Technical Contact: USDL: 03-130 (202) 691-6199 NCSinfo@bls.gov Media Contact: FOR RELEASE: 10:00 A.M. (EST) (202) 691-5902 TUESDAY, MARCH 18, 2003 Internet address: http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm EMPLOYER COSTS FOR EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION-DECEMBER 2002 In December 2002, employer costs for employee compensation for civilian workers in private industry and State and local government in the United States averaged $23.66 per hour worked, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Wages and salaries, which averaged $17.06, accounted for 72.1 percent of these costs, while benefits, which averaged $6.60, accounted for the remaining 27.9 percent. (See table 1.) Legally required benefits averaged $1.86 per hour (7.9 percent of total compensation), representing the largest non-wage employer cost. Employer costs for insurance benefits averaged $1.69 (7.1 percent), paid leave benefits averaged $1.62 (6.8 percent), and retirement and savings benefits averaged 82 cents (3.5 percent) per hour worked. Private Industry In December 2002, private industry employer compensation costs averaged $22.14 per hour worked. Wages and salaries averaged $16.08 per hour (72.6 percent), while benefits averaged $6.07 (27.4 percent.) (See table 5.) Employer costs for paid leave averaged $1.47 per hour worked (6.6 percent), supplemental pay averaged 61 cents (2.8 percent), insurance benefits averaged $1.46 (6.6 percent), retirement and savings averaged 64 cents (2.9 percent), and legally required benefits averaged $1.85 (8.4 percent) per hour worked. Legally required benefit costs in private industry The average cost for legally required benefits was $1.85 per hour worked in private industry (8.4 percent of total compensation) in December 2002. Included in this amount were employer costs for Social Security, Federal and State unemployment insurance, and workers' compensation. Employer costs for legally required benefits varied by industry, occupation, bargaining status, region, and establishment size. Costs for legally required benefits were higher in goods-producing industries ($2.33 per hour or 9.0 percent of total compensation) than in service-producing industries ($1.72 or 8.1 percent of total compensation). (See table 5.) The average cost per hour worked for legally required benefits was $1.17 for service occupations, $1.98 for white-collar occupations, and $2.05 for blue-collar occupations. Although the overall costs of legally required benefits for white-collar and blue-collar workers were comparable, the costs for components varied considerably. The cost of workers' compensation was 68 cents for blue-collar workers, compared with 25 cents for white-collar workers. Conversely, Social Security costs were $1.61 per hour for white-collar workers, versus $1.22 for blue-collar workers. The proportion of total compensation represented by legally required benefits was the highest among service workers, 10.4 percent, compared with 7.4 percent for white-collar occupations and 9.9 percent for blue-collar occupations. (See table 6.) Legally required benefits were higher for union workers, $2.55 per hour, than for nonunion workers, $1.77. As a proportion of total compensation, legally required benefits accounted for 8.4 percent of total compensation for both union and nonunion workers. Costs ranged from $1.65 in the South to $2.05 in the West. The proportion of total compensation represented by legally required costs varied slightly among regions. (See table 7.) Legally required benefit costs increased in average dollar amount per hour with establishment size: $1.70 in establishments with fewer than 100 employees; $1.86 in establishments with 100-499 employees; and $2.25 in establishments with 500 or more employees. Conversely, legally required costs decreased as a proportion of total compensation with establishment size. Legally required costs in establishments with fewer than 100 employees averaged 9.0 percent; in establishments with 100-499 employees, 8.3 percent; and in establishments with 500 workers or more, 7.4 percent of total compensation. (See table 8.) Paid leave benefit costs in private industry Paid leave costs in goods-producing industries were $1.70 per hour (6.6 percent of total compensation), compared with $1.41 (6.7 percent of total compensation) for service-producing industries in December 2002. (See table 5.) Included in this amount were employer costs for vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other leave, such as personal leave, jury duty leave, military leave, and funeral leave. Among major occupational groups, employer costs for paid leave benefits were highest for white-collar occupations, $2.00 per hour or 7.5 percent of total compensation. Costs were lowest among service occupations, 47 cents or 4.2 percent of total compensation. In blue-collar occupations, employer costs for paid leave averaged $1.16 or 5.6 percent of compensation. (See table 6.) Employer costs for paid leave benefits were significantly higher for union workers, averaging $2.16 per hour (7.1 percent), than for nonunion workers, averaging $1.39 (6.6 percent). Among the four regions, costs for paid leave benefits ranged from $1.25 per hour in the South to $1.86 in the Northeast. (See table 7.) Paid leave benefit costs increased, both in average dollar amount and as a proportion of total compensation, with establishment size. Establishments with fewer than 100 workers averaged $1.08 (5.7 percent); those with 100-499 employees averaged $1.50 (6.7 percent); and those with 500 or more employees averaged $2.45 (8.1 percent). (See table 8.) Table of Contents: Table 1. Civilian workers, by major occupational group 5 Table 2. Civilian workers, by occupational and industry group 6 Table 3. State and local government, by selected characteristics 7 Table 4. State and local government, by occupational and industry group 8 Table 5. Private industry, by major industry group 9 Table 6. Private industry, by major occupational group 10 Table 7. Private industry, by region and bargaining status 11 Table 8. Private industry, by establishment employment size 12 Table 9. Private industry, by major occupational and industry group and full-time and part-time status 13 Table 10. Private industry, by occupational and industry group 14 Table 11. Private industry, workers in goods-producing and service- producing industries, by occupational group 15 Table 12. Private industry, workers in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries, by occupational group 16 Table 13. Private industry, by bargaining status and major industry and occupational group 17 Table 14. Private industry, by establishment employment size and major industry and occupational group 18 Table 15. Private industry, workers in health services, by industry and occupational group 19 Table 16. Private industry, workers in transportation equipment manufacturing and public utilities, by industry and occupational group 20 Explanatory notes 21 Appendix table. Employer costs per hour worked for components of compen- sation and relative standard errors, by major industry and occupational categories, December 2002 24 Table 1. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Civilian workers, by major occupational group, December 2002 Civilian workers White collar Blue collar Service Compensation component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $23.66 100.0 $28.48 100.0 $20.97 100.0 $13.49 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 17.06 72.1 20.86 73.2 14.44 68.9 9.82 72.8 Total benefits............................... 6.60 27.9 7.62 26.8 6.53 31.1 3.67 27.2 Paid leave................................. 1.62 6.8 2.11 7.4 1.23 5.9 .78 5.8 Vacation................................. .75 3.2 .96 3.4 .62 3.0 .35 2.6 Holiday.................................. .55 2.3 .70 2.5 .44 2.1 .25 1.9 Sick..................................... .24 1.0 .33 1.2 .13 .6 .13 1.0 Other.................................... .08 .3 .11 .4 .05 .2 .04 .3 Supplemental pay........................... .56 2.4 .58 2.0 .74 3.5 .27 2.0 Premium(1)............................... .23 1.0 .12 .4 .51 2.4 .13 1.0 Shift differentials...................... .06 .3 .06 .2 .07 .3 .05 .4 Nonproduction bonuses.................... .28 1.2 .40 1.4 .16 .8 .08 .6 Insurance.................................. 1.69 7.1 1.91 6.7 1.75 8.3 .96 7.1 Life..................................... .04 .2 .05 .2 .04 .2 .02 .1 Health................................... 1.58 6.7 1.77 6.2 1.65 7.9 .91 6.7 Short-term disability.................... .04 .2 .04 .1 .05 .2 .02 .1 Long-term disability..................... .03 .1 .05 .2 .02 .1 (2) (3) Retirement and savings..................... .82 3.5 1.00 3.5 .74 3.5 .42 3.1 Defined benefit.......................... .43 1.8 .46 1.6 .44 2.1 .32 2.4 Defined contribution..................... .39 1.6 .54 1.9 .30 1.4 .10 .7 Legally required benefits.................. 1.86 7.9 1.99 7.0 2.03 9.7 1.24 9.2 Social Security(4)....................... 1.37 5.8 1.63 5.7 1.22 5.8 .81 6.0 OASDI.................................. 1.09 4.6 1.29 4.5 .99 4.7 .65 4.8 Medicare............................... .28 1.2 .34 1.2 .23 1.1 .16 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance........... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .2 State unemployment insurance............. .09 .4 .08 .3 .11 .5 .08 .6 Workers' compensation.................... .38 1.6 .25 .9 .67 3.2 .32 2.4 Other benefits(5).......................... .04 .2 .04 .1 .03 .1 (2) (3) 1 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. 4 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 5 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 2. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Civilian workers, by occupational and industry group, December 2002 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked by year Civilian workers............................... $23.66 $17.06 $6.60 $1.62 $0.56 $1.69 $0.82 $1.86 $0.04 Occupational group White-collar occupations..................... 28.48 20.86 7.62 2.11 .58 1.91 1.00 1.99 .04 Professional specialty and technical....... 38.51 28.38 10.12 2.87 .60 2.48 1.57 2.54 .06 Professional specialty................... 41.17 30.51 10.66 3.05 .57 2.60 1.73 2.64 .07 Nurses................................. 34.86 25.27 9.59 2.79 1.25 1.85 1.00 2.68 .02 Teachers............................... 43.32 32.84 10.48 2.27 .11 3.12 2.41 2.48 .09 Technical................................ 29.42 21.13 8.29 2.25 .68 2.09 1.04 2.21 .03 Executive, administrative, and managerial.. 42.56 30.59 11.97 3.71 1.36 2.46 1.57 2.79 .08 Administrative support, including clerical. 18.74 13.36 5.37 1.35 .33 1.70 .57 1.39 .03 Blue-collar occupations...................... 20.97 14.44 6.53 1.23 .74 1.75 .74 2.03 .03 Service occupations.......................... 13.49 9.82 3.67 .78 .27 .96 .42 1.24 (2) Industry group Services..................................... 25.46 18.88 6.58 1.80 .34 1.71 .88 1.84 .02 Health services............................ 25.47 18.45 7.02 2.19 .52 1.65 .74 1.91 (2) Hospitals................................ 27.98 19.59 8.39 2.44 .79 2.18 .89 2.09 .02 Educational services....................... 34.57 25.45 9.12 2.20 .13 2.87 1.84 2.02 .06 Elementary and secondary education....... 33.83 25.04 8.79 1.92 .11 3.11 1.70 1.86 .09 Higher education......................... 36.67 26.77 9.90 2.74 .15 2.60 2.15 2.26 (2) Percent of total compensation Civilian workers............................... 100.0 72.1 27.9 6.8 2.4 7.1 3.5 7.9 0.2 Occupational group White-collar occupations..................... 100.0 73.2 26.8 7.4 2.0 6.7 3.5 7.0 .1 Professional specialty and technical....... 100.0 73.7 26.3 7.5 1.6 6.4 4.1 6.6 .2 Professional specialty................... 100.0 74.1 25.9 7.4 1.4 6.3 4.2 6.4 .2 Nurses................................. 100.0 72.5 27.5 8.0 3.6 5.3 2.9 7.7 .1 Teachers............................... 100.0 75.8 24.2 5.2 .3 7.2 5.6 5.7 .2 Technical................................ 100.0 71.8 28.2 7.6 2.3 7.1 3.5 7.5 .1 Executive, administrative, and managerial.. 100.0 71.9 28.1 8.7 3.2 5.8 3.7 6.6 .2 Administrative support, including clerical. 100.0 71.3 28.7 7.2 1.8 9.1 3.0 7.4 .2 Blue-collar occupations...................... 100.0 68.9 31.1 5.9 3.5 8.3 3.5 9.7 .1 Service occupations.......................... 100.0 72.8 27.2 5.8 2.0 7.1 3.1 9.2 (3) Industry group Services..................................... 100.0 74.2 25.8 7.1 1.3 6.7 3.5 7.2 .1 Health services............................ 100.0 72.4 27.6 8.6 2.0 6.5 2.9 7.5 (3) Hospitals................................ 100.0 70.0 30.0 8.7 2.8 7.8 3.2 7.5 .1 Educational services....................... 100.0 73.6 26.4 6.4 .4 8.3 5.3 5.8 .2 Elementary and secondary education....... 100.0 74.0 26.0 5.7 .3 9.2 5.0 5.5 .3 Higher education......................... 100.0 73.0 27.0 7.5 .4 7.1 5.9 6.2 (3) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 3. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: State and local government, by selected characteristics,(1) December 2002 All workers White collar Service occupations Service industries Compensation occupations component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $32.32 100.0 $35.92 100.0 $24.34 100.0 $33.87 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 22.68 70.2 25.88 72.0 15.65 64.3 24.54 72.5 Total benefits............................... 9.63 29.8 10.04 28.0 8.69 35.7 9.33 27.5 Paid leave................................. 2.49 7.7 2.59 7.2 2.26 9.3 2.28 6.7 Vacation................................. .86 2.7 .81 2.3 .97 4.0 .64 1.9 Holiday.................................. .82 2.5 .86 2.4 .72 3.0 .77 2.3 Sick..................................... .62 1.9 .71 2.0 .41 1.7 .67 2.0 Other.................................... .20 .6 .22 .6 .15 .6 .20 .6 Supplemental pay........................... .29 .9 .18 .5 .60 2.5 .20 .6 Premium(2)............................... .13 .4 .05 .1 .30 1.2 .06 .2 Shift differentials...................... .06 .2 .04 .1 .13 .5 .05 .1 Nonproduction bonuses.................... .10 .3 .09 .3 .17 .7 .09 .3 Insurance.................................. 