Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov:80/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 97-186 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, June 6, 1997. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: MAY 1997 Nonfarm payroll employment rose in May, and unemployment was about unchanged after falling in April, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The number of payroll jobs rose by 138,000 in May, following an increase of 323,000 in April (as revised). The May gain was below the average monthly increase so far this year. The nation’s jobless rate, 4.8 percent in May, has fallen by half a percentage point since the end of last year. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) Both the number of unemployed persons, 6.5 million, and the unemployment rate, 4.8 percent, were little changed in May. The jobless rate had declined by 0.3 percentage point in April. Among the major demographic groups, the rate for adult men dropped by 0.4 percentage point in May to 3.8 percent, while the rates for adult women (4.5 percent), teenagers (15.6 percent), whites (4.0 percent), blacks (10.3 percent), and Hispanics (7.4 percent) were essentially unchanged. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment was little changed in May but has shown strong growth so far this year. The proportion of the population with jobs (the employment-population ratio) was 63.9 percent, a record high, and was up by 0.8 percentage point from a year earlier. (See table A-1.) Approximately 8.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in May, 351,000 more than a year earlier. These multiple jobholders made up 6.3 percent of all employed persons. (See table A-9.) The civilian labor force, 136.2 million persons (seasonally adjusted), and the labor force participation rate, 67.1 percent, were about unchanged in May. Both the level and rate of labor force participation have risen substantially over the past year and a half. (See table A-1.) ----------------------------------------------------------------- | The establishment data in this release have been revised as a | |result of the annual benchmarking process and the updating of | |seasonal adjustment factors. More information on the revisions | |is contained in the note beginning on page 5. | | Beginning this month, a convenient method of obtaining | |historical data for both the household and establishment series | |contained in this release are available through the BLS Internet | |site. This feature can be accessed at the end of the Employment | |Situation news release. | ----------------------------------------------------------------- - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________|Apr.- Category | 1996 | 19971/ | 19971/ |May |________|________|__________________________|change | IV | I | Mar. | Apr. | May. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 134,830| 135,934| 136,319| 136,098| 136,173| 75 Employment..........| 127,705| 128,728| 129,175| 129,384| 129,639| 255 Unemployment........| 7,124| 7,206| 7,144| 6,714| 6,534| -180 Not in labor force....| 66,627| 66,462| 66,194| 66,577| 66,659| 82 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 5.3| 5.3| 5.2| 4.9| 4.8| -0.1 Adult men...........| 4.4| 4.5| 4.4| 4.2| 3.8| -.4 Adult women.........| 4.8| 4.7| 4.7| 4.4| 4.5| .1 Teenagers...........| 16.6| 17.0| 16.4| 15.4| 15.6| .2 White...............| 4.6| 4.5| 4.5| 4.2| 4.0| -.2 Black...............| 10.6| 10.9| 10.7| 9.8| 10.3| .5 Hispanic origin.....| 8.0| 8.3| 8.6| 8.1| 7.4| -.7 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA2/ | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 120,452| 121,138| 121,344|p121,667|p121,805| p138 Goods-producing 3/..| 24,509| 24,635| 24,670| p24,663| p24,683| p20 Construction......| 5,494| 5,585| 5,609| p5,599| p5,622| p23 Manufacturing.....| 18,444| 18,476| 18,489| p18,491| p18,486| p-5 Service-producing 3/| 95,943| 96,504| 96,674| p97,004| p97,122| p118 Retail trade......| 21,850| 21,928| 21,945| p22,036| p22,032| p-4 Services..........| 34,800| 35,086| 35,176| p35,322| p35,447| p125 Government........| 19,499| 19,540| 19,545| p19,578| p19,550| p-28 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 4/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.5| 34.7| 34.8| p34.5| p34.5| p.0 Manufacturing.......| 41.8| 41.9| 42.1| p42.1| p42.0| p-0.1 Overtime..........| 4.6| 4.8| 4.9| p4.9| p4.8| p-.1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 4/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $11.97| $12.10| $12.14| p$12.15| p$12.19| p$0.04 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 413.48| 419.36| 422.47| p419.18| p420.56| p1.38 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1997, household data reflect revised population controls used in the survey. 2/ Establishment data have been revised to reflect March 1996 benchmarks, updated seasonal adjustment procedures, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors. 3/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 4/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.4 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in May--that is, they wanted and were available for work and had looked for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months. The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for jobs specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them or there were none for which they would qualify-- was 338,000 in May. (See table A-9.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 138,000 in May to 121.8 million, after seasonal adjustment. The average monthly employment gain thus far in 1997 has been 229,000, in line with that recorded in 1996. In May, the largest job gains were in the services and construction industries. (See table B-1.) The services industry added 125,000 jobs over the month. Health services and hotels and lodging places each had a relatively large job gain--26,000 and 13,000, respectively--for the second month in a row. Amusement and recreation services also recorded a strong job increase (32,000) in May, after showing no change in the prior 2 months. Employment growth continued in computer and data processing services, engineering and management services, and social services. In contrast, employment in help supply services declined for the second straight month, with the losses totaling 55,000. Construction employment grew by 23,000 in May, as favorable weather helped the industry to rebound from a loss of 10,000 jobs (as revised) in April. Job gains in 1997 have totaled 101,000, with the strongest growth in the special trade component. Employment in heavy construction grew by 8,000 over the month but has shown no clear trend over the past year. In May, employment growth continued in finance (8,000) and real estate (3,000). Employment in insurance showed no change, following a gain in April. Within the transportation industry, trucking and air transportation continued their upward trends. Retail trade employment held steady in May, following a large increase (as revised) in the prior month. Furniture and home furnishings stores added 9,000 jobs, while employment decreased in general merchandise stores. Employment in eating and drinking places was flat over the month, after posting a large gain in April. Wholesale trade added 7,000 jobs in May, half its monthly average during the prior 12 months. Government employment was down by 28,000 in May. State governments lost 13,000 jobs, mainly in the noneducation component. Federal employment continued to decline, and has fallen by 286,000 since its most recent peak 5 years ago. Manufacturing employment edged down by 5,000 in May. There were losses of 6,000 jobs each in food and kindred products and in apparel, where a long-term employment decline continued. A strike in auto manufacturing caused employment to decrease in that industry. Over the month, employment rose in printing and publishing and in chemicals and allied products. Growth continued in electronic components, industrial machinery, and aircraft. - 4 - Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in May at 34.5 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek and factory overtime both edged down 0.1 hour to 42.0 and 4.8 hours, respectively. (See table B-2.) Following a decline in April, the index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.3 percent to 140.0 (1982=100) in May, on a seasonally adjusted basis. The manufacturing index declined by 0.4 percent to 108.2. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls were up 4 cents in May to $12.19, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings increased by 0.3 percent to $420.56. Over the past year, average hourly earnings have risen by 3.8 percent and average weekly earnings by 4.4 percent. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for June 1997 is scheduled to be released on Thursday, July 3, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). - 5 - Revisions to Establishment Survey Data In accordance with annual practice, the establishment survey data have been revised to reflect comprehensive universe counts of payroll jobs (benchmarks). These counts are derived principally from unemployment insurance tax records for March 1996; the benchmarking process resulted in revisions to all not seasonally adjusted data series from April 1995 forward, the time period since the last benchmark was established. In addition, the unadjusted data from January 1988 forward for selected series in the transportation and public utilities division have been revised to reflect Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) coding changes for a group of employers within the air transportation and trucking industries. These recomputations had a slight effect on higher level aggregate series, including total nonfarm employment. All seasonally adjusted data beginning with January 1988 also have been revised. Although the usual practice is to revise 5 years of seasonally adjusted data with benchmark updates, additional years have been included to incorporate an updated version of the X-12 ARIMA seasonal adjustment software. Table B presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a seasonally adjusted basis for the period January 1996 through February 1997, the last month with final estimates under the previous benchmark. The revised data for April 1996 forward incorporate the effect of applying the rate of change measured by the sample to the new benchmark level and updated bias adjustments, as well as new seasonal adjustment factors. In terms of data revisions, the not seasonally adjusted total nonfarm employment level for March 1996 was raised by 57,000 (54,000 on a seasonally adjusted basis). By February 1997, the previously published level was revised downward by 54,000 (134,000 on a seasonally adjusted basis). The June 1997 issue of Employment and Earnings will contain an article that discusses the effects of the benchmark and post-benchmark revisions. This issue also will provide revised seasonal adjustment factors for March through October 1997 and revised estimates for all regularly published tables containing national establishment survey data on employment, hours, and earnings. The BLS public database on the Internet, LABSTAT, contains all historical data revised as a result of this benchmark and updated seasonal adjustment factors. The data can be accessed from http://stats.bls.gov/cgi-bin/dsrv?ee or through the Current Employment Statistics homepage at http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm. The full history of all establishment data series also is available on magnetic tape (call 202-606-5957). Further information on the revisions released today may be obtained by calling 202-606-6555. - 6 - Table B. Revisions in total nonfarm employment, seasonally adjusted, January 1996-February 1997 (In thousands) -------------------------------------------------- | | | Year | As | | and | previously | As |Difference month | published | revised | -------------|------------|------------|---------- | | | 1996: | | | January....| 118,070 | 118,058 | -12 February...| 118,579 | 118,550 | -29 March......| 118,750 | 118,804 | 54 April......| 118,922 | 118,966 | 44 May........| 119,332 | 119,263 | -69 June.......| 119,537 | 119,516 | -21 July.......| 119,772 | 119,691 | -81 August.....| 120,052 | 119,983 | -69 September..| 120,050 | 120,019 | -31 October....| 120,311 | 120,248 | -63 November...| 120,492 | 120,450 | -42 December...| 120,723 | 120,659 | -64 | | | 1997: | | | January....| 120,982 | 120,909 | -73 February...| 121,296 | 121,162 | -134 -------------------------------------------------- - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1997, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $13.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1- H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606- 5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ 200,278 202,674 202,832 200,278 202,285 202,389 202,513 202,674 202,832 Civilian labor force.......................... 133,558 135,181 135,963 133,759 135,848 135,634 136,319 136,098 136,173 Participation rate...................... 66.7 66.7 67.0 66.8 67.2 67.0 67.3 67.2 67.1 Employed.................................... 126,391 128,629 129,565 126,428 128,580 128,430 129,175 129,384 129,639 Employment-population ratio............. 63.1 63.5 63.9 63.1 63.6 63.5 63.8 63.8 63.9 Agriculture............................... 3,698 3,425 3,652 3,474 3,468 3,292 3,386 3,497 3,430 Nonagricultural industries................ 122,693 125,205 125,912 122,954 125,112 125,138 125,789 125,887 126,209 Unemployed.................................. 7,166 6,551 6,398 7,331 7,268 7,205 7,144 6,714 6,534 Unemployment rate....................... 5.4 4.8 4.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.8 Not in labor force............................ 66,721 67,494 66,870 66,519 66,437 66,754 66,194 66,577 66,659 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,048 97,474 97,559 96,048 97,264 97,320 97,387 97,474 97,559 Civilian labor force.......................... 72,125 72,755 73,191 72,120 73,106 72,987 73,268 73,232 73,200 Participation rate...................... 75.1 74.6 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.0 75.2 75.1 75.0 Employed.................................... 68,258 69,105 69,968 68,188 69,164 69,232 69,478 69,627 69,929 Employment-population ratio............. 71.1 70.9 71.7 71.0 71.1 71.1 71.3 71.4 71.7 Unemployed.................................. 3,867 3,650 3,223 3,932 3,942 3,755 3,790 3,604 3,271 Unemployment rate....................... 5.4 5.0 4.4 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.5 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,530 89,680 89,766 88,530 89,446 89,556 89,604 89,680 89,766 Civilian labor force.......................... 68,095 68,933 69,146 67,996 68,998 68,827 69,111 69,147 69,059 Participation rate...................... 76.9 76.9 77.0 76.8 77.1 76.9 77.1 77.1 76.9 Employed.................................... 64,963 65,957 66,564 64,788 65,813 65,818 66,066 66,243 66,418 Employment-population ratio............. 73.4 73.5 74.2 73.2 73.6 73.5 73.7 73.9 74.0 Agriculture............................... 2,482 2,396 2,566 2,342 2,364 2,276 2,362 2,428 2,421 Nonagricultural industries................ 62,480 63,560 63,997 62,446 63,449 63,542 63,703 63,815 63,997 Unemployed.................................. 3,133 2,976 2,582 3,208 3,185 3,009 3,045 2,904 2,640 Unemployment rate....................... 4.6 4.3 3.7 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.2 3.8 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 104,230 105,200 105,274 104,230 105,022 105,068 105,127 105,200 105,274 Civilian labor force.......................... 61,433 62,426 62,772 61,639 62,742 62,647 63,051 62,866 62,973 Participation rate...................... 58.9 59.3 59.6 59.1 59.7 59.6 60.0 59.8 59.8 Employed.................................... 58,133 59,525 59,597 58,240 59,416 59,197 59,697 59,756 59,710 Employment-population ratio............. 55.8 56.6 56.6 55.9 56.6 56.3 56.8 56.8 56.7 Unemployed.................................. 