International Comparisons of Annual Labor Force Statistics, Adjusted to U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries, 1970-2010

SECTION 2. EMPLOYMENT

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Country notes

Introduction

According to U.S. definitions, employment includes all persons who, during the reference week:

Worked at least 1 hour as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or worked at least 15 hours as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise, and
All those who did not work but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-management dispute, job training, or other family or personal reasons, regardless of whether they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.

Each employed person is counted only once, even if he or she holds more than one job. For purposes of industry classification, multiple jobholders are counted in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week.

Persons whose only activity consisted of work around their own house (painting, repairing, or own home housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and other organizations are excluded.

The employment-population ratio represents the proportion of the working-age population that is employed.

Can I measure job growth with your employment data?

No, the BLS comparative employment data in this report cover employment rather than jobs. Employment and jobs are different concepts. In a tally of employment (based on a labor force survey), persons who hold more than one job are counted only once. In a tally of jobs (based on an establishment survey), persons who work in more than one establishment are counted each time their names appear on payrolls. There are additional differences between the U.S. labor force (household) and establishment (payroll) surveys, as described in “Employment from the BLS household and payroll surveys: summary of recent trends”, at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.pdf.

Note that across countries, labor force surveys provide greater comparability of labor force statistics than do establishment surveys. However, using employment data from a labor force survey to measure change over time would represent employment growth rather than job growth.

Employment by sector

Employment levels and distributions are shown for four broad economic sectors: agriculture, industry, manufacturing (a sub-sector of industry), and services.

Sectoral employment data are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) for the United States for 2000 onward and Canada for 1976 onward. Effects of the change in classification system are discussed in the Country notes. For all other countries covered, sectoral data are based on the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).

Sectoral employment data are not fully comparable with U.S. definitions for the United Kingdom prior to 1984 because data required to make adjustments are not available.

Box 2. Family and work

In "Families and Work in Transition in 12 Countries, 1980-2001," (Monthly Labor Review, September 2003, pp. 3-31, at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2003/09/art1full.pdf), Gary Martin and Vladimir Kats discuss the work-family relationship with a particular focus on the role of women. Data are presented for 12 countries: the United States, Canada, Japan, and 9 European countries.

The article begins with historical background information, setting the stage for a more current description of major demographic and sociological changes directly influencing family composition: fertility rates, age composition of the population, marriage and divorce rates, and births out of wedlock. Trends in household composition are discussed, followed by a consideration of family employment patterns, mainly through an analysis of employment-population ratios, first for women and then, more specifically, for mothers.

Tables found in the article have been updated by BLS on a yearly basis and are published by the Census Bureau in the Statistical Abstract of the United States, at www.census.gov/compendia/statab/ (go to International Statistics > Population/Households).

Tables

Table 2-1 Employment (in thousands)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom
1970	78678	7919	5388	50150	20270	26107	19083	(na)	3850	(na)
1971	79367	8104	5517	50470	20420	26222	19016	(na)	3854	24315
1972	(b) 82153	8344	5601	50590	20540	26289	18710	(na)	3856	24385
1973	85064	8761	5765	51920	20840	26593	18874	5050	3873	24777
1974	86794	9125	5891	51710	21030	26247	19284	5100	3956	24849
1975	85846	9284	5866	51530	(b) 20869	25536	19395	5070	4056	24758
1976	88752	(b) 9652	5946	52030	21041	25396	19504	5100	4082	24611
1977	92017	9825	6000	52720	21235	25428	19668	5210	4093	24638
1978	(b) 96048	10124	6038	53370	21326	25647	19725	5260	4109	24774
1979	98824	10561	6111	54040	21392	26074	19932	5350	4174	25031
1980	99303	10872	6284	54600	21443	26486	20195	5520	4226	24917
1981	100397	11192	6416	55060	21345	26453	20279	5550	4219	24256
1982	99526	10847	6415	55620	(b) 22396	26149	20246	5520	4213	23782
1983	100834	10936	6300	56550	22365	25765	20320	(b) 5420	4218	23607
1984	105005	11211	6494	56870	22161	(b) 25826	20392	5490	4249	24115
1985	107150	11557	6697	57250	22189	26018	20492	5650	4293	24422
1986	(b) 109597	11895	(b) 6984	57740	22398	26383	(b) 20614	5740	4326	24578
1987	112440	12221	7142	58310	22400	26584	20591	(b) 5756	(b) 4340	25073
1988	114968	12591	7413	59300	22481	26799	20868	5917	4410	25905
1989	117342	12876	7734	60490	22801	27201	20773	6048	4480	26588
1990	(b) 118793	12964	7877	61710	22872	27952	21080	6251	4513	26713
1991	117718	12754	7698	62920	22763	(b) 36871	(b) 21364	6427	4447	26007
1992	118492	12643	7660	63630	22721	36390	21233	(b) 6559	4265	25388
1993	120259	12705	7699	63830	22536	35989	(b) 20549	6554	4027	25161
1994	(b) 123060	12975	7942	63860	22461	35756	20176	6614	3990	25373
1995	124900	13210	8256	63900	22735	35780	20034	6821	4053	25694
1996	126708	13337	8364	64200	22858	35637	20124	6966	4014	25941
1997	(b) 129558	13639	8444	64900	22782	35508	20169	7189	3974	26413
1998	(b) 131463	13974	8618	64450	22990	36059	20370	7408	4036	26684
1999	(b) 133488	14326	8762	63920	23285	(b) 36042	20617	7605	4116	27058
2000	(b) 136891	14677	8989	63790	23928	36236	20973	(b) 7762	4230	27375
2001	136933	14860	9088	63460	24264	36350	21359	7950	4303	27604
2002	136485	15210	9271	62650	24521	36018	21666	8035	4311	27815
2003	(b) 137736	15576	9485	62510	24397	35615	21972	(b) 7989	4301	28077
2004	(b) 139252	15835	9662	62640	24464	35604	22124	7960	4279	28380
2005	141730	16032	9998	62910	24632	(b) 36123	22290	7959	(b) 4334	28674
2006	144427	16317	10257	63210	24828	36949	22721	8096	4416	28929
2007	146047	16704	10576	63509	25246	37763	22953	8290	4530	29129
2008	145362	16985	10873	63250	25614	38345	23144	8412	4581	29346
2009	139877	16732	10953	62242	25395	38279	22760	8389	4486	28880
2010	139064	16969	11247	62000	25423	38209	22621	8264	4534	28944
Footnotes: (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.

