Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau's occupational pay surveys is to assist its field economists in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on comparability of occupational content, the Bureau's job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau's field economists are instructed to exclude working supervisors; apprentices; learners, beginners, and trainees; and part- time, temporary, and probationary workers, unless specifically included in the job description. Handicapped workers whose pay are reduced because of their handicap are also excluded. The titles and numeric codes below the job titles in this appendix are taken from the 1980 edition of the Standard Occupational Classification Manual (SOC), issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards. In general, the occupational descriptions of the Bureau of Labor Statistics are much more specific than those found in the SOC manual. The BLS occupation, "Attorney," for example, excludes workers engaged in patent work; the SOC occupation (code 211) includes patent lawyers. Thus, in comparing the results of this survey with other sources, factors such as differences in occupational definitions and survey scope should be taken into consideration. Professional ACCOUNTANT (1412: Accountant and auditor) Performs professional operating or cost accounting work requiring knowledge of the theory and practice of recording, classifying, examining, and analyzing the data and records of financial transactions. The work generally requires a bachelor's degree in accounting or, in rare instances, equivalent experience and education combined. Positions covered by this definition are characterized by the inclusion of work that is analytical, creative, evaluative, and advisory in nature. The work draws upon and requires a thorough knowledge of the fundamental doctrines, theories, principles, and terminology of accountancy, and often entails some understanding of such related fields as business law, statistics, and general management. Professional responsibilities in accountant positions above levels I and II include several such duties as: Analyzing the effects of transactions upon account relationships; Evaluating alternative means of treating transactions; Planning the manner in which account structures should be developed or modified; Assuring the adequacy of the accounting system as the basis for reporting to management; Considering the need for new or changed controls; Projecting accounting data to show the effects of proposed plans on capital investments, income, cash position, and overall financial condition; Interpreting the meaning of accounting records, reports, and statements; Advising operating officials on accounting matters; and Recommending improvements, adaptations, or revisions in the accounting system and procedures. Accountant I and II positions provide opportunity to develop ability to perform professional duties such as those enumerated above. In addition to such professional work, most accountants are also responsible for assuring the proper recording and documentation of transactions in the accounts. They, therefore, frequently direct nonprofessional personnel in the actual day-to-day maintenance of books of accounts, the accumulation of cost or other comparable data, the preparation of standard reports and statements, and similar work. (Positions involving such supervisory work but not including professional duties as described above are not included in this description.) Some accountants use electronic data processing equipment to process, record, and report accounting data. In some such cases the machine unit is a subordinate segment of the accounting system; in others it is a separate entity or is attached to some other organization. In either instance, provided that the primary responsibility of the position is professional accounting work of the type otherwise included, the use of data processing equipment of any type does not of itself exclude a position from the accountant description nor does it change its level. Excluded are: a. Top technical experts in accounting, for an organization, who are responsible for the overall direction of an entire accounting program which includes general accounting and at least one other major accounting activity such as cost, property, sales, or tax accounting; b. Accountants above level VI who are more concerned with administrative, budgetary, and policy matters than the day-to-day supervision of an operating accounting program; and c. Accountants primarily responsible for 1) designing and improving accounting systems or 2) performing nonoperating staff work such as budget or financial analysis, financial analysis, or tax advising. Accountant I General characteristics. At this beginning professional level, the accountant learns to apply the principles, theories, and concepts of accounting to a specific system. The position is distinguishable from nonprofessional positions by the variety of assignments; rate and scope of development expected; and the existence, implicit or explicit, of a planned training program designed to give the entering accountant practical experience. (Terminal positions are excluded.) Direction received. Works under close supervision of an experienced accountant whose guidance is directed primarily to the development of the trainee's professional ability and to the evaluation of advancement potential. Limits of assignments are clearly defined, methods of procedure are specified, and kinds of items to be noted and referred to supervisor are identified. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs a variety of accounting tasks such as: examining a variety of financial statements for completeness, internal accuracy, and conformance with uniform accounting classifications or other specific accounting requirements; reconciling reports and financial data with financial statements already on file, and pointing out apparent inconsistencies or errors; carrying out assigned steps in an accounting analysis, such as computing standard ratios; assembling and summarizing accounting literature on a given subject; preparing relatively simple financial statements not involving problems of analysis or presentation; and preparing charts, tables, and other exhibits to be used in reports. In addition, may also perform some nonprofessional tasks for training purposes. Responsibility for the direction of others. Usually none. Accountant II General characteristics. At this level, the accountant makes practical application of technical accounting practices and concepts beyond the mere application of detailed rules and instructions. Initial assignments are designed to expand practical experience and to develop professional judgment in the application of basic accounting techniques to simple problems. Is expected to be competent in the application of standard procedures and requirements to routine transactions, to raise questions about unusual or questionable items, and to suggest solutions. Direction received. Work is reviewed to verify general accuracy and coverage of unusual problems, and to insure conformance with required procedures and special instructions. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs a variety of accounting tasks, e.g., prepares routine working papers, schedules, exhibits, and summaries indicating the extent of the examination and presenting and supporting findings and recommendations. Examines a variety of accounting documents to verify accuracy of computations and to ascertain that all transactions are properly supported, are in accordance with pertinent policies and procedures, and are classified and recorded according to acceptable accounting standards. Responsibility for the direction of others. Usually none, although sometimes responsible for supervision of a few clerks. Accountant III General characteristics. The accountant at this level applies well established accounting principles, theories, concepts, and practices to moderately difficult problems. Receives detailed instructions concerning the overall accounting system and its objectives, the policies and procedures under which it is operated, and the nature of changes in the system or its operation. Characteristically, the accounting system or assigned segment is stable and well established (i.e., the basic chart of accounts, classifications, the nature of the cost accounting system, the report requirements, and the procedures are changed infrequently). Depending upon the work load involved, the accountant may have such assignments as supervision of the day-to-day operation of: (a) the entire system of a relatively small organization; (b) a major segment (e.g., general accounting, cost accounting, financial statements and reports) of a somewhat larger system; or (c) in a complex system, may be assigned to a relatively narrow and specialized segment dealing with some problem, function, or portion of work which is appropriate for this level. Direction received. A higher level professional accountant normally is available to furnish advice and assistance as needed. Work is reviewed for technical accuracy, adequacy of professional judgment, and compliance with instructions through spot checks, appraisal of results, subsequent processing, analysis of reports and statements, and other appropriate means. Typical duties and responsibilities. The primary responsibility of most positions at this level is to assure that the assigned day-to-day operations are carried out in accordance with established accounting principles, policies, and objectives. The accountant performs such professional work as: developing nonstandard reports and statements (e.g., those containing cash forecasts reflecting the interrelations of accounting, cost budgeting, or comparable information); interpreting and pointing out trends or deviations from standards; projecting data into the future; predicting the effects of changes in operating programs; or identifying management informational needs, and refining account structures or reports accordingly. Within the limits of delegated responsibility, makes day-to-day decisions concerning the accounting treatment of financial transactions. In expected to recommend solutions to moderately difficult problems and propose changes in the accounting system for approval at higher levels. Such recommendations are derived from personal knowledge of the application of well-established principles and practices. Responsibility for the direction of others. In most instances is responsible for supervision of a subordinate nonprofessional staff; may coordinate the work of lower level professional accountants. Accountant IV General characteristics. At this level the accountant applies well-established accounting principles, theories, concepts, and practices to a wide variety of difficult problems. Receives instructions concerning the objectives and operation of the overall accounting system. Compared with level III, the accounting system or assigned segment is more complex, i.e., (a) is relatively unstable, (b) must adjust to new or changing operational environments, (c) is substantially larger or (d) is complicated by the need to provide and coordinate separate or specialized accounting treatment and reporting (e.g., cost accounting using standard cost, process cost, and job order techniques) for different internal operations or divisions. Depending upon the work load and degree of coordination involved, the accountant IV may have such assignments as the supervision of the day-to-day operation of: (a) an entire accounting system which has a few relatively stable accounting segments; (b) a major segment (e.g., general accounting, cost accounting, or financial statements and reports) of an accounting system serving a larger and more complex organization; or (c) in a complex system, may be assigned to a relatively narrow and specialized segment dealing with some problem, function, or portion of work which is of the level of difficulty characteristic of this level. Direction received. A higher level accountant normally is available to furnish advice and assistance as needed. Work is reviewed by spot checks and appraisal of results for adequacy of professional judgment, compliance with instructions, and overall accuracy and quality. Typical duties and responsibilities. As at level III, a primary characteristic of most positions at this level is the responsibility of operating an accounting system or major segment of a system in the intended manner. The accountant IV exercises professional judgment in making frequent, appropriate recommendations for: new accounts; revisions in the account structure; new types of ledgers; revisions in the reporting system or subsidiary records; changes in instructions regarding the use of accounts, new or refined account classifications or definitions; etc. Also makes day-to-day decisions concerning the accounting treatment of financial transactions and is expected to recommend solutions to complex problems beyond incumbent's scope of responsibility. Responsibility for the direction of others. Accounting staff supervised, if any, may include professional accountants. Accountant V General characteristics. The accountant V applies accounting principles, theories, concepts, and practices to the solution of problems for which no clear precedent exists or performs work which is of greater than average responsibility due to the nature or magnitude of the assigned work. Responsibilities at this level, in contrast to accountants at level IV, extend beyond accounting system maintenance to the solution of more complex technical and managerial problems. Work of accountants V is more directly concerned with what the accounting system (or segment) should be, what operating policies and procedures should be established or revised, and what is the managerial as well as the accounting meaning of the data included in the reports and statements for which they are responsible. Examples of assignments characteristic of this level are supervision of the day-to-day operation of: (a) an entire accounting system which has a few relatively complex accounting segments; (b) a major segment of a larger and more complex accounting system; (c) an entire accounting system (or major segment) that is relatively stable and conventional when the work includes significant responsibility for accounting system design and development; or (d) in a complex system, may be assigned to a relatively narrow and specialized segment dealing with some problem, function, or portion of work which is itself of the level of difficulty characteristic of this level. Direction received. An accountant of higher level normally is available to furnish advice and assistance as needed. Work is reviewed for adequacy of professional judgment, compliance with instructions, and overall quality. Typical duties and responsibilities. The accountant V performs such professional work as: participating in the development and coordinating the implementation of new or revised accounting systems, and initiating necessary instructions and procedures; assuring that accounting reporting systems and procedures are in compliance with established administrative policies, regulations, and acceptable accounting practices; providing technical advice and services to operating managers, interpreting accounting reports and statements, and identifying problem areas; and evaluating complete assignments for conformance with applicable policies, regulations, and tax laws. Responsibility for the direction of others. Accounting staff