3,300 2,901 3,175 3,399 3,327 3,450 3,354 3,109 3,263 Unemployment rate....................... 5.4 4.6 5.1 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 4.9 5.2 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,925 97,685 97,767 96,925 97,520 97,571 97,638 97,685 97,767 Civilian labor force.......................... 57,735 58,794 58,984 57,885 58,894 58,743 59,130 58,974 59,130 Participation rate...................... 59.6 60.2 60.3 59.7 60.4 60.2 60.6 60.4 60.5 Employed.................................... 55,058 56,388 56,464 55,067 56,165 55,955 56,359 56,392 56,481 Employment-population ratio............. 56.8 57.7 57.8 56.8 57.6 57.3 57.7 57.7 57.8 Agriculture............................... 875 775 782 831 797 775 739 779 743 Nonagricultural industries................ 54,183 55,613 55,682 54,236 55,369 55,179 55,620 55,613 55,738 Unemployed.................................. 2,677 2,406 2,520 2,818 2,729 2,788 2,771 2,581 2,650 Unemployment rate....................... 4.6 4.1 4.3 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... 14,823 15,309 15,300 14,823 15,318 15,261 15,271 15,309 15,300 Civilian labor force.......................... 7,727 7,453 7,832 7,878 7,956 8,065 8,078 7,977 7,984 Participation rate...................... 52.1 48.7 51.2 53.1 51.9 52.8 52.9 52.1 52.2 Employed.................................... 6,371 6,285 6,537 6,573 6,601 6,657 6,750 6,748 6,740 Employment-population ratio............. 43.0 41.1 42.7 44.3 43.1 43.6 44.2 44.1 44.1 Agriculture............................... 341 253 304 301 307 240 285 290 266 Nonagricultural industries................ 6,030 6,031 6,233 6,272 6,294 6,417 6,465 6,458 6,474 Unemployed.................................. 1,356 1,169 1,296 1,305 1,354 1,408 1,328 1,229 1,244 Unemployment rate....................... 17.6 15.7 16.5 16.6 17.0 17.5 16.4 15.4 15.6 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 168,098 169,675 169,782 168,098 169,436 169,492 169,569 169,675 169,782 Civilian labor force.......................... 112,854 113,867 114,486 113,025 114,377 114,333 114,736 114,618 114,630 Participation rate........................ 67.1 67.1 67.4 67.2 67.5 67.5 67.7 67.6 67.5 Employed.................................... 107,536 109,177 110,004 107,576 109,151 109,197 109,630 109,831 110,052 Employment-population ratio............... 64.0 64.3 64.8 64.0 64.4 64.4 64.7 64.7 64.8 Unemployed.................................. 5,317 4,690 4,481 5,449 5,226 5,136 5,106 4,786 4,578 Unemployment rate......................... 4.7 4.1 3.9 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.0 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 58,367 58,983 59,137 58,261 59,042 58,968 59,161 59,196 59,008 Participation rate........................ 77.4 77.4 77.6 77.3 77.7 77.5 77.7 77.7 77.4 Employed.................................... 56,026 56,772 57,284 55,861 56,653 56,692 56,923 57,057 57,112 Employment-population ratio............... 74.3 74.5 75.2 74.1 74.5 74.5 74.8 74.9 74.9 Unemployed.................................. 2,341 2,212 1,853 2,400 2,388 2,275 2,238 2,139 1,895 Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 3.7 3.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.2 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 47,939 48,526 48,705 48,114 48,631 48,619 48,832 48,662 48,874 Participation rate........................ 59.2 59.6 59.8 59.4 59.8 59.8 60.0 59.8 60.0 Employed.................................... 45,976 46,902 47,000 46,010 46,750 46,747 46,915 46,902 47,047 Employment-population ratio............... 56.8 57.6 57.7 56.8 57.5 57.5 57.7 57.6 57.8 Unemployed.................................. 1,964 1,624 1,705 2,104 1,881 1,872 1,917 1,759 1,827 Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 3.3 3.5 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 6,547 6,357 6,644 6,650 6,704 6,746 6,742 6,760 6,748 Participation rate........................ 55.6 52.4 54.7 56.5 55.3 55.6 55.6 55.7 55.5 Employed.................................... 5,535 5,503 5,721 5,705 5,747 5,758 5,792 5,872 5,893 Employment-population ratio............... 47.0 45.4 47.1 48.5 47.4 47.5 47.7 48.4 48.5 Unemployed.................................. 1,012 854 923 945 957 988 951 888 855 Unemployment rate......................... 15.5 13.4 13.9 14.2 14.3 14.6 14.1 13.1 12.7 Men..................................... 16.1 14.7 13.3 15.3 14.9 14.6 15.0 14.3 12.7 Women................................... 14.8 12.1 14.5 13.0 13.6 14.7 13.1 11.9 12.7 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,549 23,923 23,950 23,549 23,847 23,872 23,895 23,923 23,950 Civilian labor force.......................... 15,080 15,265 15,370 15,138 15,372 15,408 15,439 15,365 15,434 Participation rate........................ 64.0 63.8 64.2 64.3 64.5 64.5 64.6 64.2 64.4 Employed.................................... 13,571 13,801 13,825 13,584 13,709 13,672 13,784 13,863 13,837 Employment-population ratio............... 57.6 57.7 57.7 57.7 57.5 57.3 57.7 57.9 57.8 Unemployed.................................. 1,510 1,463 1,545 1,554 1,663 1,736 1,655 1,503 1,597 Unemployment rate......................... 10.0 9.6 10.0 10.3 10.8 11.3 10.7 9.8 10.3 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 6,808 6,796 6,849 6,793 6,829 6,765 6,803 6,805 6,831 Participation rate........................ 72.4 71.3 71.7 72.3 71.8 71.0 71.6 71.4 71.5 Employed.................................... 6,173 6,221 6,287 6,144 6,198 6,159 6,173 6,234 6,255 Employment-population ratio............... 65.7 65.3 65.8 65.4 65.2 64.7 65.0 65.4 65.5 Unemployed.................................. 635 575 563 649 632 605 629 571 575 Unemployment rate......................... 9.3 8.5 8.2 9.6 9.2 9.0 9.3 8.4 8.4 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,331 7,631 7,641 7,374 7,574 7,636 7,641 7,641 7,693 Participation rate........................ 62.1 63.7 63.7 62.4 63.4 63.9 63.9 63.8 64.1 Employed.................................... 6,751 6,997 6,967 6,757 6,880 6,851 6,934 6,997 6,974 Employment-population ratio............... 57.2 58.4 58.1 57.2 57.6 57.3 57.9 58.4 58.1 Unemployed.................................. 580 635 675 617 694 785 706 644 719 Unemployment rate......................... 7.9 8.3 8.8 8.4 9.2 10.3 9.2 8.4 9.4 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 941 838 879 971 969 1,007 996 920 910 Participation rate........................ 40.2 34.7 36.6 41.5 40.4 42.0 41.1 38.1 37.9 Employed.................................... 647 583 572 683 631 662 676 632 608 Employment-population ratio............... 27.6 24.2 23.8 29.2 26.3 27.6 27.9 26.2 25.3 Unemployed.................................. 295 254 307 288 337 346 319 287 302 Unemployment rate......................... 31.3 30.4 34.9 29.7 34.8 34.3 32.1 31.2 33.2 Men..................................... 33.1 37.4 35.9 30.0 42.7 37.4 41.4 37.3 32.6 Women................................... 29.5 23.4 34.0 29.3 27.5 31.3 23.7 25.3 33.8 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ 19,131 20,180 20,236 19,131 20,013 20,067 20,119 20,180 20,236 Civilian labor force.......................... 12,487 13,427 13,630 12,602 13,795 13,640 13,662 13,572 13,746 Participation rate........................ 65.3 66.5 67.4 65.9 68.9 68.0 67.9 67.3 67.9 Employed.................................... 11,388 12,358 12,666 11,438 12,653 12,538 12,493 12,470 12,730 Employment-population ratio............... 59.5 61.2 62.6 59.8 63.2 62.5 62.1 61.8 62.9 Unemployed.................................. 1,099 1,069 964 1,164 1,142 1,102 1,169 1,102 1,016 Unemployment rate......................... 8.8 8.0 7.1 9.2 8.3 8.1 8.6 8.1 7.4 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 126,391 128,629 129,565 126,428 128,580 128,430 129,175 129,384 129,639 Married men, spouse present................... 42,618 42,371 42,484 42,395 42,909 42,513 42,509 42,329 42,273 Married women, spouse present................. 32,491 32,603 32,575 32,339 32,826 32,578 32,699 32,473 32,445 Women who maintain families................... 7,372 7,908 7,913 7,323 7,501 7,556 7,720 7,838 7,858 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... 