Table 2-2 Employment in agriculture (in thousands)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom (1)
1970	3567	604	434	8490	(na)	2218	3839	(na)	315	(na)
1971	3510	607	426	7840	3263	2093	3817	(na)	301	764
1972	(b) 3598	575	442	7310	3086	1996	3546	(na)	288	735
1973	3572	573	424	6810	2933	1908	3431	306	277	736
1974	3613	579	410	6540	2807	1809	3362	305	265	699
1975	3505	564	407	6380	(b) 2696	1716	3231	301	262	687
1976	3453	(b) 542	392	6210	2597	1586	3201	293	255	685
1977	3426	528	400	6110	2506	1501	3100	293	249	684
1978	(b) 3550	524	384	6100	2431	1463	3032	297	251	680
1979	3508	538	399	5860	2367	1378	2962	289	243	666
1980	3529	534	410	5510	2293	1373	2870	285	238	654
1981	3519	538	419	5330	2210	1335	2704	288	238	639
1982	3570	530	415	5250	(b) 2128	1289	2502	290	237	632
1983	3541	549	418	5060	2059	1247	2500	(b) 285	231	622
1984	3469	541	405	4860	1990	(b) 1209	2390	286	219	(b) 631
1985	3338	543	411	4820	1918	1163	2262	290	209	566
1986	(b) 3350	559	(b) 426	4700	1853	1141	(b) 2214	288	205	544
1987	3400	556	414	4640	1780	1093	2139	(b) 280	(b) 195	580
1988	3326	551	433	4480	1707	1050	2037	281	194	600
1989	3378	544	426	4390	1634	1000	1927	283	193	588
1990	(b) 3394	541	438	4270	1555	965	1879	287	178	564
1991	3429	551	420	4030	1481	(b) 1514	(b) 1807	291	168	602
1992	3425	537	404	3910	1414	1392	1734	(b) 263	162	562
1993	3300	544	409	3650	1341	1269	(b) 1461	258	159	506
1994	(b) 3586	547	404	3550	1275	1187	1397	267	154	536
1995	3592	531	408	3510	1228	1127	1323	260	143	542
1996	3570	522	418	3390	1190	1073	1238	274	131	502
1997	(b) 3538	517	430	3320	1165	1035	1254	271	122	(b) 418
1998	(b) 3509	525	420	3250	1147	1022	1202	248	119	375
1999	(b) 3416	505	431	3160	1122	(b) 1026	1136	243	128	346
2000	(b) 2464	479	442	3070	1095	959	1120	(b) 249	122	330
2001	2299	416	435	2970	1074	951	1123	241	111	305
2002	2311	419	407	2810	1053	911	1093	241	106	272
2003	(b) 2275	427	367	2780	1035	900	1076	(b) 242	107	275
2004	(b) 2232	421	359	2710	954	867	985	248	106	271
2005	2197	437	356	2670	904	(b) 863	944	264	(b) 99	288
2006	2206	430	352	2580	935	843	978	264	99	290
2007	2095	413	354	2580	881	858	920	245	101	300
2008	2168	395	360	2540	(b) 714	871	(b) 864	(b) 231	100	324
2009	2103	378	365	2480	755	869	846	229	97	319
2010	2206	369	373	2390	723	850	863	231	95	363
Footnotes: (1) Sectoral employment for the United Kingdom is only partially adjusted to U.S. concepts prior to 1984. Therefore, these sectoral data are not comparable to those for the remaining countries and the sum of these sectoral data does not equal employment shown in Table 2-1. (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.
NOTE: Agriculture includes agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing.

Table 2-3 Employment in industry (in thousands)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom (1)
1970	26080	2360	1866	17880	(na)	12706	7397	(na)	1461	(na)
1971	25182	2383	1895	18140	8090	12496	7425	(na)	1428	10156
1972	(b) 25827	2439	1877	18290	8181	12360	7265	(na)	1400	9941
1973	27258	2586	1924	19210	8311	12439	7253	1771	1405	10111
1974	27213	2688	1942	19020	8334	12051	7408	1748	1438	10080
1975	25301	2613	1850	18370	(b) 8165	11361	7426	1684	1453	9634
1976	26310	(b) 2693	1846	18520	8076	11209	7314	1648	1420	9347
1977	27343	2699	1825	18510	8071	11130	7404	1670	1379	9324
1978	(b) 28809	2763	1772	18550	7968	11152	7373	1671	1332	9312
1979	29797	2907	1770	18740	7872	11286	7366	1660	1330	9344
1980	29136	2963	1798	19180	7791	11373	7472	1642	1331	9059
1981	28995	3012	1814	19300	7632	11162	7401	1575	1290	8242
1982	27070	2709	1759	19210	(b) 7484	10806	7305	1517	1241	7817
1983	27016	2647	1634	19470	7320	10473	7136	(b) 1477	1226	7453
1984	28617	2723	1657	19630	7072	(b) 10399	6817	1498	1231	(b) 8255
1985	28805	2808	1658	19820	6865	10437	6671	1501	1247	8262
1986	(b) 29130	2883	(b) 1681	19760	6743	10521	(b) 6598	1498	1261	8145
1987	29209	2947	1707	19560	6650	10493	6492	(b) 1515	(b) 1245	7991
1988	29676	3055	1768	20120	6617	10463	6566	1523	1249	8272
1989	30051	3125	1869	20600	6670	10588	6534	1567	1272	8448
1990	(b) 29834	3054	1828	20890	6704	10875	6628	1618	1271	8338
1991	28452	2812	1691	21510	6611	(b) 14661	(b) 6701	1611	1210	8177
1992	27853	2698	1661	21850	6387	14152	6638	(b) 1595	1090	7377
1993	27659	2630	1681	21680	6100	13611	(b) 6853	1576	985	7158
1994	(b) 28319	2711	1731	21490	5934	13098	6689	1517	958	6794
1995	28788	2800	1766	21160	5909	12648	6605	1553	1013	6823
1996	29030	2813	1762	21130	5837	12273	6573	1555	1010	6887
1997	(b) 29771	2929	1760	21260	5759	12033	6528	1602	994	(b) 6873
1998	(b) 29871	3016	1774	20410	5750	12119	6585	1604	1004	6870
1999	(b) 29622	3103	1771	19990	5773	(b) 11959	6618	1639	997	6755
2000	(b) 30050	3204	1856	19710	5861	11898	6634	(b) 1644	1000	6632
2001	29127	3223	1800	19120	5944	11731	6701	1678	996	6561
2002	27716	3318	1853	18170	5916	11421	6790	1623	970	6472
2003	(b) 27565	3362	1889	17800	5806	11057	6908	(b) 1563	944	6276
2004	(b) 27791	3430	1960	17310	5735	10926	6712	1588	936	6183
2005	28074	3435	2014	17050	5709	(b) 10533	6773	1594	(b) 926	6207
2006	28813	3415	2076	17160	5727	10706	6764	1593	943	6228
2007	28894	3416	2135	17140	5751	11023	6860	1562	956	6292
2008	27697	3457	2230	16770	(b) 5692	11139	(b) 6685	(b) 1501	969	6104
2009	24611	3191	2181	15880	5434	10852	6440	1432	884	5321
2010	23889	3216	2220	15440	5228	10716	6267	1367	886	5231
Footnotes: (1) Sectoral employment for the United Kingdom is only partially adjusted to U.S. concepts prior to 1984. Therefore, these sectoral data are not comparable to those for the remaining countries and the sum of these sectoral data does not equal employment shown in Table 2-1. (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.
NOTE: Industry includes manufacturing, mining, and construction.