supervised generally includes professional accountants. Accountant VI General characteristics. At this level, the accountant applies accounting principles, theories, concepts, and practices to specialized, unique, or nonrecurring complex problems (e.g., implementation of specialized automated accounting systems). The work is substantially more difficult and of greater responsibility than level V because of the unusual nature, magnitude, importance, or overall impact of the work on the accounting program. At this level the accounting system or segment is usually complex, i.e., (a) is generally unstable, (b) must adjust to the frequent changing needs of the organization, or (c) is complicated by the need to provide specialized or individualized reports. Examples of assignments at this level are the supervision of the day-to-day operation of: (a) a large and complex accounting system; or (b) a major segment (e.g., general accounting, property accounting, etc.) of an unusually complex accounting system requiring technical expertise in a particular accounting field (e.g., cost accounting, tax accounting, etc.). Direction received. A higher level professional accountant is normally available to furnish advice as needed. Work is reviewed for adequacy of professional judgment, compliance with instructions and policies, and overall quality. Typical duties and responsibilities. Accountants at this level are delegated complete responsibility from higher authority to establish and implement new or revised accounting policies and procedures. Typically, accountants VI participate in decision-making sessions with operating managers who have policy-making authority for their subordinate organizations or establishments; recommend management actions or alternatives which can be taken when accounting data disclose unfavorable trends, situations, or deviations; and assist management officials in applying financial data and information to the solution of administrative and operating problems. Responsibility for the direction of others. Accounting staff supervised generally includes professional accountants. ACCOUNTANT, PUBLIC (1412: Accountant and auditor) Performs professional auditing work in a public accounting firm. Work requires at least a bachelor's degree in accounting. Participates in or conducts audits to ascertain the fairness of financial representations made by client companies. May also assist the client in improving accounting procedures and operations. Examines financial reports, accounting records, and related documents and practices of clients. Determines whether all important matters have been disclosed and whether procedures are consistent and conform to acceptable practices. Samples and tests transactions, internal controls, and other elements of the accounting system(s) as needed to render the accounting firm's final written opinion. Excluded are positions which do not require full professional accounting training. Also excluded are specialist positions in tax or management advisory services. Accountant, Public I General characteristics. As an entry level public accountant, serves as a junior member of an audit team. Receives classroom and on-the-job training to provide practical experience in applying the principles, theories, and concepts of accounting and auditing to specific situations. (Positions held by trainee public accountants with advanced degrees, such as MBA's are excluded at this level.) Direction received. Complete instructions are furnished and work is reviewed to verify its accuracy, conformance with required procedures and instructions, and usefulness in facilitating the accountant's professional growth. Any technical problems not covered by instructions are brought to the attention of a superior. Typical duties and responsibilities. Carries out basic audit tests and procedures, such as: verifying reports against source accounts and records; reconciling bank and other accounts; and examining cash receipts and disbursements, payroll records, requisitions, receiving reports, and other accounting documents in detail to ascertain that transactions are properly supported and recorded. Prepares selected portions of audit working papers. Accountant, Public II General characteristics. At this level, the public accountant carries out routine audit functions and detail work with relative independence. Serves as a member of an audit team on assignments planned to provide exposure to a variety of client organizations and audit situations. Specific assignments depend upon the difficulty and complexity of the audit and whether the client has been previously audited by the firm. On moderately complex audits where there is previous audit experience by the firm, accomplishes complete segments of the audit (i.e., functional work areas such as cash, receivables, etc.). When assigned to more complicated audits, carries out activities similar to public accountant I. Direction received. Works under the supervision of a higher level public accountant who provides instructions and continuing direction as necessary. Work is spot checked in progress and reviewed upon completion to determine the adequacy of procedures, soundness of judgment, compliance with professional standards, and adherence to clearly established methods and techniques. All interpretations are subject to close professional review. Typical duties and responsibilities. Carries out a variety of sampling and testing procedures in accordance with the prescribed audit program, including the examination of transactions and verification of accounts, the analysis and evaluation of accounting practices and internal controls, and other detail work. Prepares a share of the audit working papers and participates in drafting reports. In moderately complex audits, may assist in selecting appropriate tests, samples, and methods commonly applied by the firm and may serve as primary assistant to the accountant in charge. In more complicated audits concentrates on detail work. Occasionally may be in charge of small, uncomplicated audits which require only one or two other subordinate accountants. Personal contacts usually involve only the exchange of factual technical information and are usually limited to the client's operating accounting staff and department heads. Accountant, Public III General characteristics. At this level the public accountant is in charge of a complete audit and may lead a team of several subordinates. Audits are usually accomplished one at a time and are typically carried out at a single location. The firms audited are typically moderately complex, and there is usually previous audit experience by the firm. The audit conforms to standard procedural guidelines, but is often tailored to fit the client's business activities. Routine procedures and techniques are sometimes inadequate and require adaptation. Necessary data are not always readily available. When assigned to more difficult and complex audits (see level IV), the accountant may run the audit of a major component or serve as the primary assistant to the accountant in charge. Direction received. Works under the general supervision of a higher level public accountant who oversees the operation of the audit. Work is performed independently, applying generally accepted accounting principles and auditing standards, but assistance on difficult technical matters is available. Work may be checked occasionally during progress for appropriateness and adherence to time requirements, but routine analyses, methods, techniques, and procedures applied at the work site are expected to be correct. Typical duties and responsibilities. Is responsible for carrying out the technical features of the audit, leading team members and personally performing the most difficult work. Carries out field work in accordance with the general format prescribed in the audit program, but selects specific methods and types and sizes of samples and tests. Assigns work to team members, furnishes guidance, and adjusts work loads to accommodate daily priorities. Thoroughly reviews work performed for technical accuracy and adequacy. Resolves anticipated problems with established guidelines and priorities but refers problems of unusual difficulty to superiors for discussion and advice. Drafts financial statements, final reports, management letters, and other closing memoranda. Discusses significant recommendations with superiors and may serve as technical resource at "closing" meetings with clients. Personal contacts are usually with accounting directors and assistant controllers of medium size companies and divisions of large corporations to explain and interpret policies and procedures governing the audit process. Accountant, Public IV General characteristics. At this level, the public accountant directs field work including difficult audits--e.g., those involving initial audits of new clients, acquisitions, or stock registration--and may oversee a large audit team split between several locations. The audit team usually includes one or more level III public accountants who handle major components of the audit. The audits are complex and clients typically include those engaged in projects which span accounting periods; highly regulated industries which have various external reporting requirements; publicly held corporations; or businesses with very high dollar or transaction volume. Clients are frequently large with a variety of operations which may have different accounting systems. Guidelines may be general or lacking and audit programs are intricate, often requiring extensive tailoring to meet atypical or novel situations. Direction received. Works under general supervision. The supervisor sets overall objectives and resource limits but relies on the accountant to fully plan and direct all technical phases of the audit. Issues not covered by guidelines or known precedents are discussed with the supervisor, but the accountant's recommended approaches and courses of action are normally approved. Work is reviewed for soundness of approach, completeness, and conformance with established policies of the firm. Typical duties and responsibilities. Is responsible for carrying out the operational and technical features of the audit, directing the work of team members, and personally performing the most difficult work. Often participates in the development of the audit scope, and drafts complicated audit programs with a large number of concurrently executed phases. Independently develops audit steps and detailed procedures, deviating from traditional methods to the extent required. Makes program adjustments as necessary once an audit has begun; selects specific methods, types and sizes of samples, the extent to which discrepancies need to be investigated, and the depth of required analyses. Resolves most operational difficulties and unanticipated problems. Assigns work to team members; reviews work for appropriateness, conformance to time requirements, and adherence to generally accepted accounting principles and auditing standards. Consolidates working papers, draft reports, and findings; and prepares financial statements, management letters, and other closing memoranda for management approval. Participates in "closing" meetings as a technical resource and may be called upon to sell or defend controversial and critical observations and recommendations. Personal contacts are extensive and typically include top executives of smaller clients and mid- to upper-level financial and management officers of large corporations, e.g., assistant controllers and controllers. Such contacts involve coordinating and advising on work efforts and resolving operating problems. Note: Excluded from this level are public accountants who direct field work associated with the complete range of audits undertaken by the firm, lead the largest and most difficult audits, and who frequently oversee teams performing concurrent audits. This type of work requires extensive knowledge of one or more industries to make subjective determinations on questions of tax, law, accounting, and business practices. Audits may be complicated by such factors as: the size and diversity of the client organizations (e.g., multinational corporations and conglomerates with a large number of separate and distinct subsidiaries); accounting issues where precedents are lacking or in conflict; and, in some cases, clients who are encountering substantial financial difficulties. They perform most work without technical supervision and completed audits are reviewed mainly for propriety of recommendations and conformance with general policies of the firm. Also excluded are public accountants whose principal function is to manage, rather than perform accounting work, and the equity owners of the firm who have final approval authority. ATTORNEY (211: Lawyer) Performs consultation and advisory work and carries out the legal processes necessary to effect the rights, privileges, and obligations of the organization. The work performed requires completion of law school with an L.L.B. degree (or the equivalent) and admission to the bar. Responsibilities or functions include one or more of the following or comparable duties: Preparing and reviewing various legal instruments and documents, such as contracts, leases, licenses, purchases, sales, real estate, etc.; Acting as agent of the organization in its transactions; Examining material (e.g., advertisements, publications, etc.) for legal implications; advising officials of proposed legislation which might affect the organization; Applying for patents, copyrights, or registration of the organization's products, processes, devices, and trademarks; advising whether to initiate or defend law suits; Conducting pretrial preparations; defending the organization in lawsuits; and Advising officials on tax matters, government regulations, and/or legal rights. Excluded are: a. Patent work which requires professional training in addition to legal training (typically, a degree in engineering or in a science); b. Claims examining, claims investigating, or similar work for which professional legal training and bar membership is not essential; c. Attorneys, frequently titled "general counsel" or "attorney general" (and their immediate full associates or deputies), who are responsible for participating in the management and formulation of policy for the overall organization in addition to directing its legal work. (The duties and responsibilities of such positions exceed level VI as described below); d. Attorneys in legal firms; and, e. Attorneys primarily responsible for: prosecuting defendants; drafting legislation; defending the general public (e.g., public defenders, student's attorneys); and planning and producing legal publications. Attorney jobs which meet the above definitions are to be classified and coded in accordance with the chart below. Criteria for matching attorneys by level Level Difficulty level of legal work Responsibility level of job Experience required I This is the entry level. The duties and responsibilities after initial Completion of law school with an L.L.B. orientation and training are those described in D-1 and R-1. or J.D. degree plus admission to the bar. II D-1 R-2 Sufficient professional experience (at least 1 or year, usually more) at the "D-1" level to D-2 R-1 assure competence as an attorney. III D-2 R-2 At least 1 year, usually more, of professional experience at the "D-2" level. IV D-2 R-3 Extensive professional experience at the "D-2" or or a higher level. D-3 R-2 V D-2 R-4 Extensive professional experience at the "D-3" or or "R-3" levels. D-3 R-3 VI D-3 R-4 Extensive professional experience at the "D-3" and "R-3" levels. D-1, -2, and -3, and R-1, -2, -3, and -4 are explained on the following pages. Difficulty D-1 Legal questions are characterized by: facts that are well-established; clearly applicable legal precedents; and matters not of substantial importance to the organization. (Usually relatively limited sums of money, e.g., a few thousand dollars, are involved.) Examples of D-1 work are: a. legal investigation, negotiation, and research preparatory to defending the organization in potential or actual lawsuits involving alleged negligence where the facts can be firmly established and there are precedent cases directly applicable to the situation; b. searching case reports, legal documents, periodicals, textbooks, and other legal references, and preparing draft opinions on employee compensation or benefit questions where there is a substantial amount of clearly applicable statutory, regulatory, and case material; and c. drawing up contracts and other legal documents in connection with real property transactions requiring the development of detailed information but not involving serious questions regarding titles to property or other major factual or legal issues. D-2 Legal work is regularly difficult by reason of one or more of the following: the absence of clear and directly applicable legal precedents; the different possible interpretations that can be placed on the facts, the laws, or the precedents involved; the substantial importance of the legal matters to the organization (e.g., sums as large as $100,000 are generally directly or indirectly involved); or the matter is being strongly pressed or contested in formal proceedings or in negotiations by the individuals, corporations, or government agencies involved. Examples of D-2 work are: a. advising on the legal implications of advertising representations when the facts supporting the representations and the applicable precedent cases are subject to different interpretations; b. reviewing and advising on the implications of new or revised laws affecting the organization; c. presenting the organization's defense in court in a negligence lawsuit which is strongly pressed by counsel for an organized group; and d. providing legal counsel on tax questions complicated by the absence of precedent decisions that are directly applicable to the organization's situation. D-3 Legal work is typically complex and difficult because of one or more of the following: the questions are unique and require a high order of original and creative legal endeavor for their solution; the questions require extensive research and analysis and the obtaining and evaluation of expert testimony regarding controversial issues in a scientific, financial, corporate organization, engineering, or other highly technical area; the legal matter is of critical importance to the organization and is being vigorously pressed or contested (e.g., sums such as $1 million or more are generally directly or indirectly involved.) Examples of D-3 work are: a. advising on the legal aspects and implications of Federal antitrust laws to projected greatly expanded marketing operations involving joint ventures with several other organizations; b. planning legal strategy and representing a utility company in rate or government franchise cases involving a geographic area including parts or all of several States; c. preparing and presenting a case before an appellate court where the case is highly important to the future operation of the organization and is vigorously contested by very distinguished (e.g., having a broad regional or national reputation) legal talent; d. serving as the principal counsel to the officers and staff of an insurance company on the legal problems in the sale, underwriting, and administration of group contracts involving nationwide or multi-state coverages and laws; and e. performing the principal legal work in nonroutine, major revision of a company's charter or in effectuating new major financing steps. Responsibility R-1 Responsibility for final action is usually limited to matters covered by legal precedents and in which little deviation from standard practice is involved. Any decisions or actions having a significant bearing on the organization's business are reviewed. Is given guidance in the initial states of assignment, e.g., in planning and organizing level research and studies. Assignments are then carried out with moderate independence, although guidance is generally available and is sought from time to time on problem points. R-2 Usually works independently in investigating the facts, searching legal precedents, defining the legal and factual issues, drafting the necessary legal documents, and developing conclusions and recommendations. Decisions having an important bearing on the organization's business are reviewed. Receives information from supervisor regarding unusual circumstances or important policy considerations pertaining to a legal problem. If trials are involved, may receive guidance from a supervisor regarding presentation, line of approach, possible line of opposition to be encountered, etc. In the case of nonroutine written presentations, the final product is reviewed carefully, but primarily for overall soundness of legal reasoning and consistency with organization policy. Some, but not all, attorneys make assignments to one or more lower level attorneys, aides, or clerks. R-3 Carries out assignments independently and makes final legal determination in matters of substantial importance to the organization. Such determinations are subject to review only for consistency with organization policy, possible precedent effect, and overall effectiveness. To carry out assignments, deals regularly with officers of the organization and top level management officials and confers or negotiates regularly with senior attorneys and officials in other organizations on various aspects of assigned work. Receives little or no preliminary instruction on legal problems and a minimum of technical legal supervision. May assign and review work of a few attorneys, but this is not a primary responsibility. R-4 Carries out assignments which entail independently planning investigations and negotiations on legal problems of the highest importance to the organization and developing completed brief, opinions, contracts, or other legal products. To carry out assignments, represents the organization at conferences, hearings, or trials, and personally confers and negotiates with top attorneys and top-ranking officials in other organizations. On various aspects of assigned work, may give advice directly and personally to organization officials and top level managers, or (in extremely large and complex organizations) may work through a higher level attorney in advising officials. Generally receives no preliminary instructions on legal problems. On matters requiring the concentrated efforts of several attorneys or other specialists, is responsible for directing, coordinating, and reviewing the work of the attorneys involved. OR As a primary responsibility, directs the work of a staff of attorneys, one, but usually more, of who regularly perform either D-3 or R-3 legal work. With respect to the work directed, gives advice directly to organization officials and top managers, or (in extremely large and complex organizations) may give such advice through counsel. Receives guidance as to organization policy but not technical supervision or assistance except when requesting advice from or briefing by a higher level attorney on the overall approach to the most difficult, novel, or important legal questions. ENGINEER (162-3: Engineer) Performs professional work in research, development, design, testing, analysis, production, construction, maintenance, operation, planning, survey, estimating, application, or standardization of engineering facilities, systems, structures, processes, equipment, devices, or materials, requiring knowledge of the science and art by which materials, natural resources, and power are made useful. Work typically requires a B.S. degree in engineering or, in rare instances, equivalent education and experience combined. (Excluded are: safety engineers, industrial engineers, quality control engineers, sales engineers, and engineers whose primary responsibility is to be in charge of nonprofessional maintenance work.) Engineer I General characteristics. At this beginning professional level, performs assignments designed to develop professional work knowledge and abilities. May also receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. (Terminal positions are excluded.) Direction received. Works under close supervision. Receives specific and detailed instructions as to required tasks and results expected. Work is checked during progress and is reviewed for accuracy upon completion. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs a variety of routine tasks that are planned to provide experience and familiarization with the engineering staff, methods, practices, and programs of the employer. Responsibility for the direction of others. Usually none. Engineer II General characteristics. Performs routine engineering work requiring application of standard techniques, procedures, and criteria in carrying out a sequence of related engineering tasks. Limited exercise of judgment is required on details of work and in making preliminary selections and adaptations of engineering alternatives. Requires work experience acquired in an entry level position, or appropriate graduate level study. For training and developmental purposes, assignments may include some work that is typical of a higher level. Direction received. Supervisor screens assignments for unusual or difficult problems and selects techniques and procedures to be applied on non-routine work. Receives close supervision on new aspects of assignments. Typical duties and responsibilities. Using prescribed methods, performs specific and limited portions of a broader assignment of an experienced engineer. Applies standard practices and techniques in specific situations, adjusts and correlates data, recognizes discrepancies in results, and follows operations through a series of related detailed steps or processes. Responsibility for the direction of others. May be assisted by a few aids or technicians. Engineer III General characteristics. Independently evaluates, selects. and applies standard engineering techniques, procedures, and criteria, using judgment in making minor adaptations and modifications. Assignments have clear and specified objectives and require the investigation of a limited number of variables. Performance at this level requires developmental experience in a professional position, or equivalent graduate level education. Direction received. Receives instructions on specific assignment objectives, complex features, and possible solutions. Assistance is furnished on unusual problems and work is reviewed for application of sound professional judgment. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs work which involves conventional types of plans, investigations, surveys, structures, or equipment with relatively few complex features for which there are precedents. Assignments usually include one or more of the following: equipment design and development, test of materials, preparation of specifications, process study, research investigations, report preparation, and other activities of limited scope requiring knowledge of principles and techniques commonly employed in the specific narrow area of assignments. Responsibility for the direction of others. May supervise or coordinate the work of drafters, technicians, and others who assist in specific assignments. Engineer IV General characteristics. As a fully competent engineer in all conventional aspects of the subject matter or the functional area of the assignments, plans and conducts work requiring judgment in the independent evaluation, selection, and substantial adaptation and modification of standard techniques, procedures, and criteria. Devises new approaches to problems encountered. Requires sufficient professional experience to assure competence as a fully trained worker; or, for positions primarily of a research nature, completion of all requirements for a doctoral degree may be substituted for experience. Direction received. Independently performs most assignments with instructions as to the general results expected. Receives technical guidance on unusual or complex problems and supervisory approval on proposed plans for projects. Typical duties and responsibilities. Plans, schedules, conducts, or coordinates detailed phases of the engineering work in a part of a major project or in a total project of moderate scope. Performs work which involves conventional engineering practice but may include a variety of complex features such as conflicting design requirements, unsuitability of standard materials, and difficult coordination requirements. Work requires a broad knowledge of precedents in the specialty area and a good knowledge of principles and practices of related specialties. Responsibility for the direction of others. May supervise a few engineers or technicians on assigned work. Engineer V General characteristics. Applies intensive and diversified knowledge of engineering principles and practices in broad areas of assignments and related fields. Makes decisions independently on engineering problems and methods and represents the organization in conferences to resolve important questions and to plan and coordinate work. Requires the use of advanced techniques and the modification and extension of theories, precepts, and practices of the field and related sciences and disciplines. The knowledge and expertise required for this level of work usually result from progressive experience, including work comparable to engineer IV. Direction received. Supervision and guidance relate largely to overall objectives, critical issues, new concepts, and policy matters. Consults with supervisor concerning unusual problems and developments. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or more of the following: 1. In a supervisory capacity, plans, develops, coordinates, and directs a large and important engineering project or a number of small projects with many complex features. A substantial portion of the work supervised is comparable to that described for engineer IV. 2. As individual researcher or worker, carries out complex or novel assignments requiring the development of new or improved techniques and procedures. Work is expected to result in the development of new or refined equipment, materials, processes, products, and/or scientific methods. 3. As staff specialist, develops and evaluates plans and criteria for a variety of projects and activities to be carried out by others. Assesses the feasibility and soundness of proposed engineering evaluation tests, products, or equipment when necessary data are insufficient or confirmation by testing is advisable. Usually performs as a staff advisor and consultant in a technical specialty, a type of facility or equipment, or a program function. Responsibility for the direction of others. Supervises, coordinates, and reviews the work of a small staff of engineers and technicians; estimates personnel needs and schedules and assigns work to meet completion date. Or, as individual researcher or staff specialist, may be assisted on projects by other engineers or technicians. Engineer VI General characteristics. Has full technical responsibility for interpreting, organizing, executing, and coordinating assignments. Plans and develops engineering projects concerned with unique or controversial problems which have an important effect on major programs. This involves exploration of subject area, definition of scope and selection of problems for investigation, and development of novel concepts and approaches. Maintains liaison with individuals and units within or outside the organization with responsibility for acting independently on technical matters pertaining to the field. Work at this level usually requires extensive progressive experience including work comparable to engineer V. Direction received. Supervision received is essentially administrative, with assignments given in terms of broad general objectives and limits. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or more of the following: 1. In a supervisory capacity, a) plans, develops, coordinates, and directs a number of large and important projects or a project of major scope and importance, or b) is responsible for the entire engineering program of a company or government agency when the program is of limited complexity and scope. Extent of responsibilities generally requires a few (3 to 5) subordinate supervisors or team leaders with at least one in a position comparable to level V. 2. As individual researcher or worker, conceives, plans, and conducts research in problem areas of considerable scope and complexity. The problems must be approached through a series of complete and conceptually related studies, are difficult to define, require unconventional or novel approaches, and require sophisticated research techniques. Available guides and precedents contain critical gaps, are only partially related to the problem, or may be largely lacking due to the novel character of the project. At this level, the individual researcher generally will have contributed inventions, new designs, or techniques which are of material significance in the solution of important problems. 3. As a staff specialist, serves as the technical specialist for the organization in the application of advanced theories, concepts, principles, and processes for an assigned area of responsibility (i.e., subject matter, function, type of facility or equipment, or product). Keeps abreast of new scientific methods and developments affecting the organization for the purpose of recommending changes in emphasis of programs or new programs warranted by such developments. Responsibility for the direction of others. Plans, organizes, and supervises the work of a staff of engineers and technicians. Evaluates progress of the staff and results obtained, and recommends major changes to achieve overall objectives. Or, as individual researcher or staff specialist, may be assisted on individual projects by other engineers or technicians. Engineer VII General characteristics. Makes decisions and recommendations that are recognized as authoritative and have an important impact on extensive engineering activities. Initiates and maintains extensive contacts with key engineers and officials of other organizations, requiring skill in persuasion and negotiation of critical issues. At this level, individuals will have demonstrated creativity, foresight, and mature engineering judgment in anticipating and solving unprecedented engineering problems, determining program objectives and requirements, organizing programs and projects, and developing standards and guides for diverse engineering activities. Direction received. Receives general administrative direction. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or both of the following: 1. In a supervisory capacity, is responsible for a) an important segment of the engineering program of a company or government agency with extensive and diversified engineering requirements, or b) the entire engineering program of a company or agency when it is more limited in scope. The overall engineering program contains critical problems the solution of which requires major technological advances and opens the way for extensive related development. Extent of responsibilities generally requires several subordinate organizational segments or teams. Recommends facilities, personnel, and funds required to carry out programs which are directly related to and directed toward fulfillment of overall objectives. 2. As individual researcher and consultant, is a recognized leader and authority in the company or government agency in a broad area of specialization or in a narrow but intensely specialized field. Selects research problems to further program objectives. Conceives and plans investigations of broad areas of considerable novelty and importance, for which engineering precedents are lacking in areas critical to the overall engineering program. Is consulted extensively by associates and others, with a high degree of reliance placed on incumbent's scientific interpretations and advice. Typically, will have contributed inventions, new designs, or techniques which are regarded as major advances in the field. Responsibility for the direction of others. Directs several subordinate supervisors or team leaders, some of who are in positions comparable to engineer VI; or as individual researcher and consultant, may be assisted on individual projects by other engineers and technicians. Engineer VIII General characteristics. Makes decisions and recommendations that are recognized as authoritative and have a far-reaching impact on extensive engineering and related activities of the company or government agency. Negotiates critical and controversial issues with top level engineers and officers of other organizations. Individuals at this level demonstrate a high degree of creativity, foresight, and mature judgment in planning, organizing, and guiding extensive engineering programs and activities of outstanding novelty and importance. Direction received. Receives general administrative direction. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or both of the following: 1. In supervisory capacity, is responsible for a) an important segment of a very extensive and highly diversified engineering program of a company or government agency, or b) the entire engineering program of a company or agency when the program is of moderate scope. The programs are of such complexity and scope that they are of critical importance to overall objectives, include problems of extraordinary difficulty that often have resisted solution, and consist of several segments requiring subordinate supervisors. Decides the kind and extent of engineering and related programs needed to accomplish the objectives of the company or agency, chooses scientific approaches, plans and organizes facilities and programs, and interprets results. 2. As individual researcher and consultant, formulates and guides the attack on problems of exceptional difficulty and marked importance to the company, industry, or government. Problems are characterized by their lack of scientific precedents and source material, or lack of success of prior research and analysis so that their solution would represent an advance of great significance and importance. Performs advisory and consulting work as a recognized authority for broad program areas or in an intensely specialized area of considerable novelty and importance. Responsibility for the direction of others. Supervises several subordinate supervisors or team leaders, some of whose positions are comparable to engineer VII, or individual researchers some of whose positions are comparable to engineer VII and sometimes engineer VIII. As an individual researcher and consultant may be assisted on individual projects by other engineers or technicians. Note: Individuals in charge of an engineering program may match any of several of the survey job levels, depending on the program's size and complexity. Excluded from the definition are: 1) engineers in charge of programs so extensive and complex (e.g., consisting of research and development on a variety of complex products or systems with numerous novel components) that one or more subordinate supervisory engineers are performing at level VIII; 2) individuals whose decisions have direct and substantial effect on setting policy for the organization (included, however, are supervisors deciding the "kind and extent of engineering and related programs" within broad guidelines set at higher levels); and 3) individual researchers and consultants who are recognized as national and/or international authorities and scientific leaders in very broad areas of scientific interest and investigation. REGISTERED NURSE (RN) (29: Registered nurse) Provides professional nursing care to patients in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, health units, private residences, and community health organizations. (Visiting nurses are included.) Assists physicians with treatment; assesses patient health problems and needs; develops and implements nursing care plans; maintains medical records; and assists patients in complying with prescribed medical regimen. May specialize, e.g., operating room nurse, psychiatric nurse, nurse anesthetist, industrial nurse, nurse practitioner, and clinical nurse specialist. May supervise LPN's and nursing assistants. Excluded are: a. Nurse midwives; b. Nursing instructors, researchers, and consultants who do not provide nursing care to patients; c. Nursing supervisors and managers, e.g., head nurses, nursing coordinators, directors of nursing; and d. RN trainees primarily performing such entry level nursing care as: recording case histories; measuring temperature, pulse, respiration, height, weight, and blood pressure; and testing vision and hearing. Registered Nurse I Provides comprehensive general nursing care to patients whose conditions and treatment are normally uncomplicated. Follows established procedures, standing orders, and doctor's instructions. Uses judgment in selecting guidelines appropriate to changing patient conditions. Routine duties are performed independently; variations from established routines are performed under specific instructions. Typical assignments include: Staff. Prepares hospital or nursing home patients for tests, examinations, or treatment; assists in responding to emergencies; records vital signs and effects of medication and treatment in patient charts; and administers prescribed medications and intravenous feedings. Operating Room. Assists in surgical procedures by preparing patients for less complex operations (e.g., appendectomies); sterilizes instruments and other supplies; handles instruments; and assists in operating room, recovery room, and intensive care ward. Psychiatric. Provides routine nursing care to psychiatric patients. May observe and record patient behavior. Health Unit/Clinic. Administers immunizations, inoculations, allergy treatments, and medications in a clinic or employer health unit; performs first aid for minor burns, cuts, bruises, and sprains; obtains patient histories; and keeps records, writes reports, and maintains supplies and equipment. Registered Nurse II Plans and provides comprehensive nursing care in accordance with professional nursing standards. Uses judgment in assessing patient conditions, interprets guidelines, and modifies patient care as necessary. Recognizes and determines proper action for medical emergencies, e.g., calls physician or takes preplanned emergency measures. Typical assignments include: Staff. In addition to the duties described at level I, usually performs more complex procedures, such as: administering blood transfusions; managing nasal- pharyngeal, gastric suction, and other drainage tubes; using special equipment such as ventilator devices, resuscitators, and hypothermic units; or closely monitoring postoperative and seriously ill patients. Operating Room. Provides nursing service for surgical operations, including those involving complex and extensive surgical procedures. Confers with surgeons concerning instruments, sutures, prosthesis, and special equipment; cares for physical and psychological needs of patients; assists in the care and handling of supplies and equipment; assures accurate care and handling of specimens; and assumes responsibility for aseptic technique maintenance and adequacy of supplies during surgery. Psychiatric. Provides comprehensive nursing care for psychiatric patients. In addition to observing patients, evaluates and records significant behavior and reaction patterns and participates in group therapy sessions. Health Unit/Clinical. Provides a range of nursing services, including preventive health care counseling. Coordinates health care needs and makes referrals to medical specialists; assesses and treats minor health problems; advises whether employees should return to work, or be referred to physician; administers emergency treatment; performs limited portions of physical examinations; manages the stable phases of common chronic illnesses; and provides individual and family counseling. Community Health. Provides a broad range of nursing services including adult and child health care, chronic and communicable disease control, health teaching, counseling, referrals, and follow-up. Registered Nurse II Specialist Plans and provides highly specialized patient care in a difficult specialty area, such as intensive care or critical care. In comparison with registered nurse II, pay typically reflects advanced specialized training, experience, and certification. May assist higher level nurses in developing, evaluating, and revising nursing plans. May provide advice to lower level nursing staff in area of specialty. Registered Nurse III Plans and performs specialized and advanced nursing assignments of considerable difficulty. Uses expertise in assessing patient conditions and develops nursing plans which serve as a role model for others. Evaluation and observation skills are relied upon by physicians in developing and modifying treatment. Work extends beyond patient care to the evaluation of concepts, procedures, and program effectiveness. Typical assignments include: Specialists. Provides specialized hospital nursing care to patients having illnesses and injuries that require adaptation of established nursing procedures. Renders expertise in caring for patients who are seriously ill; are not responding to normal treatment; have undergone unique surgical operations; or are receiving infrequently used medication. Duties may require knowledge of special drugs or the ability to provide pulmonary ventilation. Psychiatric Specialist. Provides nursing expertise on an interdisciplinary treatment team which defines policies and develops total care programs for psychiatric patients. Practitioner. Provides primary health care and nursing services in clinics, schools, employer health units, or community health organizations. Assesses, diagnoses, and treats minor illnesses and manages chronic health problems. Other services may include: providing primary care for trauma cases, including suturing; planning and conducting a clinic, school, or employer health program; or studying and appraising community health services. Registered Nurse III Anesthetist Recommends and administers general anesthetics intravenously, topically, by inhalation, or by endotracheal intubation; induces patient anesthesia, and manages proper states of patient narcosis throughout prolonged surgeries. Determines the need for and administers parenteral fluids, including plasma and blood; administers stimulants as directed. May also administer local anesthetics, as needed. Registered