36,339 37,565 37,391 36,271 37,478 37,525 37,723 37,599 37,318 Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 37,417 37,998 38,132 37,615 38,163 38,073 38,158 38,150 38,362 Service occupations........................... 17,329 17,319 17,407 17,318 17,171 17,170 17,292 17,267 17,390 Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,372 14,087 14,265 13,469 13,902 14,140 14,200 14,301 14,380 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,181 18,183 18,514 18,311 18,317 18,144 18,234 18,415 18,647 Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,752 3,478 3,856 3,575 3,528 3,388 3,507 3,605 3,680 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 2,130 1,965 2,117 1,957 1,988 1,932 1,905 1,989 1,941 Self-employed workers....................... 1,517 1,393 1,483 1,472 1,448 1,353 1,414 1,424 1,444 Unpaid family workers....................... 51 67 53 48 62 15 59 70 50 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 113,630 115,947 116,611 113,940 115,560 115,987 116,533 116,608 116,969 Government................................ 18,567 18,307 18,128 18,240 18,385 18,144 17,994 18,036 17,807 Private industries........................ 95,063 97,640 98,483 95,700 97,176 97,843 98,539 98,572 99,162 Private households...................... 873 871 910 925 1,002 882 869 922 967 Other industries........................ 94,190 96,769 97,573 94,775 96,174 96,962 97,671 97,650 98,195 Self-employed workers....................... 8,940 9,132 9,151 8,882 9,445 9,124 9,292 9,159 9,106 Unpaid family workers....................... 123 126 150 121 162 136 108 130 148 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,175 4,244 3,891 4,311 4,426 4,262 4,153 4,402 4,019 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,150 2,419 2,192 2,255 2,423 2,378 2,344 2,491 2,300 Could only find part-time work............ 1,705 1,571 1,395 1,704 1,552 1,550 1,518 1,629 1,391 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 17,920 19,139 18,592 17,643 18,340 18,070 18,120 18,176 18,336 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,003 4,066 3,707 4,109 4,163 4,098 3,937 4,235 3,806 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,057 2,279 2,079 2,136 2,310 2,277 2,210 2,374 2,159 Could only find part-time work............ 1,658 1,547 1,354 1,655 1,512 1,523 1,475 1,603 1,347 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 17,277 18,562 17,993 17,039 17,737 17,452 17,565 17,661 17,780 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,331 6,714 6,534 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.8 Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,208 2,904 2,640 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.2 3.8 Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,818 2,581 2,650 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,305 1,229 1,244 16.6 17.0 17.5 16.4 15.4 15.6 Married men, spouse present.................. 1,302 1,161 1,143 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 Married women, spouse present................ 1,251 1,026 1,076 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.2 Women who maintain families.................. 676 637 650 8.5 9.1 9.0 9.1 7.5 7.6 Full-time workers............................ 5,903 5,329 5,274 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.7 Part-time workers............................ 1,453 1,415 1,283 5.9 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.2 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 860 755 798 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,822 1,683 1,526 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.8 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 764 714 688 5.4 5.3 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.6 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,648 1,453 1,421 8.3 7.9 8.1 8.1 7.3 7.1 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 340 256 243 8.7 7.5 7.5 7.4 6.6 6.2 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... 5,794 5,221 5,199 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.0 Goods-producing industries................. 1,735 1,578 1,526 6.2 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.2 Mining................................... 12 13 19 2.2 6.0 4.2 4.0 2.0 3.0 Construction............................. 668 618 600 10.2 10.1 9.0 9.6 8.7 8.4 Manufacturing............................ 1,055 947 908 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.2 Durable goods.......................... 585 457 446 4.7 4.4 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.5 Nondurable goods....................... 470 490 462 5.5 4.8 5.3 5.2 5.8 5.3 Service-producing industries............... 4,059 3,643 3,672 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.9 Transportation and public utilities...... 300 208 273 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 2.8 3.6 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,721 1,658 1,631 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.1 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 194 255 240 2.6 3.5 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.2 Services................................. 1,844 1,522 1,528 5.7 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.6 Government workers........................... 599 438 436 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.4 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 225 212 149 10.3 8.6 8.8 9.5 9.6 7.1 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,767 2,131 2,535 2,754 2,801 2,591 2,650 2,354 2,523 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 1,932 1,981 1,691 2,310 2,223 2,382 2,380 2,156 2,022 15 weeks and over.............................. 2,467 2,439 2,172 2,354 2,155 2,163 2,064 2,092 2,071 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 1,119 1,293 1,144 1,048 943 1,025 1,001 1,058 1,078 27 weeks and over........................... 1,348 1,147 1,028 1,306 1,212 1,138 1,063 1,034 993 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 17.5 16.7 15.7 16.9 16.0 16.0 15.3 15.2 15.1 Median duration, in weeks...................... 8.5 10.2 7.8 8.4 7.7 8.4 7.9 8.3 7.7 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks............................ 38.6 32.5 39.6 37.1 39.0 36.3 37.4 35.7 38.1 5 to 14 weeks................................ 27.0 30.2 26.4 31.1 31.0 33.4 33.6 32.7 30.6 15 weeks and over............................ 34.4 37.2 33.9 31.7 30.0 30.3 29.1 31.7 31.3 15 to 26 weeks............................. 15.6 19.7 17.9 14.1 13.1 14.4 14.1 16.0 16.3 27 weeks and over.......................... 18.8 17.5 16.1 17.6 16.9 15.9 15.0 15.7 15.0 NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Reason May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 3,164 3,050 2,696 3,409 3,245 3,163 3,187 2,979 2,902 On temporary layoff................................... 868 988 704 1,070 953 944 1,021 976 871 Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,297 2,062 1,992 2,339 2,293 2,218 2,167 2,003 2,031 Permanent job losers................................ 1,627 1,453 1,391 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 670 609 602 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers............................................. 621 723 721 688 890 787 784 754 801 Reentrants.............................................. 2,834 2,239 2,412 2,709 2,505 2,648 2,535 2,420 2,306 New entrants............................................ 547 540 569 546 600 647 647 577 574 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed........................................ Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 44.2 46.6 42.1 46.4 44.8 43.7 44.6 44.3 44.1 On temporary layoff.................................. 12.1 15.1 11.0 14.6 13.2 13.0 14.3 14.5 13.2 Not on temporary layoff.............................. 32.0 31.5 31.1 31.8 31.7 30.6 30.3 29.8 30.9 Job leavers............................................ 8.7 11.0 11.3 9.4 12.3 10.9 11.0 11.2 12.2 Reentrants............................................. 