COMPARATIVE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS TEN COUNTRIES 1959-2002 This compendium is updated semiannually, in the spring and the fall. The next update is scheduled for Fall 2003. Monthly updates to unemployment rates are available on the foreign labor statistics web site: http://stats.bls.gov/fls/home.htm. Prepared by: U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Office of Productivity and Technology April 14, 2003 CONTENTS Page Contents..................................................................................1 General Notes.............................................................................2 Country Notes.............................................................................3 Tables 1. Civilian Working Age Population, 1959-2002............................................8 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-2002.........................9 3. Quarterly Civilian Unemployment Rates, Seasonally Adjusted, 1995-2002................18 4. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex, 1960-2002...........................19 5. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios, by Sex, 1960-2002.............................22 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002....................................25 7. Percent Distribution of Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002............30 8. Civilian Unemployment Rates by Sex, 1960-2002........................................34 9. Civilian Unemployment Rates by Age, 1998-2002........................................36 10. BLS and OECD Comparative Civilian Unemployment Rates, Selected Countries, 2000-2002............................................................................37 1 GENERAL NOTES This document presents selected international labor force statistics for 10 countries -- the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and six European countries. Data for all 10 countries are shown on most tables. (Tables 3 and 9 exclude the Netherlands.) Unless otherwise noted, the data are adjusted to U.S. concepts. NOTE ON ADJUSTMENTS: The foreign country data are adjusted as closely as possible to U.S. concepts, with the exception of lower age limits and the treatment of layoffs. Lower age limits are adjusted, where necessary, to the age at which compulsory schooling ends rather than the U.S. lower limit of age 16. In some countries, persons on layoff are classified as employed due to strong job attachment. In the United States, persons on layoff are classified as unemployed, and have a weaker job attachment. In addition, for some countries, no adjustment is made for deviations from U.S. concepts in the treatment of unpaid family workers, persons waiting to start a new job, and passive jobseekers (for example, persons only reading newspaper ads as their method of job search). In the United States, job search must be "active," such as placing or answering advertisements, and simply reading ads is not enough to qualify as active search. Canada and the European countries classify passive jobseekers as unemployed. An adjustment is made to exclude them in Canada, but not in the European countries where the phenomenon is much less prevalent. In Australia and Japan, passive jobseekers are classified according to the U.S. concept. Except for the inclusion of passive jobseekers in Canada, these "unadjusted" differences are believed to have a negligible effect on the comparisons. For further information on comparability issues, see Constance Sorrentino, "International unemployment rates: how comparable are they?" Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3-20. See http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf. Official unemployment data are derived directly from labor force surveys in most countries. In Germany and the United Kingdom, however, where the official unemployment rates come from administrative sources, BLS makes adjustments based mainly on labor force surveys conducted in those countries. For most countries, the adjusted unemployment rates are close to or identical with the published rates in recent years. However, significant differences remain for four countries: Canada, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. See country notes below for explanations of the adjustments made. BREAKS IN SERIES: National data sources and BLS adjustment methods have changed over the years since 1959. Consequently, there are breaks in the historical continuity of series for all countries except Japan and the United Kingdom. A footnote appears next to the figures for years in which there is a break in historical continuity. Some breaks are due to changes in national data, whereas others involve changes in BLS adjustment methods and/or sources for the adjustments. Some breaks are inconsequential, while others represent a significant discontinuity in the series. The country notes provide explanations for the breaks in series and indicate their impact on the continuity of the series, where possible. 