3.02 9.3 3.18 8.9 2.54 10.4 3.03 8.9 Life..................................... .06 .2 .06 .2 .04 .2 .05 .1 Health................................... 2.89 8.9 3.05 8.5 2.39 9.8 2.92 8.6 Short-term disability.................... .04 .1 .02 .1 .09 .4 .02 .1 Long-term disability..................... .04 .1 .04 .1 .02 .1 .04 .1 Retirement and savings..................... 1.84 5.7 1.99 5.5 1.65 6.8 1.82 5.4 Defined benefit.......................... 1.59 4.9 1.71 4.8 1.54 6.3 1.60 4.7 Defined contribution..................... .25 .8 .28 .8 .11 .5 .23 .7 Legally required benefits.................. 1.92 5.9 2.04 5.7 1.58 6.5 1.93 5.7 Social Security(3)....................... 1.50 4.6 1.71 4.8 .98 4.0 1.62 4.8 OASDI.................................. 1.16 3.6 1.32 3.7 .75 3.1 1.25 3.7 Medicare............................... .34 1.1 .39 1.1 .23 .9 .36 1.1 Federal unemployment insurance........... (4) (5) (4) (5) (4) (5) (4) (5) State unemployment insurance............. .04 .1 .04 .1 .05 .2 .04 .1 Workers' compensation.................... .37 1.1 .29 .8 .55 2.3 .27 .8 Other benefits(6).......................... .07 .2 .07 .2 .06 .2 .07 .2 1 This table presents data for the two major occupational groups in State and local governments: White-collar occupations, largely professional occupations, including teachers; and service occupations, including police and firefighters; and one major industry group, services. The service industries, which include health and educational services, employ a large part of the State and local government workforce. 2 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 4 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 5 Less than .05 percent. 6 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 4. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: State and local government, by occupational and industry group, December 2002 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked by year State and local government workers............. $32.32 $22.68 $9.63 $2.49 $0.29 $3.02 $1.84 $1.92 $0.07 Occupational group White-collar occupations..................... 35.92 25.88 10.04 2.59 .18 3.18 1.99 2.04 .07 Professional specialty and technical....... 41.96 31.07 10.90 2.55 .19 3.35 2.39 2.32 .10 Professional specialty................... 43.32 32.21 11.11 2.56 .17 3.44 2.48 2.36 .10 Teachers............................... 45.83 34.53 11.30 2.40 .10 3.55 2.72 2.42 .12 Technical................................ 27.48 18.81 8.67 2.44 .48 2.44 1.40 1.86 .05 Executive, administrative, and managerial.. 40.55 28.22 12.33 4.09 .20 3.41 2.27 2.31 .04 Administrative support, including clerical. 20.85 13.80 7.05 1.87 .13 2.70 1.00 1.31 .04 Blue-collar occupations...................... 25.50 16.57 8.93 2.36 .43 2.95 1.32 1.79 .08 Service occupations.......................... 24.34 15.65 8.69 2.26 .60 2.54 1.65 1.58 .06 Industry group Services..................................... 33.87 24.54 9.33 2.28 .20 3.03 1.82 1.93 .07 Health services............................ 26.94 18.04 8.90 2.68 .73 2.44 1.13 1.88 .04 Hospitals................................ 27.76 18.66 9.10 2.77 .70 2.45 1.18 1.94 .04 Educational services....................... 35.31 25.91 9.40 2.21 .12 3.10 1.95 1.94 .07 Elementary and secondary education....... 34.49 25.48 9.01 1.94 .10 3.24 1.78 1.84 .10 Higher education......................... 37.77 27.48 10.30 2.84 .17 2.81 2.33 2.14 (2) Public administration........................ 29.57 19.44 10.14 2.90 .45 2.95 1.92 1.84 .08 Percent of total compensation State and local government workers............. 100.0 70.2 29.8 7.7 0.9 9.3 5.7 5.9 0.2 Occupational group White-collar occupations..................... 100.0 72.0 28.0 7.2 .5 8.9 5.5 5.7 .2 Professional specialty and technical....... 100.0 74.0 26.0 6.1 .5 8.0 5.7 5.5 .2 Professional specialty................... 100.0 74.4 25.6 5.9 .4 7.9 5.7 5.4 .2 Teachers............................... 100.0 75.3 24.7 5.2 .2 7.7 5.9 5.3 .3 Technical................................ 100.0 68.4 31.6 8.9 1.7 8.9 5.1 6.8 .2 Executive, administrative, and managerial.. 100.0 69.6 30.4 10.1 .5 8.4 5.6 5.7 .1 Administrative support, including clerical. 100.0 66.2 33.8 9.0 .6 12.9 4.8 6.3 .2 Blue-collar occupations...................... 100.0 65.0 35.0 9.3 1.7 11.6 5.2 7.0 .3 Service occupations.......................... 100.0 64.3 35.7 9.3 2.5 10.4 6.8 6.5 .2 Industry group Services..................................... 100.0 72.5 27.5 6.7 .6 8.9 5.4 5.7 .2 Health services............................ 100.0 67.0 33.0 9.9 2.7 9.1 4.2 7.0 .1 Hospitals................................ 100.0 67.2 32.8 10.0 2.5 8.8 4.3 7.0 .1 Educational services....................... 100.0 73.4 26.6 6.3 .3 8.8 5.5 5.5 .2 Elementary and secondary education....... 100.0 73.9 26.1 5.6 .3 9.4 5.2 5.3 .3 Higher education......................... 100.0 72.8 27.3 7.5 .5 7.4 6.2 5.7 (3) Public administration........................ 100.0 65.7 34.3 9.8 1.5 10.0 6.5 6.2 .3 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 5. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by major industry group, December 2002 All workers Goods Service Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing Compensation producing(1) producing(2) component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $22.14 100.0 $25.88 100.0 $21.11 100.0 $25.58 100.0 $21.53 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 16.08 72.6 17.72 68.5 15.62 74.0 17.33 67.7 15.85 73.6 Total benefits............................... 6.07 27.4 8.17 31.6 5.49 26.0 8.24 32.2 5.68 26.4 Paid leave................................. 1.47 6.6 1.70 6.6 1.41 6.7 1.96 7.7 1.38 6.4 Vacation................................. .74 3.3 .87 3.4 .70 3.3 .99 3.9 .69 3.2 Holiday.................................. .50 2.3 .61 2.4 .47 2.2 .71 2.8 .46 2.1 Sick..................................... .17 .8 .13 .5 .18 .9 .15 .6 .18 .8 Other.................................... .06 .3 .08 .3 .06 .3 .11 .4 .05 .2 Supplemental pay........................... .61 2.8 1.09 4.2 .48 2.3 1.15 4.5 .52 2.4 Premium(3)............................... .24 1.1 .55 2.1 .16 .8 .58 2.3 .18 .8 Shift differentials...................... .06 .3 .08 .3 .05 .2 .11 .4 .05 .2 Nonproduction bonuses.................... .31 1.4 .46 1.8 .27 1.3 .46 1.8 .28 1.3 Insurance.................................. 1.46 6.6 2.08 8.0 1.29 6.1 2.18 8.5 1.33 6.2 Life..................................... .04 .2 .06 .2 .04 .2 .06 .2 .04 .2 Health................................... 1.35 6.1 1.91 7.4 1.19 5.6 1.99 7.8 1.23 5.7 Short-term disability.................... .04 .2 .07 .3 .03 .1 .08 .3 .03 .1 Long-term disability..................... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .04 .2 .03 .1 Retirement and savings..................... .64 2.9 .91 3.5 .57 2.7 .77 3.0 .62 2.9 Defined benefit.......................... .22 1.0 .45 1.7 .16 .8 .32 1.3 .21 1.0 Defined contribution..................... .42 1.9 .46 1.8 .41 1.9 .44 1.7 .41 1.9 Legally required benefits.................. 1.85 8.4 2.33 9.0 1.72 8.1 2.10 8.2 1.81 8.4 Social Security(4)....................... 1.34 6.1 1.51 5.8 1.30 6.2 1.49 5.8 1.32 6.1 OASDI.................................. 1.08 4.9 1.22 4.7 1.04 4.9 1.20 4.7 1.06 4.9 Medicare............................... .26 1.2 .29 1.1 .26 1.2 .29 1.1 .26 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance........... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 State unemployment insurance............. .10 .5 .12 .5 .09 .4 .11 .4 .09 .4 Workers' compensation.................... .38 1.7 .67 2.6 .30 1.4 .47 1.8 .37 1.7 Other benefits(5).......................... .03 .1 .07 .3 .02 .1 .09 .4 .02 .1 1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 2 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 3 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 4 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 5 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 6. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by major occupational group, December 2002 All workers White collar Blue collar Service Compensation component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $22.14 100.0 $26.77 100.0 $20.68 100.0 $11.25 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 16.08 72.6 19.70 73.6 14.30 69.1 8.62 76.6 Total benefits............................... 6.07 27.4 7.07 26.4 6.38 30.9 2.64 23.5 Paid leave................................. 1.47 6.6 2.00 7.5 1.16 5.6 .47 4.2 Vacation................................. .74 3.3 1.00 3.7 .59 2.9 .22 2.0 Holiday.................................. .50 2.3 .67 2.5 .42 2.0 .15 1.3 Sick..................................... .17 .8 .25 .9 .10 .5 .07 .6 Other.................................... .06 .3 .08 .3 .05 .2 .02 .2 Supplemental pay........................... .61 2.8 .67 2.5 .76 3.7 .20 1.8 Premium(1)............................... .24 1.1 .13 .5 .52 2.5 .10 .9 Shift differentials...................... .06 .3 .06 .2 .07 .3 .04 .4 Nonproduction bonuses.................... .31 1.4 .48 1.8 .17 .8 .06 .5 Insurance.................................. 1.46 6.6 1.62 6.1 1.68 8.1 .63 5.6 Life..................................... .04 .2 .05 .2 .04 .2 (2) (3) Health................................... 1.35 6.1 1.47 5.5 1.57 7.6 .60 5.3 Short-term disability.................... .04 .2 .05 .2 .05 .2 (2) (3) Long-term disability..................... .03 .1 .05 .2 .02 .1 (2) (3) Retirement and savings..................... .64 2.9 .77 2.9 .71 3.4 .17 1.5 Defined benefit.......................... .22 1.0 .17 .6 .40 1.9 .07 .6 Defined contribution..................... .42 1.9 .59 2.2 .30 1.5 .10 .9 Legally required benefits.................. 1.85 8.4 1.98 7.4 2.05 9.9 1.17 10.4 Social Security(4)....................... 1.34 6.1 1.61 6.0 1.22 5.9 .78 6.9 OASDI.................................. 1.08 4.9 1.28 4.8 .99 4.8 .63 5.6 Medicare............................... .26 1.2 .32 1.2 .23 1.1 .15 1.3 Federal unemployment insurance........... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .04 .4 State unemployment insurance............. .10 .5 .09 .3 .11 .5 .08 .7 Workers' compensation.................... .38 1.7 .25 .9 .68 3.3 .27 2.4 Other benefits(5).......................... .03 .1 .04 .1 .03 .1 (2) (3) 1 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. 4 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 5 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 7. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by region and bargaining status, December 2002 Region(1) Bargaining status Compensation component Northeast South Midwest West Union Nonunion Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation..................... $25.36 100.0 $19.77 100.0 $21.83 100.0 $23.20 100.0 $30.29 100.0 $21.16 100.0 Wages and salaries................... 18.15 71.6 14.54 73.5 15.68 71.8 16.99 73.2 19.86 65.6 15.62 73.8 Total benefits....................... 7.22 28.5 5.24 26.5 6.15 28.2 6.21 26.8 10.43 34.4 5.54 26.2 Paid leave......................... 1.86 7.3 1.25 6.3 1.40 6.4 1.52 6.6 2.16 7.1 1.39 6.6 Vacation......................... .93 3.7 .63 3.2 .70 3.2 .76 3.3 1.11 3.7 .69 3.3 Holiday.......................... .62 2.4 .42 2.1 .49 2.2 .52 2.2 .70 2.3 .48 2.3 Sick............................. .22 .9 .15 .8 .14 .6 .19 .8 .25 .8 .16 .8 Other............................ .08 .3 .05 .3 .07 .3 .05 .2 .10 .3 .06 .3 Supplemental pay................... .75 3.0 .50 2.5 .72 3.3 .54 2.3 1.06 3.5 .56 2.6 Premium(2)....................... .22 .9 .22 1.1 .31 1.4 .24 1.0 .68 2.2 .19 .9 Shift differentials.............. .06 .2 .04 .2 .09 .4 .05 .2 .17 .6 .05 .2 Nonproduction bonuses............ .47 1.9 .24 1.2 .33 1.5 .25 1.1 .22 .7 .32 1.5 Insurance.......................... 1.70 6.7 1.29 6.5 1.54 7.1 1.41 6.1 2.91 9.6 1.28 6.0 Life............................. .05 .2 .04 .2 .04 .2 .04 .2 .07 .2 .04 .2 Health........................... 1.57 6.2 1.18 6.0 1.42 6.5 1.32 5.7 2.71 8.9 1.18 5.6 Short-term disability............ .05 .2 .04 .2 .05 .2 .03 .1 .08 .3 .03 .1 Long-term disability............. .03 .1 .03 .2 .04 .2 .03 .1 .05 .2 .03 .1 Retirement and savings............. .83 3.3 .51 2.6 .64 2.9 .67 2.9 1.67 5.5 .52 2.5 Defined benefit.................. .28 1.1 .16 .8 .28 1.3 .22 .9 1.18 3.9 .11 .5 Defined contribution............. .55 2.2 .35 1.8 .37 1.7 .45 1.9 .49 1.6 .41 1.9 Legally required benefits.......... 2.04 8.0 1.65 8.3 1.80 8.2 2.05 8.8 2.55 8.4 1.77 8.4 Social Security(3)............... 1.50 5.9 1.22 6.2 1.32 6.0 1.42 6.1 1.68 5.5 1.30 6.1 OASDI.......................... 1.19 4.7 .98 5.0 1.06 4.9 1.14 4.9 1.36 4.5 1.04 4.9 Medicare....................... .30 1.2 .24 1.2 .26 1.2 .28 1.2 .32 1.1 .26 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance... .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 State unemployment insurance..... .14 .6 .07 .4 .09 .4 .11 .5 .13 .4 .09 .4 Workers' compensation............ .37 1.5 .33 1.7 .36 1.6 .49 2.1 .71 2.3 .34 1.6 Other benefits(4).................. .04 .2 .03 .2 .04 .2 .02 .1 .08 .3 .02 .1 1 The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 2 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 4 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 8. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by establishment employment size, December 2002 All workers 1-99 workers 100 workers or 100-499 workers 500 workers or Compensation more more component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $22.14 100.0 $18.87 100.0 $26.00 100.0 $22.40 100.0 $30.29 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 16.08 72.6 14.12 74.8 18.38 70.7 16.07 71.7 21.14 69.8 Total benefits............................... 6.07 27.4 4.75 25.2 7.62 29.3 6.34 28.3 9.15 30.2 Paid leave................................. 