Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov:80/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 97-251 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, August 1, 1997. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JULY 1997 Employment rose, and the unemployment rate edged down to 4.8 percent in July, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The jobless rate had risen from 4.8 percent in May to 5.0 percent in June. The number of payroll jobs increased by 316,000 in July, with widespread gains in the service-producing sector of the economy. Average weekly hours declined, and average hourly earnings were unchanged over the month. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The number of unemployed persons, 6.6 million, and the unemployment rate, 4.8 percent, edged down in July. Among the major worker groups, the rate for black workers declined to 9.4 percent. Rates for adult women (4.2 percent), adult men (4.0 percent), teenagers (16.4 percent), whites (4.2 percent), and Hispanics (7.9 percent) showed little or no change from June. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) The number of persons unemployed for less than 15 weeks declined, with most of the drop occurring among those unemployed for less than 5 weeks. The number of persons unemployed for longer periods was little changed. As a result, both the mean and median duration of unemployment increased--to 16.6 and 8.5 weeks, respectively. A decline in the number of persons unemployed in July because they had lost their last jobs offset an increase of similar size in June. (See tables A-5 and A-6.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment rose in July, to a seasonally adjusted level of 129.7 million. Since July 1996, employment has increased by 2.5 million, after adjusting for the change in the population controls made in January. The proportion of the population with jobs (the employment-to-population ratio) was 63.8 percent in July; it has been at or near that level for 5 months. (See table A-1.) About 8.1 million persons, not seasonally adjusted, held more than one job in July, up from 7.6 million a year earlier. These multiple jobholders accounted for 6.1 percent of all workers, compared with 5.9 percent in July 1996. (See table A-9.) Both the civilian labor force, 136.3 million, and the labor force participation rate, 67.1 percent, were about unchanged in July and have shown little movement since March. (See table A-1.) - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________|June- Category | 19971/ | 19971/ |July |_________________|__________________________|change | I | II | May. | June | July | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 135,934| 136,157| 136,173| 136,200| 136,290| 90 Employment..........| 128,728| 129,462| 129,639| 129,364| 129,708| 344 Unemployment........| 7,206| 6,695| 6,534| 6,836| 6,583| -253 Not in labor force....| 66,462| 66,678| 66,659| 66,800| 66,876| 76 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 5.3| 4.9| 4.8| 5.0| 4.8| -0.2 Adult men...........| 4.5| 4.1| 3.8| 4.2| 4.0| -.2 Adult women.........| 4.7| 4.4| 4.5| 4.4| 4.2| -.2 Teenagers...........| 17.0| 15.9| 15.6| 16.8| 16.4| -.4 White...............| 4.5| 4.1| 4.0| 4.2| 4.2| .0 Black...............| 10.9| 10.2| 10.3| 10.4| 9.4| -1.0 Hispanic origin.....| 8.3| 7.7| 7.4| 7.6| 7.9| .3 ________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 121,138|p121,856| 121,834|p122,062|p122,378| p316 Goods-producing 2/..| 24,635| p24,696| 24,702| p24,720| p24,716| p-4 Construction......| 5,585| p5,617| 5,628| p5,624| p5,627| p3 Manufacturing.....| 18,476| p18,504| 18,498| p18,520| p18,515| p-5 Service-producing 2/| 96,504| p97,159| 97,132| p97,342| p97,662| p320 Retail trade......| 21,928| p22,044| 22,026| p22,077| p22,142| p65 Services..........| 35,086| p35,435| 35,451| p35,521| p35,634| p113 Government........| 19,540| p19,595| 19,565| p19,642| p19,698| p56 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.7| p34.6| 34.5| p34.7| p34.4| p-0.3 Manufacturing.......| 41.9| p42.0| 42.0| p41.8| p41.7| p-.1 Overtime..........| 4.8| p4.8| 4.8| p4.7| p4.6| p-.1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.10| p$12.19| $12.19| p$12.23| p$12.23| p$0.00 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 419.36| p421.26| 420.56| p424.38| p420.71| p-3.67 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1997, household data reflect revised population controls used in the survey. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.3 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in July--that is, they wanted and were available for work and had looked for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months. The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for jobs specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them or there were none for which they would qualify--was 311,000 in July, down from 423,000 a year earlier. (See table A-9.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Data) Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 316,000 to 122.4 million in July, after seasonal adjustment. Job gains had averaged 234,000 per month for the first 6 months of this year. Although gains were strong throughout most of the service-producing sector, employment was flat in the goods- producing sector. (See table B-1.) Employment in services rose by 113,000 in July, about in line with the average monthly increases (106,000) during the first half of this year. Health services resumed its pattern of brisk hiring (31,000), after a small decline in June. Engineering and management services and computer and data processing services continued to show strength, generating job gains of 26,000 and 12,000, respectively. Stronger-than-usual summer hiring in membership organizations resulted in a large job gain in July (9,000). Retail trade experienced a substantial increase in employment in July (65,000), the second large gain in a row. Roughly half of the July job gain occurred in eating and drinking places, as was the case in June. Food stores added 21,000 jobs in July, following relatively weak job growth in the first half of this year. Government employment increased by 56,000 over the month. For the second month in a row, there was a large gain in local government education (48,000 in July). Changing seasonal patterns in hiring by local school systems make it difficult to seasonally adjust these data with precision. Federal government employment was little changed in July. Within transportation and public utilities, trucking (12,000), air transportation (7,000), and communications (6,000) all showed employment increases, following little or no change in June. Employment in public utilities was about unchanged in July, but has declined by nearly 100,000 since November 1991. Finance, insurance, and real estate each showed substantial job gains in July. Insurance continued its recent growth spurt, adding 16,000 jobs since March. Wholesale trade employment rose sharply in July (29,000); durable goods distribution continued a strong growth trend, while the gain in nondurables reversed losses of 6,000 jobs in the prior 2 months. Construction employment was little changed for the second month in a row. So far this year, construction has gained an average of 15,000 jobs a month, compared with 24,000 a month in 1996. Manufacturing employment was little changed in July, following an increase of 22,000 in June. Gains in several durable goods industries in July were offset by widespread losses in nondurable goods. Strength in durables was again concentrated in industrial machinery (5,000), electronic - 4 - components (4,000), and aircraft (4,000). Within nondurable goods, food products experienced the largest decline (8,000). Printing and publishing lost 3,000 of the 17,000 jobs it had added since February. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.3 hour in July to 34.4 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek and factory overtime both fell slightly, to 41.7 and 4.6 hours, respectively. (See table B-2.) As a result of the decline in the average workweek, the index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.5 percent, to 139.9 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls were unchanged at $12.23, seasonally adjusted, following a gain of 4 cents in June. Average weekly earnings declined by 0.9 percent in July to $420.71, reflecting the decline in average weekly hours. Over the past year, average hourly earnings have risen by 3.6 percent while average weekly earnings were up by 3.9 percent. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for August 1997 is scheduled to be released on Friday, September 5, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). ----------------------------------------------------------------- | Changes in Household Data Series | | | | Effective with the release of data for December 1997 in | |January 1998, improvements will be introduced into the composite | |estimation procedures used in the Current Population Survey. | |These changes will simplify processing of the monthly labor force| |data at BLS and will allow users of the survey microdata to | |replicate the official estimates released by BLS. In addition, | |there will be a slight decrease in the variance of some major | |estimates, particularly employment levels and the over-the-month | |change in those levels. The new procedures will produce somewhat| |lower estimates of the civilian labor force and employment. Data| |will be revised back to January 1997 to facilitate over-the-year | |comparisons between 1997 and 1998. | ----------------------------------------------------------------- - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1997, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ 200,641 203,000 203,166 200,641 202,513 202,674 202,832 203,000 203,166 Civilian labor force.......................... 136,272 137,557 138,331 134,165 136,319 136,098 136,173 136,200 136,290 Participation rate...................... 67.9 67.8 68.1 66.9 67.3 67.2 67.1 67.1 67.1 Employed.................................... 128,579 130,463 131,350 126,889 129,175 129,384 129,639 129,364 129,708 Employment-population ratio............. 64.1 64.3 64.7 63.2 63.8 63.8 63.9 63.7 63.8 Agriculture............................... 3,862 3,757 3,849 3,470 3,386 3,497 3,430 3,391 3,482 Nonagricultural industries................ 124,717 126,705 127,501 123,419 125,789 125,887 126,209 125,973 126,226 Unemployed.................................. 7,693 7,094 6,981 7,276 7,144 6,714 6,534 6,836 6,583 Unemployment rate....................... 5.6 5.2 5.0 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.8 Not in labor force............................ 64,369 65,443 64,835 66,476 66,194 66,577 66,659 66,800 66,876 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,230 97,649 97,733 96,230 97,387 97,474 97,559 97,649 97,733 Civilian labor force.......................... 73,801 74,312 74,674 72,317 73,268 73,232 73,200 73,242 73,230 Participation rate...................... 76.7 76.1 76.4 75.2 75.2 75.1 75.0 75.0 74.9 Employed.................................... 69,819 70,619 71,157 68,376 69,478 69,627 69,929 69,567 69,749 Employment-population ratio............. 72.6 72.3 72.8 71.1 71.3 71.4 71.7 71.2 71.4 Unemployed.................................. 3,982 3,693 3,517 3,941 3,790 3,604 3,271 3,674 3,481 Unemployment rate....................... 5.4 5.0 4.7 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.5 5.0 4.8 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,614 89,829 89,888 88,614 89,604 89,680 89,766 89,829 89,888 Civilian labor force.......................... 68,639 69,549 69,614 68,222 69,111 69,147 69,059 69,167 69,203 Participation rate...................... 77.5 77.4 77.4 77.0 77.1 77.1 76.9 77.0 77.0 Employed.................................... 65,618 66,828 66,962 65,071 66,066 66,243 66,418 66,266 66,414 Employment-population ratio............. 74.0 74.4 74.5 73.4 73.7 73.9 74.0 73.8 73.9 Agriculture............................... 2,529 2,596 2,575 2,366 2,362 2,428 2,421 2,417 2,411 Nonagricultural industries................ 63,090 64,232 64,387 62,705 63,703 63,815 63,997 63,849 64,003 Unemployed.................................. 3,020 2,721 2,653 3,151 3,045 2,904 2,640 2,901 2,789 Unemployment rate....................... 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.2 4.0 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 104,411 105,351 105,433 104,411 105,127 105,200 105,274 105,351 105,433 Civilian labor force.......................... 62,471 63,245 63,656 61,848 63,051 62,866 62,973 62,958 63,060 Participation rate...................... 59.8 60.0 60.4 59.2 60.0 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.8 Employed.................................... 58,760 59,843 60,193 58,513 59,697 59,756 59,710 59,796 59,958 Employment-population ratio............. 56.3 56.8 57.1 56.0 56.8 56.8 56.7 56.8 56.9 Unemployed.................................. 3,711 3,401 3,463 3,335 3,354 3,109 3,263 3,162 3,102 Unemployment rate....................... 5.9 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.2 5.0 4.9 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 97,064 97,834 97,919 97,064 97,638 97,685 97,767 97,834 97,919 Civilian labor force.......................... 57,933 58,908 58,952 58,139 59,130 58,974 59,130 59,207 59,186 Participation rate...................... 59.7 60.2 60.2 59.9 60.6 60.4 60.5 60.5 60.4 Employed.................................... 54,880 56,263 56,243 55,315 56,359 56,392 56,481 56,585 56,685 Employment-population ratio............. 56.5 57.5 57.4 57.0 57.7 57.7 57.8 57.8 57.9 Agriculture............................... 913 809 902 847 739 779 743 740 841 Nonagricultural industries................ 53,968 55,454 55,342 54,468 55,620 55,613 55,738 55,845 55,844 Unemployed.................................. 3,052 2,645 2,708 2,824 2,771 2,581 2,650 2,621 2,501 Unemployment rate....................... 5.3 4.5 4.6 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.2 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... 14,963 15,336 15,359 14,963 15,271 15,309 15,300 15,336 15,359 Civilian labor force.......................... 9,701 9,100 9,764 7,804 8,078 7,977 7,984 7,826 7,901 Participation rate...................... 64.8 59.3 63.6 52.2 52.9 52.1 52.2 51.0 51.4 Employed.................................... 8,080 7,372 8,145 6,503 6,750 6,748 6,740 6,512 6,608 Employment-population ratio............. 54.0 48.1 53.0 43.5 44.2 44.1 44.1 42.5 43.0 Agriculture............................... 420 353 371 257 285 290 266 234 229 Nonagricultural industries................ 7,660 7,019 7,773 6,246 6,465 6,458 6,474 6,279 6,379 Unemployed.................................. 1,620 1,728 1,620 1,301 1,328 1,229 1,244 1,314 1,293 Unemployment rate....................... 16.7 19.0 16.6 16.7 16.4 15.4 15.6 16.8 16.4 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 168,345 169,897 170,010 168,345 169,569 169,675 169,782 169,897 170,010 Civilian labor force.......................... 