2 COUNTRY NOTES The following notes give a brief description of adjustments made to unemployment rates for greater comparability with U.S. concepts and of the impact of breaks in series. For the United States and Australia, no adjustments are made, but some breaks in series are described. THE UNITED STATES. Official unemployment data are from a monthly labor force survey, the Current Population Survey (CPS). Adjustments: None. Breaks: While current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those introduced at the inception of the Current Population Survey in 1940, a number of changes have been made over the years to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data. Other changes, such as introduction of new population controls from the decennial censuses, also affect historical comparability. Most of these changes have had small effects on historical comparability. Although also small in impact, the 1990 and 1994 breaks noted here reflect major changes in methodology, and they are described below. In 1994, a major redesign of the labor force survey questionnaire and collection methodology was introduced. Revised population estimates based on the 1990 Census, adjusted for the estimated undercount, were also incorporated. In 1996, previously published data for the 1990- 1993 period were revised to reflect the 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the undercount. Therefore, data for 1994 onward are not strictly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the redesign, and data for 1990 onward are not strictly comparable with data for 1989 and earlier years because of the introduction of the 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the undercount. The estimated effect of the introduction of the population controls, adjusted for the undercount, was to raise 1990 employment by 879,000 and raise the overall unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point. The redesign effect cannot be precisely determined for employment, but it has been estimated to raise the overall unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point. For a description of all the changes in the CPS over time and their impact, see notes in the "Household Data" section of the BLS publication, Employment and Earnings. See http://stats.bls.gov/cps/cpseetn.pdf. CANADA. Official unemployment rates are from a monthly labor force survey. Adjustments: Adjustments are made from 1976 onward to exclude: (1) 15 year olds; (2) passive jobseekers; (3) persons waiting to start a new job who did not seek work in the past four weeks; and (4) those unavailable for work due to personal or family responsibilities. An adjustment is made to include full-time students looking for full-time work. The impact of the adjustments was to lower the annual average unemployment rate by 0.1-0.4 percentage points in the 1980's and 0.4-1.0 percentage points in the 1990's. From 1976 onward, Canadian unemployment rates adjusted to U.S. concepts are provided to BLS by Statistics Canada. For further information, see Constance Sorrentino, "International unemployment rates: how comparable are they?" Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3-20. Breaks: The 1966 break in the "as published" series reflects a change in the definition of the labor force. BLS has adjusted the Canadian data for this break based on 1966 ratios of the revised data to the old series. In 1976, there are breaks in both the approximating U.S. concepts series and the "as published" series. Beginning in 1976, Canadian data are adjusted to more closely approximate U.S. concepts, as described above in the "adjustments" section. In Tables 6 and 7, the data are those published by Statistics Canada because adjusted data were not available. The 1976 break in the "as published" data reflects the incorporation of 1996 Census results and a new method of estimation. The impact of these changes was a downward revision of the population estimates in 1976 and the size of the revision has increased gradually over time. Revisions to the levels of employment and unemployment have also decreased. Estimates of the unemployment rate have been little changed (in half of the years covered, the unemployment rate 3 remained unchanged). The revisions to data by economic sector are available beginning in 1987. Therefore, several data series in Tables 6 and 7 are "not available" for 1976-86. AUSTRALIA. Official unemployment rates are from a monthly labor force survey. Adjustments: No adjustments are made. BLS research indicates that for 2000 there are some small differences between U.S. and Australian concepts, but that the Australian unemployment rate is virtually unchanged when U.S. concepts are applied. Breaks: Beginning in April 2001, a redesigned labor force survey questionnaire was introduced and some minor definitional changes were made. The Australian Bureau of Statistics revised the unemployment rate back to April 1986. (Here we have used the revised data from 1987 onward due to the lack of a full