39.5 34.2 37.7 36.8 34.6 36.6 35.4 36.0 35.0 New entrants........................................... 7.6 8.2 8.9 7.4 8.3 8.9 9.0 8.6 8.7 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 Job leavers............................................ .5 .5 .5 .5 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 Reentrants............................................. 2.1 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 New entrants........................................... .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .5 .4 .4 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.................................................... 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 5.4 4.8 4.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.8 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers....................................... 5.6 5.1 4.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 6.4 5.9 5.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 9.5 9.0 8.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex May Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,331 6,714 6,534 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.8 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,581 2,449 2,357 12.1 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.4 10.9 16 to 19 years................................ 1,305 1,229 1,244 16.6 17.0 17.5 16.4 15.4 15.6 16 to 17 years.............................. 636 618 585 19.5 17.7 19.7 19.4 18.5 18.4 18 to 19 years.............................. 667 617 657 14.4 16.6 15.2 14.6 13.3 13.7 20 to 24 years................................ 1,276 1,220 1,114 9.5 9.4 8.7 9.0 9.0 8.2 25 years and over............................... 4,784 4,253 4,209 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.7 25 to 54 years................................ 4,223 3,750 3,733 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 55 years and over............................. 561 487 481 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.9 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,932 3,604 3,271 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.5 16 to 24 years................................ 1,444 1,331 1,175 12.8 12.9 12.0 12.2 11.8 10.3 16 to 19 years.............................. 724 701 630 17.6 18.4 17.9 17.9 17.2 15.2 16 to 17 years............................ 343 350 290 20.5 20.4 19.6 21.4 20.5 17.8 18 to 19 years............................ 381 362 339 15.5 17.1 15.4 15.7 15.2 13.5 20 to 24 years.............................. 720 631 544 10.1 9.8 8.6 8.9 8.7 7.5 25 years and over............................. 2,504 2,267 2,113 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.4 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,204 2,003 1,846 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.5 55 years and over........................... 296 272 263 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.0 2.8 Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,399 3,109 3,263 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 4.9 5.2 16 to 24 years................................ 1,137 1,118 1,183 11.3 11.4 11.9 11.3 10.9 11.6 16 to 19 years.............................. 581 528 614 15.5 15.5 16.9 14.9 13.6 16.0 16 to 17 years............................ 293 268 295 18.4 14.9 19.7 17.1 16.5 19.0 18 to 19 years............................ 286 255 318 13.2 16.2 15.0 13.3 11.3 13.8 20 to 24 years.............................. 556 589 569 8.9 8.9 8.8 9.1 9.3 8.9 25 years and over............................. 2,280 1,986 2,096 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 3.8 4.0 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,019 1,747 1,887 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.3 3.9 4.2 55 years and over........................... 265 214 218 3.8 2.9 2.6 3.1 3.0 3.0 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category May May May May May May 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... 66,721 66,870 23,923 24,368 42,797 42,502 Persons who currently want a job.............................. 6,215 5,901 2,608 2,488 3,607 3,412 Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,475 1,431 694 639 780 792 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 352 338 221 198 131 140 Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,123 1,093 474 441 649 652 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,846 8,197 4,352 4,398 3,494 3,800 Percent of total employed................................... 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.0 6.4 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,455 4,594 2,743 2,773 1,711 1,820 Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,709 1,713 558 546 1,151 1,167 Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 245 262 158 190 87 73 Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,408 1,608 884 875 524 733 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry May Mar. Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total......................... 119,888 120,472 121,439 122,453 119,263 120,909 121,162 121,344 121,667 121,805 Total private.................... 100,044 100,522 101,485 102,463 99,847 101,380 101,615 101,799 102,089 102,255 Goods-producing......................... 24,453 24,163 24,411 24,704 24,432 24,581 24,653 24,670 24,663 24,683 Mining................................ 576 562 567 574 579 574 574 572 573 575 Metal mining........................ 53.7 53.5 53.7 54.4 54 55 54 54 54 54 Coal mining......................... 96.8 92.4 92.6 92.9 97 94 93 93 93 93 Oil and gas extraction.............. 317.2 312.7 314.0 317.1 322 317 319 317 319 321 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 108.1 103.1 106.6 109.5 106 108 108 108 107 107 Construction.......................... 5,430 5,204 5,437 5,666 5,384 5,542 5,604 5,609 5,599 5,622 General building contractors........ 1,250.2 1,227.1 1,257.4 1,294.8 1,254 1,287 1,298 1,298 1,294 1,299 Heavy construction, except building. 799.9 685.3 747.1 804.9 771 774 791 777 768 776 Special trade contractors........... 3,379.4 3,291.7 3,432.3 3,565.9 3,359 3,481 3,515 3,534 3,537 3,547 Manufacturing......................... 18,447 18,397 18,407 18,464 18,469 18,465 18,475 18,489 18,491 18,486 Production workers................ 12,739 12,705 12,711 12,762 12,762 12,758 12,762 12,771 12,772 12,783 Durable goods........................ 10,775 10,821 10,836 10,870 10,762 10,821 10,836 10,848 10,856 10,856 Production workers................ 7,383 7,422 7,434 7,465 7,371 7,417 7,427 7,437 7,440 7,451 Lumber and wood products............ 774.1 780.5 786.2 796.3 778 789 793 797 799 800 Furniture and fixtures.............. 503.5 507.1 505.2 508.2 503 506 507 507 506 508 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 546.7 529.5 539.0 546.4 541 543 543 542 541 540 Primary metal industries............ 710.4 708.9 708.3 707.3 711 708 708 709 709 708 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 241.3 235.9 234.8 234.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Fabricated metal products........... 1,440.8 1,461.0 1,464.0 1,468.0 1,441 1,460 1,462 1,463 1,468 1,468 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,117.3 2,142.3 2,145.9 2,149.7 2,112 2,126 2,132 2,136 2,143 2,145 Computer and office equipment..... 363.2 371.5 373.4 374.8 363 367 370 372 375 375 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,649.9 1,642.1 1,638.1 1,641.0 1,653 1,645 1,645 1,645 1,643 1,644 Electronic components and accessories.................... 609.9 614.3 617.2 620.3 611 610 612 614 618 622 Transportation equipment............ 1,790.2 1,812.1 1,809.7 1,812.8 1,781 1,802 1,804 1,810 1,804 1,803 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 974.8 969.2 960.6 960.4 968 966 964 969 957 953 Aircraft and parts................ 454.8 489.9 495.2 497.3 455 483 487 491 495 498 Instruments and related products.... 855.3 852.5 853.4 854.5 855 854 854 853 855 854 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 386.6 384.9 386.0 385.9 387 388 388 386 388 386 Nondurable goods..................... 