114,808 115,832 116,265 113,139 114,736 114,618 114,630 114,691 114,627 Participation rate........................ 68.2 68.2 68.4 67.2 67.7 67.6 67.5 67.5 67.4 Employed.................................... 109,338 110,839 111,323 107,862 109,630 109,831 110,052 109,821 109,853 Employment-population ratio............... 64.9 65.2 65.5 64.1 64.7 64.7 64.8 64.6 64.6 Unemployed.................................. 5,470 4,994 4,942 5,277 5,106 4,786 4,578 4,870 4,774 Unemployment rate......................... 4.8 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.2 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 58,789 59,447 59,465 58,432 59,161 59,196 59,008 59,088 59,096 Participation rate........................ 77.9 77.9 77.9 77.4 77.7 77.7 77.4 77.5 77.4 Employed.................................... 56,584 57,494 57,543 56,085 56,923 57,057 57,112 56,981 57,030 Employment-population ratio............... 75.0 75.4 75.4 74.3 74.8 74.9 74.9 74.7 74.7 Unemployed.................................. 2,205 1,953 1,922 2,347 2,238 2,139 1,895 2,107 2,066 Unemployment rate......................... 3.8 3.3 3.2 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.5 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 47,926 48,666 48,575 48,074 48,832 48,662 48,874 48,924 48,756 Participation rate........................ 59.1 59.7 59.6 59.3 60.0 59.8 60.0 60.1 59.8 Employed.................................... 45,779 46,846 46,726 46,097 46,915 46,902 47,047 47,128 47,055 Employment-population ratio............... 56.5 57.5 57.3 56.9 57.7 57.6 57.8 57.9 57.7 Unemployed.................................. 2,148 1,820 1,849 1,977 1,917 1,759 1,827 1,795 1,701 Unemployment rate......................... 4.5 3.7 3.8 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 8,092 7,719 8,226 6,633 6,742 6,760 6,748 6,679 6,775 Participation rate........................ 68.3 63.4 67.5 56.0 55.6 55.7 55.5 54.9 55.6 Employed.................................... 6,975 6,499 7,055 5,680 5,792 5,872 5,893 5,711 5,768 Employment-population ratio............... 58.9 53.4 57.9 48.0 47.7 48.4 48.5 46.9 47.3 Unemployed.................................. 1,117 1,220 1,171 953 951 888 855 968 1,007 Unemployment rate......................... 13.8 15.8 14.2 14.4 14.1 13.1 12.7 14.5 14.9 Men..................................... 15.1 16.9 14.5 16.1 15.0 14.3 12.7 16.3 15.4 Women................................... 12.3 14.6 14.0 12.4 13.1 11.9 12.7 12.6 14.3 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,611 23,978 24,006 23,611 23,895 23,923 23,950 23,978 24,006 Civilian labor force.......................... 15,590 15,605 15,877 15,212 15,439 15,365 15,434 15,398 15,510 Participation rate........................ 66.0 65.1 66.1 64.4 64.6 64.2 64.4 64.2 64.6 Employed.................................... 13,785 13,854 14,218 13,612 13,784 13,863 13,837 13,793 14,055 Employment-population ratio............... 58.4 57.8 59.2 57.7 57.7 57.9 57.8 57.5 58.5 Unemployed.................................. 1,805 1,751 1,659 1,600 1,655 1,503 1,597 1,605 1,455 Unemployment rate......................... 11.6 11.2 10.4 10.5 10.7 9.8 10.3 10.4 9.4 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 6,876 6,943 6,992 6,848 6,803 6,805 6,831 6,926 6,957 Participation rate........................ 73.0 72.6 73.0 72.7 71.6 71.4 71.5 72.4 72.6 Employed.................................... 6,233 6,327 6,411 6,212 6,173 6,234 6,255 6,296 6,386 Employment-population ratio............... 66.2 66.1 66.9 65.9 65.0 65.4 65.5 65.8 66.6 Unemployed.................................. 643 616 580 636 629 571 575 630 572 Unemployment rate......................... 9.3 8.9 8.3 9.3 9.3 8.4 8.4 9.1 8.2 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,469 7,597 7,688 7,457 7,641 7,641 7,693 7,615 7,689 Participation rate........................ 63.1 63.4 64.0 63.0 63.9 63.8 64.1 63.5 64.0 Employed.................................... 6,741 6,900 6,989 6,797 6,934 6,997 6,974 6,921 7,053 Employment-population ratio............... 57.0 57.6 58.2 57.4 57.9 58.4 58.1 57.7 58.7 Unemployed.................................. 727 697 699 660 706 644 719 694 636 Unemployment rate......................... 9.7 9.2 9.1 8.9 9.2 8.4 9.4 9.1 8.3 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 1,245 1,065 1,197 907 996 920 910 857 864 Participation rate........................ 52.8 44.0 49.5 38.5 41.1 38.1 37.9 35.4 35.7 Employed.................................... 810 627 817 603 676 632 608 577 616 Employment-population ratio............... 34.4 25.9 33.8 25.6 27.9 26.2 25.3 23.8 25.5 Unemployed.................................. 435 439 379 304 319 287 302 281 247 Unemployment rate......................... 34.9 41.2 31.7 33.5 32.1 31.2 33.2 32.7 28.6 Men..................................... 41.9 46.2 35.4 43.0 41.4 37.3 32.6 41.1 32.9 Women................................... 26.6 36.0 28.1 22.4 23.7 25.3 33.8 24.5 25.1 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ 19,238 20,293 20,351 19,238 20,119 20,180 20,236 20,293 20,351 Civilian labor force.......................... 12,893 13,839 14,057 12,697 13,662 13,572 13,746 13,807 13,866 Participation rate........................ 67.0 68.2 69.1 66.0 67.9 67.3 67.9 68.0 68.1 Employed.................................... 11,707 12,820 12,909 11,567 12,493 12,470 12,730 12,756 12,768 Employment-population ratio............... 60.9 63.2 63.4 60.1 62.1 61.8 62.9 62.9 62.7 Unemployed.................................. 1,186 1,019 1,149 1,130 1,169 1,102 1,016 1,051 1,098 Unemployment rate......................... 9.2 7.4 8.2 8.9 8.6 8.1 7.4 7.6 7.9 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 128,579 130,463 131,350 126,889 129,175 129,384 129,639 129,364 129,708 Married men, spouse present................... 42,521 42,533 42,589 42,503 42,509 42,329 42,273 42,448 42,589 Married women, spouse present................. 32,157 32,259 32,406 32,634 32,699 32,473 32,445 32,519 32,866 Women who maintain families................... 7,157 7,831 7,767 7,253 7,720 7,838 7,858 7,847 7,901 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... 36,181 37,271 37,209 36,505 37,723 37,599 37,318 37,493 37,558 Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 38,210 38,218 38,651 37,762 38,158 38,150 38,362 38,142 38,193 Service occupations........................... 17,801 17,708 18,066 17,281 17,292 17,267 17,390 17,412 17,523 Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,721 14,551 14,539 13,482 14,200 14,301 14,380 14,364 14,282 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,540 18,765 18,773 18,292 18,234 18,415 18,647 18,597 18,515 Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 4,126 3,950 4,111 3,565 3,507 3,605 3,680 3,499 3,554 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 2,109 2,222 2,156 1,860 1,905 1,989 1,941 1,929 1,913 Self-employed workers....................... 1,686 1,485 1,628 1,546 1,414 1,424 1,444 1,404 1,492 Unpaid family workers....................... 66 50 64 53 59 70 50 40 53 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 115,495 117,386 118,362 114,278 116,533 116,608 116,969 116,653 117,104 Government................................ 17,781 17,846 17,825 18,280 17,994 18,036 17,807 18,099 18,338 Private industries........................ 97,714 99,541 100,537 95,998 98,539 98,572 99,162 98,554 98,766 Private households...................... 985 900 960 930 869 922 967 870 910 Other industries........................ 96,729 98,641 99,578 95,068 97,671 97,650 98,195 97,684 97,856 Self-employed workers....................... 9,088 9,180 9,002 8,984 9,292 9,159 9,106 9,126 8,887 Unpaid family workers....................... 