year of revised data for 1986.) The impact of the revision was to lower the unemployment rate by 0.3 percentage point in most years. In 2000, the unemployment rate was revised from 6.6 to 6.3 percent, for example. JAPAN. Official unemployment rates are from a monthly labor force survey. Adjustments: Some minor adjustments are made in the Japanese labor force data to exclude family workers who worked less than 15 hours and the National Defense Force. No adjustments are made in the number of unemployed. The adjustments made result in rates that are virtually the same as the official rates. Special Labor Force Surveys conducted in February or March ask more probing questions than the regular monthly surveys and, therefore, provide additional information for adjustment to U.S. concepts. According to BLS research for 2000, if these additional adjustments were made they would lower the adjusted unemployment rate by about 0.3 percentage point, from 4.8 to 4.5 percent; BLS is examining the possibility of introducing this adjustment into the comparative series. There is a more substantial effect on unemployment rates by sex. Therefore, while the additional information from the special surveys is not used to adjust the total unemployment rate, it is used to adjust the Japanese rates by sex (Table 8). It should be noted that adjustment factors from one month may not be fully indicative of the adjustment factors for the entire year. For further information, see Sara Elder and Constance Sorrentino, "Japan's Low Unemployment: A BLS Update and Revision," Monthly Labor Review, October 1993, pp. 56-63. Unemployment rates by sex for 1994-2000 are from Toshihiko Yamagami, "Underutilization of labor resources in Japan and the United States," Monthly Labor Review, April 2002, pp. 25-43; on the Internet at https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2002/04/art3full.pdf. Data for 2001 and 2002 were updated and provided to BLS by Mr. Yamagami. Breaks: None. FRANCE. Official unemployment rates are estimates of unemployment under International Labor Office (ILO) concepts based on a combination of sources, including monthly employment office registrations, quarterly establishment surveys, and an annual labor force survey. Adjustments: Prior to 1992, BLS adjusts the labor force to exclude a small number of persons under age 16 and the Armed Forces; no adjustments are made in the annual estimates of unemployment under ILO concepts. From 1992, the adjusted data used are annualized data from the European Community labor force survey, adjusted to exclude the career military. The number of workers under age 16 has become so small that adjustments are no longer made. The adjustments made result in rates that are virtually the same as the official rates. Breaks: The 1992 break in the adjusted data reflects the substitution of standardized European Communities Statistical Office (EUROSTAT) unemployment statistics for the unemployment data estimated according to the ILO definition and published in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) annual yearbook and quarterly update. Since 1992, the EUROSTAT definitions are closer to the U.S. definitions than they were in prior years. The impact of this revision was to lower the unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1992 and 1993, by 0.4 percentage point in 1994, and by 0.5 percentage point in 1995. There is no 1992 break in series for the employment data. GERMANY. Official unemployment rates are based on monthly employment office registrations as a percent of the civilian employed wage and salary labor force (from establishment surveys) plus the registered unemployed. Adjustments: Rather than using the official data, BLS adjustments are based upon labor force survey statistics. The administrative data on the registered unemployed overstate the unemployment rate for Germany relative to labor force survey data according to 4 U.S. concepts. German administrative data include a significant number of persons who have "marginal" jobs but are looking for other jobs or additional work. Such persons are not counted as unemployed in a labor force survey. In addition, the official national rate for Germany is based on the wage and salary labor force rather than the total labor force, also causing overstatement of the rate according to U.S. concepts. Since 1983, the adjusted figures for Germany are based on the European Community (EUROSTAT) labor force surveys. Prior to 1983, the adjusted data are derived from the German labor force survey, the Microcensus, as published by the German Federal Statistical Office. The labor force survey data are adjusted to exclude the career military from the labor force. Until 1991, the data were also adjusted to exclude unpaid family workers working less than 15 hours per week. The adjustments made result in rates that are significantly lower than the official rates. Breaks: The 1983 break reflects the replacement of labor force survey results tabulated by the national statistical office with