Technical contact: (202) 606-6199 USDL: 97-371 Media contact: (202) 606-5902 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 A.M. EDT Tuesday, October 21, 1997 http://stats.bls.gov/ecthome.htm Employer Costs for Employee Compensation - March 1997 In March 1997, employer costs for employee compensation for civilian workers (private industry and state and local government) in the United States averaged $19.22 per hour worked, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Straight-time wages and salaries, which averaged $13.85, accounted for 72 percent of these costs, while benefits, which averaged $5.37, accounted for the remaining 28 percent. (See table 1.) Among the benefit categories, employer costs per hour worked were highest for legally required benefits, which averaged $1.62, or 8.4 percent of total compensation. Paid leave benefits averaged $1.27 (6.6 percent), insurance benefits averaged $1.23 (6.4 percent), and retirement and savings benefits averaged 75 cents per hour worked (3.9 percent). Private industry In March 1997, private industry employer compensation costs averaged $17.97 per hour worked. Wages and salaries averaged $13.04 per hour worked (72.5 percent), while benefits averaged $4.94 (27.5 percent). (See table 5.) Average employer compensation costs were $21.86 in goods-producing industries and $16.73 in service-producing industries. Among the published industry series, compensation costs ranged from $9.92 in retail trade to $23.49 in durable goods manufacturing. (See table 10.) Average compensation costs were $21.60 for white-collar occupations, $17.19 for blue-collar occupations, and $9.04 for service occupations. Benefits accounted for a greater proportion of compensation costs for blue-collar occupations (31.4 percent) than for white-collar (26.2 percent) and service occupations (23.3 percent). (See table 6.) In March 1997, average employer compensation costs were $23.48 for union workers and $17.21 for nonunion workers. Benefits represented a greater proportion of compensation costs for union workers (35.5 percent) than for nonunion workers (25.9 percent). (See table 7.) These compensation cost differences reflect, in part, variation in the distribution of union and nonunion workers among occupations, industries, and establishment size. Some historical data for 1994-96 are being corrected with this release. See page 3 for further information. Among the four census regions, private industry compensation costs ranged from an average of $15.79 per hour worked in the South to $20.27 per hour worked in the Northeast. The proportion of compensation represented by benefits ranged from 26.0 percent in the West to 28.9 percent in the Midwest. (See table 7.) Compensation costs increased with establishment size. Establishments with fewer than 100 employees averaged $15.37, establishments with 100- 499 employees averaged $16.97, and establishments with 500 or more employees averaged $24.75. The proportion of compensation represented by benefits also increased with employment size. For establishments with fewer than 100 employees, benefits represented 24.9 percent of total compensation; for establishments with 100-499 employees, benefits represented 27.6 percent; and, for establishments with 500 or more employees, benefits represented 30.8 percent of total compensation. (See table 8.) Compensation costs for full-time workers averaged $20.37 per hour worked compared with $9.60 for part-time workers. Benefit costs represented a greater proportion of compensation costs for full-time workers than for part-time workers (28.6 percent compared with 19.2 percent). (See table 9.) Workers are classified as full time or part time according to the practices of the surveyed establishments. Part- time employees are typically scheduled to work fewer hours than full- time employees in the same work activity. State and local government In March 1997, employer costs in state and local governments averaged $26.58 per hour worked. Wages and salaries, which accounted for 70 percent of the total, averaged $18.61, while benefits, which accounted for the remaining 30 percent, averaged $7.97. (See table 3.) Average compensation costs in state and local governments were higher for white-collar occupations ($29.54) than for blue-collar occupations ($21.50) and service occupations ($19.50). (See table 4.) Service occupations include police and firefighters, as well as janitors, cooks, and nursing aides. Benefits accounted for similar proportions of total compensation in service occupations (35.9 percent) and blue- collar occupations (35.2 percent); for white-collar occupations, benefits represented 28.2 percent of total compensation. Among industry groups, compensation costs were higher in services (e.g., health services and educational services) than in public administration ($27.88 compared with $24.07). Benefits represented a greater proportion of total compensation in public administration (34.6 percent) than in services (27.7 percent). Health benefit costs in private industry In March 1997, private industry health benefit costs averaged 99 cents per hour worked, or 5.5 percent of total compensation. Among the benefits, only Social Security, at $1.08 (6.0 percent), had a higher cost. In goods-producing industries, health benefit costs were $1.49 (6.8 percent) compared with 83 cents (4.9 percent) for service-producing industries. (See table 5.) Employer costs for health benefits were highest, in average dollar amount and proportion of compensation, for blue-collar occupations ($1.19 per hour worked and 6.9 percent of total compensation) and lowest for service occupations (40 cents per hour worked and 4.5 percent of total compensation). White-collar occupations averaged $1.07 (5.0 percent). (See table 6.) Employer costs for health benefits were higher for union workers, averaging $2.01 (8.5 percent), than for nonunion workers, averaging 85 cents (4.9 percent). (See table 7.) Among the four census regions, costs for health benefits ranged from 86 cents in the South to $1.17 in the Northeast. (See table 7.) Health benefit costs increased, both in average dollar amount and as a proportion of total compensation, with establishment size. Establishments with fewer than 100 employees averaged 72 cents (4.7 percent), those with 100-499 employees averaged 98 cents (5.8 percent), and those with 500 or more employees averaged $1.57 (6.3 percent). (See table 8.) Retirement and savings benefit costs in private industry In March 1997, the average cost for retirement and savings was 55 cents per hour worked in private industry (3.0 percent of total compensation). Included in this amount are employer costs for defined benefit plans, which averaged 26 cents (1.4 percent), and defined contribution plans, which averaged 29 cents (1.6 percent). Defined benefit plans specify a formula for determining future benefits, while defined contribution plans specify employer and employee contributions but do not guarantee future benefits. Retirement and savings costs were higher in goods-producing (85 cents per hour worked and 3.9 percent of total compensation) than in service-producing industries (45 cents per hour worked and 2.7 percent of total compensation). Defined benefit plan costs represented a greater proportion of employer costs (relative to defined contribution plans) in goods-producing