134 139 137 128 108 130 148 128 131 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,646 4,258 4,279 4,338 4,153 4,402 4,019 4,025 4,017 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,553 2,275 2,211 2,552 2,344 2,491 2,300 2,375 2,211 Could only find part-time work............ 1,755 1,580 1,726 1,549 1,518 1,629 1,391 1,347 1,522 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 15,551 16,728 15,727 17,877 18,120 18,176 18,336 18,322 18,015 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,441 4,024 4,123 4,150 3,937 4,235 3,806 3,782 3,872 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,437 2,140 2,115 2,422 2,210 2,374 2,159 2,220 2,102 Could only find part-time work............ 1,701 1,516 1,683 1,517 1,475 1,603 1,347 1,298 1,509 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 14,910 16,162 15,102 17,250 17,565 17,661 17,780 17,663 17,418 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,276 6,836 6,583 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.8 Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,151 2,901 2,789 4.6 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.2 4.0 Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,824 2,621 2,501 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.2 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,301 1,314 1,293 16.7 16.4 15.4 15.6 16.8 16.4 Married men, spouse present.................. 1,309 1,159 1,149 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 Married women, spouse present................ 1,192 1,071 1,058 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 Women who maintain families.................. 698 686 634 8.8 9.1 7.5 7.6 8.0 7.4 Full-time workers............................ 5,813 5,515 5,309 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.9 4.7 Part-time workers............................ 1,481 1,271 1,300 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.2 5.3 5.4 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 892 748 748 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,813 1,702 1,627 4.6 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.3 4.1 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 781 715 734 5.5 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.9 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,550 1,477 1,490 7.8 8.1 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.4 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 254 308 227 6.7 7.4 6.6 6.2 8.1 6.0 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... 5,611 5,208 5,077 5.5 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 Goods-producing industries................. 1,640 1,493 1,547 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.4 Mining................................... 17 15 25 3.0 4.0 2.0 3.0 2.3 3.8 Construction............................. 638 591 600 9.8 9.6 8.7 8.4 8.5 8.7 Manufacturing............................ 985 887 922 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.3 Durable goods.......................... 532 439 431 4.3 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 Nondurable goods....................... 453 448 491 5.3 5.2 5.8 5.3 5.0 5.5 Service-producing industries............... 3,971 3,714 3,531 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.7 Transportation and public utilities...... 303 218 249 4.3 4.1 2.8 3.6 2.9 3.4 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,683 1,737 1,591 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.5 6.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 209 186 251 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.5 3.2 Services................................. 1,776 1,573 1,440 5.5 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.3 Government workers........................... 588 533 529 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.8 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 186 229 156 9.1 9.5 9.6 7.1 10.6 7.5 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,941 3,210 2,643 2,603 2,650 2,354 2,523 2,538 2,352 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,540 1,895 2,284 2,307 2,380 2,156 2,022 2,211 2,071 15 weeks and over.............................. 2,212 1,989 2,053 2,326 2,064 2,092 2,071 2,063 2,157 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 822 973 925 994 1,001 1,058 1,078 1,045 1,082 27 weeks and over........................... 1,391 1,016 1,128 1,332 1,063 1,034 993 1,018 1,074 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 16.1 14.2 15.8 16.9 15.3 15.2 15.1 15.1 16.6 Median duration, in weeks...................... 7.7 5.8 7.7 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.7 7.7 8.5 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks............................ 38.2 45.3 37.9 36.0 37.4 35.7 38.1 37.3 35.7 5 to 14 weeks................................ 33.0 26.7 32.7 31.9 33.6 32.7 30.6 32.5 31.5 15 weeks and over............................ 28.8 28.0 29.4 32.1 29.1 31.7 31.3 30.3 32.8 15 to 26 weeks............................. 10.7 13.7 13.3 13.7 14.1 16.0 16.3 15.3 16.5 27 weeks and over.......................... 18.1 14.3 16.2 18.4 15.0 15.7 15.0 14.9 16.3 NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Reason July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 3,323 2,878 2,895 3,348 3,187 2,979 2,902 3,145 2,903 On temporary layoff................................... 974 788 873 980 1,021 976 871 925 877 Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,349 2,090 2,022 2,368 2,167 2,003 2,031 2,220 2,026 Permanent job losers................................ 1,686 1,448 1,381 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 663 642 642 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers............................................. 772 774 836 754 784 754 801 829 822 Reentrants.............................................. 2,716 2,628 2,417 2,522 2,535 2,420 2,306 2,359 2,244 New entrants............................................ 882 814 833 590 647 577 574 481 553 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed........................................ Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 43.2 40.6 41.5 46.4 44.6 44.3 44.1 46.2 44.5 On temporary layoff.................................. 12.7 11.1 12.5 13.6 14.3 14.5 13.2 13.6 13.4 Not on temporary layoff.............................. 30.5 29.5 29.0 32.8 30.3 29.8 30.9 32.6 31.1 Job leavers............................................ 10.0 10.9 12.0 10.5 11.0 11.2 12.2 12.2 12.6 Reentrants............................................. 35.3 37.0 34.6 35.0 35.4 36.0 35.0 34.6 34.4 New entrants........................................... 11.5 11.5 11.9 8.2 9.0 8.6 8.7 7.1 8.5 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 Job leavers............................................ .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 Reentrants............................................. 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 New entrants........................................... .6 .6 .6 .4 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.................................................... 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 5.6 5.2 5.0 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.8 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers....................................... 5.9 5.4 5.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 6.7 6.1 5.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 10.0 9.2 9.