7,672 7,576 7,571 7,594 7,707 7,644 7,639 7,641 7,635 7,630 Production workers................ 5,356 5,283 5,277 5,297 5,391 5,341 5,335 5,334 5,332 5,332 Food and kindred products........... 1,665.8 1,653.0 1,648.8 1,660.7 1,698 1,695 1,694 1,698 1,699 1,693 Tobacco products.................... 38.2 40.8 38.2 36.8 41 41 42 42 40 40 Textile mill products............... 628.2 611.0 608.9 610.9 626 615 612 612 609 609 Apparel and other textile products.. 875.5 822.8 821.0 820.1 871 835 831 827 822 816 Paper and allied products........... 679.7 673.1 672.6 675.1 682 678 678 677 677 677 Printing and publishing............. 1,534.2 1,533.9 1,537.9 1,540.5 1,538 1,534 1,534 1,535 1,540 1,544 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,031.0 1,025.6 1,025.2 1,027.8 1,034 1,028 1,028 1,028 1,028 1,031 Petroleum and coal products......... 142.8 136.5 138.0 139.9 142 139 139 140 139 139 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 980.3 986.4 987.5 989.7 978 985 987 988 988 988 Leather and leather products........ 96.7 93.3 92.9 92.5 97 94 94 94 93 93 Service-producing....................... 95,435 96,309 97,028 97,749 94,831 96,328 96,509 96,674 97,004 97,122 Transportation and public utilities... 6,250 6,353 6,387 6,437 6,246 6,351 6,376 6,405 6,426 6,433 Transportation...................... 4,034 4,123 4,155 4,202 4,027 4,121 4,142 4,164 4,184 4,194 Railroad transportation........... 233.2 223.8 226.0 226.1 231 228 227 226 226 224 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 452.5 467.3 469.8 473.6 436 452 453 455 459 456 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,631.4 1,640.1 1,653.9 1,677.9 1,641 1,656 1,664 1,671 1,678 1,687 Water transportation.............. 174.9 169.9 176.4 180.5 170 175 175 175 178 175 Transportation by air............. 1,111.2 1,176.4 1,181.1 1,193.5 1,119 1,168 1,178 1,191 1,194 1,202 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.6 14.2 14.2 14.3 15 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 415.7 431.6 434.0 435.8 415 428 431 432 435 436 Communications and public utilities. 2,216 2,230 2,232 2,235 2,219 2,230 2,234 2,241 2,242 2,239 Communications.................... 1,328.4 1,358.9 1,363.0 1,365.3 1,332 1,354 1,358 1,364 1,369 1,369 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 887.2 871.1 869.4 870.1 887 876 876 877 873 870 Wholesale trade....................... 6,468 6,571 6,602 6,641 6,457 6,570 6,593 6,611 6,623 6,630 Durable goods....................... 3,794 3,877 3,895 3,914 3,788 3,863 3,879 3,889 3,900 3,908 Nondurable goods.................... 2,674 2,694 2,707 2,727 2,669 2,707 2,714 2,722 2,723 2,722 Retail trade.......................... 21,589 21,494 21,757 22,071 21,547 21,917 21,922 21,945 22,036 22,032 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 919.2 888.3 936.8 967.0 885 914 918 922 931 931 General merchandise stores.......... 2,633.8 2,674.1 2,682.7 2,705.8 2,720 2,757 2,752 2,783 2,800 2,791 Department stores................. 2,305.9 2,351.7 2,356.3 2,375.3 2,388 2,420 2,416 2,452 2,446 2,458 Food stores......................... 3,412.9 3,430.3 3,438.9 3,472.9 3,421 3,474 3,477 3,478 3,480 3,481 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,265.6 2,292.8 2,308.5 2,321.8 2,259 2,307 2,311 2,315 2,318 2,315 New and used car dealers.......... 1,029.8 1,051.5 1,053.8 1,055.4 1,029 1,051 1,053 1,055 1,056 1,055 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,075.1 1,071.1 1,074.7 1,076.2 1,097 1,107 1,103 1,104 1,104 1,099 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 964.8 1,014.7 1,015.6 1,023.1 975 1,020 1,022 1,025 1,026 1,035 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,647.8 7,386.1 7,558.3 7,731.1 7,493 7,552 7,556 7,525 7,579 7,577 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,669.6 2,736.3 2,741.4 2,773.1 2,697 2,786 2,783 2,793 2,798 2,803 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,885 6,951 6,985 7,029 6,888 6,971 6,980 6,992 7,019 7,030 Finance............................. 3,286 3,359 3,369 3,384 3,291 3,351 3,355 3,366 3,380 3,388 Depository institutions........... 2,016.6 2,030.3 2,032.2 2,041.2 2,021 2,032 2,034 2,037 2,041 2,045 Commercial banks................ 1,458.6 1,476.0 1,477.5 1,485.9 1,463 1,478 1,479 1,482 1,486 1,490 Savings institutions............ 265.9 253.5 253.1 252.8 266 255 255 254 253 253 Nondepository institutions........ 512.8 535.4 537.7 541.4 513 533 530 534 537 541 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 230.7 241.3 241.8 243.3 229 239 241 242 241 242 Security and commodity brokers.... 545.4 576.7 580.9 581.8 547 572 576 579 584 584 Holding and other investment offices........................ 210.7 216.1 218.5 219.4 210 214 215 216 218 218 Insurance........................... 2,217 2,215 2,217 2,220 2,218 2,218 2,219 2,217 2,221 2,221 Insurance carriers................ 1,510.8 1,498.3 1,499.2 1,501.0 1,512 1,505 1,503 1,500 1,502 1,502 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 706.2 717.0 718.1 718.9 706 713 716 717 719 719 Real estate......................... 1,382 1,377 1,399 1,425 1,379 1,402 1,406 1,409 1,418 1,421 Services2............................. 34,399 34,990 35,343 35,581 34,277 34,990 35,091 35,176 35,322 35,447 Agricultural services............... 669.0 580.0 668.6 721.9 618 647 649 648 663 667 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,730.6 1,676.5 1,708.5 1,787.9 1,715 1,743 1,746 1,746 1,757 1,770 Personal services................... 1,168.2 1,257.1 1,257.9 1,185.9 1,182 1,195 1,197 1,196 1,197 1,199 Business services................... 7,170.4 7,459.1 7,489.4 7,551.5 7,216 7,476 7,521 7,577 7,593 7,601 Services to buildings............. 905.8 890.8 898.3 906.3 902 893 897 896 901 903 Personnel supply services......... 2,596.0 2,676.2 2,670.0 2,697.4 2,634 2,743 2,758 2,787 2,752 2,738 Help supply services............ 2,293.6 2,349.6 2,337.9 2,362.9 2,332 2,427 2,432 2,457 2,419 2,402 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,192.2 1,298.1 1,309.8 1,321.3 1,195 1,268 1,278 1,291 1,307 1,325 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,075.7 1,125.4 1,131.5 1,136.3 1,075 1,117 1,123 1,126 1,131 1,136 Miscellaneous repair services....... 375.7 377.5 380.9 386.0 375 380 379 380 382 385 Motion pictures..................... 523.7 532.8 529.3 533.9 523 530 532 529 527 532 Amusement and recreation services... 1,541.4 1,372.8 1,480.2 1,607.0 1,465 1,490 1,495 1,494 1,494 1,526 Health services..................... 9,438.7 9,603.7 9,626.2 9,654.9 9,453 9,586 9,600 9,612 9,643 9,669 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,670.0 1,716.1 1,722.2 1,732.4 1,674 1,713 1,720 1,721 1,727 1,736 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,723.6 1,749.4 1,753.6 1,757.7 1,730 1,750 1,751 1,753 1,759 1,764 Hospitals......................... 3,804.2 3,851.1 3,852.0 3,858.5 3,809 3,841 3,846 3,852 3,856 3,863 Home health care services......... 667.1 677.0 681.7 684.2 665 677 676 678 684 683 Legal services...................... 921.8 942.9 944.7 945.9 927 942 943 946 950 951 Educational services................ 2,044.7 2,178.0 2,190.0 2,100.7 2,010 2,042 2,046 2,047 2,060 2,066 Social services..................... 2,425.3 2,459.0 2,470.6 2,491.1 2,401 2,432 2,438 2,445 2,457 2,465 Child day care services........... 588.1 595.5 597.5 607.3 568 578 579 580 581 587 Residential care.................. 669.4 688.4 690.8 694.1 669 684 686 690 693 694 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 87.8 81.4 85.4 89.7 85 87 87 87 87 87 Membership organizations............ 2,185.2 2,178.3 2,185.0 2,197.4 2,187 2,192 2,192 2,193 2,198 2,199 Engineering and management services. 2,826.3 2,950.1 2,979.3 2,974.5 2,830 2,916 2,927 2,934 2,967 2,978 Engineering and architectural services....................... 833.3 857.7 863.7 872.2 834 857 862 866 870 873 Management and public relations... 864.8 921.8 934.7 943.5 864 913 919 923 936 942 Services, nec....................... 47.1 47.6 48.0 48.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Government............................ 19,844 19,950 19,954 19,990 19,416 19,529 19,547 19,545 19,578 19,550 Federal............................. 