than in service-producing industries. (See table 5.) The average cost per hour worked for retirement and savings was 65 cents for white-collar occupations, 62 cents for blue-collar occupations, and 12 cents for service occupations. Although white- collar occupations had the highest average cost among the occupational categories, blue-collar occupations had a slightly higher proportion of retirement and savings costs as a percent of total compensation (3.6 percent). Retirement and savings costs represented 3.0 percent of total compensation for white-collar occupations and 1.3 percent for service occupations. (See table 6.) Retirement and savings costs were higher, both in average dollar amounts and as a proportion of total compensation, for union workers ($1.33 and 5.7 percent of total compensation) than for nonunion workers (44 cents and 2.5 percent of total compensation). Defined benefit plan costs represented a greater proportion of employer costs (relative to defined contribution plans) for union workers than for nonunion workers. (See table 7.) Retirement and savings costs ranged from 46 cents per hour worked in the South to 63 cents in the Northeast. The proportion of total compensation represented by retirement and savings varied slightly among regions. (See table 7.) Retirement and savings costs increased, both in average dollar amount and as a proportion of total compensation, with establishment size. Establishments with fewer than 100 employees averaged 35 cents (2.3 percent), establishments with 100-499 employees averaged 51 cents (3.0 percent), and establishments with 500 or more employees averaged $1.01 (4.1 percent). Defined benefit plan costs accounted for a greater proportion of total retirement and savings costs as establishment size increased. (See table 8.) NOTE In conjunction with this release, corrected data for civilian workers for 1994-1996 and for full-time workers in manufacturing (private industry) for 1996 are being issued. Other private industry series were not affected. Tables A1-A3 show original estimates, corrected estimates, and differences for total compensation, wages and salaries, and benefits for the affected series. Corrections for individual benefits are available upon request or from http://stats.bls.gov/ecthome.htm. Table of Contents: Table 1. Civilian workers by broad occupational categories 6 Table 2. Civilian workers by occupational and industry group 7 Table 3. State and local government by broad occupational and industry categories 8 Table 4. State and local government by occupational and industry group 9 Table 5. Private industry by broad industry categories 10 Table 6. Private industry by broad occupational categories 11 Table 7. Private industry by region and bargaining status 12 Table 8. Private industry by establishment employment size 13 Table 9. Private industry by full-time and part-time status 14 Table 10. Private industry by occupational and industry categories 15 Table 11. Private goods-producing and service-producing industries 16 Table 12. Private manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries 17 Table 13. Private industry union and nonunion workers 18 Table 14. Private industry by establishment employment size 19 Table 15. Private industry health services by occupational categories 20 Table 16. Special industries 21 Corrections for Employer Costs for Employee Compensation Table A1. Civilian workers by occupational and industry group, corrected data for March 1994 22 Table A2. Civilian workers by occupational and industry group, corrected data for March 1995 23 Table A3. Civilian workers by occupational and industry group and private industry, full-time workers in manufacturing, corrected data for March 1996 24 Explanatory notes 25 Appendix table. Employer costs per hour worked for components of compensation, and relative standard errors (in percent), by major industry and occupational categories, March 1997 28 Table 1. CIVILIAN WORKERS BY BROAD OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 Civilian workers White-collar Blue-collar Service Compensation component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation................ $19.22 100.0 $23.10 100.0 $17.46 100.0 $10.69 100.0 Wages and salaries.............. 13.85 72.0 16.95 73.4 11.93 68.3 7.82 73.2 Total benefits.................. 5.37 28.0 6.16 26.6 5.53 31.7 2.87 26.8 Paid leave.................... 1.27 6.6 1.64 7.1 1.00 5.7 .60 5.6 Vacation pay................. .58 3.0 .73 3.2 .52 3.0 .27 2.5 Holiday pay.................. .43 2.2 .56 2.4 .35 2.0 .19 1.8 Sick leave................... .19 1.0 .27 1.2 .09 .5 .11 1.0 Other leave pay.............. .06 .3 .09 .4 .04 .2 .03 .3 Supplemental pay............... .47 2.4 .48 2.1 .64 3.6 .19 1.8 Premium pay.................. .19 1.0 .10 .4 .42 2.4 .10 .9 Shift pay.................... .05 .2 .04 .2 .06 .4 .04 .4 Nonproduction bonuses........ .23 1.2 .34 1.5 .15 .8 .05 .5 Insurance...................... 1.23 6.4 1.38 6.0 1.34 7.7 .64 6.0 Life insurance............... .05 .2 .06 .2 .05 .3 .02 .1 Health insurance............. 1.13 5.9 1.26 5.5 1.23 7.1 .60 5.6 Sickness and accident insurance................... .03 .2 .03 .1 .04 .2 .02 .2 Long-term disability insurance................... .02 .1 .03 .1 (1) (1) (1) (1) Retirement and savings......... .75 3.9 .92 4.0 .68 3.9 .38 3.5 Defined benefit plans........ .49 2.5 .55 2.4 .47 2.7 .32 3.0 Defined contribution plans... .27 1.4 .37 1.6 .21 1.2 .06 .5 Legally required benefits...... 1.62 8.4 1.70 7.3 1.84 10.5 1.06 9.9 Social Security.............. 1.11 5.8 1.32 5.7 1.01 5.8 .65 6.1 OASDI(2)................... .88 4.6 1.05 4.5 .82 4.7 .53 4.9 Medicare................... .22 1.2 .27 1.2 .19 1.1 .13 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance................... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .3 State unemployment insurance................... .11 .6 .11 .5 .12 .7 .09 .8 Workers' compensation........ .38 2.0 .25 1.1 .68 3.9 .29 2.7 Other benefits(3)............ .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .2 (1) (1) 1 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 2 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 3 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Table 2. CIVILIAN WORKERS BY OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRY GROUP: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, by occupational and industry group, March 1997 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and sation salaries Supple- Retire- Legally Other Total Paid mental Insur- ment and required bene- leave pay ance savings benefits fits(1) Cost per hour worked Civilian workers.................. $19.22 $13.85 $5.37 $1.27 $0.47 $1.23 $0.75 $1.62 $0.03 White-collar occupations...... 23.10 16.95 6.16 1.64 .48 1.38 .92 1.70 .03 Professional specialty and technical.................. 31.08 22.87 8.21 2.14 .62 1.75 1.48 2.18 .05 Professional.............. 33.11 24.48 8.63 2.24 .64 1.85 1.61 2.24 .05 Nurses.................. 28.41 20.54 7.87 2.32 .97 1.42 .85 2.31 (2) Teachers................ 35.37 26.79 8.58 1.78 .06 2.19 2.40 2.09 .06 Technical................. 23.80 17.09 6.71 1.78 .52 1.42 1.01 1.94 .05 Executive, administrative, and managerial............. 33.12 24.04 9.07 2.87 .77 1.72 1.33 2.32 .05 Administrative support, including clerical......... 15.44 10.99 4.45 1.13 .29 1.27 .55 1.19 .02 Blue-collar occupations....... 