those tabulated by EUROSTAT, as described above. The impact of the change was to lower the adjusted unemployment rate in 1983 by 0.3 percentage point from 7.2 to 6.9 percent. The 1991 break reflects the introduction of comparative labor force measures for unified Germany. Data for years prior to 1991 relate to the former West Germany. The impact of including the former East Germany was to increase the unemployment rate from 4.3 to 5.6 percent in 1991. The German Statistical Office has not made revisions to data by economic sector for the years 1971-1979. Consequently, several data series on Germany in Tables 6 and 7 are "not available" for those years. ITALY. Official unemployment rates are from a quarterly labor force survey. Adjustments: Adjusted data are based upon the quarterly labor force survey. In recent years, these data are closely comparable in definitions with U.S. data. The only adjustments are to exclude the career military and unpaid family workers working less than 15 hours per week from the labor force. Since 1996, the adjustments made result in rates that are slightly lower than the official rates. Prior to 1996, the adjusted rates are significantly lower than the official rates due to an adjustment to exclude from the unemployed persons who did not actively seek work in the past 30 days. Breaks: The 1986 break reflects a change in the survey questionnaire resulting in a significant increase in the number of people reported as seeking work in the past 30 days. The impact was to increase the Italian unemployment rate approximating U.S. concepts by 1.2 percentage points in 1986, from 6.3 to 7.5 percent. In 1991, the method of weighting sample data was revised. The impact was to increase the unemployment rate by approximately 0.3 percentage point, from 6.6 to 6.9 percent in 1991. In July 1999, the labor force survey estimates for October 1992 onward were revised to incorporate new estimation procedures and more accurate population data. The impact of these changes was an upward revision of employment and a downward revision in unemployment and the unemployment rate. BLS shows a break in series beginning with the 1993 data. The impact of these changes was to lower Italy's adjusted unemployment rate by approximately 0.1-0.4 percentage points, with larger revisions occurring in more recent years. In 1997, the adjusted unemployment rate decreased from 12.3 to 11.9 percent and in 1998 from 12.3 to 12.0 percent. NETHERLANDS. Official unemployment rates have been based on a combination of sources, including the registered unemployed, wage and salary workers (from an establishment survey), and a labor force survey that has varied from annual to quarterly to monthly. Adjustments: Rather than using the official data, BLS adjustments are based on labor force survey statistics. From 1983 onward, the annual average of registered unemployed is adjusted to U.S. concepts on the basis of the European Community labor force survey, as annualized by EUROSTAT. Prior to 1983, the adjustment method is based on the results of the then-biennial Dutch labor force survey. Adustments are made to exclude the career military and unpaid family workers working less than 15 hours per week. Over the years, adjusted rates have varied from higher than to lower than the official rates. More substantial adjustments were made in the earlier years. During the last few 5 years, adjusted and official rates are very close. Breaks: The 1983 break reflects the replacement of labor force survey results tabulated by the national statistical office with those tabulated by EUROSTAT. The Dutch figures for 1983 onward also reflect the replacement of man-year employment data with data from the Dutch Survey of Employed Persons. The impact of the changes was to lower the adjusted unemployment rate by about 2 percentage points in 1983. In 1992, a new survey questionnaire was introduced that allowed for a closer application of ILO guidelines. EUROSTAT has revised the Dutch series back to 1988 based on the 1992 changes. The 1988 revised unemployment rate is 7.6 percent; the previous figure for 1988 was 9.3 percent. The "as published" data shown in Table 2 contain two breaks in series for both employment and unemployment. The 1987 break in employment reflects the introduction of the new continuous labor force survey which began that year. The 1992 break in employment reflects changes in the labor force survey definitions. The 1975 break in "as published" unemployment reflects a change in the enumeration of the registered unemployed. Beginning in 1988, the unemployment figures are based on a combination of registration data provided by the public employment offices and data from the labor force survey. SWEDEN. Official unemployment rates are based on a monthly labor force survey. Adjustments: Small adjustments are made in the labor force to exclude the career military and to add persons age 65 and over. Prior to 1987, no adjustments were made in the published unemployment data. Beginning that year, an adjustment