1.47 6.6 1.08 5.7 1.93 7.4 1.50 6.7 2.45 8.1 Vacation................................. .74 3.3 .54 2.9 .97 3.7 .75 3.3 1.23 4.1 Holiday.................................. .50 2.3 .37 2.0 .65 2.5 .52 2.3 .81 2.7 Sick..................................... .17 .8 .13 .7 .22 .8 .17 .8 .29 1.0 Other.................................... .06 .3 .04 .2 .09 .3 .07 .3 .12 .4 Supplemental pay........................... .61 2.8 .46 2.4 .79 3.0 .67 3.0 .93 3.1 Premium(1)............................... .24 1.1 .19 1.0 .31 1.2 .27 1.2 .35 1.2 Shift differentials...................... .06 .3 (2) (3) .11 .4 .07 .3 .17 .6 Nonproduction bonuses.................... .31 1.4 .26 1.4 .37 1.4 .33 1.5 .41 1.4 Insurance.................................. 1.46 6.6 1.08 5.7 1.91 7.3 1.62 7.2 2.25 7.4 Life..................................... .04 .2 .03 .2 .06 .2 .04 .2 .07 .2 Health................................... 1.35 6.1 1.01 5.4 1.74 6.7 1.49 6.7 2.04 6.7 Short-term disability.................... .04 .2 .02 .1 .06 .2 .05 .2 .07 .2 Long-term disability..................... .03 .1 .02 .1 .05 .2 .04 .2 .06 .2 Retirement and savings..................... .64 2.9 .43 2.3 .90 3.5 .65 2.9 1.19 3.9 Defined benefit.......................... .22 1.0 .12 .6 .35 1.3 .24 1.1 .47 1.6 Defined contribution..................... .42 1.9 .31 1.6 .55 2.1 .41 1.8 .72 2.4 Legally required benefits.................. 1.85 8.4 1.70 9.0 2.04 7.8 1.86 8.3 2.25 7.4 Social Security(4)....................... 1.34 6.1 1.17 6.2 1.55 6.0 1.35 6.0 1.78 5.9 OASDI.................................. 1.08 4.9 .94 5.0 1.24 4.8 1.09 4.9 1.43 4.7 Medicare............................... .26 1.2 .23 1.2 .30 1.2 .27 1.2 .35 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance........... .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 State unemployment insurance............. .10 .5 .09 .5 .10 .4 .11 .5 .09 .3 Workers' compensation.................... .38 1.7 .40 2.1 .36 1.4 .37 1.7 .35 1.2 Other benefits(5).......................... .03 .1 (2) (3) .05 .2 .03 .1 .08 .3 1 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. 4 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 5 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 9. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by major occupational and industry group, and full-time and part-time status, December 2002 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked by year All full-time workers in private industry........... $25.14 $17.96 $7.18 $1.80 $0.74 $1.78 $0.79 $2.03 $0.04 White-collar occupations.......................... 30.00 21.79 8.22 2.39 .78 1.93 .92 2.14 .05 Sales........................................... 22.04 16.81 5.23 1.24 .50 1.33 .42 1.72 .02 Administrative support, including clerical...... 19.56 13.92 5.64 1.43 .42 1.73 .56 1.46 .03 Blue-collar occupations........................... 21.87 15.01 6.86 1.27 .83 1.82 .77 2.13 .04 Service occupations............................... 13.54 9.89 3.65 .75 .29 1.02 .28 1.30 (2) Goods-producing industries(3)..................... 26.23 17.92 8.32 1.73 1.12 2.12 .92 2.35 .07 Construction.................................... 26.14 18.38 7.76 .93 .97 1.71 1.26 2.88 (2) Manufacturing................................... 25.98 17.56 8.41 2.00 1.18 2.23 .78 2.12 .09 Service-producing industries(4)................... 24.72 17.97 6.75 1.82 .60 1.65 .74 1.91 .03 Transportation and public utilities............. 32.18 22.08 10.10 2.48 1.11 2.58 1.31 2.56 .05 Wholesale trade................................. 25.34 18.05 7.29 1.67 .84 1.96 .72 2.06 .05 Retail trade.................................... 15.60 12.03 3.57 .78 .24 .91 .23 1.40 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate............. 30.75 21.56 9.19 2.36 1.31 2.15 1.20 2.07 .10 Services........................................ 25.39 18.70 6.69 2.02 .42 1.58 .73 1.93 (2) All part-time workers in private industry........... 12.30 9.90 2.40 .39 .19 .41 .16 1.26 (2) White-collar occupations.......................... 15.12 12.19 2.93 .57 .25 .49 .21 1.39 (2) Sales........................................... 9.33 7.71 1.62 .23 .10 .21 .10 .99 (2) Administrative support, including clerical...... 13.45 10.72 2.74 .53 .18 .63 .20 1.19 (2) Blue-collar occupations........................... 11.96 9.10 2.86 .35 .21 .64 .26 1.41 (2) Service occupations............................... 8.71 7.20 1.50 .16 .09 .19 .04 1.02 (2) Goods-producing industries(3)..................... 13.78 10.85 2.93 .43 .14 .43 .30 1.63 (2) Service-producing industries(4)................... 12.26 9.87 2.39 .38 .19 .41 .15 1.25 (2) Retail trade.................................... 8.64 7.12 1.52 .17 .09 .21 .08 .97 (2) Service industries.............................. 15.70 12.70 3.00 .57 .28 .50 .17 1.48 (2) Percent of total compensation All full-time workers in private industry........... 100.0 71.4 28.6 7.2 2.9 7.1 3.1 8.1 0.2 White-collar occupations.......................... 100.0 72.6 27.4 8.0 2.6 6.4 3.1 7.1 .2 Sales........................................... 100.0 76.3 23.7 5.6 2.3 6.0 1.9 7.8 .1 Administrative support, including clerical...... 100.0 71.2 28.8 7.3 2.1 8.8 2.9 7.5 .2 Blue-collar occupations........................... 100.0 68.6 31.4 5.8 3.8 8.3 3.5 9.7 .2 Service occupations............................... 100.0 73.0 27.0 5.5 2.1 7.5 2.1 9.6 (5) Goods-producing industries(3)..................... 100.0 68.3 31.7 6.6 4.3 8.1 3.5 9.0 .3 Construction.................................... 100.0 70.3 29.7 3.6 3.7 6.5 4.8 11.0 (5) Manufacturing................................... 100.0 67.6 32.4 7.7 4.5 8.6 3.0 8.2 .3 Service-producing industries(4)................... 100.0 72.7 27.3 7.4 2.4 6.7 3.0 7.7 .1 Transportation and public utilities............. 100.0 68.6 31.4 7.7 3.4 8.0 4.1 8.0 .2 Wholesale trade................................. 100.0 71.2 28.8 6.6 3.3 7.7 2.8 8.1 .2 Retail trade.................................... 100.0 77.1 22.9 5.0 1.5 5.8 1.5 9.0 (5) Finance, insurance, and real estate............. 100.0 70.1 29.9 7.7 4.3 7.0 3.9 6.7 .3 Services........................................ 100.0 73.7 26.3 8.0 1.7 6.2 2.9 7.6 (5) All part-time workers in private industry........... 100.0 80.5 19.5 3.2 1.5 3.3 1.3 10.2 (5) White-collar occupations.......................... 100.0 80.6 19.4 3.8 1.7 3.2 1.4 9.2 (5) Sales........................................... 100.0 82.6 17.4 2.5 1.1 2.3 1.1 10.6 (5) Administrative support, including clerical...... 100.0 79.7 20.4 3.9 1.3 4.7 1.5 8.8 (5) Blue-collar occupations........................... 100.0 76.1 23.9 2.9 1.8 5.4 2.2 11.8 (5) Service occupations............................... 100.0 82.7 17.2 1.8 1.0 2.2 .5 11.7 (5) Goods-producing industries(3)..................... 100.0 78.7 21.3 3.1 1.0 3.1 2.2 11.8 (5) Service-producing industries(4)................... 100.0 80.5 19.5 3.1 1.5 3.3 1.2 10.2 (5) Retail trade.................................... 100.0 82.4 17.6 2.0 1.0 2.4 .9 11.2 (5) Service industries.............................. 