2,773 2,700 2,702 2,702 2,770 2,723 2,716 2,709 2,709 2,698 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,920.7 1,849.7 1,853.9 1,854.8 1,914 1,862 1,861 1,856 1,857 1,848 State............................... 4,688 4,748 4,758 4,680 4,629 4,621 4,624 4,622 4,633 4,620 Education......................... 1,983.7 2,069.3 2,074.6 1,993.4 1,926 1,928 1,931 1,929 1,939 1,935 Other State government............ 2,704.4 2,679.0 2,683.1 2,686.3 2,703 2,693 2,693 2,693 2,694 2,685 Local............................... 12,383 12,502 12,494 12,608 12,017 12,185 12,207 12,214 12,236 12,232 Education......................... 7,090.5 7,237.6 7,206.5 7,254.4 6,700 6,831 6,849 6,853 6,858 6,855 Other local government............ 5,292.4 5,264.2 5,287.2 5,353.1 5,317 5,354 5,358 5,361 5,378 5,377 1 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 1996 benchmarks, updated seasonal adjustment procedures, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry May Mar. Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 34.3 34.6 34.4 34.5 34.3 34.4 34.8 34.8 34.5 34.5 Goods-producing......................... 41.0 41.2 41.2 41.4 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.4 41.4 41.4 Mining................................ 45.2 45.7 45.1 45.9 45.3 44.7 45.8 45.9 45.3 46.1 Construction.......................... 38.9 38.4 38.8 39.7 38.5 38.6 38.8 38.9 39.0 39.4 Manufacturing......................... 41.6 42.0 41.8 41.9 41.6 41.8 41.9 42.1 42.1 42.0 Overtime hours.................... 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.8 Durable goods........................ 42.4 42.9 42.7 42.8 42.5 42.5 42.7 42.9 43.0 42.8 Overtime hours.................... 4.7 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.2 Lumber and wood products............ 41.2 40.7 41.2 41.5 40.9 40.7 40.8 41.0 41.2 41.2 Furniture and fixtures.............. 39.1 39.9 39.5 39.7 39.6 39.8 39.9 40.3 40.1 40.3 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.6 42.5 43.0 43.5 43.3 42.6 43.3 43.1 43.1 43.2 Primary metal industries............ 44.1 44.8 44.6 44.5 44.1 44.4 44.6 44.8 45.0 44.6 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.3 44.7 44.4 44.1 44.3 44.7 44.6 44.8 44.7 44.1 Fabricated metal products........... 42.3 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.4 42.5 42.6 43.0 42.6 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.0 43.8 43.5 43.5 43.1 43.2 43.4 43.5 43.8 43.6 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 41.1 42.2 41.9 41.8 41.4 41.3 41.9 42.1 42.4 42.1 Transportation equipment............ 44.5 45.0 44.6 44.6 44.3 44.7 44.6 45.0 44.7 44.4 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.9 45.8 45.4 45.5 45.7 45.6 45.3 45.7 45.3 45.2 Instruments and related products.... 41.5 42.2 41.7 41.8 41.6 41.6 42.1 42.0 41.9 42.0 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 39.5 40.3 40.2 39.9 39.8 39.9 40.5 40.2 40.5 40.2 Nondurable goods..................... 40.4 40.7 40.5 40.6 40.5 40.7 40.8 40.9 40.9 40.8 Overtime hours.................... 3.8 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3 Food and kindred products........... 40.7 40.7 40.4 41.0 41.0 41.2 41.3 41.3 41.1 41.3 Tobacco products.................... 39.9 39.1 38.4 38.6 39.6 39.9 40.8 40.2 39.0 38.3 Textile mill products............... 40.6 41.2 41.3 41.2 40.7 41.2 40.9 41.2 41.7 41.4 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.3 37.5 37.2 37.2 37.1 37.2 37.2 37.5 37.5 37.1 Paper and allied products........... 43.0 43.5 43.4 43.4 43.3 43.7 43.7 43.8 43.9 43.8 Printing and publishing............. 38.0 38.7 38.4 38.2 38.2 38.3 38.5 38.6 38.6 38.4 Chemicals and allied products....... 43.0 43.2 43.1 43.2 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.3 43.2 43.4 Petroleum and coal products......... 42.6 43.0 42.7 42.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.6 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.5 41.4 41.7 41.8 42.1 41.6 Leather and leather products........ 38.2 38.5 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.4 38.9 38.7 38.4 38.1 Service-producing....................... 32.5 32.9 32.6 32.7 32.5 32.7 33.0 33.0 32.7 32.7 Transportation and public utilities... 39.2 39.5 39.3 39.4 39.4 39.5 39.7 39.8 39.4 39.6 Wholesale trade....................... 38.2 38.5 38.3 38.6 38.1 38.2 38.6 38.6 38.4 38.5 Retail trade.......................... 28.7 28.7 28.6 28.8 28.8 28.8 29.1 29.1 28.9 28.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.6 36.5 35.8 35.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.2 32.6 32.4 32.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 1996 benchmarks, updated seasonal adjustment procedures, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry May Mar. Apr. May May Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... $11.72 $12.17 $12.17 $12.17 $402.00 $421.08 $418.65 $419.87 Seasonally adjusted............. 11.74 12.14 12.15 12.19 402.68 422.47 419.18 420.56 Goods-producing......................... 13.37 13.72 13.78 13.83 548.17 565.26 567.74 572.56 Mining................................ 15.44 15.98 16.05 16.00 697.89 730.29 723.86 734.40 Construction.......................... 15.29 15.67 15.76 15.85 594.78 601.73 611.49 629.25 Manufacturing......................... 12.71 13.08 13.09 13.09 528.74 549.36 547.16 548.47 Durable goods........................ 13.27 13.64 13.64 13.65 562.65 585.16 582.43 584.22 Lumber and wood products............ 10.34 10.60 10.64 10.71 426.01 431.42 438.37 444.47 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.08 10.43 10.43 10.50 394.13 416.16 411.99 416.85 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.74 13.03 13.07 13.15 555.46 553.78 562.01 572.03 Primary metal industries............ 14.82 15.16 15.12 15.14 653.56 679.17 674.35 673.73 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 17.52 17.86 17.88 17.89 776.14 798.34 793.87 788.95 Fabricated metal products........... 12.46 12.78 12.81 12.82 527.06 543.15 544.43 544.85 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.45 13.93 13.93 13.93 578.35 610.13 605.96 605.96 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 12.09 12.49 12.56 12.54 496.90 527.08 526.26 524.17 Transportation equipment............ 17.19 17.51 17.48 17.47 764.96 787.95 779.61 779.16 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.84 18.01 18.01 17.99 818.86 824.86 817.65 818.55 Instruments and related products.... 13.04 13.47 13.48 13.55 541.16 568.43 562.12 566.39 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.34 10.56 10.52 10.54 408.43 425.57 422.90 420.55 Nondurable goods..................... 11.89 12.25 12.27 12.26 480.36 498.58 496.94 497.76 Food and kindred products........... 11.18 11.40 11.45 11.40 455.03 463.98 462.58 467.40 Tobacco products.................... 21.04 19.40 20.30 20.77 839.50 758.54 779.52 801.72 Textile mill products............... 9.62 9.92 9.94 9.94 390.57 408.70 410.52 409.53 Apparel and other textile products.. 7.94 8.24 8.21 8.21 296.16 309.00 305.41 305.41 Paper and allied products........... 14.59 14.93 15.01 15.05 627.37 649.46 651.43 653.17 Printing and publishing............. 12.54 13.01 12.97 12.89 476.52 503.49 498.05 492.40 Chemicals and allied products....... 16.04 16.42 16.43 16.49 689.72 709.34 708.13 712.37 Petroleum and coal products......... 18.99 20.51 20.01 19.96 808.97 881.93 854.43 856.28 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.20 11.50 11.54 11.53 465.92 480.70 482.37 480.80 Leather and leather products........ 8.42 8.86 8.87 8.89 321.64 341.11 337.06 338.71 Service-producing....................... 11.15 11.66 11.64 11.61 362.38 383.61 379.46 379.65 Transportation and public utilities... $14.34 $14.70 $14.78 $14.72 $562.13 $580.65 $580.85 $579.97 Wholesale trade....................... 12.75 13.28 13.33 13.31 487.05 511.28 510.54 513.77 Retail trade.......................... 7.92 8.27 8.29 8.27 227.30 237.35 237.09 238.18 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.74 13.20 13.10 13.15 453.54 481.80 468.98 470.77 Services.............................. 