Table 2-4 Employment in manufacturing (in thousands)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom (1)
1970	20746	1768	1312	13750	(na)	10305	5293	(na)	1068	(na)
1971	19606	1766	1330	13820	5802	9813	5329	(na)	1057	8202
1972	(b) 19943	1823	1316	13810	5887	9690	5217	(na)	1049	7935
1973	21054	1927	1346	14420	5996	9771	5259	1277	1069	7980
1974	21025	1978	1351	14250	6039	9569	5420	1282	1123	8030
1975	19457	1871	1249	13430	(b) 5931	9113	5424	1241	1141	7656
1976	20261	(b) 1855	1262	13440	5862	8950	5406	1204	1103	7413
1977	20889	1845	1254	13350	5853	8931	5437	1209	1063	7461
1978	(b) 21784	1911	1199	13220	5772	8923	5380	1195	1026	7427
1979	22459	2030	1198	13290	5693	8996	5364	1176	1029	7395
1980	21942	2074	1222	13630	5614	8998	5433	1176	1028	7081
1981	21817	2075	1230	13800	5482	8828	5328	1157	987	6365
1982	20286	1870	1190	13740	(b) 5389	8567	5228	1107	949	6005
1983	19946	1840	1122	14010	5311	8284	5074	(b) 1061	944	5668
1984	20995	1918	1125	14330	5169	(b) 8285	4876	1077	956	(b) 6047
1985	20879	1961	1079	14480	5030	8403	4761	1099	971	6099
1986	(b) 20962	2030	(b) 1086	14390	4916	8515	(b) 4715	1114	987	6088
1987	20935	2037	1098	14200	4809	8506	4636	(b) 1120	(b) 956	5855
1988	21320	2095	1133	14500	4747	8479	4719	1112	959	6126
1989	21652	2125	1164	14800	4769	8594	4726	1156	971	6072
1990	(b) 21346	2047	1134	15010	4794	8839	4755	1195	946	5992
1991	20580	1888	1058	15460	4727	(b) 11315	(b) 4729	1177	886	5965
1992	20120	1813	1047	15650	4575	10731	4676	(b) 1188	806	5440
1993	19711	1777	1038	15270	4387	10099	(b) 5063	1159	736	5339
1994	(b) 20157	1821	1070	14920	4272	9525	4991	1104	728	4846
1995	20493	1901	1076	14520	4257	9017	4989	1121	772	4896
1996	20518	1922	1073	14420	4225	8643	4955	1106	774	4970
1997	(b) 20835	2019	1091	14390	4187	8521	4872	1127	765	(b) 4767
1998	(b) 20733	2101	1062	13780	4185	8687	4956	1128	772	4729
1999	(b) 20070	2186	1033	13410	4184	(b) 8591	4961	1146	760	4598
2000	(b) 19644	2240	1083	13180	4222	8647	4944	(b) 1146	762	4425
2001	18434	2227	1052	12800	4260	8626	4924	1150	752	4274
2002	17233	2288	1068	11990	4214	8504	4975	1108	722	4160
2003	(b) 16902	2277	1045	11750	4140	8286	5027	(b) 1077	696	3862
2004	(b) 16484	2290	1055	11470	4075	8242	4842	1094	684	3668
2005	16253	2206	1036	11390	4025	(b) 8015	4822	1093	(b) 663	3605
2006	16377	2105	1025	11580	3989	8145	4823	1078	663	3549
2007	16302	2029	1043	11620	3965	8391	4867	1039	660	3537
2008	15904	1960	1063	11410	(b) 3739	8510	(b) 4663	(b) 955	657	3342
2009	14202	1781	1018	10710	3525	8198	4446	899	585	2818
2010	14081	1743	1000	10460	3332	8095	4255	873	575	2882
Footnotes: (1) Sectoral employment for the United Kingdom is only partially adjusted to U.S. concepts prior to 1984. Therefore, these sectoral data are not comparable to those for the remaining countries and the sum of these sectoral data does not equal employment shown in Table 2-1. (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.

Table 2-5 Employment in services (in thousands)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom (1)
1970	49031	4955	3088	23780	(na)	11183	7847	(na)	2074	(na)
1971	50675	5114	3196	24490	9067	11633	7774	(na)	2125	13245
1972	(b) 52728	5330	3282	24990	9273	11933	7899	(na)	2168	13463
1973	54234	5602	3417	25900	9596	12246	8190	2973	2191	13869
1974	55968	5858	3539	26150	9889	12387	8514	3047	2253	14024
1975	57040	6107	3609	26780	(b) 10008	12459	8738	3085	2341	14399
1976	58989	(b) 6417	3708	27300	10368	12601	8989	3159	2407	14477
1977	61248	6598	3775	28100	10658	12797	9164	3247	2465	14530
1978	(b) 63689	6837	3882	28720	10927	13032	9320	3292	2526	14705
1979	65519	7116	3942	29440	11153	13410	9604	3401	2601	15069
1980	66638	7375	4076	29910	11359	13740	9853	3593	2657	15291
1981	67883	7642	4183	30430	11503	13956	10174	3687	2691	15130
1982	68886	7608	4241	31160	(b) 12784	14054	10439	3713	2735	15135
1983	70277	7740	4248	32020	12986	14045	10684	(b) 3658	2761	15229
1984	72919	7947	4432	32380	13099	(b) 14218	11185	3706	2799	(b) 15229
1985	75007	8206	4628	32610	13406	14418	11559	3859	2837	15594
1986	(b) 77117	8453	(b) 4877	33280	13802	14721	(b) 11802	3954	2860	15889
1987	79831	8718	5021	34110	13970	14998	11960	(b) 3961	(b) 2900	16502
1988	81966	8985	5212	34700	14157	15286	12265	4113	2967	17033
1989	83913	9207	5439	35500	14497	15613	12312	4198	3015	17552
1990	(b) 85565	9369	5611	36550	14613	16112	12573	4346	3064	17811
1991	85837	9391	5587	37380	14671	(b) 20696	(b) 12856	4525	3069	17228
1992	87214	9408	5595	37870	14920	20846	12861	(b) 4701	3013	17449
1993	89300	9531	5609	38500	15095	21109	(b) 12235	4720	2883	17497
1994	(b) 91155	9717	5807	38820	15252	21471	12090	4830	2878	18043
1995	92520	9879	6082	39230	15598	22005	12106	5008	2897	18329
1996	94108	10002	6184	39680	15831	22291	12313	5137	2873	18552
1997	(b) 96249	10193	6254	40320	15858	22440	12387	5316	2858	(b) 19122
1998	(b) 98083	10433	6424	40790	16093	22918	12583	5556	2913	19439
1999	(b) 100450	10718	6560	40770	16390	(b) 23057	12863	5723	2991	19957
2000	(b) 104377	10994	6691	41010	16972	23379	13219	(b) 5869	3108	20413
2001	105507	11221	6853	41370	17246	23668	13535	6031	3196	20738
2002	106458	11473	7011	41670	17552	23686	13783	6171	3235	21071
2003	(b) 107896	11787	7229	41930	17556	23658	13988	(b) 6184	3250	21526
2004	(b) 109229	11984	7343	42620	17775	23811	14427	6124	3237	21926
2005	111459	12160	7628	43190	18019	(b) 24727	14573	6101	(b) 3309	22179
2006	113408	12472	7829	43470	18166	25400	14979	6239	3374	22411
2007	115058	12875	8087	43789	18614	25882	15173	6483	3473	22537
2008	115497	13133	8283	43940	(b) 19208	26335	(b) 15595	(b) 6680	3512	22918
2009	113163	13163	8407	43882	19206	26558	15474	6728	3505	23240
2010	112969	13384	8654	44170	19472	26643	15491	6666	3553	23350
Footnotes: (1) Sectoral employment for the United Kingdom is only partially adjusted to U.S. concepts prior to 1984. Therefore, these sectoral data are not comparable to those for the remaining countries and the sum of these sectoral data does not equal employment shown in Table 2-1. (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.
NOTE: Services includes transportation, communication, public utilities, trade, finance, public administration, private household services, and miscellaneous services.