100.0 80.9 19.1 3.6 1.8 3.2 1.1 9.4 (5) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 5 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 10. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by occupational and industry group, December 2002 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked by year All workers in private industry..................... $22.14 $16.08 $6.07 $1.47 $0.61 $1.46 $0.64 $1.85 $0.03 Occupational group White-collar occupations.......................... 26.77 19.70 7.07 2.00 .67 1.62 .77 1.98 .04 Professional specialty and technical............ 36.80 27.06 9.74 3.03 .79 2.05 1.17 2.65 .05 Professional specialty........................ 39.79 29.42 10.38 3.37 .83 2.06 1.24 2.82 .06 Technical..................................... 29.70 21.46 8.24 2.22 .71 2.04 .98 2.25 .02 Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 42.99 31.10 11.89 3.63 1.61 2.25 1.42 2.90 .08 Sales........................................... 16.66 12.96 3.70 .81 .33 .86 .29 1.41 (2) Administrative support, including clerical...... 18.35 13.28 5.06 1.25 .37 1.51 .49 1.41 .02 Blue-collar occupations........................... 20.68 14.30 6.38 1.16 .76 1.68 .71 2.05 .03 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 26.65 18.49 8.15 1.58 .90 1.99 1.06 2.58 .04 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 18.86 12.62 6.24 1.23 .97 1.77 .51 1.72 .05 Transportation and material moving.............. 20.28 14.01 6.27 1.02 .66 1.67 .74 2.15 .03 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........................................ 14.86 10.58 4.29 .66 .44 1.20 .40 1.58 (2) Service occupations............................... 11.25 8.62 2.64 .47 .20 .63 .17 1.17 (2) Industry group Goods-producing industries(3)..................... 25.88 17.72 8.17 1.70 1.09 2.08 .91 2.33 .07 Construction.................................... 25.94 18.28 7.66 .91 .95 1.68 1.24 2.86 (2) Manufacturing................................... 25.58 17.33 8.24 1.96 1.15 2.18 .77 2.10 .09 Durables...................................... 26.84 18.10 8.74 2.09 1.24 2.31 .77 2.21 .12 Nondurables................................... 23.75 16.23 7.52 1.76 1.03 1.98 .76 1.95 .04 Service-producing industries(4)................... 21.11 15.62 5.49 1.41 .48 1.29 .57 1.72 .02 Transportation and public utilities............. 30.26 20.78 9.48 2.26 1.00 2.45 1.23 2.49 .04 Wholesale trade................................. 24.40 17.43 6.97 1.57 .81 1.85 .69 2.02 .04 Retail trade.................................... 12.11 9.57 2.54 .47 .17 .56 .15 1.19 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate............. 28.82 20.33 8.49 2.16 1.19 1.98 1.10 1.98 .09 Services........................................ 22.86 17.13 5.73 1.65 .39 1.30 .58 1.81 (2) Percent of total compensation All workers in private industry..................... 100.0 72.6 27.4 6.6 2.8 6.6 2.9 8.4 0.1 Occupational group White-collar occupations.......................... 100.0 73.6 26.4 7.5 2.5 6.1 2.9 7.4 .1 Professional specialty and technical............ 100.0 73.5 26.5 8.2 2.1 5.6 3.2 7.2 .1 Professional specialty........................ 100.0 73.9 26.1 8.5 2.1 5.2 3.1 7.1 .2 Technical..................................... 100.0 72.3 27.7 7.5 2.4 6.9 3.3 7.6 .1 Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 100.0 72.3 27.7 8.4 3.7 5.2 3.3 6.7 .2 Sales........................................... 100.0 77.8 22.2 4.9 2.0 5.2 1.7 8.5 (5) Administrative support, including clerical...... 100.0 72.4 27.6 6.8 2.0 8.2 2.7 7.7 .1 Blue-collar occupations........................... 100.0 69.1 30.9 5.6 3.7 8.1 3.4 9.9 .1 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 100.0 69.4 30.6 5.9 3.4 7.5 4.0 9.7 .2 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 100.0 66.9 33.1 6.5 5.1 9.4 2.7 9.1 .3 Transportation and material moving.............. 100.0 69.1 30.9 5.0 3.3 8.2 3.6 10.6 .1 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........................................ 100.0 71.2 28.9 4.4 3.0 8.1 2.7 10.6 (5) Service occupations............................... 100.0 76.6 23.5 4.2 1.8 5.6 1.5 10.4 (5) Industry group Goods-producing industries(3)..................... 100.0 68.5 31.6 6.6 4.2 8.0 3.5 9.0 .3 Construction.................................... 100.0 70.5 29.5 3.5 3.7 6.5 4.8 11.0 (5) Manufacturing................................... 100.0 67.7 32.2 7.7 4.5 8.5 3.0 8.2 .4 Durables...................................... 100.0 67.4 32.6 7.8 4.6 8.6 2.9 8.2 .4 Nondurables................................... 100.0 68.3 31.7 7.4 4.3 8.3 3.2 8.2 .2 Service-producing industries(4)................... 100.0 74.0 26.0 6.7 2.3 6.1 2.7 8.1 .1 Transportation and public utilities............. 100.0 68.7 31.3 7.5 3.3 8.1 4.1 8.2 .1 Wholesale trade................................. 100.0 71.4 28.6 6.4 3.3 7.6 2.8 8.3 .2 Retail trade.................................... 100.0 79.0 21.0 3.9 1.4 4.6 1.2 9.8 (5) Finance, insurance, and real estate............. 100.0 70.5 29.5 7.5 4.1 6.9 3.8 6.9 .3 Services........................................ 100.0 74.9 25.1 7.2 1.7 5.7 2.5 7.9 (5) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 5 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 11. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry goods-producing and service-producing workers, by occupational group, December 2002 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked by year All workers, goods-producing industries(2).......... $25.88 $17.72 $8.17 $1.70 $1.09 $2.08 $0.91 $2.33 $0.07 White-collar occupations.......................... 34.75 24.35 10.40 2.87 1.37 2.46 1.07 2.51 .12 Professional specialty and technical............ 38.75 27.00 11.75 3.58 1.03 2.89 1.29 2.77 .20 Professional specialty........................ 44.19 31.03 13.17 4.24 .96 2.99 1.59 3.11 .29 Technical..................................... 30.12 20.60 9.52 2.52 1.15 2.73 .83 2.23 .06 Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 47.66 33.09 14.57 3.94 2.99 2.69 1.45 3.39 .10 Administrative support, including clerical...... 21.42 14.89 6.54 1.58 .71 2.01 .58 1.63 .03 Blue-collar occupations........................... 22.76 15.39 7.37 1.28 .98 1.94 .86 2.28 .04 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 27.50 18.83 8.67 1.45 .98 2.14 1.22 2.82 .05 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 20.47 13.42 7.05 1.40 1.14 2.02 .59 1.84 .06 Transportation and material moving.............. 24.58 16.23 8.35 1.27 1.14 2.23 1.03 2.62 .05 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........................................ 16.44 11.55 4.89 .68 .59 1.28 .51 1.82 (3) Service occupations............................... 19.88 12.75 7.14 1.18 2.16 1.71 .43 1.61 .06 All workers, service-producing industries(4)........ 21.11 15.62 5.49 1.41 .48 1.29 .57 1.72 .02 White-collar occupations.......................... 25.78 19.13 6.65 1.89 .58 1.51 .73 1.91 .03 Professional specialty and technical............ 