17.46 11.93 5.53 1.00 .64 1.34 .68 1.84 .03 Service occupations........... 10.69 7.82 2.87 .60 .19 .64 .38 1.06 (2) Services...................... 20.27 15.03 5.24 1.33 .36 1.18 .80 1.55 .02 Health services............. 18.58 13.55 5.03 1.44 .43 1.08 .57 1.50 (2) Hospitals................. 21.79 15.28 6.52 1.93 .67 1.55 .68 1.66 (2) Educational services........ 28.57 21.03 7.54 1.77 .09 2.04 1.90 1.70 .04 Elementary and secondary education................ 28.26 20.84 7.43 1.58 .06 2.21 1.91 1.61 .06 Higher education.......... 30.18 22.14 8.04 2.17 .15 1.80 2.01 1.91 (2) Percent of total compensation Civilian workers.................. 100.0 72.0 28.0 6.6 2.4 6.4 3.9 8.4 0.1 White-collar occupations...... 100.0 73.4 26.6 7.1 2.1 6.0 4.0 7.3 .1 Professional specialty and technical.................. 100.0 73.6 26.4 6.9 2.0 5.6 4.8 7.0 .2 Professional.............. 100.0 73.9 26.1 6.8 1.9 5.6 4.9 6.8 .2 Nurses.................. 100.0 72.3 27.7 8.2 3.4 5.0 3.0 8.1 (2) Teachers................ 100.0 75.8 24.2 5.0 .2 6.2 6.8 5.9 .2 Technical................. 100.0 71.8 28.2 7.5 2.2 6.0 4.3 8.1 .2 Executive, administrative, and managerial............. 100.0 72.6 27.4 8.7 2.3 5.2 4.0 7.0 .2 Administrative support, including clerical......... 100.0 71.2 28.8 7.3 1.9 8.2 3.6 7.7 .1 Blue-collar occupations....... 100.0 68.3 31.7 5.7 3.6 7.7 3.9 10.5 .2 Service occupations........... 100.0 73.2 26.8 5.6 1.8 6.0 3.5 9.9 (2) Services...................... 100.0 74.2 25.8 6.6 1.8 5.8 4.0 7.6 .1 Health services............. 100.0 72.9 27.1 7.8 2.3 5.8 3.1 8.1 (2) Hospitals................. 100.0 70.1 29.9 8.9 3.1 7.1 3.1 7.6 (2) Educational services........ 100.0 73.6 26.4 6.2 .3 7.1 6.6 6.0 .1 Elementary and secondary education................ 100.0 73.7 26.3 5.6 .2 7.8 6.7 5.7 .2 Higher education.......... 100.0 73.4 26.6 7.2 .5 6.0 6.7 6.3 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 3. STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT BY BROAD OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRY CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 All workers in White-collar Service Service State and local occupations occupations industries Compensation governments component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation................ $26.58 100.0 $29.54 100.0 $19.50 100.0 $27.88 100.0 Wages and salaries.............. 18.61 70.0 21.21 71.8 12.51 64.1 20.15 72.3 Total benefits.................. 7.97 30.0 8.33 28.2 6.99 35.9 7.73 27.7 Paid leave.................... 2.06 7.7 2.14 7.3 1.78 9.1 1.87 6.7 Vacation pay................. .70 2.6 .66 2.2 .75 3.9 .52 1.9 Holiday pay.................. .67 2.5 .71 2.4 .57 2.9 .63 2.3 Sick leave................... .52 2.0 .59 2.0 .34 1.8 .55 2.0 Other leave pay.............. .16 .6 .18 .6 .12 .6 .17 .6 Supplemental pay............... .23 .9 .14 .5 .44 2.3 .15 .5 Premium pay.................. .11 .4 .04 .1 .23 1.2 .05 .2 Shift pay.................... .05 .2 .04 .1 .11 .6 .05 .2 Nonproduction bonuses........ .06 .2 .06 .2 .10 .5 .05 .2 Insurance...................... 2.09 7.9 2.20 7.5 1.74 8.9 2.11 7.6 Life insurance............... .05 .2 .05 .2 .04 .2 .05 .2 Health insurance............. 1.99 7.5 2.10 7.1 1.65 8.5 2.01 7.2 Sickness and accident insurance................... .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 Long-term disability insurance................... .03 .1 .03 .1 .02 .1 .03 .1 Retirement and savings......... 1.95 7.4 2.08 7.0 1.76 9.0 1.93 6.9 Defined benefit plans........ 1.82 6.8 1.91 6.5 1.70 8.7 1.77 6.3 Defined contribution plans... .14 .5 .17 .6 .05 .3 .16 .6 Legally required benefits...... 1.61 6.1 1.73 5.9 1.24 6.4 1.63 5.8 Social Security.............. 1.25 4.7 1.42 4.8 .80 4.1 1.35 4.8 OASDI(1)................... .98 3.7 1.11 3.8 .62 3.2 1.05 3.8 Medicare................... .27 1.0 .31 1.1 .18 .9 .29 1.1 Federal unemployment insurance................... (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) State unemployment insurance................... .05 .2 .05 .2 .05 .3 .05 .2 Workers' compensation........ .30 1.1 .25 .9 .39 2.0 .23 .8 Other benefits(3)............ .04 .1 .04 .1 .03 .2 .04 .2 1 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Table 4. STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT BY OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRY GROUP: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, by occupational and industry group, March 1997 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and sation salaries Supple- Retire- Legally Other Total Paid mental Insur- ment and required bene- leave pay ance savings benefits fits(1) Cost per hour worked State and local government workers............... $26.58 $18.61 $7.97 $2.06 $0.23 $2.09 $1.95 $1.61 $0.04 White-collar occupations....... 29.54 21.21 8.33 2.14 .14 2.20 2.08 1.73 .04 Professional specialty and technical.................. 34.92 25.78 9.14 2.12 .15 2.33 2.49 1.99 .06 Professional............... 36.25 26.89 9.36 2.13 .13 2.40 2.59 2.05 .06 Teachers................. 38.86 29.20 9.66 1.97 .06 2.54 2.89 2.13 .07 Executive, administrative, and managerial............. 33.78 23.43 10.35 3.40 .18 2.24 2.48 2.03 (2) Administrative support, including clerical......... 17.04 11.28 5.76 1.55 .09 1.93 1.09 1.08 .02 Blue-collar occupations........ 21.50 13.93 7.57 2.03 .38 2.03 1.58 1.53 .03 Service occupations............ 19.50 12.51 6.99 1.78 .44 1.74 1.76 1.24 .03 Services....................... 27.88 20.15 7.73 1.87 .15 2.11 1.93 1.63 .04 Health services.............. 21.99 14.67 7.32 2.28 .58 1.71 1.14 1.59 .03 Hospitals.................. 22.53 15.10 7.43 2.35 .56 1.68 1.19 1.62 .03 Educational services......... 29.21 21.37 7.84 1.79 .09 2.17 2.09 1.66 .05 Elementary and secondary education................ 28.94 21.29 7.66 1.63 .06 2.28 2.02 1.61 .06 Higher education........... 30.53 22.10 8.43 2.23 .17 1.90 2.31 1.81 (2) Public administration.......... 24.07 15.73 8.33 2.40 .33 1.99 2.10 1.49 .03 Percent of total compensation State and local government workers............... 100.0 70.0 30.0 7.7 0.9 7.9 7.4 6.1 0.1 White-collar occupations....... 100.0 71.8 28.2 7.3 .5 7.5 7.0 5.9 .1 Professional specialty and technical.................. 100.0 73.8 26.2 6.1 .4 6.7 7.1 5.7 .2 Professional............... 100.0 74.2 25.8 5.9 .4 6.6 7.1 5.7 .2 Teachers................. 100.0 75.1 24.9 5.1 .1 6.5 7.4 5.5 .2 Executive, administrative, and managerial............. 100.0 69.4 30.6 10.1 .5 6.6 7.3 6.0 (2) Administrative support, including clerical......... 100.0 66.2 33.8 9.1 .5 11.3 6.4 6.3 .1 Blue-collar occupations........ 100.0 64.8 35.2 9.4 1.7 9.4 7.3 7.1 .1 Service occupations............ 100.0 64.1 35.9 9.1 2.3 8.9 9.0 6.4 .2 Services....................... 100.0 72.3 27.7 6.7 .5 7.6 6.9 5.8 .2 Health services.............. 100.0 66.7 33.3 10.4 2.6 7.8 5.2 7.2 .1 Hospitals.................. 100.0 67.0 33.0 10.4 2.5 7.5 5.3 7.2 .1 Educational services......... 100.0 73.2 26.8 6.1 .3 7.4 7.1 5.7 .2 Elementary and secondary education................ 100.0 73.5 26.5 5.6 .2 7.9 7.0 5.6 .2 Higher education........... 100.0 72.4 27.6 7.3 .6 6.2 7.6 5.9 (2) Public administration.......... 100.0 65.4 34.6 10.0 1.4 8.3 8.7 6.2 .1 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 5. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY BROAD INDUSTRY CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 All workers in Goodsproducing(1) Service- Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing Compensation private industry producing(2) component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation........................ $17.97 100.0 $21.86 100.0 $16.73 100.0 $21.84 100.0 $17.10 100.0 Wages and salaries...................... 13.04 72.5 14.92 68.2 12.44 74.3 14.79 67.7 12.64 73.9 Total benefits.......................... 4.94 27.5 6.94 31.8 4.29 25.7 7.05 32.3 4.46 26.1 Paid leave............................ 1.14 6.3 1.45 6.6 1.04 6.2 1.66 7.6 1.02 6.0 Vacation pay......................... .57 3.2 .76 3.5 .50 3.0 .85 3.9 .50 2.9 Holiday pay.......................... .39 2.2 .53 2.4 .35 2.1 .61 2.8 .34 2.0 Sick leave........................... .13 .7 .11 .5 .14 .8 .12 .6 .13 .8 Other leave pay...................... .05 .3 .05 .2 .05 .3 .07 .3 .04 .3 Supplemental pay....................... .51 2.9 .82 3.8 .42 2.5 .88 4.0 .43 2.5 Premium pay.......................... .21 1.1 .45 2.1 .13 .8 .45 2.1 .15 .9 Shift pay............................ .05 .3 .07 .3 .04 .2 .09 .4 .04 .2 Nonproduction bonuses................ .26 1.4 .30 1.4 .25 1.5 .33 1.5 .24 1.4 Insurance.............................. 1.09 6.1 1.64 7.5 .92 5.5 1.70 7.8 .95 5.6 Life insurance....................... .05 .3 .07 .3 .04 .2 .07 .3 .04 .2 Health insurance..................... .99 5.5 1.49 6.8 .83 4.9 1.55 7.1 .86 5.0 Sickness and accident insurance........................... .03 .2 .06 .3 .03 .2 .07 .3 .03 .2 Long-term disability insurance........................... .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 Retirement and savings................. .55 3.0 .85 3.9 .45 2.7 .79 3.6 .49 2.9 Defined benefit plans................ .26 1.4 .49 2.2 .19 1.1 .44 2.0 .22 1.3 Defined contribution plans........... .29 1.6 .36 1.7 .26 1.6 .35 1.6 .27 1.6 Legally required benefits.............. 1.62 9.0 2.11 9.7 1.46 8.7 1.94 8.9 1.55 9.1 Social Security...................... 1.08 6.0 1.27 5.8 1.03 6.1 1.27 5.8 1.04 6.1 OASDI(3)........................... .87 4.8 1.02 4.7 .82 4.9 1.03 4.7 .83 4.9 Medicare........................... .21 1.2 .25 1.1 .20 1.2 .25 1.1 .21 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance........................... .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 State unemployment insurance........................... .12 .6 .14 .7 .11 .6 .13 .6 .11 .7 Workers' compensation................ .39 2.2 .68 3.1 .30 1.8 .51 2.4 .36 2.1 Other benefits(4).................... .03 .1 .07 .3 (5) (5) .08 .4 (5) (5) 1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 2 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 3 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 4 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 5 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 6. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY BROAD OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 All workers in White-collar Blue-collar Service Compensation private industry component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation........................ $17.97 100.0 $21.60 100.0 $17.19 100.0 $9.04 100.0 Wages and salaries...................... 13.04 72.5 15.94 73.8 11.80 68.6 6.94 76.7 Total benefits.......................... 4.94 27.5 5.66 26.2 5.39 31.4 2.10 23.3 Paid leave............................ 1.14 6.3 1.53 7.1 .93 5.4 .37 4.1 Vacation pay......................... .57 3.2 .75 3.5 .50 2.9 .18 2.0 Holiday pay.......................... .39 2.2 .52 2.4 .34 1.9 .12 1.3 Sick leave........................... .13 .7 .19 .9 .07 .4 .06 .7 Other leave pay...................... .05 .3 .07 .3 .03 .2 .02 .2 Supplemental pay....................... .51 2.9 .56 2.6 .65 3.8 .14 1.6 Premium pay.......................... .21 1.1 .12 .5 .43 2.5 .07 .8 Shift pay............................ .05 .3 .04 .2 .06 .4 .03 .3 Nonproduction bonuses................ .26 1.4 .40 1.9 .15 .9 .04 .5 Insurance.............................. 1.09 6.1 1.20 5.6 1.29 7.5 .44 4.8 Life insurance....................... .05 .3 .06 .3 .05 .3 (1) (1) Health insurance..................... .99 5.5 1.07 5.0 1.19 6.9 .40 4.5 Sickness and accident insurance........................... .03 .2 .04 .2 .04 .2 .02 .2 Long-term disability insurance........................... .02 .1 .03 .1 (1) (1) (1) (1) Retirement and savings................. .55 3.0 .65 3.0 .62 3.6 .12 1.3 Defined benefit plans................ .26 1.4 .24 1.1 .40 2.4 .06 .6 Defined contribution plans........... .29 1.6 .41 1.9 .22 1.3 .06 .6 Legally required benefits.............. 1.62 9.0 1.69 7.8 1.86 10.8 1.03 11.4 Social Security...................... 1.08 6.0 1.29 6.0 1.01 5.9 .63 6.9 OASDI(2)........................... .87 4.8 1.03 4.8 .82 4.8 .51 5.6 Medicare........................... .21 1.2 .26 1.2 .19 1.1 .12 1.3 Federal unemployment insurance........................... .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .4 State unemployment insurance........................... .12 .6 .12 .5 .12 .7 .09 1.0 Workers' compensation................ .39 2.2 .25 1.1 .70 4.1 .27 3.0 Other benefits(3).................... .03 .1 .03 .1 .04 .2 (1) (1) 1 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 2 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 3 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Table 7. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY REGION AND BARGAINING STATUS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 Region(1) Bargaining status Compensation component Northeast South Midwest West Union Nonunion Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation................ $20.27 100.0 $15.79 100.0 $17.33 100.0 $19.68 100.0 $23.48 100.0 $17.21 100.0 Wages and salaries.............. 14.52 71.6 11.61 73.5 12.33 71.1 14.57 74.0 15.13 64.5 12.75 74.1 Total benefits.................. 5.75 28.4 4.18 26.5 5.00 28.9 5.11 26.0 8.34 35.5 4.46 25.9 Paid leave.................... 1.43 7.1 .92 5.8 1.08 6.2 1.23 6.2 1.56 6.6 1.08 6.3 Vacation pay................. .68 3.4 .47 2.9 .56 3.2 .61 3.1 .86 3.7 .53 3.1 Holiday pay.................. .49 2.4 .31 2.0 .37 2.2 .42 2.1 .49 2.1 .38 2.2 Sick leave................... .19 .9 .11 .7 .10 .6 .15 .8 .14 .6 .13 .8 Other leave pay.............. .06 .3 .04 .2 .04 .3 .05 .3 .06 .3 .05 .3 Supplemental pay............... .53 2.6 .38 2.4 .67 3.9 .49 2.5 .91 3.9 .46 2.7 Premium pay.................. .20 1.0 .19 1.2 .26 1.5 .18 .9 .59 2.5 .15 .9 Shift pay.................... .05 .3 .04 .2 .06 .3 .05 .2 .13 .6 .04 .2 Nonproduction bonuses........ .28 1.4 .16 1.0 .36 2.1 .26 1.3 .19 .8 .27 1.6 Insurance...................... 1.30 6.4 .95 6.0 1.12 6.5 1.03 5.2 2.19 9.3 .94 5.4 Life insurance............... .05 .3 .04 .3 .05 .3 .04 .2 .08 .4 .04 .2 Health insurance............. 1.17 5.8 .86 5.4 1.02 5.9 .95 4.8 2.01 8.5 .85 4.9 Sickness and accident insurance................... .05 .3 .03 .2 .04 .2 .02 .1 .08 .3 .03 .2 Long-term disability insurance................... .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 Retirement and savings......... .63 3.1 .46 2.9 .58 3.4 .54 2.8 1.33 5.7 .44 2.5 Defined benefit plans........ .29 1.4 .22 1.4 .29 1.7 .24 1.2 1.06 4.5 .15 .9 Defined contribution plans... .34 1.7 .24 1.5 .29 1.7 .31 1.6 .26 1.1 .29 1.7 Legally required benefits...... 