Table 2-6 Percent of employment in agriculture (in percent)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom (1)
1970	4.5	7.6	8.1	16.9	(na)	8.5	20.1	(na)	8.2	(na)
1971	4.4	7.5	7.7	15.5	16.0	8.0	20.1	(na)	7.8	3.2
1972	(b) 4.4	6.9	7.9	14.4	15.0	7.6	19.0	(na)	7.5	3.0
1973	4.2	6.5	7.4	13.1	14.1	7.2	18.2	6.1	7.2	3.0
1974	4.2	6.3	7.0	12.6	13.3	6.9	17.4	6.0	6.7	2.8
1975	4.1	6.1	6.9	12.4	(b) 12.9	6.7	16.7	5.9	6.5	2.8
1976	3.9	(b) 5.6	6.6	11.9	12.3	6.2	16.4	5.7	6.2	2.8
1977	3.7	5.4	6.7	11.6	11.8	5.9	15.8	5.6	6.1	2.8
1978	(b) 3.7	5.2	6.4	11.4	11.4	5.7	15.4	5.6	6.1	2.8
1979	3.5	5.1	6.5	10.8	11.1	5.3	14.9	5.4	5.8	2.7
1980	3.6	4.9	6.5	10.1	10.7	5.2	14.2	5.2	5.6	2.6
1981	3.5	4.8	6.5	9.7	10.4	5.0	13.3	5.2	5.6	2.7
1982	3.6	4.9	6.5	9.4	(b) 9.5	4.9	12.4	5.3	5.6	2.7
1983	3.5	5.0	6.6	8.9	9.2	4.8	12.3	(b) 5.3	5.5	2.7
1984	3.3	4.8	6.2	8.5	9.0	(b) 4.7	11.7	5.2	5.2	(b) 2.6
1985	3.1	4.7	6.1	8.4	8.6	4.5	11.0	5.1	4.9	2.3
1986	(b) 3.1	4.7	(b) 6.1	8.1	8.3	4.3	(b) 10.7	5.0	4.7	2.2
1987	3.0	4.5	5.8	8.0	7.9	4.1	10.4	(b) 4.9	(b) 4.5	2.3
1988	2.9	4.4	5.8	7.6	7.6	3.9	9.8	4.7	4.4	2.3
1989	2.9	4.2	5.5	7.3	7.2	3.7	9.3	4.7	4.3	2.2
1990	(b) 2.9	4.2	5.6	6.9	6.8	3.5	8.9	4.6	3.9	2.1
1991	2.9	4.3	5.5	6.4	6.5	(b) 4.1	(b) 8.5	4.5	3.8	2.3
1992	2.9	4.2	5.3	6.1	6.2	3.8	8.2	(b) 4.0	3.8	2.2
1993	2.7	4.3	5.3	5.7	6.0	3.5	(b) 7.1	3.9	3.9	2.0
1994	(b) 2.9	4.2	5.1	5.6	5.7	3.3	6.9	4.0	3.9	2.1
1995	2.9	4.0	4.9	5.5	5.4	3.1	6.6	3.8	3.5	2.1
1996	2.8	3.9	5.0	5.3	5.2	3.0	6.2	3.9	3.3	1.9
1997	(b) 2.7	3.8	5.1	5.1	5.1	2.9	6.2	3.8	3.1	(b) 1.6
1998	(b) 2.7	3.8	4.9	5.0	5.0	2.8	5.9	3.3	2.9	1.4
1999	(b) 2.6	3.5	4.9	4.9	4.8	(b) 2.8	5.5	3.2	3.1	1.3
2000	(b) 1.8	3.3	4.9	4.8	4.6	2.6	5.3	(b) 3.2	2.9	1.2
2001	1.7	2.8	4.8	4.7	4.4	2.6	5.3	3.0	2.6	1.1
2002	1.7	2.8	4.4	4.5	4.3	2.5	5.0	3.0	2.5	1.0
2003	(b) 1.7	2.7	3.9	4.4	4.2	2.5	4.9	(b) 3.0	2.5	1.0
2004	(b) 1.6	2.7	3.7	4.3	3.9	2.4	4.5	3.1	2.5	1.0
2005	1.6	2.7	3.6	4.2	3.7	(b) 2.4	4.2	3.3	(b) 2.3	1.0
2006	1.5	2.6	3.4	4.1	3.8	2.3	4.3	3.3	2.2	1.0
2007	1.4	2.5	3.3	4.1	3.5	2.3	4.0	3.0	2.2	1.0
2008	1.5	2.3	3.3	4.0	(b) 2.8	2.3	(b) 3.7	(b) 2.7	2.2	1.1
2009	1.5	2.3	3.3	4.0	3.0	2.3	3.7	2.7	2.2	1.1
2010	1.6	2.2	3.3	3.9	2.8	2.2	3.8	2.8	2.1	1.3
Footnotes: (1) Sectoral employment for the United Kingdom is only partially adjusted to U.S. concepts prior to 1984. Therefore, these sectoral data are not comparable to those for the remaining countries and the sum of these sectoral data does not equal employment shown in Table 2-1. Percent distributions are calculatedusing the sum of sectors rather than Table 2-1 employment in the denominator. (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.
NOTE: Agriculture includes agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing.