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,276 6,836 6,583 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.8 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,555 2,442 2,328 12.1 11.8 11.4 10.9 11.5 10.9 16 to 19 years................................ 1,301 1,314 1,293 16.7 16.4 15.4 15.6 16.8 16.4 16 to 17 years.............................. 637 548 555 19.5 19.4 18.5 18.4 17.3 17.5 18 to 19 years.............................. 661 762 748 14.6 14.6 13.3 13.7 16.3 15.8 20 to 24 years................................ 1,254 1,128 1,036 9.5 9.0 9.0 8.2 8.4 7.7 25 years and over............................... 4,691 4,382 4,224 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 25 to 54 years................................ 4,123 3,857 3,777 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 55 years and over............................. 593 515 489 3.7 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.0 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,941 3,674 3,481 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.5 5.0 4.8 16 to 24 years................................ 1,469 1,359 1,272 13.1 12.2 11.8 10.3 12.1 11.4 16 to 19 years.............................. 790 774 692 19.3 17.9 17.2 15.2 19.0 17.2 16 to 17 years............................ 396 330 299 23.4 21.4 20.5 17.8 19.9 18.6 18 to 19 years............................ 387 440 386 16.1 15.7 15.2 13.5 18.2 16.2 20 to 24 years.............................. 679 585 580 9.6 8.9 8.7 7.5 8.2 8.1 25 years and over............................. 2,453 2,311 2,176 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.7 3.5 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,119 2,018 1,920 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.6 55 years and over........................... 338 287 272 3.7 3.5 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.0 Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,335 3,162 3,102 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.2 5.0 4.9 16 to 24 years................................ 1,086 1,083 1,057 11.0 11.3 10.9 11.6 10.8 10.4 16 to 19 years.............................. 511 540 601 13.8 14.9 13.6 16.0 14.4 15.5 16 to 17 years............................ 241 217 256 15.2 17.1 16.5 19.0 14.4 16.4 18 to 19 years............................ 274 322 361 12.8 13.3 11.3 13.8 14.3 15.4 20 to 24 years.............................. 575 542 456 9.3 9.1 9.3 8.9 8.6 7.3 25 years and over............................. 2,238 2,071 2,048 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,004 1,839 1,856 4.5 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 55 years and over........................... 255 228 218 3.6 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.0 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category July July July July July July 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... 64,369 64,835 22,429 23,059 41,940 41,777 Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,196 4,777 2,037 1,855 3,159 2,922 Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,490 1,281 661 584 830 697 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 423 311 224 170 199 140 Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,068 971 437 414 631 557 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,642 8,053 4,197 4,366 3,444 3,687 Percent of total employed................................... 5.9 6.1 6.0 6.1 5.9 6.1 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,201 4,514 2,587 2,703 1,615 1,810 Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,675 1,608 547 534 1,128 1,075 Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 281 258 207 185 74 72 Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,443 1,625 828 920 615 705 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry July May June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total......................... 119,481 122,477 123,115 122,177 119,691 121,344 121,671 121,834 122,062 122,378 Total private.................... 101,098 102,473 103,412 103,581 100,236 101,799 102,092 102,269 102,420 102,680 Goods-producing......................... 24,716 24,722 25,024 25,009 24,433 24,670 24,667 24,702 24,720 24,716 Mining................................ 585 574 582 585 574 572 573 576 576 574 Metal mining........................ 55.4 54.2 55.5 55.5 54 54 54 54 54 54 Coal mining......................... 97.5 92.6 93.1 91.9 97 93 93 93 93 91 Oil and gas extraction.............. 321.2 316.7 321.1 325.1 317 317 319 321 321 321 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 110.5 110.2 111.9 112.2 106 108 107 108 108 108 Construction.......................... 5,731 5,671 5,832 5,950 5,417 5,609 5,599 5,628 5,624 5,627 General building contractors........ 1,315.0 1,295.5 1,338.9 1,365.3 1,258 1,298 1,297 1,300 1,302 1,307 Heavy construction, except building. 841.2 805.8 818.6 829.1 773 777 767 777 765 762 Special trade contractors........... 3,575.0 3,570.0 3,674.3 3,755.2 3,386 3,534 3,535 3,551 3,557 3,558 Manufacturing......................... 18,400 18,477 18,610 18,474 18,442 18,489 18,495 18,498 18,520 18,515 Production workers................ 12,665 12,770 12,864 12,723 12,735 12,771 12,774 12,790 12,790 12,797 Durable goods........................ 10,718 10,877 10,953 10,861 10,766 10,848 10,856 10,864 10,890 10,910 Production workers................ 7,309 7,468 7,522 7,416 7,369 7,437 7,440 7,454 7,463 7,480 Lumber and wood products............ 791.4 796.2 808.5 807.0 781 797 799 800 798 796 Furniture and fixtures.............. 494.1 507.8 510.7 502.4 503 507 506 508 509 512 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 548.2 546.1 550.8 550.0 540 542 541 540 539 542 Primary metal industries............ 700.3 707.2 710.8 700.4 706 709 710 708 709 706 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 241.3 234.7 236.5 235.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Fabricated metal products........... 1,436.4 1,468.0 1,477.6 1,455.2 1,449 1,463 1,468 1,468 1,469 1,468 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,108.8 2,151.0 2,161.0 2,150.0 2,113 2,136 2,142 2,146 2,149 2,154 Computer and office equipment..... 364.4 377.9 381.2 383.7 362 372 375 378 379 381 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,648.1 1,640.6 1,655.1 1,649.3 1,655 1,645 1,643 1,644 1,651 1,656 Electronic components and accessories.................... 613.3 621.0 630.3 632.7 613 614 618 622 628 632 Transportation equipment............ 1,757.6 1,818.8 1,831.0 1,807.1 1,778 1,810 1,804 1,809 1,823 1,829 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 941.2 967.0 974.4 949.2 960 969 957 960 967 969 Aircraft and parts................ 456.1 497.6 503.7 506.6 458 491 495 498 505 509 Instruments and related products.... 853.3 854.3 859.1 858.4 854 853 855 854 857 859 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 379.8 386.8 388.3 381.2 387 386 388 387 386 388 Nondurable goods..................... 7,682 7,600 7,657 7,613 7,676 7,641 7,639 7,634 7,630 7,605 Production workers................ 5,356 5,302 5,342 5,307 5,366 5,334 5,334 5,336 5,327 5,317 Food and kindred products........... 1,717.3 1,660.7 1,690.3 1,717.4 1,684 1,698 1,699 1,693 1,693 1,685 Tobacco products.................... 37.3 37.7 37.7 37.6 41 42 41 41 41 41 Textile mill products............... 618.7 610.6 612.3 601.1 623 612 609 609 608 605 Apparel and other textile products.. 845.9 822.7 823.6 796.6 863 827 822 818 817 813 Paper and allied products........... 681.0 675.0 680.4 676.8 677 677 677 677 675 673 Printing and publishing............. 1,535.5 1,542.3 1,550.5 1,547.0 1,537 1,535 1,541 1,546 1,551 1,548 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,035.8 1,027.4 1,032.3 1,029.2 1,031 1,028 1,029 1,030 1,026 1,024 Petroleum and coal products......... 