1.84 9.1 1.46 9.2 1.51 8.7 1.80 9.1 2.27 9.7 1.53 8.9 Social Security.............. 1.20 5.9 .97 6.2 1.04 6.0 1.19 6.0 1.30 5.6 1.05 6.1 OASDI(2)................... .96 4.7 .78 5.0 .84 4.8 .95 4.8 1.06 4.5 .84 4.9 Medicare................... .24 1.2 .19 1.2 .20 1.2 .24 1.2 .25 1.1 .21 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance................... .03 .2 .03 .2 .03 .2 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 State unemployment insurance................... .18 .9 .07 .4 .10 .6 .14 .7 .15 .6 .11 .6 Workers' compensation........ .42 2.1 .38 2.4 .34 2.0 .43 2.2 .79 3.4 .34 2.0 Other benefits(3)............ .03 .1 .02 .1 .04 .2 .02 .1 .08 .3 .02 .1 1 The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast:Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South:Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West:Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 2 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 3 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Table 8. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY ESTABLISHMENT EMPLOYMENT SIZE: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 All workers in 1-99 100 workers or more private industry workers Compensation component Total 100-499 500 workers or more workers Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation................ $17.97 100.0 $15.37 100.0 $20.61 100.0 $16.97 100.0 $24.75 100.0 Wages and salaries............... 13.04 72.5 11.54 75.1 14.55 70.6 12.29 72.4 17.12 69.2 Total benefits................... 4.94 27.5 3.82 24.9 6.06 29.4 4.68 27.6 7.63 30.8 Paid leave...................... 1.14 6.3 0.78 5.1 1.50 7.3 1.06 6.2 2.00 8.1 Vacation pay................... 0.57 3.2 0.38 2.5 0.75 3.7 0.52 3.1 1.02 4.1 Holiday pay.................... 0.39 2.2 0.28 1.8 0.50 2.4 0.36 2.1 0.66 2.7 Sick leave..................... 0.13 0.7 0.09 0.6 0.18 0.9 0.13 0.7 0.24 1.0 Other leave pay................ 0.05 0.3 0.03 0.2 0.07 0.3 0.05 0.3 0.09 0.4 Supplemental pay................ 0.51 2.9 0.39 2.6 0.64 3.1 0.46 2.7 0.83 3.4 Premium pay.................... 0.21 1.1 0.14 0.9 0.27 1.3 0.23 1.3 0.32 1.3 Shift pay...................... 0.05 0.3 (1) (1) 0.09 0.4 0.04 0.3 0.14 0.6 Nonproduction bonuses.......... 0.26 1.4 0.24 1.6 0.28 1.3 0.19 1.1 0.38 1.5 Insurance....................... 1.09 6.1 0.79 5.2 1.39 6.7 1.08 6.4 1.74 7.0 Life insurance................. 0.05 0.3 0.04 0.2 0.06 0.3 0.04 0.3 0.07 0.3 Health insurance............... 0.99 5.5 0.72 4.7 1.26 6.1 0.98 5.8 1.57 6.3 Sickness and accident insurance................... 0.03 0.2 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.04 0.2 0.06 0.3 Long-term disability insurance................... 0.02 0.1 (1) (1) 0.03 0.1 0.02 0.1 0.04 0.2 Retirement and savings.......... 0.55 3.0 0.35 2.3 0.74 3.6 0.51 3.0 1.01 4.1 Defined benefit plans.......... 0.26 1.4 0.14 0.9 0.38 1.9 0.22 1.3 0.58 2.3 Defined contribution plans..... 0.29 1.6 0.22 1.4 0.36 1.7 0.29 1.7 0.43 1.7 Legally required benefits....... 1.62 9.0 1.50 9.7 1.75 8.5 1.56 9.2 1.97 7.9 Social Security................ 1.08 6.0 0.96 6.2 1.21 5.9 1.02 6.0 1.43 5.8 OASDI(2)...................... 0.87 4.8 0.77 5.0 0.97 4.7 0.82 4.8 1.15 4.6 Medicare...................... 0.21 1.2 0.19 1.2 0.24 1.2 0.20 1.2 0.29 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance................... 0.03 0.2 0.03 0.2 0.03 0.1 0.03 0.2 0.03 0.1 State unemployment insurance................... 0.12 0.6 0.11 0.7 0.12 0.6 0.12 0.7 0.11 0.5 Workers' compensation.......... 0.39 2.2 0.39 2.6 0.39 1.9 0.38 2.3 0.39 1.6 Other benefits(3)............... 0.03 0.1 (1) (1) 0.05 0.2 0.02 0.1 0.08 0.3 1 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 2 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 3 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Table 9. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY FULL-TIME AND PART-TIME STATUS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and sation salaries Supple- Retire- Legally Other Total Paid mental Insur- ment and required bene- leave pay ance savings benefits fits(1) Cost per hour worked All full-time workers in private industry....... $20.37 $14.55 $5.82 $1.38 $0.62 $1.33 $0.66 $1.79 $0.03 White-collar occupations...................... 24.04 17.53 6.51 1.81 .66 1.42 .77 1.82 .04 Sales occupations.......................... 19.52 15.07 4.44 .98 .48 .96 .46 1.55 .02 Administrative support, including clerical. 15.99 11.37 4.62 1.18 .36 1.32 .50 1.25 .02 Blue-collar occupations....................... 18.02 12.29 5.73 1.01 .70 1.39 .66 1.93 .04 Service occupations........................... 11.10 8.12 2.98 .62 .22 .75 .20 1.18 (2) Goods-producing industries(3)................. 22.12 15.07 7.05 1.48 .84 1.67 .87 2.12 .07 Construction............................... 21.78 15.31 6.47 .71 .59 1.39 1.07 2.72 (2) Manufacturing.............................. 22.10 14.94 7.16 1.69 .89 1.74 .80 1.94 .08 Service-producing industries(4)............... 19.61 14.32 5.28 1.34 .53 1.18 .57 1.64 .02 Wholesale trade............................ 20.77 15.09 5.68 1.31 .58 1.37 .61 1.79 .02 Retail trade............................... 12.87 9.95 2.92 .60 .27 .62 .18 1.25 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate........ 24.15 17.21 6.95 1.83 .86 1.61 .93 1.67 .05 Service industries......................... 19.80 14.59 5.21 1.42 .52 1.10 .53 1.63 .02 All part-time workers in private industry....... 9.60 7.75 1.85 .27 .14 .25 .13 1.04 (2) White-collar occupations...................... 11.89 9.64 2.25 .42 .19 .32 .17 1.15 (2) Sales occupations.......................... 7.68 6.25 1.42 .18 .12 .22 .10 .80 (2) Administrative support, including clerical. 10.98 8.82 2.16 .43 .16 .34 .17 1.05 (2) Blue-collar occupations....................... 9.66 7.32 2.35 .22 .23 .42 .31 1.17 (2) Service occupations........................... 6.94 5.73 1.21 .13 .06 .11 .03 .88 (2) Goods-producing industries(3)................. 12.07 9.28 2.79 .29 .30 .28 .13 1.79 (2) Service-producing industries(4)............... 9.53 7.71 1.82 .27 .14 .25 .13 1.02 (2) Retail trade............................... 6.99 5.68 1.31 .13 .08 .19 .07 .82 (2) Service industries......................... 12.13 9.88 2.26 .41 .19 .28 .15 1.22 (2) Percent of total compensation All full-time workers in private industry....... 100.0 71.4 28.6 6.8 3.0 6.5 3.3 8.8 0.2 White-collar occupations...................... 100.0 72.9 27.1 7.5 2.7 5.9 3.2 7.6 .2 Sales occupations.......................... 100.0 77.2 22.8 5.0 2.4 4.9 2.3 7.9 .1 Administrative support, including clerical. 100.0 71.1 28.9 7.4 2.3 8.2 3.1 7.8 .1 Blue-collar occupations....................... 100.0 68.2 31.8 5.6 3.9 7.7 3.6 10.7 .2 Service occupations........................... 100.0 73.2 26.8 5.6 2.0 6.8 1.8 10.6 (2) Goods-producing industries(3)................. 100.0 68.1 31.9 6.7 3.8 7.6 3.9 9.6 .3 Construction............................... 100.0 70.3 29.7 3.2 2.7 6.4 4.9 12.5 (2) Manufacturing.............................. 100.0 67.6 32.4 7.6 4.0 7.9 3.6 8.8 .4 Service-producing industries(4)............... 100.0 73.1 26.9 6.8 2.7 6.0 2.9 8.4 .1 Wholesale trade............................ 100.0 72.6 27.4 6.3 2.8 6.6 2.9 8.6 .1 Retail trade............................... 100.0 77.3 22.7 4.6 2.1 4.8 1.4 9.7 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate........ 100.0 71.2 28.8 7.6 3.6 6.7 3.9 6.9 .2 Service industries......................... 