Table 2-7 Percent of employment in industry (in percent)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom (1)
1970	33.1	29.8	34.6	35.7	(na)	48.7	38.8	(na)	37.9	(na)
1971	31.7	29.4	34.3	35.9	39.6	47.7	39.0	(na)	37.1	42.0
1972	(b) 31.4	29.2	33.5	36.2	39.8	47.0	38.8	(na)	36.3	41.2
1973	32.0	29.5	33.4	37.0	39.9	46.8	38.4	35.1	36.3	40.9
1974	31.4	29.5	33.0	36.8	39.6	45.9	38.4	34.3	36.3	40.6
1975	29.5	28.1	31.5	35.6	(b) 39.1	44.5	38.3	33.2	35.8	39.0
1976	29.6	(b) 27.9	31.0	35.6	38.4	44.1	37.5	32.3	34.8	38.1
1977	29.7	27.5	30.4	35.1	38.0	43.8	37.6	32.1	33.7	38.0
1978	(b) 30.0	27.3	29.3	34.8	37.4	43.5	37.4	31.8	32.4	37.7
1979	30.2	27.5	29.0	34.7	36.8	43.3	37.0	31.0	31.9	37.3
1980	29.3	27.3	28.6	35.1	36.3	42.9	37.0	29.7	31.5	36.2
1981	28.9	26.9	28.3	35.1	35.8	42.2	36.5	28.4	30.6	34.3
1982	27.2	25.0	27.4	34.5	(b) 33.4	41.3	36.1	27.5	29.5	33.1
1983	26.8	24.2	25.9	34.4	32.7	40.6	35.1	(b) 27.3	29.1	32.0
1984	27.3	24.3	25.5	34.5	31.9	(b) 40.3	33.4	27.3	29.0	(b) 34.2
1985	26.9	24.3	24.8	34.6	30.9	40.1	32.6	26.6	29.0	33.8
1986	(b) 26.6	24.2	(b) 24.1	34.2	30.1	39.9	(b) 32.0	26.1	29.1	33.1
1987	26.0	24.1	23.9	33.5	29.7	39.5	31.5	(b) 26.3	(b) 28.7	31.9
1988	25.8	24.3	23.8	33.9	29.4	39.0	31.5	25.7	28.3	31.9
1989	25.6	24.3	24.2	34.1	29.3	38.9	31.5	25.9	28.4	31.8
1990	(b) 25.1	23.6	23.2	33.9	29.3	38.9	31.4	25.9	28.2	31.2
1991	24.2	22.0	22.0	34.2	29.0	(b) 39.8	(b) 31.4	25.1	27.2	31.4
1992	23.5	21.3	21.7	34.3	28.1	38.9	31.3	(b) 24.3	25.6	29.1
1993	23.0	20.7	21.8	34.0	27.1	37.8	(b) 33.3	24.0	24.5	28.4
1994	(b) 23.0	20.9	21.8	33.7	26.4	36.6	33.2	22.9	24.0	26.8
1995	23.0	21.2	21.4	33.1	26.0	35.3	33.0	22.8	25.0	26.6
1996	22.9	21.1	21.1	32.9	25.5	34.4	32.7	22.3	25.2	26.5
1997	(b) 23.0	21.5	20.8	32.8	25.3	33.9	32.4	22.3	25.0	(b) 26.0
1998	(b) 22.7	21.6	20.6	31.7	25.0	33.6	32.3	21.7	24.9	25.7
1999	(b) 22.2	21.7	20.2	31.3	24.8	(b) 33.2	32.1	21.6	24.2	25.0
2000	(b) 22.0	21.8	20.6	30.9	24.5	32.8	31.6	(b) 21.2	23.6	24.2
2001	21.3	21.7	19.8	30.1	24.5	32.3	31.4	21.1	23.1	23.8
2002	20.3	21.8	20.0	29.0	24.1	31.7	31.3	20.2	22.5	23.3
2003	(b) 20.0	21.6	19.9	28.5	23.8	31.0	31.4	(b) 19.6	21.9	22.4
2004	(b) 20.0	21.7	20.3	27.6	23.4	30.7	30.3	19.9	21.9	21.8
2005	19.8	21.4	20.1	27.1	23.2	(b) 29.2	30.4	20.0	(b) 21.4	21.6
2006	19.9	20.9	20.2	27.1	23.1	29.0	29.8	19.7	21.4	21.5
2007	19.8	20.5	20.2	27.0	22.8	29.2	29.9	18.8	21.1	21.6
2008	19.1	20.4	20.5	26.5	(b) 22.2	29.0	(b) 28.9	(b) 17.8	21.2	20.8
2009	17.6	19.1	19.9	25.5	21.4	28.3	28.3	17.1	19.7	18.4
2010	17.2	19.0	19.7	24.9	20.6	28.0	27.7	16.5	19.5	18.1
Footnotes: (1) Sectoral employment for the United Kingdom is only partially adjusted to U.S. concepts prior to 1984. Therefore, these sectoral data are not comparable to those for the remaining countries and the sum of these sectoral data does not equal employment shown in Table 2-1. Percent distributions are calculated using the sum of sectors rather than Table 2-1 employment in the denominator. (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.
NOTE: Industry includes manufacturing, mining, and construction.

Table 2-8 Percent of employment in manufacturing (in percent)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom (1)
1970	26.4	22.3	24.4	27.4	(na)	39.5	27.7	(na)	27.7	(na)
1971	24.7	21.8	24.1	27.4	28.4	37.4	28.0	(na)	27.4	33.9
1972	(b) 24.3	21.8	23.5	27.3	28.7	36.9	27.9	(na)	27.2	32.9
1973	24.8	22.0	23.3	27.8	28.8	36.7	27.9	25.3	27.6	32.3
1974	24.2	21.7	22.9	27.6	28.7	36.5	28.1	25.1	28.4	32.4
1975	22.7	20.2	21.3	26.1	(b) 28.4	35.7	28.0	24.5	28.1	31.0
1976	22.8	(b) 19.2	21.2	25.8	27.9	35.2	27.7	23.6	27.0	30.2
1977	22.7	18.8	20.9	25.3	27.6	35.1	27.6	23.2	26.0	30.4
1978	(b) 22.7	18.9	19.9	24.8	27.1	34.8	27.3	22.7	25.0	30.1
1979	22.7	19.2	19.6	24.6	26.6	34.5	26.9	22.0	24.7	29.5
1980	22.1	19.1	19.4	25.0	26.2	34.0	26.9	21.3	24.3	28.3
1981	21.7	18.5	19.2	25.1	25.7	33.4	26.3	20.8	23.4	26.5
1982	20.4	17.2	18.6	24.7	(b) 24.1	32.8	25.8	20.1	22.5	25.5
1983	19.8	16.8	17.8	24.8	23.7	32.2	25.0	(b) 19.6	22.4	24.3
1984	20.0	17.1	17.3	25.2	23.3	(b) 32.1	23.9	19.6	22.5	(b) 25.1
1985	19.5	17.0	16.1	25.3	22.7	32.3	23.2	19.5	22.6	25.0
1986	(b) 19.1	17.1	(b) 15.5	24.9	21.9	32.3	(b) 22.9	19.4	22.8	24.8
1987	18.6	16.7	15.4	24.4	21.5	32.0	22.5	(b) 19.5	(b) 22.0	23.4
1988	18.5	16.6	15.3	24.5	21.1	31.6	22.6	18.8	21.7	23.6
1989	18.5	16.5	15.1	24.5	20.9	31.6	22.8	19.1	21.7	22.8
1990	(b) 18.0	15.8	14.4	24.3	21.0	31.6	22.6	19.1	21.0	22.4
1991	17.5	14.8	13.7	24.6	20.8	(b) 30.7	(b) 22.1	18.3	19.9	22.9
1992	17.0	14.3	13.7	24.6	20.1	29.5	22.0	(b) 18.1	18.9	21.4
1993	16.4	14.0	13.5	23.9	19.5	28.1	(b) 24.6	17.7	18.3	21.2
1994	(b) 16.4	14.0	13.5	23.4	19.0	26.6	24.7	16.7	18.2	19.1
1995	16.4	14.4	13.0	22.7	18.7	25.2	24.9	16.4	19.0	19.1
1996	16.2	14.4	12.8	22.5	18.5	24.3	24.6	15.9	19.3	19.2
1997	(b) 16.1	14.8	12.9	22.2	18.4	24.0	24.2	15.7	19.3	(b) 18.0
1998	(b) 15.8	15.0	12.3	21.4	18.2	24.1	24.3	15.2	19.1	17.7
1999	(b) 15.0	15.3	11.8	21.0	18.0	(b) 23.8	24.1	15.1	18.5	17.0
2000	(b) 14.4	15.3	12.0	20.7	17.6	23.9	23.6	(b) 14.8	18.0	16.2
2001	13.5	15.0	11.6	20.2	17.6	23.7	23.1	14.5	17.5	15.5
2002	12.6	15.0	11.5	19.1	17.2	23.6	23.0	13.8	16.7	15.0
2003	(b) 12.3	14.6	11.0	18.8	17.0	23.3	22.9	(b) 13.5	16.2	13.8
2004	(b) 11.8	14.5	10.9	18.3	16.7	23.1	21.9	13.7	16.0	12.9
2005	11.5	13.8	10.4	18.1	16.3	(b) 22.2	21.6	13.7	(b) 15.3	12.6
2006	11.3	12.9	10.0	18.3	16.1	22.0	21.2	13.3	15.0	12.3
2007	11.2	12.1	9.9	18.3	15.7	22.2	21.2	12.5	14.6	12.1
2008	10.9	11.5	9.8	18.0	(b) 14.6	22.2	(b) 20.1	(b) 11.4	14.3	11.4
2009	10.2	10.6	9.3	17.2	13.9	21.4	19.5	10.7	13.0	9.8
2010	10.1	10.3	8.9	16.9	13.1	21.2	18.8	10.6	12.7	10.0
Footnotes: (1) Sectoral employment for the United Kingdom is only partially adjusted to U.S. concepts prior to 1984. Therefore, these sectoral data are not comparable to those for the remaining countries and the sum of these sectoral data does not equal employment shown in Table 2-1. Percent distributions are calculated using the sum of sectors rather than Table 2-1 employment in the denominator. (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.