11.67 12.24 12.20 12.17 375.77 399.02 395.28 394.31 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 1996 benchmarks, updated seasonal adjustment procedures, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May change Industry 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p from: Apr. 1997- May 1997 Total private: Current dollars.............. $11.74 $12.05 $12.10 $12.14 $12.15 $12.19 0.3 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.40 7.46 7.47 7.49 7.50 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.40 13.73 13.76 13.79 13.80 13.86 .4 Mining...................... 15.50 15.98 15.96 15.94 15.96 16.07 .7 Construction................ 15.37 15.73 15.79 15.80 15.87 15.93 .4 Manufacturing............... 12.73 13.02 13.03 13.07 13.07 13.11 .3 Excluding overtime4....... 12.06 12.34 12.35 12.37 12.38 12.38 .0 Service-producing............. 11.17 11.49 11.54 11.59 11.59 11.63 .3 Transportation and public utilities................ 14.42 14.74 14.64 14.73 14.77 14.80 .2 Wholesale trade............. 12.76 13.12 13.23 13.30 13.27 13.32 .4 Retail trade................ 7.93 8.19 8.21 8.25 8.27 8.28 .1 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 12.73 12.95 13.08 13.12 13.01 13.15 1.1 Services.................... 11.70 12.05 12.12 12.16 12.16 12.20 .3 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .1 percent from March 1997 to April 1997, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 1996 benchmarks, updated seasonal adjustment procedures, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry May Mar. Apr. May May Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 136.0 137.5 138.2 140.2 135.7 138.2 140.0 140.2 139.6 140.0 Goods-producing......................... 111.2 110.0 111.2 113.8 111.0 112.0 113.1 113.3 113.4 113.6 Mining................................ 55.0 55.1 55.1 57.1 55.4 54.8 56.4 56.6 56.0 57.6 Construction.......................... 148.8 138.2 147.4 158.6 145.8 151.0 154.5 154.0 153.6 155.9 Manufacturing......................... 106.8 107.6 107.2 107.8 107.2 107.4 107.9 108.3 108.6 108.2 Durable goods........................ 109.3 111.0 110.8 111.4 109.2 110.0 110.7 111.3 111.7 111.3 Lumber and wood products............ 138.2 138.1 140.8 143.7 138.2 140.3 140.7 142.2 143.3 143.8 Furniture and fixtures.............. 122.2 126.2 124.5 125.8 123.9 125.1 125.7 127.3 126.4 127.6 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 112.2 105.7 108.9 111.9 109.9 108.9 111.0 110.0 109.4 109.7 Primary metal industries............ 92.5 94.0 93.4 93.2 92.4 93.1 93.5 93.9 94.3 93.3 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 73.7 72.7 72.0 71.5 74.0 73.4 72.9 73.2 73.0 71.6 Fabricated metal products........... 113.8 116.2 116.4 117.0 114.2 115.7 116.2 116.7 118.2 117.1 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 104.9 108.9 108.7 108.7 104.8 106.0 106.9 107.7 109.0 108.5 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 107.3 108.9 107.7 108.0 108.1 106.6 108.3 108.8 109.4 108.9 Transportation equipment............ 125.3 128.1 126.8 127.3 124.1 126.4 126.1 127.6 126.2 125.9 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 171.5 169.3 165.9 166.5 168.7 167.7 165.9 167.9 164.4 163.6 Instruments and related products.... 75.1 75.9 74.8 74.7 75.2 75.1 76.0 75.4 75.1 75.1 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 101.3 102.5 102.4 101.6 102.3 102.5 104.1 102.5 103.7 102.9 Nondurable goods..................... 103.4 102.8 102.2 102.9 104.4 104.0 104.0 104.3 104.3 104.0 Food and kindred products........... 112.5 112.0 110.8 113.3 116.3 117.0 117.0 117.4 116.9 117.0 Tobacco products.................... 55.9 60.6 55.1 53.3 62.8 63.2 64.7 63.7 59.9 58.8 Textile mill products............... 89.5 88.8 88.8 88.7 89.3 89.4 88.2 88.8 89.6 88.8 Apparel and other textile products.. 78.7 74.1 73.2 73.2 77.7 74.6 74.2 74.3 73.9 72.6 Paper and allied products........... 107.7 108.8 108.3 109.0 108.9 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.4 110.4 Printing and publishing............. 122.9 124.8 124.1 123.9 123.9 123.3 123.9 124.3 124.7 125.0 Chemicals and allied products....... 100.8 100.0 99.8 100.2 101.6 100.1 100.3 100.3 100.3 101.1 Petroleum and coal products......... 74.8 72.8 73.8 75.9 75.4 78.0 76.3 76.1 74.2 75.9 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 142.9 144.8 144.8 144.9 142.5 143.1 144.5 145.0 146.3 144.7 Leather and leather products........ 44.1 42.2 41.5 41.4 44.0 42.5 43.0 42.8 41.9 41.6 Service-producing....................... 147.1 149.9 150.3 152.0 146.8 150.0 152.1 152.3 151.3 151.8 Transportation and public utilities... 126.3 129.2 129.3 130.7 126.7 129.3 130.5 131.4 130.5 131.2 Wholesale trade....................... 122.4 125.1 124.8 126.5 121.9 124.3 125.9 126.3 125.6 126.2 Retail trade.......................... 134.3 133.6 134.7 137.7 134.5 136.7 138.2 138.5 137.9 137.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 123.5 127.6 126.0 126.9 123.6 124.7 128.9 129.0 126.4 126.9 Services.............................. 176.3 181.3 181.9 183.0 175.5 180.2 182.6 182.6 181.6 182.2 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 1996 benchmarks, updated seasonal adjustment procedures, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 59.7 61.0 49.6 57.6 61.5 56.2 55.5 58.3 62.2 59.6 61.7 59.3 1994.............. 57.6 61.9 67.1 64.5 57.7 63.9 62.5 62.6 61.4 60.3 63.8 62.4 1995.............. 62.4 60.1 54.5 55.6 48.0 53.9 54.1 59.8 57.0 54.9 57.2 57.9 1996.............. 51.7 64.3 60.1 54.9 62.9 60.5 56.5 59.3 54.4 62.6 58.1 61.0 1997.............. 59.3 59.1 59.0 p60.5 p55.6 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 64.7 60.8 60.5 58.6 62.9 63.6 59.6 62.9 64.7 66.9 64.3 63.6 1994.............. 65.3 69.5 70.4 68.7 67.1 67.0 69.1 69.7 65.7 65.6 67.0 66.2 1995.............. 65.4 62.5 58.7 53.2 54.6 52.4 57.9 59.6 59.7 59.0 57.0 56.3 1996.............. 62.6 63.6 62.6 61.2 62.1 63.1 62.6 58.8 62.8 60.4 64.7 65.0 1997.............. 64.6 62.2 p63.3 p63.8 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 62.9 64.6 64.3 64.3 62.2 65.6 66.0 64.9 66.3 66.7 69.4 69.2 1994.............. 71.1 69.8 69.8 70.9 70.1 69.8 69.7 69.4 69.4 67.4 67.7 66.2 1995.............. 66.9 61.4 58.1 56.6 58.1 58.1 56.7 59.8 60.3 59.1 61.5 63.3 1996.............. 62.2 63.5 63.5 63.5 62.6 61.2 65.3 63.6 62.6 64.5 64.2 67.4 1997.............. p66.7 p66.2 Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0 1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.1 62.2 63.3 1996.............. 63.5 64.7 62.4 62.9 64.7 64.2 65.0 63.1 63.8 p65.7 p64.7 1997.............. Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 52.2 56.8 49.6 44.2 53.2 46.4 49.3 51.8 57.9 52.2 54.0 55.8 1994.............. 55.8 59.0 60.4 58.6 52.9 58.6 59.4 56.1 52.9 55.0 58.6 58.3 1995.............. 54.3 56.1 44.2 51.4 42.1 42.8 43.5 52.2 47.1 50.0 47.5 50.7 1996.............. 45.7 54.3 47.8 39.2 52.2 52.2 44.2 52.9 44.2 50.7 49.6 52.2 1997.............. 54.0 50.4 52.9 p50.4 p50.7 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 61.5 59.0 54.0 46.8 48.6 54.3 51.1 58.3 57.2 59.4 54.7 58.3 1994.............. 61.9 64.7 65.5 59.7 57.6 60.1 62.2 57.9 55.0 55.4 60.1 59.4 1995.............. 59.7 50.4 47.5 40.3 42.4 36.3 38.5 43.9 49.3 46.4 45.3 43.9 1996.............. 47.5 47.8 42.1 38.5 43.2 45.0 48.9 43.2 50.4 46.4 52.5 52.5 1997.............. 53.2 51.4 p48.6 p51.8 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 55.8 58.6 58.6 55.8 51.8 57.2 59.7 57.2 57.6 58.3 62.6 60.8 1994.............. 62.2 62.2 62.6 63.3 59.4 56.5 56.5 58.6 58.6 55.0 58.3 55.0 1995.............. 55.8 48.6 43.9 38.8 39.2 39.6 38.8 39.6 43.9 45.0 44.2 44.6 1996.............. 41.4 41.7 41.0 38.1 39.6 40.6 47.5 46.8 45.3 50.4 48.2 53.2 1997.............. p51.8 p52.5 Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6 1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 37.4 38.1 39.9 1996.............. 39.6 42.8 39.2 39.6 42.4 40.3 43.5 40.3 43.5 p45.3 p45.0 1997.............. 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. Data have been revised to reflect March 1996 benchmarks, updated seasonal adjustment procedures, and recomputed seasonal adjustment factors.