36.49 27.07 9.41 2.94 .76 1.92 1.14 2.63 .02 Professional specialty........................ 39.18 29.20 9.99 3.25 .81 1.93 1.19 2.78 .03 Technical..................................... 29.60 21.65 7.95 2.16 .61 1.88 1.02 2.26 (3) Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 41.99 30.67 11.32 3.56 1.31 2.16 1.41 2.79 .08 Sales........................................... 16.13 12.54 3.59 .78 .33 .83 .26 1.38 (3) Administrative support, including clerical...... 17.95 13.08 4.87 1.21 .33 1.45 .48 1.38 .02 Blue-collar occupations........................... 18.48 13.15 5.33 1.03 .52 1.39 .55 1.81 .02 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 25.38 18.00 7.38 1.76 .78 1.76 .83 2.23 .02 Transportation and material moving.............. 19.13 13.41 5.72 .95 .53 1.52 .66 2.02 .03 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........................................ 13.95 10.01 3.94 .64 .35 1.16 .34 1.44 (3) Service occupations............................... 11.13 8.56 2.57 .46 .17 .61 .16 1.16 (3) Percent of total compensation All workers, goods-producing industries(2).......... 100.0 68.5 31.6 6.6 4.2 8.0 3.5 9.0 0.3 White-collar occupations.......................... 100.0 70.1 29.9 8.3 3.9 7.1 3.1 7.2 .3 Professional specialty and technical............ 100.0 69.7 30.3 9.2 2.7 7.5 3.3 7.1 .5 Professional specialty........................ 100.0 70.2 29.8 9.6 2.2 6.8 3.6 7.0 .7 Technical..................................... 100.0 68.4 31.6 8.4 3.8 9.1 2.8 7.4 .2 Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 100.0 69.4 30.6 8.3 6.3 5.6 3.0 7.1 .2 Administrative support, including clerical...... 100.0 69.5 30.5 7.4 3.3 9.4 2.7 7.6 .1 Blue-collar occupations........................... 100.0 67.6 32.4 5.6 4.3 8.5 3.8 10.0 .2 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 100.0 68.5 31.5 5.3 3.6 7.8 4.4 10.3 .2 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 100.0 65.6 34.4 6.8 5.6 9.9 2.9 9.0 .3 Transportation and material moving.............. 100.0 66.0 34.0 5.2 4.6 9.1 4.2 10.7 .2 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........................................ 100.0 70.3 29.7 4.1 3.6 7.8 3.1 11.1 (5) Service occupations............................... 100.0 64.1 35.9 5.9 10.9 8.6 2.2 8.1 .3 All workers, service-producing industries(4)........ 100.0 74.0 26.0 6.7 2.3 6.1 2.7 8.1 .1 White-collar occupations.......................... 100.0 74.2 25.8 7.3 2.2 5.9 2.8 7.4 .1 Professional specialty and technical............ 100.0 74.2 25.8 8.1 2.1 5.3 3.1 7.2 .1 Professional specialty........................ 100.0 74.5 25.5 8.3 2.1 4.9 3.0 7.1 .1 Technical..................................... 100.0 73.1 26.9 7.3 2.1 6.4 3.4 7.6 (5) Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 100.0 73.0 27.0 8.5 3.1 5.1 3.4 6.6 .2 Sales........................................... 100.0 77.7 22.3 4.8 2.0 5.1 1.6 8.6 (5) Administrative support, including clerical...... 100.0 72.9 27.1 6.7 1.8 8.1 2.7 7.7 .1 Blue-collar occupations........................... 100.0 71.2 28.8 5.6 2.8 7.5 3.0 9.8 .1 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 100.0 70.9 29.1 6.9 3.1 6.9 3.3 8.8 .1 Transportation and material moving.............. 100.0 70.1 29.9 5.0 2.8 7.9 3.5 10.6 .2 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........................................ 100.0 71.8 28.2 4.6 2.5 8.3 2.4 10.3 (5) Service occupations............................... 100.0 76.9 23.1 4.1 1.5 5.5 1.4 10.4 (5) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 5 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 12. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry manufacturing and nonmanufacturing workers, by occupational group, December 2002 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked by year All workers, manufacturing industries............... $25.58 $17.33 $8.24 $1.96 $1.15 $2.18 $0.77 $2.10 $0.09 White-collar occupations.......................... 35.16 24.62 10.54 3.08 1.23 2.55 1.06 2.47 .15 Professional specialty and technical............ 39.20 27.27 11.93 3.71 1.01 2.89 1.31 2.79 .22 Professional specialty........................ 43.66 30.69 12.97 4.24 .87 2.93 1.52 3.09 .31 Technical..................................... 31.09 21.06 10.04 2.73 1.25 2.82 .93 2.24 .07 Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 49.91 35.00 14.91 4.56 2.67 2.84 1.42 3.27 .15 Administrative support, including clerical...... 21.70 14.93 6.77 1.68 .74 2.11 .56 1.64 .04 Blue-collar occupations........................... 21.53 14.27 7.26 1.48 1.09 2.02 .65 1.95 .06 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 26.86 17.91 8.95 2.01 1.28 2.33 .86 2.38 .09 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 20.43 13.37 7.05 1.41 1.14 2.03 .60 1.82 .06 Transportation and material moving.............. 22.25 14.88 7.36 1.41 1.03 1.95 .66 2.24 .08 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........................................ 16.08 10.97 5.11 .90 .65 1.54 .44 1.56 (2) Service occupations............................... 20.92 13.15 7.77 1.31 2.41 1.89 .49 1.61 .06 All workers, nonmanufacturing industries............ 21.53 15.85 5.68 1.38 .52 1.33 .62 1.81 .02 White-collar occupations.......................... 25.97 19.23 6.73 1.89 .62 1.53 .74 1.93 .03 Professional specialty and technical............ 36.47 27.03 9.43 2.93 .77 1.94 1.14 2.63 .02 Professional specialty........................ 39.30 29.26 10.05 3.26 .82 1.95 1.21 2.78 .03 Technical..................................... 29.45 21.53 7.93 2.14 .62 1.90 .99 2.26 (2) Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 42.06 30.57 11.48 3.51 1.47 2.17 1.42 2.85 .08 Sales........................................... 16.26 12.65 3.61 .78 .33 .83 .27 1.39 (2) Administrative support, including clerical...... 18.01 13.12 4.89 1.21 .34 1.46 .48 1.39 .02 Blue-collar occupations........................... 20.23 14.31 5.92 .99 .58 1.50 .74 2.10 .02 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 26.57 18.71 7.86 1.42 .77 1.87 1.14 2.65 .02 Transportation and material moving.............. 20.00 13.88 6.12 .96 .61 1.63 .75 2.14 .03 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........................................ 14.54 10.47 4.07 .59 .38 1.11 .39 1.58 (2) Service occupations............................... 11.13 8.56 2.57 .46 .17 .61 .16 1.16 (2) Percent of total compensation All workers, manufacturing industries............... 100.0 67.7 32.2 7.7 4.5 8.5 3.0 8.2 0.4 White-collar occupations.......................... 100.0 70.0 30.0 8.8 3.5 7.3 3.0 7.0 .4 Professional specialty and technical............ 100.0 69.6 30.4 9.5 2.6 7.4 3.3 7.1 .6 Professional specialty........................ 100.0 70.3 29.7 9.7 2.0 6.7 3.5 7.1 .7 Technical..................................... 100.0 67.7 32.3 8.8 4.0 9.1 3.0 7.2 .2 Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 100.0 70.1 29.9 9.1 5.3 5.7 2.8 6.6 .3 Administrative support, including clerical...... 100.0 68.8 31.2 7.7 3.4 9.7 2.6 7.6 .2 Blue-collar occupations........................... 