Table 2-9 Percent of employment in services (in percent)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom (1)
1970	62.3	62.6	57.3	47.4	(na)	42.8	41.1	(na)	53.9	(na)
1971	63.8	63.1	57.9	48.5	44.4	44.4	40.9	(na)	55.1	54.8
1972	(b) 64.2	63.9	58.6	49.4	45.1	45.4	42.2	(na)	56.2	55.8
1973	63.8	63.9	59.3	49.9	46.0	46.0	43.4	58.9	56.6	56.1
1974	64.5	64.2	60.1	50.6	47.0	47.2	44.2	59.7	57.0	56.5
1975	66.4	65.8	61.5	52.0	(b) 48.0	48.8	45.1	60.8	57.7	58.2
1976	66.5	(b) 66.5	62.4	52.5	49.3	49.6	46.1	61.9	59.0	59.1
1977	66.6	67.2	62.9	53.3	50.2	50.3	46.6	62.3	60.2	59.2
1978	(b) 66.3	67.5	64.3	53.8	51.2	50.8	47.2	62.6	61.5	59.5
1979	66.3	67.4	64.5	54.5	52.1	51.4	48.2	63.6	62.3	60.1
1980	67.1	67.8	64.9	54.8	53.0	51.9	48.8	65.1	62.9	61.2
1981	67.6	68.3	65.2	55.3	53.9	52.8	50.2	66.4	63.8	63.0
1982	69.2	70.1	66.1	56.0	(b) 57.1	53.7	51.6	67.3	64.9	64.2
1983	69.7	70.8	67.4	56.6	58.1	54.5	52.6	(b) 67.5	65.5	65.3
1984	69.4	70.9	68.2	56.9	59.1	(b) 55.1	54.8	67.5	65.9	(b) 63.2
1985	70.0	71.0	69.1	57.0	60.4	55.4	56.4	68.3	66.1	63.9
1986	(b) 70.4	71.1	(b) 69.8	57.6	61.6	55.8	(b) 57.3	68.9	66.1	64.6
1987	71.0	71.3	70.3	58.5	62.4	56.4	58.1	(b) 68.8	(b) 66.8	65.8
1988	71.3	71.4	70.3	58.5	63.0	57.0	58.8	69.5	67.3	65.8
1989	71.5	71.5	70.3	58.7	63.6	57.4	59.3	69.4	67.3	66.0
1990	(b) 72.0	72.3	71.2	59.2	63.9	57.6	59.6	69.5	67.9	66.7
1991	72.9	73.6	72.6	59.4	64.5	(b) 56.1	(b) 60.2	70.4	69.0	66.2
1992	73.6	74.4	73.0	59.5	65.7	57.3	60.6	(b) 71.7	70.6	68.7
1993	74.3	75.0	72.9	60.3	67.0	58.7	(b) 59.5	72.0	71.6	69.5
1994	(b) 74.1	74.9	73.1	60.8	67.9	60.0	59.9	73.0	72.1	71.1
1995	74.1	74.8	73.7	61.4	68.6	61.5	60.4	73.4	71.5	71.3
1996	74.3	75.0	73.9	61.8	69.3	62.6	61.2	73.7	71.6	71.5
1997	(b) 74.3	74.7	74.1	62.1	69.6	63.2	61.4	73.9	71.9	(b) 72.4
1998	(b) 74.6	74.7	74.5	63.3	70.0	63.6	61.8	75.0	72.2	72.8
1999	(b) 75.3	74.8	74.9	63.8	70.4	(b) 64.0	62.4	75.3	72.7	73.8
2000	(b) 76.2	74.9	74.4	64.3	70.9	64.5	63.0	(b) 75.6	73.5	74.6
2001	77.1	75.5	75.4	65.2	71.1	65.1	63.4	75.9	74.3	75.1
2002	78.0	75.4	75.6	66.5	71.6	65.8	63.6	76.8	75.0	75.8
2003	(b) 78.3	75.7	76.2	67.1	72.0	66.4	63.7	(b) 77.4	75.6	76.7
2004	(b) 78.4	75.7	76.0	68.0	72.7	66.9	65.2	76.9	75.6	77.3
2005	78.6	75.8	76.3	68.7	73.2	(b) 68.5	65.4	76.7	(b) 76.3	77.3
2006	78.5	76.4	76.3	68.8	73.2	68.7	65.9	77.1	76.4	77.5
2007	78.8	77.1	76.5	68.9	73.7	68.5	66.1	78.2	76.7	77.4
2008	79.5	77.3	76.2	69.5	(b) 75.0	68.7	(b) 67.4	(b) 79.4	76.7	78.1
2009	80.9	78.7	76.8	70.5	75.6	69.4	68.0	80.2	78.1	80.5
2010	81.2	78.9	76.9	71.2	76.6	69.7	68.5	80.7	78.4	80.7
Footnotes: (1) Sectoral employment for the United Kingdom is only partially adjusted to U.S. concepts prior to 1984. Therefore, these sectoral data are not comparable to those for the remaining countries and the sum of these sectoral data does not equal employment shown in Table 2-1. Percent distributions are calculated using the sum of sectors rather than Table 2-1 employment in the denominator. (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.
NOTE: Services includes transportation, communication, public utilities, trade, finance, public administration, private household services, and miscellaneous services.