100.0 73.7 26.3 7.2 2.6 5.5 2.7 8.2 .1 All part-time workers in private industry....... 100.0 80.8 19.2 2.8 1.5 2.6 1.4 10.9 (2) White-collar occupations...................... 100.0 81.1 18.9 3.5 1.6 2.7 1.4 9.7 (2) Sales occupations.......................... 100.0 81.4 18.6 2.3 1.5 2.9 1.3 10.5 (2) Administrative support, including clerical. 100.0 80.3 19.7 3.9 1.4 3.1 1.6 9.6 (2) Blue-collar occupations....................... 100.0 75.7 24.3 2.2 2.4 4.4 3.2 12.1 (2) Service occupations........................... 100.0 82.6 17.4 1.8 .9 1.6 .5 12.6 (2) Goods-producing industries(3)................. 100.0 76.8 23.2 2.4 2.5 2.4 1.0 14.8 (2) Service-producing industries(4)............... 100.0 80.9 19.1 2.9 1.4 2.7 1.4 10.7 (2) Retail trade............................... 100.0 81.3 18.7 1.9 1.2 2.7 1.1 11.8 (2) Service industries......................... 100.0 81.4 18.6 3.4 1.5 2.3 1.2 10.1 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. NOTE: Estimates for transportation and public utilities, which have been published in previous years, are not available for 1997 due to industrial coding changes. See Explanatory Notes for further information. Table 10. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRY CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and sation salaries Supple- Retire- Legally Other Total Paid mental Insur- ment and required bene- leave pay ance savings benefits fits(1) Cost per hour worked All workers in private industry................. $17.97 $13.04 $4.94 $1.14 $0.51 $1.09 $0.55 $1.62 $0.03 Occupational group White-collar occupations...................... 21.60 15.94 5.66 1.53 .56 1.20 .65 1.69 .03 Professional specialty and technical........ 29.10 21.33 7.77 2.15 .87 1.47 .95 2.27 .05 Professional.............................. 31.01 22.84 8.17 2.31 .99 1.50 .96 2.36 .04 Technical................................. 24.15 17.43 6.72 1.76 .55 1.40 .93 2.02 .05 Executive, administrative, managerial....... 32.98 24.17 8.81 2.77 .89 1.62 1.09 2.38 .06 Sales occupations........................... 14.79 11.55 3.24 .66 .33 .67 .32 1.25 (2) Administrative support, including clerical.. 15.14 10.94 4.21 1.05 .33 1.15 .44 1.21 .02 Blue-collar occupations....................... 17.19 11.80 5.39 .93 .65 1.29 .62 1.86 .04 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 22.33 15.41 6.92 1.27 .75 1.57 .88 2.39 .05 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................. 16.00 10.61 5.39 1.00 .82 1.41 .51 1.60 .06 Transportation and material moving.......... 16.88 11.71 5.17 .83 .56 1.25 .60 1.92 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................... 12.42 8.72 3.70 .53 .42 .86 .43 1.44 (2) Service occupations........................... 9.04 6.94 2.10 .37 .14 .44 .12 1.03 (2) Industry group Goods-producing industries(3)................. 21.86 14.92 6.94 1.45 .82 1.64 .85 2.11 .07 Construction................................ 21.47 15.13 6.34 .69 .58 1.35 1.04 2.69 (2) Manufacturing industries ................... 21.84 14.79 7.05 1.66 .88 1.70 .79 1.94 .08 Service-producing industries(4)............... 16.73 12.44 4.29 1.04 .42 .92 .45 1.46 (2) Wholesale trade............................. 19.98 14.58 5.40 1.23 .55 1.29 .57 1.73 .02 Retail trade................................ 9.92 7.81 2.11 .37 .18 .40 .13 1.03 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate......... 23.01 16.50 6.51 1.69 .80 1.49 .86 1.62 .04 Services.................................... 17.84 13.39 4.46 1.16 .43 .89 .44 1.52 (2) Percent of total compensation All workers in private industry................. 100.0 72.5 27.5 6.3 2.9 6.1 3.0 9.0 0.1 Occupational group White-collar occupations...................... 100.0 73.8 26.2 7.1 2.6 5.6 3.0 7.8 .1 Professional specialty and technical........ 100.0 73.3 26.7 7.4 3.0 5.1 3.3 7.8 .2 Professional.............................. 100.0 73.6 26.4 7.4 3.2 4.8 3.1 7.6 .1 Technical................................. 100.0 72.2 27.8 7.3 2.3 5.8 3.9 8.4 .2 Executive, administrative, managerial....... 100.0 73.3 26.7 8.4 2.7 4.9 3.3 7.2 .2 Sales occupations........................... 100.0 78.1 21.9 4.5 2.3 4.5 2.1 8.5 (2) Administrative support, including clerical.. 100.0 72.2 27.8 7.0 2.2 7.6 2.9 8.0 .1 Blue-collar occupations....................... 100.0 68.6 31.4 5.4 3.8 7.5 3.6 10.8 .2 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 100.0 69.0 31.0 5.7 3.4 7.1 3.9 10.7 .2 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................. 100.0 66.3 33.7 6.2 5.1 8.8 3.2 10.0 .4 Transportation and material moving.......... 100.0 69.4 30.6 4.9 3.3 7.4 3.6 11.4 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................... 100.0 70.2 29.8 4.3 3.4 6.9 3.5 11.6 (2) Service occupations........................... 100.0 76.7 23.3 4.1 1.6 4.8 1.3 11.4 (2) Industry group Goods-producing industries(3)................. 100.0 68.2 31.8 6.6 3.8 7.5 3.9 9.7 .3 Construction................................ 100.0 70.5 29.5 3.2 2.7 6.3 4.8 12.5 (2) Manufacturing industries ................... 100.0 67.7 32.3 7.6 4.0 7.8 3.6 8.9 .4 Service-producing industries(4)............... 100.0 74.3 25.7 6.2 2.5 5.5 2.7 8.7 (2) Wholesale trade............................. 100.0 73.0 27.0 6.2 2.7 6.5 2.9 8.7 .1 Retail trade................................ 100.0 78.7 21.3 3.7 1.8 4.1 1.3 10.4 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate......... 100.0 71.7 28.3 7.4 3.5 6.5 3.7 7.1 .2 Services.................................... 100.0 75.0 25.0 6.5 2.4 5.0 2.4 8.5 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. NOTE: Estimates for transportation and public utilities, which have been published in previous years, are not available for 1997 due to industrial coding changes. See Explanatory Notes for further information. Table 11. PRIVATE GOODS-PRODUCING AND SERVICE-PRODUCING INDUSTRIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and sation salaries Supple- Retire- Legally Other Total Paid mental Insur- ment and required bene- leave pay ance savings benefits fits(1) Cost per hour worked All workers, goods-producing industries(2)...... $21.86 $14.92 $6.94 $1.45 $0.82 $1.64 $0.85 $2.11 $0.07 White-collar occupations...................... 29.26 20.78 8.47 2.46 .77 1.83 1.06 2.25 .09 Professional specialty and technical........ 35.21 24.98 10.23 3.23 .84 2.14 1.23 2.64 .15 Executive, administrative, managerial....... 39.62 28.19 11.43 3.40 1.10 2.13 1.73 2.97 .11 Administrative support, including clerical.. 16.52 11.60 4.91 1.15 .51 1.38 .47 1.39 .03 Blue-collar occupations....................... 19.09 12.71 6.38 1.06 .84 1.56 .78 2.07 .06 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 23.68 15.93 7.75 1.27 .89 1.77 1.08 2.66 .07 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................. 17.04 11.09 5.95 1.09 .93 1.59 .59 1.69 .07 Transportation and material moving.......... 18.13 12.07 6.05 .92 .85 1.48 .71 2.09 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...................... 14.21 9.73 4.47 .59 .53 1.09 .57 1.68 (3) Service occupations........................... 16.03 10.59 5.44 1.05 .80 1.42 .45 1.63 .08 All workers, service-producing industries(4).... 16.73 12.44 4.29 1.04 .42 .92 .45 1.46 (3) White-collar occupations...................... 20.44 15.21 5.23 1.39 .53 1.10 .59 1.60 .02 Professional specialty and technical........ 