145.0 140.1 141.0 142.1 142 140 140 139 138 139 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 973.5 990.2 996.6 978.5 982 988 988 988 989 987 Leather and leather products........ 92.0 93.1 92.4 86.6 96 94 93 93 92 90 Service-producing....................... 94,765 97,755 98,091 97,168 95,258 96,674 97,004 97,132 97,342 97,662 Transportation and public utilities... 6,276 6,434 6,463 6,441 6,296 6,405 6,421 6,431 6,430 6,461 Transportation...................... 4,039 4,194 4,211 4,183 4,073 4,164 4,179 4,187 4,190 4,216 Railroad transportation........... 231.5 228.0 226.7 227.4 230 226 225 226 226 226 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 384.9 475.9 457.9 396.8 448 455 460 458 457 461 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,672.2 1,677.3 1,699.8 1,714.0 1,659 1,671 1,676 1,687 1,687 1,699 Water transportation.............. 184.0 181.2 183.6 189.7 173 175 177 176 177 179 Transportation by air............. 1,133.1 1,183.2 1,191.4 1,201.4 1,131 1,191 1,192 1,192 1,193 1,200 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.7 14.2 14.4 14.5 15 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 418.6 434.2 437.1 438.7 417 432 435 434 436 437 Communications and public utilities. 2,237 2,240 2,252 2,258 2,223 2,241 2,242 2,244 2,240 2,245 Communications.................... 1,346.9 1,368.3 1,375.0 1,382.9 1,341 1,364 1,369 1,372 1,371 1,377 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 890.1 871.5 876.5 875.5 882 877 873 872 869 868 Wholesale trade....................... 6,522 6,641 6,680 6,705 6,481 6,611 6,622 6,630 6,634 6,663 Durable goods....................... 3,829 3,915 3,944 3,959 3,806 3,889 3,900 3,909 3,918 3,935 Nondurable goods.................... 2,693 2,726 2,736 2,746 2,675 2,722 2,722 2,721 2,716 2,728 Retail trade.......................... 21,779 22,064 22,283 22,273 21,651 21,945 22,029 22,026 22,077 22,142 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 926.6 967.6 973.0 966.2 894 922 931 932 928 932 General merchandise stores.......... 2,678.3 2,702.0 2,738.8 2,740.4 2,731 2,783 2,799 2,787 2,797 2,793 Department stores................. 2,349.5 2,369.8 2,400.2 2,404.9 2,394 2,452 2,446 2,452 2,450 2,449 Food stores......................... 3,460.7 3,473.3 3,508.9 3,529.5 3,439 3,478 3,480 3,482 3,486 3,507 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,308.4 2,322.7 2,336.5 2,346.6 2,278 2,315 2,319 2,316 2,313 2,316 New and used car dealers.......... 1,040.8 1,054.4 1,058.4 1,060.6 1,036 1,055 1,055 1,054 1,055 1,055 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,092.8 1,076.3 1,090.2 1,084.7 1,101 1,104 1,105 1,099 1,099 1,092 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 979.6 1,020.1 1,023.6 1,030.8 989 1,025 1,026 1,032 1,033 1,040 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,669.0 7,726.1 7,832.8 7,797.6 7,505 7,525 7,571 7,572 7,596 7,631 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,663.4 2,776.3 2,779.1 2,777.4 2,714 2,793 2,798 2,806 2,825 2,831 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,998 7,028 7,102 7,155 6,910 6,992 7,019 7,029 7,038 7,064 Finance............................. 3,331 3,385 3,414 3,434 3,305 3,366 3,381 3,389 3,396 3,407 Depository institutions........... 2,039.3 2,038.8 2,058.2 2,068.0 2,023 2,037 2,041 2,043 2,046 2,051 Commercial banks................ 1,479.3 1,483.4 1,498.5 1,506.4 1,466 1,482 1,486 1,488 1,488 1,493 Savings institutions............ 264.6 253.0 255.0 255.3 263 254 253 253 254 254 Nondepository institutions........ 521.4 542.8 545.9 548.0 519 534 539 542 543 546 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 233.8 245.1 246.3 245.7 232 242 243 244 243 244 Security and commodity brokers.... 558.5 583.6 588.5 597.0 553 579 583 586 586 591 Holding and other investment offices........................ 211.7 219.4 221.8 220.7 210 216 218 218 221 219 Insurance........................... 2,231 2,221 2,233 2,244 2,220 2,217 2,221 2,222 2,226 2,233 Insurance carriers................ 1,520.6 1,501.7 1,510.9 1,520.8 1,513 1,500 1,502 1,503 1,507 1,513 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 710.6 718.8 722.1 723.4 707 717 719 719 719 720 Real estate......................... 1,436 1,422 1,455 1,477 1,385 1,409 1,417 1,418 1,416 1,424 Services2............................. 34,807 35,584 35,860 35,998 34,465 35,176 35,334 35,451 35,521 35,634 Agricultural services............... 698.2 724.1 747.3 751.8 628 648 664 669 670 676 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,861.0 1,770.1 1,850.8 1,893.8 1,718 1,746 1,756 1,752 1,746 1,748 Personal services................... 1,144.0 1,175.7 1,168.0 1,153.5 1,184 1,196 1,193 1,189 1,193 1,194 Business services................... 7,314.1 7,568.4 7,655.6 7,699.2 7,288 7,577 7,594 7,618 7,645 7,675 Services to buildings............. 903.2 906.3 910.2 905.0 898 896 902 903 902 900 Personnel supply services......... 2,690.7 2,703.5 2,742.6 2,766.9 2,683 2,787 2,752 2,744 2,748 2,759 Help supply services............ 2,386.1 2,369.0 2,402.2 2,421.2 2,376 2,457 2,419 2,409 2,407 2,411 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,206.0 1,319.0 1,333.6 1,345.6 1,209 1,291 1,306 1,322 1,337 1,349 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,096.4 1,137.0 1,140.3 1,148.7 1,087 1,126 1,132 1,136 1,131 1,139 Miscellaneous repair services....... 379.2 385.0 386.3 389.4 375 380 382 384 383 385 Motion pictures..................... 535.3 533.8 540.4 544.0 527 529 528 532 535 535 Amusement and recreation services... 1,734.8 1,624.3 1,804.9 1,848.9 1,472 1,494 1,503 1,542 1,561 1,568 Health services..................... 9,507.2 9,658.3 9,692.4 9,730.0 9,478 9,612 9,644 9,673 9,670 9,701 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,688.6 1,735.8 1,744.6 1,753.3 1,682 1,721 1,728 1,740 1,740 1,747 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,741.3 1,757.4 1,762.6 1,770.3 1,735 1,753 1,760 1,764 1,761 1,764 Hospitals......................... 3,825.7 3,858.9 3,874.0 3,892.6 3,812 3,852 3,857 3,864 3,867 3,879 Home health care services......... 665.2 683.6 684.1 684.1 665 678 684 682 682 684 Legal services...................... 945.8 946.4 967.8 971.9 931 946 951 952 953 957 Educational services................ 1,773.5 2,096.8 1,886.0 1,798.4 2,034 2,047 2,062 2,062 2,070 2,062 Social services..................... 2,391.0 2,491.7 2,465.8 2,444.8 2,411 2,445 2,458 2,466 2,472 2,466 Child day care services........... 513.8 607.5 573.4 535.4 570 580 581 587 589 593 Residential care.................. 681.1 695.7 704.7 705.3 674 690 694 695 698 698 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 93.3 90.6 95.0 96.5 85 87 87 88 88 88 Membership organizations............ 2,248.9 2,199.1 2,236.9 2,277.7 2,183 2,193 2,199 2,201 2,202 2,211 Engineering and management services. 2,868.4 2,966.7 3,006.4 3,031.8 2,849 2,934 2,965 2,971 2,986 3,012 Engineering and architectural services....................... 850.5 869.0 884.3 890.5 838 866 869 869 876 877 Management and public relations... 882.3 941.6 958.5 972.7 874 923 936 941 950 964 Services, nec....................... 47.9 48.4 48.7 49.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Government............................ 18,383 20,004 19,703 18,596 19,455 19,545 19,579 19,565 19,642 19,698 Federal............................. 2,776 2,707 2,719 2,718 2,752 2,709 2,708 2,703 2,694 2,695 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,925.7 1,858.1 1,869.2 1,869.2 1,897 1,856 1,856 1,851 1,843 1,841 State............................... 