Table 2-10 Employment-population ratios (in percent)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom
1970	57.4	54.5	61.1	63.8	56.1	56.6	47.4	(na)	63.1	(na)
1971	56.6	54.5	61.0	63.4	55.8	56.2	47.1	(na)	62.6	60.2
1972	57.0	54.9	60.6	62.9	55.6	55.8	45.9	(na)	62.4	60.1
1973	57.8	56.4	61.2	63.2	55.8	55.9	45.8	51.8	62.5	60.8
1974	57.8	57.3	61.3	62.2	55.8	54.8	46.2	51.6	63.6	60.7
1975	56.1	56.9	60.1	61.2	(b) 54.9	53.2	46.0	51.7	64.8	60.2
1976	56.8	(b) 58.2	59.7	61.1	54.9	52.8	46.1	51.2	64.9	59.5
1977	57.9	57.9	59.2	61.3	54.9	52.5	46.2	51.6	64.8	59.2
1978	59.3	58.5	58.0	61.3	54.7	52.6	45.9	51.3	64.6	59.1
1979	59.9	59.8	57.8	61.4	54.3	52.9	45.9	51.4	65.3	59.3
1980	59.2	60.3	58.3	61.3	53.9	53.1	46.0	52.1	65.6	58.5
1981	59.0	60.8	58.4	61.2	53.2	52.5	45.9	51.7	65.1	56.6
1982	57.8	58.0	57.3	61.2	(b) 55.3	51.6	45.1	50.8	64.7	55.2
1983	57.9	57.6	55.3	61.4	54.8	50.6	44.7	(b) 49.3	64.4	54.5
1984	59.5	58.3	56.0	61.0	53.8	(b) 50.6	44.5	49.3	64.5	55.3
1985	60.1	59.4	56.6	60.6	53.5	50.8	44.4	50.1	65.0	55.7
1986	60.7	60.3	(b) 57.8	60.4	53.5	51.3	(b) 44.2	50.3	65.2	55.7
1987	61.5	61.2	58.0	60.1	53.1	51.5	43.8	(b) 49.8	(b) 65.0	56.6
1988	62.3	62.2	58.9	60.4	52.8	51.6	43.7	50.7	65.7	58.3
1989	63.0	62.7	60.3	60.8	53.0	52.0	43.6	51.4	66.2	59.6
1990	(b) 62.8	62.2	60.4	61.3	52.8	52.3	43.9	52.7	66.1	59.8
1991	61.7	60.2	58.2	61.8	52.2	(b) 55.5	(b) 44.5	53.6	64.9	58.1
1992	61.5	58.9	57.2	62.0	51.8	54.2	44.0	(b) 54.3	62.0	56.6
1993	61.7	58.5	56.8	61.7	51.1	53.2	(b) 43.6	53.9	58.5	56.1
1994	(b) 62.5	59.0	57.8	61.3	50.6	52.6	42.5	54.0	57.5	56.4
1995	62.9	59.3	59.2	60.9	51.0	52.4	42.0	55.4	58.2	57.0
1996	63.2	59.1	59.3	60.9	51.0	52.0	42.0	56.2	57.6	57.3
1997	63.8	59.7	59.0	61.0	50.5	51.6	41.9	57.7	56.9	58.1
1998	64.1	60.4	59.3	60.2	50.6	52.3	42.2	59.1	57.6	58.5
1999	64.3	61.3	59.6	59.4	50.9	(b) 52.1	42.6	60.3	58.3	59.0
2000	64.4	62.0	60.3	59.0	51.9	52.2	43.2	(b) 61.1	60.1	59.4
2001	63.7	61.8	60.0	58.4	52.2	52.2	43.8	62.1	60.5	59.5
2002	62.7	62.4	60.2	57.5	52.3	51.5	44.3	62.3	60.6	59.6
2003	62.3	63.1	60.8	57.1	51.6	50.8	44.9	(b) 61.6	60.2	59.8
2004	62.3	63.3	61.1	57.1	51.3	50.6	45.1	61.1	59.5	59.9
2005	62.7	63.3	62.1	57.3	51.2	(b) 51.1	44.9	60.9	(b) 59.9	60.0
2006	63.1	63.5	62.7	57.5	51.2	52.1	45.5	61.7	60.4	60.0
2007	63.0	64.0	63.3	57.6	51.7	53.2	45.6	62.8	61.3	59.9
2008	62.2	64.1	63.9	57.4	52.1	54.0	45.6	63.4	61.4	59.9
2009	59.3	62.2	62.9	56.4	51.4	54.0	44.6	62.8	59.5	58.5
2010	58.5	62.3	63.0	56.2	51.2	53.9	44.1	61.4	59.3	58.2
Footnotes: (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.

Table 2-11 Employment-population ratios for men (in percent)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom
1970	76.2	73.4	83.2	80.5	76.3	78.4	71.9	(na)	77.4	(na)
1971	74.9	72.7	82.7	80.9	75.3	77.1	71.6	(na)	76.2	80.1
1972	75.0	73.0	82.0	80.6	74.4	75.9	69.9	(na)	75.4	79.5
1973	75.5	74.3	81.8	80.8	74.3	75.4	69.3	77.3	75.1	79.9
1974	74.9	74.9	81.1	80.5	74.0	73.5	69.4	77.1	75.6	79.0
1975	71.7	73.5	79.1	79.5	(b) 72.3	70.9	68.8	76.9	76.0	77.9
1976	72.0	(b) 74.2	78.3	79.2	71.9	70.3	68.5	75.9	75.6	76.7
1977	72.8	73.3	77.3	78.7	71.4	69.9	67.5	75.7	74.5	75.9
1978	73.8	73.4	75.5	78.2	70.6	69.7	66.8	75.0	73.5	75.3
1979	73.8	74.3	75.3	78.2	69.8	69.8	66.3	74.3	73.7	75.0
1980	72.0	74.0	75.1	77.9	69.1	69.6	66.0	74.1	73.6	73.3
1981	71.3	73.9	75.1	77.8	67.6	68.5	65.6	72.2	72.0	70.1
1982	69.0	69.3	73.4	77.4	(b) 69.3	67.0	64.4	69.5	71.3	68.0
1983	68.8	68.3	70.1	77.1	68.2	65.8	63.5	(b) 67.4	70.4	66.7
1984	70.7	68.9	70.5	76.4	66.4	(b) 65.7	62.9	66.6	70.2	67.2
1985	70.9	69.6	70.6	75.9	65.7	65.8	62.5	67.6	70.5	67.1
1986	71.0	70.4	(b) 70.8	75.4	65.3	66.3	(b) 61.8	66.7	70.6	66.6
1987	71.5	71.0	70.3	74.9	64.6	66.2	60.9	(b) 64.8	(b) 69.7	67.2
1988	72.0	71.6	71.0	75.0	64.1	65.9	60.4	65.0	70.3	69.0
1989	72.5	71.8	72.1	75.0	64.2	65.9	59.9	65.7	70.9	70.2
1990	(b) 72.0	70.6	71.4	75.4	63.5	65.6	60.0	66.5	70.6	70.0
1991	70.4	67.6	68.2	75.8	62.4	(b) 67.9	(b) 60.6	66.8	69.2	67.3
1992	69.8	65.7	66.6	76.1	61.5	66.3	59.8	(b) 67.2	65.7	64.8
1993	70.0	65.3	66.0	75.9	59.9	64.7	(b) 58.8	65.5	61.6	63.7
1994	(b) 70.4	65.9	67.2	75.4	59.1	63.8	57.2	65.2	60.9	64.2
1995	70.8	66.1	68.2	75.0	59.4	63.1	56.2	66.7	62.0	64.7
1996	70.9	65.8	68.1	74.9	59.2	62.1	55.8	67.5	61.5	64.9
1997	71.3	66.4	67.7	74.9	58.6	61.3	55.5	68.5	61.0	65.9
1998	71.6	66.8	67.9	73.9	58.3	61.9	55.4	69.8	62.1	66.2
1999	71.6	67.5	68.2	73.0	58.5	(b) 60.7	55.5	70.4	62.5	66.6
2000	71.9	68.2	68.4	72.5	59.5	60.6	55.8	(b) 70.8	64.2	66.9
2001	70.9	67.7	67.6	71.5	59.6	60.2	56.0	71.3	64.4	66.9
2002	69.7	67.9	67.8	70.4	59.4	58.9	56.3	71.0	64.3	66.7
2003	68.9	68.3	68.1	69.9	58.2	57.5	56.9	(b) 69.7	63.7	66.9
2004	69.2	68.5	68.8	69.6	57.6	57.3	56.9	68.9	63.0	66.9
2005	69.6	68.6	69.4	69.7	57.3	(b) 57.7	56.8	68.1	(b) 63.8	66.8
2006	70.1	68.4	69.8	69.8	57.2	58.6	57.3	68.8	64.5	66.7
2007	69.8	68.7	70.4	70.1	57.4	59.7	57.3	69.6	65.5	66.7
2008	68.5	68.8	70.7	69.6	57.7	60.5	56.9	69.8	65.5	66.4
2009	64.5	65.9	69.1	68.0	56.5	59.9	55.3	68.6	63.0	64.2
2010	63.7	66.2	69.5	67.5	56.3	60.1	54.5	66.7	63.3	63.8
Footnotes: (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.