Nurse IV Plans, researches, develops, and implements new or modified techniques, methods, practices, and approaches in nursing care. Acts as consultant in area of specialization and is considered an expert or leader within specialty area. Consults with supervisor to develop decisions and coordinates with other medical staff and community. Typical assignments include: Specialist/Consultant. Provides expert and complex hospital nursing and health care to a specialized group of patients. Develops and monitors the implementation of new nursing techniques, policies, procedures and programs; instructs nursing and medical staff in specialty; represents the specialty to outside organizations; and evaluates, interprets, and integrates research findings into nursing practices. Practitioner. Serves as primary health advisor in clinics and community health organizations and provides full range of health care services. Manages clinic and is responsible for formulating nursing and health care standards and policies, including developing and teaching new techniques or practices and establishing or revising criteria for care. Collaborates with physician in planning, evaluating, coordinating, and revising program and determines conditions, resources and policies essential to delivery of health care services. Administrative BUDGET ANALYST (141: Accountant, auditor, and other financial specialist) Formulates and analyzes and/or administers and monitors an organization's budget. Typical duties include: Preparing budget estimates to support programs; presenting and justifying budget estimates; administering approved budgets and determining funding requirements within authorized limits; evaluating and administering requests for funds and monitoring and controlling obligations and expenditures; and developing and interpreting budget policies. In addition to the technical responsibilities described in levels I through IV, budget analysts may also supervise subordinate staff members. At levels I and II, the subordinate staff typically consists of clerical and paraprofessional employees; level III may also coordinate the work of lower level analysts; and level IV may supervise one or two analysts. Positions responsible for supervising three or more budget analysts and support staff should typically be matched to the budget analyst supervisor definition. Excluded are: a. Budget clerks and assistants performing clerical work in support of budget analysts; b. Program analysts evaluating the success of an organization's operating programs; c. Financial analysts evaluating the financial operations, transactions, practices and structure of an organization; and d. Budget analysts (above level IV) responsible for analyzing and administering highly complex budgets requiring frequent reprogramming and evaluating the impact of complicated legislation or policy decisions on the organization's budget. Budget Analyst I As a trainee, performs a variety of clearly-defined tasks assigned to increase the employee's knowledge and understanding of budget concepts, principles, practices, and procedures. Assists in the development of budgets by comparing projected costs to schedules; or assists in budget administration by examining and highlighting obvious deviations in reports listing the status of financial obligations and expenditures. (Terminal positions are excluded.) Work is performed under close supervision. Assignments are clearly defined, methods are specified, and items to be noted and referred to supervisor are identified. Budget Analyst II Performs routine and recurring budget analysis duties which typically facilitate more complex review and analysis performed by supervisors or higher-level budget analysts. Initial assignments are designed to expand practical experience and to develop judgment in applying basic budget analysis techniques. Follows specific guidelines and previous budget reports in analyzing budgets for operating programs which are uniform and repetitive. Typical duties include: Budget development: Assisting operating officials in preparing budget requests and justifications by gathering, extracting, reviewing, verifying, and consolidating a variety of narrative and statistical data; examining budget requests for accuracy and conformance with procedures and regulations; and comparing budget requests with prior year estimates and current operating reports; and/or Budget administration: Screening requests for allocations of approved budgets and recommending approval, disapproval, or modification based on availability of funds and conformance with regulations; analyzing operating reports to monitor program expenditures and obligations; and summarizing narrative and statistical data in budget forms and reports. Applies previously learned skills to perform routine work independently. Supervisor provides information regarding budgetary actions to be performed, organizational functions to be covered, and specific instructions for unfamiliar work or complex problems. Budget Analyst III Uses a knowledge of commonly used budgetary procedures and practices, regulations, and organizational policies to analyze budgets for relatively stable operations (e.g., minor budget reprogramming is required two or three times a year). Forecasts funding needs for operating programs with varying annual requirements for goods, services, equipment, and personnel. Typical duties include: Budget development: Reviews and verifies budget data for consistency with financial and program objectives; formulates and revises budget estimates; validates justifications through comparisons with operating reports; and explores funding alternatives based on precedents and guidelines; and/or Budget administration: Certifies obligations and expenditures, monitors trends in spending, and anticipates funding and reprogramming needs; within established limits, recommends transfer of funds within accounts to cover increased expenditures; assembles data for use in preparing budget and program evaluations; and recommends the approval of or revises requests for allotments. Carries out assignments independently in accordance with standard procedures and practices. Supervisor provides assistance on unfamiliar or unusual problems. May perform more complex assignments to assist supervisor or higher level analyst. Budget Analyst IV Provides analytical support for budgets which require annual modifications due to changing work processes, resource needs, funding requirements, or fluctuating revenue. Interprets guidelines and precedents and advises operating managers concerning budgeting policies. May recommend new budgeting techniques. Typical duties include: Budget development: Performs in-depth analysis of budget requests using techniques such as cost-benefit analysis and program trade-offs, and by exploring alternative methods of funding; writes and edits justifications for higher level approval; coordinates the compilation and evaluation of information required for executive level budget meetings; confers on modifications to budget requests; and interprets, revises, and develops procedures and instructions for preparing and presenting budget requests; and/or Budget administration: Prepares a variety of reports detailing the status of funds, expenses, and obligations; identifies trends and recommends adjustments in program spending; advises management on budgeting deadlines and alternative means of accomplishing budgetary objectives; and serves as budgeting liaison between managers and staff of various organizational programs. Participates with supervisor in determining deadlines for assigned projects, which are linked to the budget cycle and typically require more than a year for completion. Works independently for several months at a time, with little review, while work progresses. BUYER/CONTRACTING SPECIALIST (1449: Purchasing agent and buyer, not elsewhere classified) Purchases materials, supplies, equipment, and services (e.g., utilities, maintenance, and repair) and/or administers purchase contracts (assuring compliance after contract is awarded). In some instances items purchased are of types that must be specially designed, produced, or modified by the vendor in accordance with drawings or engineering specifications. Solicits bids, analyzes quotations received, and selects or recommends suppliers. At levels III and higher, formal contract negotiation methods are typically used where knowledge of market trends and conditions is required. May interview prospective vendors. Purchases items and services or negotiates contracts at the most favorable price consistent with quality, quantity, specification requirements, and other factors. Prepares or supervises preparation of purchase orders from requisitions. May expedite delivery and visit vendors' offices and plants. Normally, purchases are unreviewed when they are consistent with past experience and are in conformance with established rules and policies. Proposed purchase transactions that deviate from the usual or from past experience in terms of prices, quality of items, quantities, etc., or that may set precedents for future purchases, are reviewed by higher authority prior to final action. Contract administration includes determining allowable costs, monitoring contractor compliance with contract terms, resolving problems concerning obligations of the parties, explaining and renegotiating contract terms, and ensuring satisfactory contract completion. In addition to work described above, some (but not all) buyers or contracting specialists direct the work of one or a few clerks who perform routine aspects of the work. As a secondary and subsidiary duty, some buyers may also sell or dispose of surplus, salvage, or used materials, equipment, or supplies. Note: Some buyers or contracting specialists are responsible for the purchasing or contract administration of a variety of items and materials. When the variety includes items and work described at more than one of the following levels, the position should be considered to equal the highest level that characterizes at least a substantial portion of the buyer's time. Excluded are: a. Buyers of items for direct sale, either wholesale or retail; b. Brokers and dealers buying for clients or for investment purposes; c. Positions that specifically require professional education and qualifications in a physical science or in engineering (e.g., chemist, mechanical engineer); d. Buyers who specialize in purchasing a single or a few related items of highly variable quality such as raw cotton or wool, tobacco, cattle, or leather for shoe uppers, etc. Expert personal knowledge of the item is required to judge the relative value of the goods offered, and to decide the quantity, quality, and price of each purchase in terms of its probable effect on the organization's profit and competitive status; e. Buyers or contracting specialists whose principal responsibility is the supervision of a purchasing or contracting program; f. Persons whose major duties consist of ordering, reordering, or requisitioning items under existing contracts; g. Positions restricted to clerical functions or to purchase expediting work; h. Positions not requiring: 1) three years of administrative, technical, or substantive clerical experience; 2) a bachelor's degree in any field; or 3) any equivalent combination of experience and education yielding basic skills in problem analysis and communication; and i. Contracting specialists above level V having broad responsibilities for resolving critical problems on major long-term purchases, developing new approaches or innovative acquisition plans, and/or developing procurement policies and procedures. These specialists use extensive judgment and originality to plan procurement strategies for large scale acquisition programs or systems. Buyer/Contracting Specialist I Purchases "off-the-shelf" types of readily available, commonly used materials, supplies, tools, furniture, services, etc. Transactions usually involve local retailers, wholesalers, jobbers, and manufacturers' sales representatives. Quantities purchased are generally small amounts, e.g., those available from local sources. Examples of items purchased include: common stationery and office supplies; standard types of office furniture and fixtures; standard nuts, bolts, screws; janitorial and common building maintenance supplies; or common utility services or office machine repair services. OR As a trainee, performs various clearly defined procurement tasks designed to increase the employee's knowledge and understanding of procurement and contracting concepts, principles, practices, and procedures. Examples of duties include: assisting in the preparation of solicitation documents; analyzing prices, discounts, and delivery dates; making procurement recommendations; and drafting simple contract provisions and supporting documentation. Work is performed under close supervision. Buyer/Contracting Specialist II Purchases "off-the-shelf" types of standard, generally available technical items, materials, and services. Transactions may involve occasional modification of standard and common usage items, materials, and services, and include a few stipulations about unusual packing, marking, shipping, etc. Transactions usually involve dealing directly with manufacturers, distributors, jobbers, etc. Limited contract negotiation techniques may be used, primarily for developmental purposes to increase employee's skill and knowledge. Quantities of items and materials purchased may be relatively large, particularly in the case of contracts for continuing supply over a period of time. May be responsible for locating or promoting possible new sources of supply. Usually is expected to keep abreast of market trends, changes in business practices in the assigned markets, new or altered types of materials entering the market, etc. Examples of items purchased or under contract include: standard industrial types of hand tools, gloves, and safety equipment; standard electronic parts, components, and component test instruments; electric motors; gasoline service station equipment; PBX or other specialized telephone services; special purpose printing services; custodial services for a large building; and routine purchases of common raw materials such as standard grades and sizes of steel bars, rods, and angles. Also included at this level are buyers of materials of the types described for Buyer I when the quantities purchased are large, so that local sources of supply are generally inadequate and the buyer must deal directly with manufacturers on a broader than local scale. OR In a developmental position, assists higher level buyers or contracting specialists in purchasing, and/or negotiating contracts for items, materials, or services of a technical and specialized nature. Assigned work is designed to provide diversified experience, as a background for future higher level work. Examples of duties include: reviewing requisitions and drafting solicitations; evaluating bids and the dependability of suppliers; meeting with commercial representatives; and monitoring the progress of contractors. Supervisor provides general instructions, monitors work, and reviews recommendations. Standard or routine aspects of work are performed with greater independence. Buyer/Contracting Specialist III Purchases items, materials, or services of a technical and specialized nature, usually by negotiating a standard contract based on reimbursement of costs and expenses or a fixed price ceiling. May be responsible for overseeing the postaward (contract administration) functions (e.g., monitoring contract compliance, recommending action on problem situations, and negotiating extensions of delivery schedules) of such contracts. The items, while of a common general type, are usually made, altered, or customized to meet the user's specific needs and specifications. The number of potential vendors is likely to be small and price differentials often reflect important factors (quality, delivery dates and places, etc.) that are difficult to evaluate. The quantities purchased of any item or service may be large. Many of the purchases involve one or more such complications as: specifications that detail, in technical terms, the required physical, chemical, electrical, or other comparable properties; special testing prior to acceptance; grouping of items for lot bidding and awards; specialized processing, packing, or packaging requirements; export packs; overseas port differentials; etc. Is expected to keep abreast of market and product developments. May be required to locate new sources of supply. Some positions may involve assisting in the training or supervision of lower level buyers or clerks. Examples of items purchased include: castings; special extruded shapes of normal size and material; special formula paints; electric motors of special shape or speeds; production equipment; special packaging of items; raw materials in substantial quantities or with special characteristics; and protective services where security presents an especially significant problem. Buyer/Contracting Specialist IV Negotiates and/or administers purchase contracts for complex and highly technical items, materials, or services, frequently specially designed and manufactured exclusively for the purchaser. Transactions require dealing with manufacturers and often involve persuading potential vendors to undertake the manufacture of custom designed items according to complex and rigid specifications. Negotiation techniques are also frequently involved with convincing the vendor to reduce costs. Quantities of items and materials purchased are often large in order to satisfy the requirements for an entire large organization for an extended period of time. Complex schedules of delivery are often involved. Contracting specialists determine appropriate quantities to be contracted for at any given period of time and negotiate with vendors to establish or adjust delivery schedules. Negotiations and contract administration are often complicated by the following: requirements for spare parts, preproduction samples and testing, or technical literature; patent and royalty provisions; or renegotiation of contract terms. In reviewing contract proposals, extensive cost analysis is required to evaluate the cost of such factors as 1) numerous technical specifications, and 2) potential changes in manufacturing processes that might affect projected cost figures. These complications result in the incorporation of numerous special provisions and incentives in renegotiated contracts. In addition to the work described above, a few positions may also require supervision of a few lower level buyers, contracting specialists or clerks. (No position is included in this level solely because supervisory duties are performed.) Examples of items purchased include: special purpose high-cost machine tools and production facilities; specialized condensers, boilers, and turbines; raw materials of critically important characteristics or quality; and parts, subassemblies, components, etc., specially designed and made to order (e.g., communications equipment for installation in aircraft being manufactured; component assemblies for missiles and rockets; and motor vehicle frames). COMPUTER PROGRAMMER (397: Programmer) Performs programming services for establishments or for outside organizations who may contract for services. Converts specifications (precise descriptions) about business or scientific problems into a sequence of detailed instructions to solve problems by electronic data processing (EDP) equipment, i.e., digital computers. Draws program flow charts to describe the processing of data and develops the precise steps and processing logic which, when entered into the computer in coded language (COBOL, FORTRAN, or other programming language), cause the manipulation of data to achieve desired results. Tests and corrects programs and prepares instructions for operators who control the computer during runs. Modifies programs to increase operating efficiency or to respond to changes in work processes; maintains records to document program development and revisions. At levels I, II, and III, computer programmers may also perform programming analysis such as: gathering facts from users to define their business or scientific problems and to investigate the feasibility of solving problems through new or modified computer programs; developing specifications for data inputs, flow, actions, decisions, and outputs; and participating on a continuing basis in the overall program planning along with other EDP personnel and users. In contrast, at levels IV and V, some programming analysis must be performed as part of the programming assignment. The analysis duties are identified in a separate paragraph at levels I, II, III, and IV, and are part of each alternative described at level V. However, the systems requirements are defined by systems analysts or scientists. Excluded are: a. Positions which require a bachelor's degree in a specific scientific field (other than computer science), such as an engineering, mathematics, physics, or chemistry degree; however, positions are potential matches where the required degree may be from any of several possible scientific fields; b. Positions responsible for developing and modifying computer systems; c. Computer programmers who perform level IV or V duties but who perform no programming analysis; d. Workers who primarily analyze and evaluate problems concerning computer equipment or its selection or utilization; e. Computer systems programmers or analysts who primarily write programs or analyze problems concerning the system software, e.g., operating systems, compilers, assemblers, system utility routines, etc., which provide basic services for the use of all programs and provide for the scheduling of the execution of programs; however, positions matching this definition may develop a "total package which includes not only writing programs to process data but also selecting the computer equipment and system software required; f. Employees who have significant responsibility for the management or supervision of workers (e.g., systems analysts) whose positions are not covered in this definition; or employees with significant responsibility for other functions such as computer operations, data entry, system software, etc.; and g. Positions not requiring: 1) three years of administrative, technical, or substantive clerical experience; 2) a bachelor's degree in any field; or 3) any equivalent combination of experience and education yielding basic skills in problem analysis and communication. Positions are classified into levels based on the following definitions. Computer Programmer I At this trainee level, assignments are usually planned to develop basic programming skills because incumbents are typically inexperienced in applying such skills on the job. Assists higher level staff by performing elementary programming tasks which concern limited and simple data items and steps which closely follow patterns of previous work done in the organization, e.g., drawing flow charts, writing operator instructions, or coding and testing routines to accumulate counts, tallies, or summaries. May perform routine programming assignments (as described in level II) under close supervision. In addition, as training and to assist higher level staff, may perform elementary fact finding concerning a specified work process, e.g., a file of clerical records which is treated as a unit (invoices, requisitions, or purchase orders, etc.); reports findings to higher level staff. Receives classroom and/or on-the-job training in computer programming concepts, methods, and techniques and in the basic requirements of the subject matter area. May receive training in elementary fact-finding. Detailed, step-by-step instructions are given for each task and any deviation must be authorized by a supervisor. Work is closely monitored in progress and reviewed in detail upon completion. Computer Programmer II At this level, initial assignments are designed to develop competence in applying established programming procedures to routine problems. Performs routine programming assignments that do not require skilled background experience but do require knowledge of established programming procedures and data processing requirements. Works according to clear-cut and complete specifications. The data are refined and the format of the final product is very similar to that of the input or is well defined when significantly different, i.e., there are few, if any, problems with interrelating varied records and outputs. Maintains and modifies routine programs. Makes approved changes by amending program flow charts, developing detailed processing logic, and coding changes. Tests and documents modifications and writes operator instructions. May write routine new programs using prescribed specifications; may confer with EDP personnel to clarify procedures, processing logic, etc. In addition, and as continued training, may evaluate simple interrelationships in the immediate programming area, e.g., whether a contemplated change in one part of a simple program would cause unwanted results in a related part; confers with user representatives to gain an understanding of the situation sufficient to formulate the needed change; and implements the change upon approval of the supervisor or higher level staff. The incumbent is provided with charts, narrative descriptions of the functions performed, an approved statement of the product desired (e.g., a change in a local establishment report), and the inputs, outputs, and record formats. Reviews objectives and assignment details with higher level staff to insure thorough understanding; uses judgment in selecting among authorized procedures and seeks assistance when guidelines are inadequate, significant deviations are proposed, or when unanticipated problems arise. Work is usually monitored in progress; all work is reviewed upon completion for accuracy and compliance with standards. Computer Programmer III As a fully qualified computer programmer, applies standard programming procedures and detailed knowledge of pertinent subject matter (e.g., work processes, governing rules, clerical procedures, etc.) in a programming area such as: a record keeping operation (supply, personnel and payroll, inventory, purchasing, insurance payments, depositor accounts, etc.); a well-defined statistical or scientific problem; or other standardized operation or problem. Works according to approved statements of requirements and detailed specifications. While the data are clear cut, related, and equally available, there may be substantial interrelationships of a variety of records and several varied sequences of formats are usually produced. The programs developed or modified typically are linked to several other programs in that the output of one becomes the input for another. Recognizes probable interactions of other related programs with the assigned program(s) and is familiar with related system software and computer equipment. Solves conventional programming problems. (In small organizations, may maintain programs which concern or combine several operations, i.e., users, or develop programs where there is one primary user and the others give input.) Performs such duties as: develops, modifies, and maintains assigned programs; designs and implements modifications to the interrelation of files and records within programs in consultation with higher level staff; monitors the operation of assigned programs and responds to problems by diagnosing and correcting errors in logic and coding; and implements and/or maintains assigned portions of a scientific programming project, applying established scientific programming techniques to well-defined mathematical, statistical, engineering, or other scientific problems usually requiring the translation of mathematical notation into processing logic and code. (Scientific programming includes assignments such as: using predetermined physical laws expressed in mathematical terms to relate one set of data to another; the routine storage and retrieval of field test data; and using procedures for real-time command and control, scientific data reduction, signal processing, or similar areas.) Tests and documents work and writes and maintains operator instructions for assigned programs. Confers with other EDP personnel to obtain or provide factual data. In addition, may carry out fact-finding and programming analysis of a single activity or routine problem, applying established procedures where the nature of the program, feasibility, computer equipment, and programming language have already been decided. May analyze present performance of the program and take action to correct deficiencies based on discussion with the user and consultation with and approval of the supervisor or higher level staff. May assist in the review and analysis of detailed program specifications and in program design to meet changes in work processes. Works independently under specified objectives; applies judgment in devising program logic and in selecting and adapting standard programming procedures; resolves problems and deviations according to established practices; and obtains advice where precedents are unclear or not available. Completed work is reviewed for conformance to standards, timeliness, and efficiency. May guide or instruct lower level programmers; may supervise technicians and others who assist in specific assignments. OR Works on complex programs (as described in level IV) under close direction of higher level staff or supervisor. May assist higher level staff by independently performing moderately complex tasks assigned, and performing complex tasks under close supervision. Computer Programmer IV Applies expertise in programming procedures to complex programs; recommends the redesign of programs, investigates and analyzes feasibility and program requirements, and develops programming specifications. Assigned programs typically affect a broad multi- user computer system which meets the data processing needs of a broad area (e.g., manufacturing, logistics planning, finance management, human resources, or material management) or a computer system for a project in engineering, research, accounting, statistics, etc. Plans the full range of programming actions to produce several interrelated but different products from numerous and diverse data elements which are usually from different sources; solves difficult programming problems. Uses knowledge of pertinent system software, computer equipment, work processes, regulations, and management practices. Performs such duties as: develops, modifies, and maintains complex programs; designs and implements the interrelations of files and records within programs which will effectively fit into the overall design of the project; working with problems or concepts, develops programs for the solution to major scientific computational problems requiring the analysis and development of logical or mathematical descriptions of functions to be programmed; and develops occasional special programs, e.g., a critical path analysis program to assist in managing a special project. Tests, documents, and writes operating instructions for all work. Confers with other EDP personnel to secure information, investigate and resolve problems, and coordinate work efforts. In addition, performs such programming analysis as: investigating the feasibility of alternate program design approaches to determine the best balanced solution, e.g., one that will best satisfy immediate user needs, facilitate subsequent modification, and conserve resources; on typical maintenance projects and smaller scale, limited new projects, assisting user personnel in defining problems or needs and determining work organization, the necessary files and records, and their interrelation with the program; or on large or more complicated projects, participating as a team member along with other EDP personnel and users and having responsibility for a portion of the project. Works independently under overall objectives and direction, apprising the supervisor about progress and unusual complications. Modifies and adapts precedent solutions and proven approaches. Guidelines include constraints imposed by the related programs with which the incumbent's programs must be meshed. Completed work is reviewed for timeliness, compatibility with other work, and effectiveness in meeting requirements. May function as team leader or supervise a few lower level programmers or technicians on assigned work. Computer Programmer V At level V, workers are typically either supervisors, team leaders, staff specialists, or consultants. Some programming analysis is included as a part of the programming assignment. Supervision and review are similar to level IV. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or more of the following: 1. In a supervisory capacity, plans, develops, coordinates, and directs a large and important programming project (finance, manufacturing, sales/marketing, human resources, or other broad area) or a number of small programming projects with complex features. A substantial portion of the work supervised (usually 2 to 3 workers) is comparable to that described for level IV. Supervises, coordinates, and reviews the work of a small staff, normally not more than 15 programmers and technicians; estimates personnel needs and schedules, assigns and reviews work to meet completion date. These day-to-day supervisors evaluate performance, resolve complaints, and make recommendations on hiring and firing. They do not make final decisions on curtailing projects, reorganizing, or reallocating resources. 2. As team leader, staff specialist, or consultant, defines complex scientific problems (e.g., computational) or other highly complex programming problems (e.g., generating overall forecasts, projections, or other new data fields widely different from the source data or untried at the scale proposed) and directs the development of computer programs for their solution; or designs improvements in complex programs where existing precedents provide little guidance, such as an interrelated group of mathematical/statistical programs which support health insurance, natural resources, marketing trends, or other research activities. In conjunction with users (scientists or specialists), defines major problems in the subject-matter area. Contacts co-workers and user personnel at various locations to plan and coordinate project and gather data; devises ways to obtain data not previously available; arbitrates differences between various program users when conflicting requirements arise. May perform simulation studies to determine effects of changes in computer equipment or system software or may assess the feasibility and soundness of proposed programming projects which are novel and complex. Typically develops programming techniques and procedures where few precedents exist. May be assisted on projects by other programmers or technicians. COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYST (1712: Computer systems analyst) Analyzes business or scientific problems for resolution through electronic data processing. Gathers information from users, defines work problems, and, if feasible, designs a system of computer programs and procedures to resolve the problems. Develops complete specifications to enable computer programmers to prepare required programs: analyzes subject-matter operations to be automated; specifies number and types of records, files, and documents to be used and outputs to be produced; prepares work diagrams and data flow charts; coordinates tests of the system and participates in trial runs of new and revised systems; and recommends computer equipment changes to obtain more effective operations. May also write the computer programs. Excluded are: a. Trainees who receive detailed directives and work plans, select authorized procedures for use in specific situations, and seek assistance for deviations and problems; b. Positions which require a bachelor's degree in a specific scientific field (other than computer science), such as an engineering, mathematics, physics, or chemistry degree; however, positions are potential matches where the required degree may be from any of several possible scientific fields; c. Computer programmers who write computer programs and solve user problems not requiring systems modification; d. Workers who primarily analyze and evaluate problems concerning computer equipment or its selection or utilization; and e. Computer systems programmers or analysts who primarily write programs or analyze problems concerning the system software, e.g., operating systems, compilers, assemblers, system utility routines, etc., which provide basic services for the use of all programs and provide for the scheduling or the execution of programs; however, positions matching this definition may develop a "total package" which includes not only analyzing work problems to be processed but also selecting the computer equipment and system software required. Positions are classified into levels on the basis of the following definitions. Computer Systems Analyst I At this level, initial assignments are designed to expand practical experience in applying systems analysis techniques and procedures. Provides several phases of the required systems analysis where the nature of the system is predetermined. Uses established fact finding approaches, knowledge of pertinent work processes and procedures, and familiarity with related computer programming practices, system software, and computer equipment. Carries out fact finding and analysis as assigned, usually of a single activity or a routine problem; applies established procedures where the nature of the system, feasibility, computer equipment, and programming language have already been decided; may assist a higher level systems analyst by preparing the detailed specifications required by computer programmers from information developed by the higher level analyst; may research routine user problems and solve them by modifying the existing system when the solutions follow clear precedents. When cost and deadline estimates are required, results receive close review. The supervisor defines objectives, priorities, and deadlines. Incumbents work independently; adapt guides to specific situations; resolve problems and deviations according to established practices; and obtain advice where precedents are unclear or not available. Completed work is reviewed for conformance to requirements, timeliness, and efficiency. May supervise technicians and others who assist in specific assignments. Computer Systems Analyst II Applies systems analysis and design skills in an area such as a record keeping or scientific operation. A system of several varied sequences or formats is usually developed, e.g., systems for maintaining depositor accounts in a bank, maintaining accounts receivable in a retail establishment, maintaining inventory accounts in a manufacturing or wholesale establishment, or processing a limited problem in a scientific project. Requires competence in most phases of system analysis and knowledge of pertinent system software and computer equipment and of the work processes, applicable regulations, work load, and practices of the assigned subject-matter area. Recognizes probable interactions of related computer systems and predicts impact of a change in assigned system. Reviews proposals which consist of objectives, scope, and user expectations; gathers facts, analyzes data, and prepares a project synopsis which compares alternatives in terms of cost, time, availability of equipment and personnel, and recommends a course of action; and upon approval of synopsis, prepares specifications for development of computer programs. Determines and resolves data processing problems and coordinates the work with program, users, etc.; orients user personnel on new or changed procedures. May conduct special projects such as data element and code standardization throughout a broad system, working under specific objectives and bringing to the attention of the supervisor any unusual problems or controversies. Works independently under overall project objectives and requirements; apprises supervisor about progress and unusual complications. Guidelines usually include existing systems and the constraints imposed by related systems with which the incumbent's work must be meshed. Adapts design approaches successfully used in precedent systems. Completed work is reviewed for timeliness, compatibility with other work, and effectiveness in meeting requirements. May provide functional direction to lower level assistants on assigned work. OR Works on a segment of a complex data processing scheme or broad system, as described for computer systems analyst level III. Works independently on routine assignments and receives instructions and guidance on complex assignments. Work is reviewed for accuracy of judgment, compliance with instructions, and to insure proper alignment with the overall system. Computer Systems Analyst III Applies systems analysis and design techniques to complex computer systems in a broad area such as manufacturing; finance management; engineering, accounting, or statistics; logistics planning; material management, etc. Usually, there are multiple users of the system; however, there may be complex one-user systems, e.g., for engineering or research projects. Requires competence in all phases of systems analysis techniques, concepts, and methods and knowledge of available system software, computer equipment, and the regulations, structure, techniques, and management practices of one or more subject-matter areas. Since input data usually come from diverse sources, is responsible for recognizing probable conflicts and integrating diverse data elements and sources. Produces innovative solutions for a variety of complex problems. Maintains and modifies complex systems or develops new subsystems such as an integrated production scheduling, inventory control, cost analysis, or sales analysis record in which every item of each type is automatically processed through the full system of records. Guides users in formulating requirements; advises on alternatives and on the implications of new or revised data processing systems; analyzes resulting user project proposals, identifies omissions and errors in requirements, and conducts feasibility studies; recommends optimum approach and develops system design for approved projects. Interprets information and informally arbitrates between system users when conflicts exist. May serve as lead analyst in a design subgroup, directing and integrating the work of one or two lower level analysts, each responsible for several programs. Supervision and nature of review are similar to level II; existing systems provide precedents for the operation of new subsystems. Computer Systems Analyst IV Applies expert systems analysis and design techniques to complex system development in a specialized design area and/or resolves unique or unyielding problems in existing complex systems by applying new technology. Work requires a broad knowledge of data sources and flow, interactions of existing complex systems in the organization, and the capabilities and limitations of the systems software and computer equipment. Objectives and overall requirements are defined in the organization's EDP policies and standards; the primary constraints typically are those imposed by the need for compatibility with existing systems or processes. Supervision and nature of review are similar to levels II and III. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or more of the following: 1. As team or project leader, provides systems design in a specialized and highly complex design area, e.g., interrelated business statistics and/or projections, scientific systems, mathematical models, or similar unprecedented computer systems. Establishes the framework of new computer systems from feasibility studies to post-implementation evaluation. Devises new sources of data and develops new approaches and techniques for use by others. May serve as technical authority for a design area. At least one or two team members perform work at level III; one or two team members may also perform work as a level IV staff specialist or consultant as described below. 2. As staff specialist or consultant, with expertise in a specialty area (e.g., data security, telecommunications, systems analysis techniques, EDP standards development, etc.), plans and conducts analyses of unique or unyielding problems in a broad system. Identifies problems and specific issues in assigned area and prepares overall project recommendations from an EDP standpoint including feasible advancements in EDP technology; upon acceptance, determines a design strategy that anticipates directions of change; designs and monitors necessary testing and implementation plans. Performs work such as: studies broad areas of projected work processes which cut across the organization's established EDP systems; conducts continuing review of computer technological developments applicable to system design and prepares long range forecasts; develops EDP standards where new and improved approaches are needed; or develops recommendations for a management information system where new concepts are required. Computer Systems Analyst V As a top technical expert, develops broad unprecedented computer systems and/or conducts critical studies central to the success of large organizations having extensive technical or highly diversified computer requirements. Considers such requirements as broad organization policy, and the diverse user needs of several organizational levels and locations. Works under general administrative direction. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or more of the following: 1. As team or project leader, guides the development of broad unprecedented computer systems. The information requirements are complex and voluminous. Devises completely new ways to locate and develop data sources; establishes new factors and criteria for making subject-matter decisions. Coordinates fact finding, analysis, and design of the system and applies the most recent developments in data processing technology and computer equipment. Guidelines consist of state-of-the- art technology and general organizational policy. At least one team member performs work at level IV. 2. As staff specialist or consultant, is a recognized leader and authority in a large organization (as defined above). Performs at least two of the following: a) has overall responsibility for evaluating the significance of technological advancement and developing EDP standards where new and improved approaches are needed, e.g., programming techniques; b) conceives and plans exploratory investigations critical to the overall organization where useful precedents do not exist and new concepts are required, e.g., develops recommendations regarding a comprehensive management information system; or c) evaluates existing EDP organizational policy for effectiveness, devising and formulating changes in the organization's position on broad policy issues. May be assisted on individual projects by other analysts. COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYST SUPERVISOR/MANAGER (1712: Computer systems analyst) Supervises three or more employees, two of whom perform systems analysis. Work requires substantial and recurring use of systems analysis skills in directing staff. May also supervise programmers and related clerical and technical support personnel. Excluded are: a. Positions also having significant responsibility for the management or supervision of functional areas (e.g., system software development, data entry, or computer operations) not related to the Computer Systems Analyst and Computer Programmer definitions; b. Supervisory positions having base levels below Computer Systems Analyst II or Computer Programmer IV; and c. Managers who supervise two or more subordinates performing at Computer Systems Analyst Supervisor/Manager level IV. Classification by level Supervisory jobs are matched at one of four levels according to two factors: a) base level of work supervised; and b) level of supervision. The table following the explanations of these factors indicates the level of the supervisor for each combination of factors. Base level of work The base level of work is the highest level of nonsupervisory work under the direct or indirect supervision of the supervisor/manager which (when added to the nonsupervisory levels above it) represents at least 25 percent of the total nonsupervisory, nonclerical staff and at least two of the full-time positions supervised. To determine the base level of nonsupervisory, nonclerical work: 1) array the positions by level of difficulty; 2) determine the number of workers in each position; and 3) count down from the highest level (if necessary) until at least 25 percent of the total nonsupervisory, nonclerical staff are represented. Level of supervision Supervisors and managers should be matched at one of the three LS levels below which best describes their supervisory responsibility. LS-1 Plans, coordinates, and evaluates the work of a small staff, normally not more than 15 programmers, systems analysts, and technicians; estimates personnel needs and schedules, assigns, and reviews work to meet completion date; interviews candidates for own unit and recommends hires, promotions, or reassignments; resolves complaints and refers group grievances and more serious unresolved complaints to higher level supervisors; may reprimand employees. LS-2 Directs a sizable staff (normally 15-30 employees), typically divided into sub- units controlled by subordinate supervisors; advises higher level management on work problems of own unit and the impact on broader programs; collaborates with heads of other units to negotiate and/or coordinate work changes; makes decisions on work or training problems presented by subordinate supervisors; evaluates subordinate supervisors and reviews their evaluations of other employees; selects nonsupervisors (higher level approval is virtually assured) and recommends supervisory selections; hears group grievances and serious or unresolved complaints. May shift resources among projects and perform long range budget planning. Note: In rare instances, supervisory positions responsible for directing a sizable staff (e.g., 20-30 employees) may not have subordinate supervisors, but have all other LS-2 responsibilities. Such positions should be matched to LS-2. LS-3 Directs two subordinate supervisory levels and the work force managed typically includes substantially more than 30 employees. Makes major decisions and recommendations (listed below) which have a direct, important, and substantial effect on own organization and work. Performs at least three of the following: - decides what programs and projects should be initiated, dropped, expanded, or curtailed; - determines long range plans in response to program changes, evaluates program goals, and redefines objectives; - determines changes to be made in organizational structure, delegation of authority, coordination of units, etc.; - decides what compromises to make in operations in view of public relations implications and need for support from various groups; - decides on the means to substantially reduce operating costs without impairing overall operations; justifies major equipment expenditures; and - resolves differences between key subordinate officials; decides, or significantly affects final decisions, on personnel actions for supervisors and other key officials. CRITERIA FOR MATCHING COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYST SUPERVISORS/MANAGERS Base level of nonsupervisory job(s) Level of supervisor Matched in the Matched in the Computer Computer LS-1 LS-2 LS-3 Programmer Systems Definition Analyst Definition IV II I II III V III II III IV - IV III IV Exclude - V IV Exclude Exclude PERSONNEL SPECIALIST (143: Personnel, training, and labor relations specialist) Plans, administers, advises on, or performs professional work in one or more personnel specialties, such as: Job Analysis/Evaluation: Analyzing, evaluating, and defining occupations or positions based on duties, responsibilities, and qualification requirements in order to establish or maintain a framework for equitable compensation. Salary and Benefit Administration: Analyzing and evaluating compensation practices, participating in compensation surveys, and recommending pay and benefit adjustments. Recruitment and Placement: Recruiting applicants through various sources (e.g., schools, colleges, employment agencies, newspapers, professional societies); evaluating applicants using qualification ratings, test scores, interviews, and reference checks; and recommending applicant placement. Employee Development: Planning, evaluating, and administering employee training and development programs to achieve both organizational goals and personnel management objectives. Employee Relations and Services: Providing guidance, advice, and assistance on such matters as employee services and benefits; management-employee communications; performance appraisals, grievances and appeals; equal employment opportunity; and employee conduct and discipline. Equal Employment Opportunity: Planning, evaluating, and administering equal opportunity provisions. Labor Relations: Advising and assisting management on a variety of labor relations matters, and negotiating and administering labor agreements on behalf of management. In addition to the technical responsibilities described in levels I through VI, personnel specialists may also manage personnel functions and supervise subordinate staff. At levels I and II, the subordinate staff typically consists of clerks and paraprofessionals; level III may coordinate the work of lower level specialists; and levels IV and above may supervise subordinate specialists. Positions which are primarily supervisory, rather than technical, in nature (i.e., they are not readily matchable to the level-to-level distinctions in this definition) should be matched to the personnel supervisor/manager definition. This broad, generic occupation includes specialists: (1) working in personnel operations; (2) reviewing and evaluating the quality of personnel programs; and (3) developing and revising personnel programs and procedures. Excluded are: a. Positions matched to the personnel supervisor/manager definition; b. Directors of personnel, who service more than 250 employees and have significant responsibility for administering all three of the following functions: Job evaluation, employment and placement, and employee relations and services. In addition, workers in these excluded positions serve top management of their organization as the source of advice on personnel matters and problems; c. Clerical and paraprofessional positions; d. Labor relations specialists who negotiate with labor unions as the principal representative of their overall organization; e. Specialists with matchable titles (e.g., labor relations specialist, equal opportunity specialist) which are not part of the establishment's personnel program; f. Specialists in other occupations (e.g., nursing, organizational development, payroll, safety and health, security, and training), even if these positions are part of the establishment's personnel program; g. Positions not requiring: (1) three years of administrative, technical, or substantive clerical experience; (2) a bachelor's degree in any field; or (3) any equivalent combination of experience and education yielding basic skills in problem analysis and communication; and h. Positions employed by personnel supply service establishments (S.I.C. 736). Classification by level Establishment positions which meet the above criteria are matched at one of six levels. Primary leveling concepts are presented for each of the three options: (1) operations, (2) program evaluation, and (3) program development. These leveling concepts take precedent over typical duties and responsibilities in determining the level of a match. Job duties that are "moderately complex" in one establishment may be "procedural" in another establishment. Personnel Specialist I (operations only) As a trainee, receives classroom and/or on-the-job training in the principles, procedures, and regulations of the personnel program and in the programs, policies, and objectives of the employing organization. Assignments provide experience in applying personnel management principles, procedures and techniques, while performing a variety of uncomplicated tasks under close supervision. Personnel Specialist II Operations. Performs standard procedural duties which require the use of personnel management principles and techniques to identify and analyze personnel problems. Provides limited advice to management, such as informing departmental supervisors of typical duty patterns which comprise an occupational level or of types of candidates available for a particular type of job. Receives specific instructions with each new assignment. Program evaluation and development. Assists higher level specialists in preliminary phases of evaluation or development. Receives increasingly difficult assignments under close supervisory guidance and review. Typical duties include: analyzing and evaluating nonexempt jobs using standard procedures; participating in recruitment or compensation surveys for nonexempt jobs; rating applicants using established guides; explaining established policies, procedures, or regulations to employees or management; and performing limited tasks to assist higher level specialists in employee development, employee relations, and labor relations programs. Personnel Specialist III Operations. Performs moderately complex assignments following established policies and guidelines. Work requires experience both in a personnel specialty and in the organization serviced. Advises management on the solution to personnel problems of limited scope for which there are precedents. Renders advice concerning own specialty, but discusses impact on other personnel areas. Works independently under specified objectives; closer supervision is provided for complex assignments, precedent-setting actions, and actions that impact either other functional areas or key working relationships. Program evaluation and development. Assists higher level specialists or managers by studying less complex aspects of personnel programs (e.g., merit promotions, incentive awards), resolving problems of average difficulty, and reporting findings to be included in evaluation reports. Typical duties include: analyzing, evaluating, and defining both exempt and nonexempt jobs in various occupational groups using established procedures; participating in surveys of broad compensation areas; recruiting and screening applicants for both exempt and nonexempt jobs, checking references and recommending placement; assisting in identifying training needs and arranging training, initiating personnel actions or awards, and interpreting established personnel policy, regulations, and precedents; or participating in preparing for and conducting labor negotiations. Personnel Specialist IV Operations. Applies to three different work situations. In situation (1), specialists use technical knowledge, skills, and judgment to solve complex technical problems. Advisory services to management are similar to those described at level III. Situation (2) combines typical level III operating skills with comprehensive management advisory services. Advisory services require high technical skills, along with broad personnel knowledge, to solve problems from a total personnel management perspective. In situations (1) and (2), specialists plan and complete work following established program goals and objectives. Their judgments and recommendations are relied on for management decisions. Situation (3) applies to specialists who are solely responsible for performing moderately complex assignments (as described in level III) and for rendering final decisions on assigned personnel matters under general administrative supervision. Responsibilities include planning and scheduling work and coordinating and integrating program(s) with other personnel, management, and operational activities. Program evaluation. Conducts on-site review of personnel actions in several organizational units; determines factual basis for personnel actions, evaluates actions for consistency with established guidelines, and reports significant findings. Program development. Independently develops supplemental guidelines for existing procedures. Typical duties include: analyzing, evaluating, and defining difficult exempt jobs, i.e., those in research and development, administration, law, and computer science; planning and conducting broad compensation surveys and recommending pay and benefit adjustments; developing training plans and procedures for an organizational segment; participating in complex employee-management relations issues such as controversies, poor morale, and high turnover; or developing plans and procedures for labor negotiations in a moderately complex organization. Personnel Specialist V Operations. Applies to two different work situations. In situation (1), specialists solve unusually complex and unprecedented problems which require creative solutions. In situation (2), specialists are assigned complex technical problems (as described in level IV - situation (1) combined with responsibility for providing comprehensive advice to management. Management advisory services are complicated by jobs and organizations that are complex, new, or dynamic, and by the abstract nature of the work processes. Supervision and guidance relate largely to program goals and time schedules. Specialists are authorized to make decisions for their organizations and consult with their supervisors concerning unusual problems and developments. Program evaluation. Independently evaluates personnel programs to determine the degree to which they are achieving goals and objectives, ascertaining weaknesses in programs and guidelines, and making recommendations for improvements.