4,390 4,696 4,492 4,407 4,625 4,622 4,635 4,636 4,634 4,645 Education......................... 1,643.4 2,001.7 1,765.2 1,664.4 1,931 1,929 1,938 1,943 1,943 1,954 Other State government............ 2,746.6 2,694.4 2,727.1 2,742.8 2,694 2,693 2,697 2,693 2,691 2,691 Local............................... 11,217 12,601 12,492 11,471 12,078 12,214 12,236 12,226 12,314 12,358 Education......................... 5,613.1 7,248.5 6,932.0 5,771.4 6,767 6,853 6,858 6,850 6,908 6,956 Other local government............ 5,603.9 5,352.2 5,560.2 5,699.6 5,311 5,361 5,378 5,376 5,406 5,402 1 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry July May June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 34.6 34.5 34.9 34.7 34.3 34.8 34.5 34.5 34.7 34.4 Goods-producing......................... 40.8 41.4 41.5 40.9 41.0 41.4 41.4 41.4 41.2 41.1 Mining................................ 44.8 45.8 45.8 44.6 45.0 45.9 45.3 46.0 45.4 44.8 Construction.......................... 39.8 39.7 39.6 40.0 38.7 38.9 38.9 39.4 38.8 38.9 Manufacturing......................... 41.1 41.9 42.0 41.2 41.6 42.1 42.1 42.0 41.8 41.7 Overtime hours.................... 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 Durable goods........................ 41.7 42.8 42.8 41.8 42.4 42.9 43.0 42.8 42.6 42.5 Overtime hours.................... 4.4 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.7 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.9 Lumber and wood products............ 40.7 41.3 41.5 40.6 41.0 41.0 41.2 41.0 41.0 40.9 Furniture and fixtures.............. 39.3 39.8 39.9 39.4 39.7 40.3 40.1 40.4 39.9 39.9 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.5 43.7 43.6 43.3 43.2 43.1 43.0 43.4 42.9 43.1 Primary metal industries............ 43.6 44.7 44.8 43.5 44.0 44.8 45.1 44.8 44.7 44.0 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.4 44.7 44.6 43.7 44.3 44.8 45.2 44.7 44.5 43.7 Fabricated metal products........... 41.6 42.5 42.7 41.8 42.4 42.6 42.9 42.6 42.5 42.6 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.4 43.5 43.5 42.9 43.0 43.5 43.9 43.6 43.4 43.5 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 40.6 41.7 41.9 40.8 41.3 42.1 42.3 42.0 41.9 41.6 Transportation equipment............ 42.7 44.7 44.5 42.2 44.0 45.0 44.8 44.5 44.1 43.5 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 43.4 45.5 45.2 41.7 45.2 45.7 45.3 45.2 44.7 43.5 Instruments and related products.... 41.0 41.7 42.1 41.2 41.6 42.0 41.9 41.9 42.0 41.7 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 38.8 40.0 40.2 39.4 39.7 40.2 40.5 40.3 40.2 40.3 Nondurable goods..................... 40.2 40.6 40.7 40.3 40.5 40.9 40.9 40.8 40.7 40.6 Overtime hours.................... 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.3 Food and kindred products........... 40.9 41.1 40.9 41.1 40.8 41.3 41.1 41.4 41.0 41.1 Tobacco products.................... 38.6 38.7 39.3 37.4 39.5 40.2 39.0 38.4 37.7 38.2 Textile mill products............... 40.2 41.2 41.7 40.6 40.9 41.2 41.7 41.4 41.2 41.3 Apparel and other textile products.. 36.8 37.2 37.8 36.5 37.1 37.5 37.5 37.1 37.4 36.8 Paper and allied products........... 43.2 43.4 43.4 43.2 43.3 43.8 43.9 43.8 43.4 43.4 Printing and publishing............. 38.0 38.1 38.0 38.0 38.2 38.6 38.5 38.3 38.3 38.3 Chemicals and allied products....... 42.9 43.1 43.2 42.6 43.2 43.3 43.1 43.3 43.2 42.9 Petroleum and coal products......... 44.3 42.4 42.9 42.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 40.8 41.7 41.7 41.0 41.5 41.8 42.0 41.6 41.5 41.7 Leather and leather products........ 37.7 38.2 38.7 37.4 38.3 38.7 38.5 38.2 38.0 38.0 Service-producing....................... 32.9 32.7 33.1 33.0 32.5 33.0 32.7 32.7 32.9 32.6 Transportation and public utilities... 39.7 39.3 39.8 39.3 39.4 39.8 39.3 39.5 39.6 38.9 Wholesale trade....................... 38.1 38.5 38.8 38.4 38.1 38.6 38.4 38.4 38.6 38.4 Retail trade.......................... 29.4 28.8 29.4 29.6 28.7 29.1 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.6 35.9 36.6 35.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.5 32.4 32.8 32.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry July May June July July May June July 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... $11.73 $12.17 $12.16 $12.14 $405.86 $419.87 $424.38 $421.26 Seasonally adjusted............. 11.81 12.19 12.23 12.23 405.08 420.56 424.38 420.71 Goods-producing......................... 13.54 13.83 13.85 13.95 552.43 572.56 574.78 570.56 Mining................................ 15.54 15.98 16.12 15.96 696.19 731.88 738.30 711.82 Construction.......................... 15.51 15.83 15.88 16.01 617.30 628.45 628.85 640.40 Manufacturing......................... 12.79 13.09 13.09 13.14 525.67 548.47 549.78 541.37 Durable goods........................ 13.35 13.64 13.65 13.65 556.70 583.79 584.22 570.57 Lumber and wood products............ 10.47 10.71 10.75 10.81 426.13 442.32 446.13 438.89 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.13 10.47 10.51 10.50 398.11 416.71 419.35 413.70 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.94 13.12 13.14 13.17 562.89 573.34 572.90 570.26 Primary metal industries............ 15.08 15.09 15.17 15.41 657.49 674.52 679.62 670.34 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 17.96 17.84 18.01 18.23 797.42 797.45 803.25 796.65 Fabricated metal products........... 12.51 12.78 12.79 12.74 520.42 543.15 546.13 532.53 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.55 13.92 13.95 14.00 574.52 605.52 606.83 600.60 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 12.26 12.56 12.59 12.69 497.76 523.75 527.52 517.75 Transportation equipment............ 17.29 17.47 17.44 17.31 738.28 780.91 776.08 730.48 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.89 17.97 17.90 17.65 776.43 817.64 809.08 736.01 Instruments and related products.... 13.18 13.52 13.53 13.55 540.38 563.78 569.61 558.26 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.37 10.52 10.49 10.52 402.36 420.80 421.70 414.49 Nondurable goods..................... 12.00 12.27 12.26 12.40 482.40 498.16 498.98 499.72 Food and kindred products........... 11.25 11.48 11.44 11.53 460.13 471.83 467.90 473.88 Tobacco products.................... 20.98 20.76 20.81 21.37 809.83 803.41 817.83 799.24 Textile mill products............... 9.68 9.94 9.97 10.00 389.14 409.53 415.75 406.00 Apparel and other textile products.. 7.95 8.23 8.25 8.21 292.56 306.16 311.85 299.67 Paper and allied products........... 14.79 14.98 15.00 15.21 638.93 650.13 651.00 657.07 Printing and publishing............. 12.63 12.93 12.90 13.07 479.94 492.63 490.20 496.66 Chemicals and allied products....... 16.16 16.47 16.52 16.62 693.26 709.86 713.66 708.01 Petroleum and coal products......... 19.02 19.98 19.93 19.99 842.59 847.15 855.00 845.58 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.25 11.50 11.52 11.62 459.00 479.55 480.38 476.42 Leather and leather products........ 8.43 8.89 8.93 8.76 317.81 339.60 345.59 327.62 Service-producing....................... 11.12 11.61 11.59 11.55 365.85 379.65 383.63 381.15 Transportation and public utilities... $14.44 $14.72 $14.73 $14.85 $573.27 $578.50 $586.25 $583.61 Wholesale trade....................... 12.82 13.32 13.36 13.36 488.44 512.82 518.37 513.02 Retail trade.......................... 7.93 8.27 8.27 8.26 233.14 238.18 243.14 244.50 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.69 13.18 13.18 13.12 451.76 473.16 482.39 471.01 Services.............................. 