100.0 66.3 33.7 6.9 5.1 9.4 3.0 9.1 .3 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 100.0 66.7 33.3 7.5 4.8 8.7 3.2 8.9 .3 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 100.0 65.4 34.5 6.9 5.6 9.9 2.9 8.9 .3 Transportation and material moving.............. 100.0 66.9 33.1 6.3 4.6 8.8 3.0 10.1 .4 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........................................ 100.0 68.2 31.8 5.6 4.0 9.6 2.7 9.7 (3) Service occupations............................... 100.0 62.9 37.1 6.3 11.5 9.0 2.3 7.7 .3 All workers, nonmanufacturing industries............ 100.0 73.6 26.4 6.4 2.4 6.2 2.9 8.4 .1 White-collar occupations.......................... 100.0 74.0 25.9 7.3 2.4 5.9 2.8 7.4 .1 Professional specialty and technical............ 100.0 74.1 25.9 8.0 2.1 5.3 3.1 7.2 .1 Professional specialty........................ 100.0 74.5 25.6 8.3 2.1 5.0 3.1 7.1 .1 Technical..................................... 100.0 73.1 26.9 7.3 2.1 6.5 3.4 7.7 (3) Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 100.0 72.7 27.3 8.3 3.5 5.2 3.4 6.8 .2 Sales........................................... 100.0 77.8 22.2 4.8 2.0 5.1 1.7 8.5 (3) Administrative support, including clerical...... 100.0 72.8 27.2 6.7 1.9 8.1 2.7 7.7 .1 Blue-collar occupations........................... 100.0 70.7 29.3 4.9 2.9 7.4 3.7 10.4 .1 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 100.0 70.4 29.6 5.3 2.9 7.0 4.3 10.0 .1 Transportation and material moving.............. 100.0 69.4 30.6 4.8 3.1 8.2 3.8 10.7 .2 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........................................ 100.0 72.0 28.0 4.1 2.6 7.6 2.7 10.9 (3) Service occupations............................... 100.0 76.9 23.1 4.1 1.5 5.5 1.4 10.4 (3) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 13. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by bargaining status, and major industry and occupational group, December 2002 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked by year All union workers, private industry................. $30.29 $19.86 $10.43 $2.16 $1.06 $2.91 $1.67 $2.55 $0.08 Blue-collar occupations......................... 30.41 19.32 11.10 2.05 1.24 3.08 1.87 2.74 .11 Goods-producing industries(2)..................... 32.09 20.20 11.90 2.06 1.62 3.22 2.03 2.84 .13 Service-producing industries(3)................... 29.00 19.62 9.38 2.23 .66 2.69 1.41 2.35 .04 Manufacturing..................................... 28.87 18.37 10.50 2.33 1.69 2.86 1.07 2.38 .17 Blue-collar occupations......................... 28.35 17.87 10.48 2.30 1.71 2.85 1.06 2.39 .17 Nonmanufacturing.................................. 30.89 20.49 10.40 2.08 .80 2.93 1.92 2.63 .04 All nonunion workers, private industry.............. 21.16 15.62 5.54 1.39 .56 1.28 .52 1.77 .02 Blue-collar occupations......................... 17.88 12.86 5.02 .90 .62 1.27 .37 1.85 (4) Goods-producing industries(2)..................... 24.26 17.07 7.19 1.60 .96 1.78 .61 2.19 .05 Service-producing industries(3)................... 20.43 15.28 5.15 1.34 .46 1.17 .50 1.67 .02 Manufacturing..................................... 24.70 17.06 7.64 1.86 1.01 2.00 .69 2.03 .07 Blue-collar occupations......................... 18.96 12.91 6.04 1.18 .86 1.71 .49 1.79 .02 Nonmanufacturing.................................. 20.61 15.40 5.21 1.31 .49 1.17 .49 1.73 .02 Percent of total compensation All union workers, private industry................. 100.0 65.6 34.4 7.1 3.5 9.6 5.5 8.4 0.3 Blue-collar occupations......................... 100.0 63.5 36.5 6.7 4.1 10.1 6.1 9.0 .4 Goods-producing industries(2)..................... 100.0 62.9 37.1 6.4 5.0 10.0 6.3 8.9 .4 Service-producing industries(3)................... 100.0 67.7 32.3 7.7 2.3 9.3 4.9 8.1 .1 Manufacturing..................................... 100.0 63.6 36.4 8.1 5.9 9.9 3.7 8.2 .6 Blue-collar occupations......................... 100.0 63.0 37.0 8.1 6.0 10.1 3.7 8.4 .6 Nonmanufacturing.................................. 100.0 66.3 33.7 6.7 2.6 9.5 6.2 8.5 .1 All nonunion workers, private industry.............. 100.0 73.8 26.2 6.6 2.6 6.0 2.5 8.4 .1 Blue-collar occupations......................... 100.0 71.9 28.1 5.0 3.5 7.1 2.1 10.3 (5) Goods-producing industries(2)..................... 100.0 70.4 29.6 6.6 4.0 7.3 2.5 9.0 .2 Service-producing industries(3)................... 100.0 74.8 25.2 6.6 2.3 5.7 2.4 8.2 .1 Manufacturing..................................... 100.0 69.1 30.9 7.5 4.1 8.1 2.8 8.2 .3 Blue-collar occupations......................... 100.0 68.1 31.9 6.2 4.5 9.0 2.6 9.4 .1 Nonmanufacturing.................................. 100.0 74.7 25.3 6.4 2.4 5.7 2.4 8.4 .1 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 4 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 5 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 14. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by establishment employment size, and major industry and occupational group, December 2002 Benefit costs Industry and occupational group, Total Wages and employment size compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked by year All workers in private industry..................... $22.14 $16.08 $6.07 $1.47 $0.61 $1.46 $0.64 $1.85 $0.03 1-99 workers...................................... 18.87 14.12 4.75 1.08 .46 1.08 .43 1.70 (2) 100 or more workers............................... 26.00 18.38 7.62 1.93 .79 1.91 .90 2.04 .05 100-499 workers................................. 22.40 16.07 6.34 1.50 .67 1.62 .65 1.86 .03 500 or more workers............................. 30.29 21.14 9.15 2.45 .93 2.25 1.19 2.25 .08 Goods-producing industries(3)..................... 25.88 17.72 8.17 1.70 1.09 2.08 .91 2.33 .07 1-99 workers.................................... 22.28 15.76 6.53 1.05 .82 1.60 .69 2.35 (2) 100 or more workers............................. 28.72 19.26 9.46 2.20 1.31 2.45 1.07 2.31 .11 100-499 workers............................... 24.54 16.61 7.93 1.59 1.18 2.17 .83 2.11 .05 500 or more workers........................... 33.64 22.38 11.26 2.93 1.45 2.79 1.36 2.55 .18 Service-producing industries(4)................... 21.11 15.62 5.49 1.41 .48 1.29 .57 1.72 .02 1-99 workers.................................... 18.15 13.77 4.37 1.08 .38 .97 .37 1.56 (2) 100 or more workers............................. 25.02 18.07 6.96 1.84 .61 1.71 .83 1.94 .03 100-499 workers............................... 21.65 15.88 5.77 1.47 .49 1.42 .59 1.77 .02 500 or more workers........................... 29.08 20.70 8.38 2.27 .74 2.06 1.13 2.14 .04 White-collar occupations.......................... 26.77 19.70 7.07 2.00 .67 1.62 .77 1.98 .04 1-99 workers.................................... 22.70 17.15 5.55 1.53 .53 1.23 .51 1.73 (2) 100 or more workers............................. 30.98 22.34 8.64 2.48 .81 2.03 1.03 2.23 .06 100-499 workers............................... 26.76 19.58 7.18 1.99 .68 1.72 .75 2.01 .04 500 or more workers........................... 35.26 25.14 10.12 2.98 .95 2.33 1.32 2.45 .09 Blue-co