27.77 20.54 7.24 1.92 .88 1.33 .89 2.19 .02 Executive, administrative, managerial....... 31.30 23.15 8.15 2.61 .84 1.49 .93 2.23 .05 Sales workers............................... 14.51 11.36 3.16 .64 .33 .65 .31 1.23 (3) Administrative support, including clerical.. 14.93 10.83 4.10 1.04 .30 1.12 .44 1.19 .02 Blue-collar occupations....................... 14.85 10.67 4.18 .78 .42 .95 .43 1.59 (3) Precision production, craft, and repair..... 20.01 14.52 5.49 1.26 .51 1.23 .53 1.94 (3) Transportation and material moving.......... 16.38 11.56 4.82 .80 .44 1.16 .56 1.86 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...................... 11.50 8.20 3.30 .50 .37 .74 .36 1.32 (3) Service occupations........................... 8.87 6.85 2.02 .36 .13 .41 .11 1.01 (3) Percent of total compensation All workers, goods-producing industries(2)...... 100.0 68.2 31.8 6.6 3.8 7.5 3.9 9.7 0.3 White-collar occupations...................... 100.0 71.0 29.0 8.4 2.6 6.3 3.6 7.7 .3 Professional specialty and technical........ 100.0 71.0 29.0 9.2 2.4 6.1 3.5 7.5 .4 Executive, administrative, managerial....... 100.0 71.2 28.8 8.6 2.8 5.4 4.4 7.5 .3 Administrative support, including clerical.. 100.0 70.3 29.7 6.9 3.1 8.3 2.8 8.4 .2 Blue-collar occupations....................... 100.0 66.6 33.4 5.6 4.4 8.2 4.1 10.9 .3 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 100.0 67.3 32.7 5.4 3.8 7.5 4.6 11.2 .3 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................. 100.0 65.1 34.9 6.4 5.4 9.3 3.5 9.9 .4 Transportation and material moving.......... 100.0 66.6 33.4 5.1 4.7 8.1 3.9 11.5 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...................... 100.0 68.5 31.5 4.1 3.7 7.7 4.0 11.8 (3) Service occupations........................... 100.0 66.1 33.9 6.5 5.0 8.9 2.8 10.2 .5 All workers, service-producing industries(4).... 100.0 74.3 25.7 6.2 2.5 5.5 2.7 8.7 (3) White-collar occupations...................... 100.0 74.4 25.6 6.8 2.6 5.4 2.9 7.8 .1 Professional specialty and technical........ 100.0 73.9 26.1 6.9 3.2 4.8 3.2 7.9 .1 Executive, administrative, managerial....... 100.0 74.0 26.0 8.3 2.7 4.8 3.0 7.1 .2 Sales workers............................... 100.0 78.3 21.7 4.4 2.3 4.5 2.1 8.5 (3) Administrative support, including clerical.. 100.0 72.6 27.4 7.0 2.0 7.5 2.9 8.0 .1 Blue-collar occupations....................... 100.0 71.8 28.2 5.2 2.8 6.4 2.9 10.7 (3) Precision production, craft, and repair..... 100.0 72.6 27.4 6.3 2.6 6.2 2.7 9.7 (3) Transportation and material moving.......... 100.0 70.6 29.4 4.9 2.7 7.1 3.4 11.3 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...................... 100.0 71.3 28.7 4.3 3.2 6.5 3.2 11.5 (3) Service occupations........................... 100.0 77.2 22.8 4.0 1.4 4.7 1.2 11.4 (3) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. Table 12. PRIVATE MANUFACTURING AND NONMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and sation salaries Supple- Retire- Legally Other Total Paid mental Insur- ment and required bene- leave pay ance savings benefits fits(1) Cost per hour worked All workers, manufacturing industries .......... $21.84 $14.79 $7.05 $1.66 $0.88 $1.70 $0.79 $1.94 $0.08 White-collar occupations...................... 29.79 21.10 8.68 2.60 .78 1.88 1.09 2.24 .10 Professional specialty and technical........ 35.25 25.00 10.25 3.27 .83 2.17 1.21 2.63 .15 Executive, administrative, managerial....... 40.76 28.95 11.80 3.68 1.12 2.17 1.86 2.85 .13 Administrative support, including clerical.. 16.85 11.75 5.09 1.24 .51 1.41 .50 1.41 .03 Blue-collar occupations....................... 18.28 11.96 6.32 1.23 .92 1.63 .65 1.81 .07 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 23.75 15.46 8.29 1.83 1.15 2.00 .92 2.27 .13 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................. 16.94 11.02 5.92 1.10 .91 1.58 .58 1.68 .07 Transportation and material moving.......... 17.45 11.78 5.67 1.01 .77 1.41 .54 1.92 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...................... 13.96 9.36 4.60 .77 .62 1.25 .50 1.44 .02 Service occupations........................... 16.95 11.05 5.90 1.16 .89 1.56 .50 1.72 .09 All workers, nonmanufacturing industries ....... 17.10 12.64 4.46 1.02 .43 .95 .49 1.55 (2) White-collar occupations...................... 20.56 15.29 5.27 1.39 .53 1.11 .60 1.62 .02 Professional specialty and technical........ 27.86 20.59 7.27 1.93 .88 1.33 .90 2.20 .03 Executive, administrative, managerial....... 31.53 23.27 8.25 2.60 .85 1.52 .95 2.29 .05 Sales workers............................... 14.58 11.41 3.17 .64 .33 .65 .31 1.23 (2) Administrative support, including clerical.. 14.93 10.83 4.09 1.03 .30 1.12 .44 1.19 .02 Blue-collar occupations....................... 16.47 11.69 4.78 .74 .47 1.07 .60 1.89 (2) Precision production, craft, and repair..... 21.69 15.39 6.30 1.01 .57 1.38 .87 2.45 (2) Transportation and material moving.......... 16.73 11.69 5.04 .79 .50 1.21 .61 1.92 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...................... 12.02 8.55 3.47 .47 .37 .76 .42 1.45 (2) Service occupations........................... 8.87 6.85 2.02 .36 .13 .41 .11 1.01 (2) Percent of total compensation All workers, manufacturing industries .......... 100.0 67.7 32.3 7.6 4.0 7.8 3.6 8.9 0.4 White-collar occupations...................... 100.0 70.8 29.2 8.7 2.6 6.3 3.7 7.5 .3 Professional specialty and technical........ 100.0 70.9 29.1 9.3 2.4 6.1 3.4 7.5 .4 Executive, administrative, managerial....... 100.0 71.0 29.0 9.0 2.7 5.3 4.6 7.0 .3 Administrative support, including clerical.. 100.0 69.8 30.2 7.3 3.0 8.4 2.9 8.4 .2 Blue-collar occupations....................... 100.0 65.4 34.6 6.7 5.0 8.9 3.6 9.9 .4 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 100.0 65.1 34.9 7.7 4.8 8.4 3.9 9.5 .5 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................. 100.0 65.1 34.9 6.5 5.4 9.3 3.4 9.9 .4 Transportation and material moving.......... 100.0 67.5 32.5 5.8 4.4 8.1 3.1 11.0 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...................... 100.0 67.1 32.9 5.5 4.4 9.0 3.6 10.3 .2 Service occupations........................... 100.0 65.2 34.8 6.8 5.2 9.2 2.9 10.1 .5 All workers, nonmanufacturing industries ....... 100.0 73.9 26.1 6.0 2.5 5.6 2.9 9.1 (2) White-collar occupations...................... 100.0 74.3 25.7 6.8 2.6 5.4 2.9 7.9 .1 Professional specialty and technical........ 100.0 73.9 26.1 6.9 3.2 4.8 3.2 7.9 .1 Executive, administrative, managerial....... 100.0 73.8 26.2 8.2 2.7 4.8 3.0 7.3 .2 Sales workers............................... 100.0 78.2 21.8 4.4 2.2 4.5 2.1 8.5 (2) Administrative support, including clerical.. 100.0 72.6 27.4 6.9 2.0 7.5 2.9 8.0 .1 Blue-collar occupations....................... 100.0 71.0 29.0 4.5 2.9 6.5 3.7 11.5 (2) Precision production, craft, and repair..... 100.0 71.0 29.0 4.7 2.6 6.4 4.0 11.3 (2) Transportation and material moving.......... 100.0 69.9 30.1 4.7 3.0 7.2 3.7 11.5 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers...................... 100.0 71.1 28.9 3.9 3.1 6.3 3.5 12.0 (2) Service occupations........................... 100.0 77.2 22.8 4.0 1.4 4.7 1.2 11.4 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 13. PRIVATE INDUSTRY UNION AND NONUNION WORKERS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and sation salaries Supple- Retire- Legally Other Total Paid mental Insur- ment and required bene- leave pay ance savings benefits fits(1) Cost per hour worked All union workers, private industry............. $23.48 $15.13 $8.34 $1.56 $0.91 $2.19 $1.33 $2.27 $0.08 Blue-collar occupations.................... 