11.60 12.17 12.15 12.07 377.00 394.31 398.52 394.69 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent July Mar. Apr. May June July change Industry 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p from: June 1997- July 1997 Total private: Current dollars.............. $11.81 $12.14 $12.14 $12.19 $12.23 $12.23 0.0 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.42 7.49 7.49 7.52 7.54 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.49 13.79 13.80 13.85 13.86 13.88 .1 Mining...................... 15.61 15.94 15.96 16.05 16.13 16.03 -.6 Construction................ 15.47 15.80 15.86 15.91 15.95 15.97 .1 Manufacturing............... 12.80 13.07 13.07 13.11 13.11 13.14 .2 Excluding overtime4....... 12.14 12.37 12.38 12.38 12.42 12.44 .2 Service-producing............. 11.25 11.59 11.58 11.63 11.69 11.68 -.1 Transportation and public utilities................ 14.45 14.73 14.76 14.80 14.80 14.85 .3 Wholesale trade............. 12.84 13.30 13.27 13.33 13.42 13.37 -.4 Retail trade................ 7.98 8.25 8.26 8.28 8.30 8.31 .1 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 12.80 13.12 13.00 13.18 13.24 13.24 .0 Services.................... 11.78 12.16 12.16 12.20 12.26 12.26 .0 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .3 percent from May 1997 to June 1997, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry July May June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 138.5 140.2 143.0 142.5 136.1 140.2 139.6 140.0 140.6 139.9 Goods-producing......................... 112.1 113.8 115.4 113.9 110.9 113.3 113.3 113.7 112.8 112.7 Mining................................ 55.6 56.9 57.5 56.5 54.7 56.6 55.8 57.3 56.3 55.6 Construction.......................... 162.4 158.8 163.5 169.4 147.4 154.0 153.2 156.2 153.2 153.8 Manufacturing......................... 104.9 107.9 108.9 105.6 106.8 108.3 108.5 108.3 107.8 107.6 Durable goods........................ 106.3 111.5 112.5 108.1 108.9 111.3 111.7 111.4 111.0 110.8 Lumber and wood products............ 140.0 143.2 146.3 142.7 139.0 142.2 143.3 142.9 142.4 141.6 Furniture and fixtures.............. 120.0 126.1 127.1 123.1 124.2 127.3 126.7 128.0 126.7 127.6 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 112.2 112.4 113.5 112.6 109.7 110.0 109.2 110.2 108.7 110.2 Primary metal industries............ 89.7 93.7 94.3 89.9 91.6 93.9 94.5 93.9 93.9 91.9 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 74.0 72.5 73.1 71.0 74.0 73.2 73.8 72.6 72.3 71.0 Fabricated metal products........... 111.2 116.9 118.4 113.5 114.7 116.7 118.0 117.1 117.1 117.1 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 102.3 108.7 108.9 106.2 104.5 107.7 109.2 108.5 108.1 108.4 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 105.0 107.4 108.5 105.0 107.8 108.8 109.1 108.2 108.3 107.9 Transportation equipment............ 116.9 128.1 128.6 119.1 123.0 127.6 126.5 126.8 126.0 125.4 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 154.5 168.3 169.1 150.5 165.8 167.9 164.4 165.4 165.3 161.9 Instruments and related products.... 73.3 74.9 76.1 73.7 74.7 75.4 75.1 75.1 75.6 75.1 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 97.4 102.3 103.3 98.5 101.6 102.5 103.3 103.2 102.5 103.2 Nondurable goods..................... 103.0 102.9 104.0 102.2 103.9 104.3 104.2 104.0 103.5 103.1 Food and kindred products........... 117.4 113.4 115.3 118.2 114.7 117.4 117.0 117.3 116.1 115.7 Tobacco products.................... 53.2 53.7 54.5 52.5 62.6 63.7 59.9 58.9 57.9 60.5 Textile mill products............... 87.1 88.6 89.9 85.9 89.4 88.8 89.6 88.8 88.2 88.2 Apparel and other textile products.. 74.5 73.6 74.8 69.4 77.2 74.3 73.9 73.0 73.3 71.9 Paper and allied products........... 108.7 109.1 109.7 109.1 108.5 110.2 110.4 110.4 109.0 109.0 Printing and publishing............. 122.6 124.1 124.0 123.5 123.7 124.3 124.7 125.1 125.2 125.1 Chemicals and allied products....... 100.4 99.6 100.5 99.0 101.0 100.3 99.9 100.5 99.9 99.4 Petroleum and coal products......... 79.7 75.0 76.4 76.1 77.1 76.1 73.6 75.0 74.2 73.6 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 138.8 145.1 146.1 140.4 143.0 145.0 145.9 144.7 144.2 144.9 Leather and leather products........ 40.3 41.8 42.0 37.4 43.0 42.8 42.0 41.7 40.9 40.3 Service-producing....................... 150.4 152.1 155.4 155.3 147.5 152.3 151.3 151.8 153.1 152.1 Transportation and public utilities... 128.2 130.4 132.6 129.8 127.6 131.4 130.1 131.0 131.2 129.0 Wholesale trade....................... 123.3 126.3 128.0 127.0 122.2 126.3 125.7 125.9 126.4 126.1 Retail trade.......................... 138.9 137.9 141.8 142.8 134.5 138.5 137.9 138.0 138.2 138.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 126.0 127.2 131.6 130.0 124.0 129.0 126.7 127.3 130.6 127.9 Services.............................. 179.9 183.2 186.6 187.1 176.5 182.6 181.7 182.3 184.4 183.3 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 59.7 61.0 49.6 57.6 61.5 56.2 55.5 58.3 62.2 59.6 61.7 59.3 1994.............. 57.6 61.9 67.1 64.5 57.7 63.9 62.5 62.6 61.4 60.3 63.8 62.4 1995.............. 62.4 60.1 54.5 55.6 48.0 53.9 54.1 59.8 57.0 54.9 57.2 57.9 1996.............. 51.7 64.3 60.1 54.9 62.9 60.5 56.5 59.3 54.4 62.6 58.1 61.0 1997.............. 59.3 59.1 59.0 61.1 57.4 p52.0 p58.7 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 64.7 60.8 60.5 58.6 62.9 63.6 59.6 62.9 64.7 66.9 64.3 63.6 1994.............. 65.3 69.5 70.4 68.7 67.1 67.0 69.1 69.7 65.7 65.6 67.0 66.2 1995.............. 65.4 62.5 58.7 53.2 54.6 52.4 57.9 59.6 59.7 59.0 57.0 56.3 1996.............. 62.6 63.6 62.6 61.2 62.1 63.1 62.6 58.8 62.8 60.4 64.7 65.0 1997.............. 64.6 62.2 64.2 65.6 p60.0 p59.8 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 62.9 64.6 64.3 64.3 62.2 65.6 66.0 64.9 66.3 66.7 69.4 69.2 1994.............. 71.1 69.8 69.8 70.9 70.1 69.8 69.7 69.4 69.4 67.4 67.7 66.2 1995.............. 66.9 61.4 58.1 56.6 58.1 58.1 56.7 59.8 60.3 59.1 61.5 63.3 1996.............. 62.2 63.5 63.5 63.5 62.6 61.2 65.3 63.6 62.6 64.5 64.2 67.4 1997.............. 67.6 66.6 p65.2 p64.2 Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0 1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.1 62.2 63.3 1996.............. 63.5 64.7 62.4 62.9 64.7 64.2 65.0 63.1 63.8 66.7 65.7 p65.3 1997.............. p66.9 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 52.2 56.8 49.6 44.2 53.2 46.4 49.3 51.8 57.9 52.2 54.0 55.8 1994.............. 55.8 59.0 60.4 58.6 52.9 58.6 59.4 56.1 52.9 55.0 58.6 58.3 1995.............. 54.3 56.1 44.2 51.4 42.1 42.8 43.5 52.2 47.1 50.0 47.5 50.7 1996.............. 45.7 54.3 47.8 39.2 52.2 52.2 44.2 52.9 44.2 50.7 49.6 52.2 1997.............. 54.0 50.4 52.9 52.9 51.4 p50.4 p50.0 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 61.5 59.0 54.0 46.8 48.6 54.3 51.1 58.3 57.2 59.4 54.7 58.3 1994.............. 61.9 64.7 65.5 59.7 57.6 60.1 62.2 57.9 55.0 55.4 60.1 59.4 1995.............. 59.7 50.4 47.5 40.3 42.4 36.3 38.5 43.9 49.3 46.4 45.3 43.9 1996.............. 47.5 47.8 42.1 38.5 43.2 45.0 48.9 43.2 50.4 46.4 52.5 52.5 1997.............. 53.2 51.4 50.7 52.5 p50.0 p48.6 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 55.8 58.6 58.6 55.8 51.8 57.2 59.7 57.2 57.6 58.3 62.6 60.8 1994.............. 62.2 62.2 62.6 63.3 59.4 56.5 56.5 58.6 58.6 55.0 58.3 55.0 1995.............. 55.8 48.6 43.9 38.8 39.2 39.6 38.8 39.6 43.9 45.0 44.2 44.6 1996.............. 41.4 41.7 41.0 38.1 39.6 40.6 47.5 46.8 45.3 50.4 48.2 53.2 1997.............. 53.2 53.2 p51.8 p47.8 Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6 1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 37.4 38.1 39.9 1996.............. 39.6 42.8 39.2 39.6 42.4 40.3 43.5 40.3 43.5 46.8 46.4 p47.5 1997.............. p51.8 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.