Table 2-12 Employment-population ratios for women (in percent)
Year	United States	Canada	Australia	Japan	France	Germany	Italy	Nether- lands	Sweden	United Kingdom
1970	40.8	36.1	39.3	48.2	38.1	38.1	25.0	(na)	49.1	(na)
1971	40.4	36.8	39.7	47.2	38.4	38.2	24.9	(na)	49.5	42.3
1972	41.0	37.4	39.6	46.2	38.7	38.6	24.1	(na)	50.0	42.6
1973	42.0	39.1	40.9	46.8	39.2	39.1	24.5	27.3	50.3	43.6
1974	42.6	40.2	41.7	45.1	39.4	38.7	25.1	27.1	52.0	44.2
1975	42.0	40.8	41.4	44.0	(b) 39.2	37.9	25.3	27.1	54.1	44.2
1976	43.2	(b) 42.6	41.5	44.1	39.7	37.8	25.8	27.3	54.7	44.0
1977	44.5	42.9	41.5	44.9	40.1	37.7	26.9	28.2	55.5	44.0
1978	46.4	44.0	41.0	45.5	40.4	37.9	26.9	28.4	56.1	44.4
1979	47.5	45.7	40.7	45.7	40.5	38.4	27.3	29.2	57.2	45.0
1980	47.7	46.9	41.9	45.7	40.4	38.9	27.9	31.0	58.0	45.1
1981	48.0	48.2	42.1	45.7	40.3	38.7	28.0	31.9	58.5	44.3
1982	47.7	47.0	41.5	45.9	(b) 42.9	38.1	27.7	32.8	58.4	43.5
1983	48.0	47.3	40.8	46.7	42.8	37.3	27.6	(b) 31.9	58.6	43.3
1984	49.5	48.2	41.8	46.5	42.6	(b) 37.3	27.6	32.7	59.1	44.4
1985	50.4	49.5	43.0	46.3	42.5	37.6	27.8	33.4	59.7	45.2
1986	51.4	50.7	(b) 45.1	46.2	43.0	38.1	(b) 28.1	34.7	60.1	45.8
1987	52.5	51.6	45.8	46.2	42.7	38.5	28.3	(b) 35.4	(b) 60.5	46.9
1988	53.4	53.0	47.0	46.6	42.6	39.0	28.3	37.0	61.2	48.4
1989	54.3	53.9	48.8	47.4	43.0	39.7	28.6	37.7	61.7	49.9
1990	54.3	54.1	49.5	48.0	43.2	40.5	29.2	39.4	61.8	50.3
1991	53.7	53.2	48.4	48.6	43.0	(b) 44.3	(b) 29.7	40.9	60.6	49.6
1992	53.8	52.4	48.0	48.7	43.0	43.4	29.7	(b) 41.9	58.4	49.1
1993	54.1	51.9	47.7	48.3	43.1	42.7	(b) 29.7	42.8	55.5	49.0
1994	(b) 55.3	52.4	48.8	48.0	43.0	42.3	29.2	43.3	54.3	49.3
1995	55.6	52.7	50.5	47.7	43.4	42.7	29.1	44.4	54.7	49.8
1996	56.0	52.6	50.6	47.7	43.6	42.8	29.4	45.3	53.9	50.3
1997	56.8	53.2	50.5	47.9	43.2	42.7	29.6	47.3	53.0	51.0
1998	57.1	54.3	51.0	47.4	43.6	43.5	30.1	48.7	53.3	51.4
1999	57.4	55.2	51.3	46.6	44.0	(b) 44.1	30.8	50.5	54.2	52.0
2000	57.5	56.0	52.5	46.4	45.0	44.4	31.6	(b) 51.7	56.1	52.5
2001	57.0	56.2	52.6	46.2	45.5	44.8	32.7	53.2	56.7	52.7
2002	56.3	57.1	52.9	45.4	45.9	44.7	33.3	54.0	57.1	53.0
2003	56.1	58.0	53.6	45.3	45.6	44.5	34.0	(b) 53.8	56.8	53.1
2004	56.0	58.2	53.7	45.5	45.6	44.3	34.2	53.6	56.1	53.4
2005	56.2	58.1	55.0	45.7	45.7	(b) 44.9	34.1	53.9	(b) 56.0	53.7
2006	56.6	58.6	55.7	46.0	45.8	46.0	34.7	54.8	56.4	53.8
2007	56.6	59.5	56.4	46.1	46.6	47.1	34.9	56.3	57.4	53.6
2008	56.2	59.6	57.2	45.9	47.2	47.8	35.3	57.2	57.4	53.7
2009	54.4	58.7	56.9	45.7	46.8	48.3	34.7	57.1	56.0	53.1
2010	53.6	58.5	56.6	45.7	46.6	48.1	34.5	56.2	55.5	52.8
Footnotes: (b) Break in series; see Country notes for more information. (na) Not available.

Last Modified Date: March 30, 2011

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