.4 Service-producing....................... 156.9 160.2 161.9 163.4 154.0 157.0 158.2 158.2 159.1 159.1 Transportation and public utilities... 128.7 131.8 131.7 134.1 127.5 130.2 131.5 130.5 131.4 132.4 Wholesale trade....................... 127.3 129.3 129.6 130.4 126.4 127.9 128.8 127.9 128.8 128.6 Retail trade.......................... 142.9 143.6 146.3 146.9 138.4 139.8 141.1 140.7 141.9 141.3 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 131.3 135.7 137.1 140.0 129.8 134.2 134.9 134.8 136.0 136.2 Services.............................. 191.2 196.3 198.5 200.2 187.9 192.3 193.7 194.5 195.0 195.3 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 59.3 60.5 67.0 64.5 58.6 63.3 63.8 61.7 61.5 60.4 64.0 61.7 1995.............. 62.5 60.0 54.9 55.6 47.8 55.6 54.8 59.0 58.0 55.8 54.5 58.8 1996.............. 50.8 64.6 59.6 56.6 62.8 61.0 57.3 61.5 56.0 62.5 62.2 60.7 1997.............. 58.0 61.4 59.8 63.6 60.1 54.6 61.1 59.1 60.0 64.3 62.4 64.9 1998.............. 63.8 58.7 59.6 56.9 56.6 59.0 p53.5 p54.8 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 64.5 69.2 69.9 68.4 66.6 67.1 69.0 69.5 66.2 65.6 66.6 66.3 1995.............. 63.6 61.4 59.4 53.1 55.2 53.2 59.7 60.1 59.1 58.0 56.6 54.6 1996.............. 61.9 62.8 64.0 63.8 63.5 64.9 64.2 61.5 63.9 64.2 67.0 66.6 1997.............. 64.9 63.3 65.6 66.2 63.9 61.2 60.1 65.9 67.4 68.1 70.8 71.9 1998.............. 68.4 67.3 64.2 61.7 60.4 p57.7 p58.0 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 70.9 69.9 69.7 71.2 70.2 69.8 69.8 70.2 68.7 67.4 66.7 65.4 1995.............. 66.4 60.1 59.1 57.3 59.0 60.1 57.6 60.4 59.7 59.3 61.1 63.2 1996.............. 62.8 65.4 64.7 65.7 66.2 65.0 66.4 66.0 66.2 67.6 66.9 66.3 1997.............. 67.6 67.0 65.3 64.9 65.6 67.3 68.0 67.3 70.6 72.3 73.3 72.6 1998.............. 72.1 70.9 69.4 p63.6 p63.5 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0 1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.5 63.5 65.4 1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 69.1 68.3 1997.............. 69.8 67.6 69.2 70.1 69.8 69.8 71.2 71.2 71.1 73.0 72.9 72.3 1998.............. p70.9 p70.5 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 56.8 56.5 60.1 59.0 53.6 58.3 59.0 55.8 53.6 56.5 58.3 56.8 1995.............. 54.7 54.3 46.4 53.2 42.4 44.2 46.4 49.6 48.6 52.2 45.3 48.2 1996.............. 42.8 54.7 48.2 42.1 55.4 50.7 47.1 55.4 47.8 52.9 54.3 55.4 1997.............. 49.3 54.3 50.0 56.8 51.4 52.2 50.4 48.9 56.5 57.2 56.1 60.8 1998.............. 55.8 51.8 52.5 48.6 45.0 47.8 p39.6 p47.1 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 60.4 63.7 63.7 60.4 57.6 59.7 61.9 56.8 54.3 55.4 60.8 59.0 1995.............. 56.8 50.0 47.8 42.1 43.2 38.8 40.6 43.5 48.2 47.1 45.3 39.9 1996.............. 43.9 46.8 46.0 47.5 46.4 49.3 51.4 50.0 53.6 51.1 57.6 54.7 1997.............. 54.3 49.3 54.3 54.0 55.4 50.4 47.5 52.2 57.9 62.6 64.7 65.5 1998.............. 60.1 59.0 50.7 46.4 43.2 p38.8 p37.8 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 60.4 62.9 61.2 62.6 59.4 57.2 57.6 58.6 58.6 54.7 57.2 55.0 1995.............. 55.4 46.4 42.8 40.3 41.4 42.4 41.0 41.0 43.9 43.2 43.2 45.3 1996.............. 42.1 45.3 46.4 47.1 48.2 48.6 51.1 50.4 52.9 52.9 53.2 52.2 1997.............. 54.3 54.3 51.4 52.9 51.4 55.0 56.8 57.6 60.4 64.4 67.6 65.8 1998.............. 61.5 56.8 52.2 p40.6 p41.4 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6 1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 38.5 39.9 44.6 1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.0 51.8 1997.............. 57.2 52.5 54.7 56.5 57.9 57.6 58.6 58.6 60.4 60.4 59.4 58.3 1998.............. p51.1 p54.0 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.