24.07 15.16 8.91 1.51 1.06 2.35 1.48 2.42 .10 Goods-producing industries.................... 24.65 15.44 9.21 1.50 1.15 2.46 1.48 2.49 .13 Service-producing industries.................. 22.28 14.83 7.45 1.61 .67 1.92 1.17 2.06 .03 Manufacturing................................. 21.87 13.54 8.33 1.64 1.26 2.20 1.00 2.08 .16 Blue-collar occupations..................... 21.63 13.31 8.33 1.59 1.29 2.20 1.01 2.07 .16 Nonmanufacturing.............................. 24.48 16.13 8.35 1.51 .69 2.19 1.53 2.40 .03 All nonunion workers, private industry.......... 17.21 12.75 4.46 1.08 .46 .94 .44 1.53 .02 Blue-collar occupations.................... 14.75 10.60 4.14 .73 .51 .91 .32 1.66 (2) Goods-producing industries.................... 20.91 14.74 6.17 1.43 .71 1.36 .64 1.99 .04 Service-producing industries.................. 16.25 12.23 4.02 .99 .39 .83 .39 1.41 (2) Manufacturing................................. 21.82 15.22 6.61 1.66 .75 1.54 .71 1.89 .05 Blue-collar occupations..................... 16.55 11.27 5.28 1.05 .74 1.33 .46 1.67 .03 Nonmanufacturing.............................. 16.35 12.29 4.07 .97 .41 .83 .39 1.46 (2) Percent of total compensation All union workers, private industry............. 100.0 64.5 35.5 6.6 3.9 9.3 5.7 9.7 0.3 Blue-collar occupations.................... 100.0 63.0 37.0 6.3 4.4 9.8 6.2 10.0 .4 Goods-producing industries.................... 100.0 62.6 37.4 6.1 4.7 10.0 6.0 10.1 .5 Service-producing industries.................. 100.0 66.5 33.5 7.2 3.0 8.6 5.3 9.2 .1 Manufacturing................................. 100.0 61.9 38.1 7.5 5.8 10.0 4.6 9.5 .7 Blue-collar occupations..................... 100.0 61.5 38.5 7.4 5.9 10.2 4.7 9.6 .8 Nonmanufacturing.............................. 100.0 65.9 34.1 6.2 2.8 8.9 6.3 9.8 .1 All nonunion workers, private industry.......... 100.0 74.1 25.9 6.3 2.7 5.4 2.5 8.9 .1 Blue-collar occupations.................... 100.0 71.9 28.1 5.0 3.5 6.2 2.1 11.3 (2) Goods-producing industries.................... 100.0 70.5 29.5 6.9 3.4 6.5 3.0 9.5 .2 Service-producing industries.................. 100.0 75.3 24.7 6.1 2.4 5.1 2.4 8.7 (2) Manufacturing................................. 100.0 69.7 30.3 7.6 3.4 7.0 3.3 8.7 .2 Blue-collar occupations..................... 100.0 68.1 31.9 6.3 4.4 8.1 2.8 10.1 .2 Nonmanufacturing.............................. 100.0 75.1 24.9 5.9 2.5 5.1 2.4 8.9 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 14. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY ESTABLISHMENT EMPLOYMENT SIZE: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 Benefit costs Industry and occupational group, Total Wages and and employment size compen- salaries Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation Total Paid mental Insurance ment and required bene- leave pay savings benefits fits(1) Cost per hour worked All workers in private industry... $17.97 $13.04 $4.94 $1.14 $0.51 $1.09 $0.55 $1.62 $0.03 1-99 workers..................... 15.37 11.54 3.82 0.78 0.39 0.79 0.35 1.50 (2) 100 workers or more.............. 20.61 14.55 6.06 1.50 0.64 1.39 0.74 1.75 0.05 100-499 workers................ 16.97 12.29 4.68 1.06 0.46 1.08 0.51 1.56 0.02 500 workers or more............ 24.75 17.12 7.63 2.00 0.83 1.74 1.01 1.97 0.08 Goods-producing industries (3).. 21.86 14.92 6.94 1.45 0.82 1.64 0.85 2.11 0.07 1-99 workers................... 18.48 13.16 5.32 0.81 0.50 1.16 0.64 2.18 (2) 100 workers or more............ 23.91 15.98 7.93 1.84 1.02 1.92 0.98 2.07 0.10 100-499 workers............... 19.91 13.56 6.36 1.28 0.79 1.59 0.76 1.92 0.02 500 workers or more........... 27.81 18.34 9.47 2.38 1.25 2.25 1.19 2.23 0.18 Service-producing industries (4) 16.73 12.44 4.29 1.04 0.42 0.92 0.45 1.46 (2) 1-99 workers................... 14.68 11.18 3.49 0.78 0.37 0.71 0.29 1.34 (2) 100 workers or more............ 19.18 13.93 5.25 1.35 0.47 1.16 0.64 1.61 0.02 100-499 workers............... 15.83 11.80 4.03 0.97 0.34 0.88 0.41 1.42 0.02 500 workers or more........... 23.25 16.52 6.73 1.81 0.63 1.50 0.91 1.84 0.03 White-collar occupations........ 21.60 15.94 5.66 1.53 0.56 1.20 0.65 1.69 0.03 1-99 workers................... 18.29 13.88 4.41 1.10 0.49 0.92 0.42 1.48 (2) 100 workers or more............ 24.89 18.00 6.89 1.96 0.63 1.48 0.88 1.89 0.05 100-499 workers............... 20.62 15.26 5.36 1.41 0.48 1.17 0.63 1.65 0.03 500 workers or more........... 28.70 20.44 8.26 2.44 0.77 1.76 1.11 2.11 0.07 Blue-collar occupations......... 17.19 11.80 5.39 0.93 0.65 1.29 0.62 1.86 0.04 1-99 workers................... 15.81 11.36 4.45 0.65 0.45 0.99 0.45 1.91 (2) 100 workers or more............ 18.47 12.19 6.27 1.20 0.84 1.57 0.78 1.81 0.06 100-499 workers............... 16.27 11.14 5.12 0.94 0.61 1.29 0.58 1.70 (2) 500 workers or more........... 21.46 13.63 7.84 1.56 1.16 1.96 1.06 1.96 0.13 Percent of total compensation All workers in private industry... 100.0 72.5 27.5 6.3 2.9 6.1 3.0 9.0 0.1 1-99 workers..................... 100.0 75.1 24.9 5.1 2.6 5.2 2.3 9.7 (2) 100 workers or more.............. 100.0 70.6 29.4 7.3 3.1 6.7 3.6 8.5 0.2 100-499 workers................ 100.0 72.4 27.6 6.2 2.7 6.4 3.0 9.2 0.1 500 workers or more............ 100.0 69.2 30.8 8.1 3.4 7.0 4.1 7.9 0.3 Goods-producing industries (3).. 100.0 68.2 31.8 6.6 3.8 7.5 3.9 9.7 0.3 1-99 workers................... 100.0 71.2 28.8 4.4 2.7 6.3 3.5 11.8 (2) 100 workers or more............ 100.0 66.8 33.2 7.7 4.3 8.0 4.1 8.7 0.4 100-499 workers............... 100.0 68.1 31.9 6.5 3.9 8.0 3.8 9.6 0.1 500 workers or more........... 100.0 66.0 34.0 8.6 4.5 8.1 4.3 8.0 0.6 Service-producing industries (4) 100.0 74.3 25.7 6.2 2.5 5.5 2.7 8.7 (2) 1-99 workers................... 100.0 76.2 23.8 5.3 2.5 4.8 2.0 9.2 (2) 100 workers or more............ 100.0 72.6 27.4 7.0 2.5 6.0 3.3 8.4 0.1 100-499 workers............... 100.0 74.5 25.5 6.1 2.1 5.6 2.6 8.9 0.1 500 workers or more........... 100.0 71.1 28.9 7.8 2.7 6.4 3.9 7.9 0.1 White-collar occupations........ 100.0 73.8 26.2 7.1 2.6 5.6 3.0 7.8 0.1 1-99 workers................... 100.0 75.9 24.1 6.0 2.7 5.0 2.3 8.1 (2) 100 workers or more............ 100.0 72.3 27.7 7.9 2.5 5.9 3.5 7.6 0.2 100-499 workers............... 100.0 74.0 26.0 6.8 2.3 5.7 3.0 8.0 0.1 500 workers or more........... 100.0 71.2 28.8 8.5 2.7 6.1 3.9 7.3 0.2 Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 68.6 31.4 5.4 3.8 7.5 3.6 10.8 0.2 1-99 workers................... 100.0 71.9 28.1 4.1 2.8 6.2 2.8 12.1 (2) 100 workers or more............ 100.0 66.0 34.0 6.5 4.6 8.5 4.2 9.8 0.3 100-499 workers............... 100.0 68.5 31.5 5.8 3.7 7.9 3.6 10.4 (2) 500 workers or more........... 100.0 63.5 36.5 7.3 5.4 9.1 4.9 9.1 0.6 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. Table 15. PRIVATE INDUSTRY HEALTH SERVICES BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1997 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and sation salaries Supple- Retire- Legally Other Total Paid mental Insur- ment and required bene- leave pay ance savings benefits fits(1) Cost per hour worked Health services........................... $18.32 $13.55 $4.77 $1.35 $0.41 $1.00 $0.52 $1.49 (2) Professional specialty and technical occupations..............