has been made to include full-time students seeking work and available for work who are counted as not in the labor force in Sweden. This adjustment was small in the early years, but became significantly larger in the 1990s. Consequently, adjusted rates have been significantly higher than published rates since the mid-1990s. In earlier years, the adjusted and published rates were virtually the same. Breaks: There have been two breaks in series in the Swedish labor force survey, in 1987 and 1993. Adjustments have been made for the 1993 break back to 1987. In 1987, a new questionnaire was introduced. Questions regarding current availability were added and the period of active workseeking was reduced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These changes lowered Sweden's 1987 unemployment rate by 0.4 percentage point, from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. In 1993, the measurement period for the labor force survey was changed to represent all 52 weeks of the year rather than one week each month and a new adjustment for population totals was introduced. The impact was to raise the unemployment rate by approximately 0.5 percentage point from 7.6 to 8.1 percent. Statistics Sweden revised its labor force survey data for 1987-1992 to take into account the break in 1993. The adjustment raised the Swedish unemployment rate by 0.2 percentage point in 1987 and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage point in 1992. Beginning with 1987, BLS has adjusted the Swedish data to classify students who also sought work as unemployed. The impact of this change was to increase the adjusted unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1987 and by 1.8 percentage points in 1994, when unemployment was higher. In 2001, the national unemployment rate was adjusted from 4.0 to 5.2 percent due to the inclusion of students. The net effect of the 1987 and 1993 changes and the BLS adjustment for students seeking work lowered Sweden's 1987 unemployment rate from 2.3 to 2.2 percent. UNITED KINGDOM. Official unemployment rates are based on statistics of monthly claimants for unemployment benefits as a percent of the total labor force. Adjustments: Rather than using the official data, BLS adjustments are based upon labor force survey statistics. The national published unemployment rates are based on administrative data that understate the U.K.’s unemployment rate relative to labor force survey data. Only jobless persons are included in the claimant count, which is more restrictive than a full registration count (such as Germany’s). Prior to 1982, adjustments were based upon the General Household Survey and other sources. Since 1982, adjustments are based on data under ILO concepts provided to BLS by the Office of National Statistics and derived from the annual (April) and beginning in 1992, the quarterly, labor force survey. Adjustments are made to exclude the career military. Adjusted rates have always been 6 significantly higher than the official rates. Breaks: None. (Although the sources for the adjustments have changed over the years, the different sources mesh well to provide a reasonably comparable historical series of data.) POPULATION COVERAGE: Data relate to the civilian noninstitutionalized working age population, except that the institutionalized working age population is included in Japan and Germany. Data for the United States relate to the population 16 years of age and over. The lower age limits used by other countries vary and Sweden imposes an upper age limit of 64 (prior to 1986, the upper age limit was 74). The statistics adjusted to U.S. concepts have been adapted, insofar as possible, to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country and the Swedish statistics have been adjusted to include persons older than the upper age limit. An exception to this rule is that the Canadian statistics for 1976 onward are adjusted to cover ages 16 and over, whereas the age at which compulsory schooling ends remains at 15. Lower Age Limits for the Published and Adjusted Statistics Country As published Adjusted Country As published Adjusted United States 16 16 Italy Canada 1959-92 14 14 1959-65 14 15 1993- 15 15 1966-75 15 15 Netherlands 1976- 15 16 1973-74 13 14 Australia 15 15 1975-91 14 15 Japan 15 15 1992- 15 15 France Sweden 16 16 1959-70 14 16 United Kingdom 1971- 15 16 1959-72 15 15 Germany 14 15 1973- 16 16 OTHER COMPARATIVE SERIES: Three organizations compile internationally "comparable" monthly and annual series of unemployment rates for groups of developed countries. The BLS series, shown in this compendium, provide unemployment rates adjusted to U.S. concepts, insofar as possible. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) publishes "Standardized Unemployment Rates" (SURS) for 25 member countries (see OECD, Quarterly Labor Force Statistics, Appendix Section). The SURS are adjusted to International Labor Office (ILO) concepts which are more general than U.S. concepts. The third organization, the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT), publishes comparable unemployment rates for European Union countries based on their own specific interpretation of ILO concepts. Since 1992 (1993 for Italy), these concepts are close to U.S. concepts, but there are some differences. Beginning in Autumn 1996, the OECD adopted the comparable unemployment rates produced by EUROSTAT for the European Union countries, and OECD has revised their historical series as well to be in accord with EUROSTAT. OECD notes that the EUROSTAT rates are based on slightly different data and methodology compared with the former SURS calculated by the OECD. The OECD and EUROSTAT rates are now identical. Monthly updates to the SURs are available at http://www.oecd.org/statistics/news-releases. Table 10 compares the unemployment rates published by BLS and OECD/EUROSTAT. ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Data used in this compendium of labor statistics come mainly from national statistical sources but also from the OECD and EUROSTAT. 7 Table 1. Civilian Working Age Population, 1959-2002 (in thousands) United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) 1959 115,329 11,278 NA 64,030 30,982 43,103 36,754 NA 5,458 38,614 1960 (2)117,245 11,494 NA 64,990 31,144 43,436 37,130 NA 5,514 38,952 1961 118,771 11,708 NA 65,820 31,467 43,647 37,358 NA 5,577 39,287 1962 (2)120,153 11,940 NA 67,330 32,305 43,972 37,815 NA 5,643 39,804 1963 122,416 12,179 NA 69,170 33,196 44,232 38,083 NA 5,703 40,036 1964 124,485 12,453 7,668 71,000 33,707 44,525 38,515 NA 5,769 40,281 1965 126,513 12,755 7,830 72,650 34,261 44,909 38,724 NA 5,840 40,481 1966 128,058 13,083 8,023 74,090 34,615 45,174 39,276 NA 5,909 40,631 1967 129,874 13,444 8,208 75,340 34,947 45,111 39,456 NA 5,957 40,779 1968 132,028 13,805 8,403 76,550 35,372 45,163 39,833 NA 5,994 40,874 1969 134,335 14,162 8,612 77,580 35,753 45,570 39,781 NA 6,039 41,006 1970 137,085 14,528 8,819 78,610 36,166 46,094 40,279 NA 6,106 41,101 1971 140,216 14,872 9,036 79,560 36,598 46,687 40,385 NA 6,158 41,320 1972 (2)144,126 15,186 9,238 80,470 36,990 47,100 40,780 NA 6,179 41,452 1973 (2)147,096 15,526 9,425 82,150 37,375 47,594 41,186 9,750 6,199 40,799 1974 150,120 15,924 9,614 83,170 37,745 47,904 41,745 9,885 6,224 40,963 1975 153,153 16,323 9,763 84,190 38,079 48,018 42,131 9,803 6,257 41,130 1976 156,150 (2)16,621 9,957 85,160 38,366 48,128 42,312 9,960 6,287 41,322 1977 159,033 16,964 10,136 86,070 38,743 48,418 42,529 10,103 6,321 41,568 1978 (2)161,910 17,303 10,406 87,020 39,073 48,788 43,000 10,256 6,360 41,832 1979 164,863 17,663 10,575 88,000 39,431 49,255 43,436 10,415 6,396 42,128 1980 167,745 18,031 10,778 89,080 39,852 49,849 43,860 10,588 6,441 42,447 1981 170,130 18,398 10,994 89,930 40,181 50,344 44,184 10,744 6,479 42,706 1982 172,271 18,716 11,204 90,920 40,582 50,714 44,847 10,871 6,514 42,921 1983 174,215 18,980 11,401 92,080 40,904 50,928 45,457 10,996 6,553 43,191 1984 176,383 19,220 11,605 93,230 41,217 51,112 45,853 11,131 6,586 43,509 1985 178,206 19,459 11,852 94,410 41,574 51,261 46,174 11,271 6,606 43,802 1986 (2)180,587 19,715 12,084 95,630 41,875 51,467 46,628 11,403 6,634 44,081 1987 182,753 19,986(2)12,324 96,960 42,295 51,643 46,986 11,543 6,678 44,325 1988 184,613 20,259 12,595 98,250 42,675 51,893 47,778 11,649 6,715 44,511 1989 186,393 20,543 12,822 99,500 43,115 52,279 47,660 11,746 6,766 44,691 1990 (2)189,164 20,855 13,049 100,650 43,396 53,135 48,016 11,833 6,823 44,830 1991 190,925 21,182 13,225 101,750 43,682 (2)66,487 (2)48,044 11,940 6,857 44,947 1992 192,805 21,507 13,388 102,590 43,932 67,083 48,203 12,026 6,879 45,006 1993 194,838 21,818 13,558 103,460 44,185 67,709 (2)47,129 12,112 6,888 44,863 1994 (2)196,814 22,065 13,729 104,200 44,433 68,022 47,430 12,194 6,936 44,902 1995 198,584 22,340 13,936 104,860 44,695 68,240 47,702 12,269 6,963 45,010 1996 200,591 22,638 14,116 105,470 44,963 68,498 47,909 12,325 6,971 45,141 1997 (2)203,133 22,970 14,320 106,370 45,247 68,797 48,096 12,392 6,982 45,273 1998 (2)205,220 23,281 14,524 107,040 45,517 68,914 48,277 12,473 7,004 45,421 1999 (2)207,753 23,575 14,740 107,590 45,789 69,109 48,388 12,542 7,055 45,606 2000 (2)212,577 23,887 14,969 108,120 46,073 69,276 48,567 12,628 7,035 45,824 2001 215,092 24,211 15,171 108,620 46,392 69,521 48,750 12,669 7,108 46,079 2002 217,570 24,545 15,402 109,030 NA NA 48,894 NA 7,142 NA NA = Not available. (1) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany. (2) Break in series. See section on breaks in the Country Notes on pages 3-7 for more information. 8 Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-2002 United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) (1) (3) Civilian Labor Force (thousands) Approximating U.S. Concepts 1959 68,369 6,286 NA 43,320 18,480 25,850 21,020 NA (4)3,609 23,880 1960 (5)69,628 6,462 NA 44,120 18,520 25,990 20,820 NA (4)3,669 24,130 1961 70,459 6,575 NA 44,610 18,530 26,160 20,830 NA 3,695 24,380 1962 (5)70,614 6,670 NA 45,040 18,720 26,210 20,680 NA 3,718 24,720 1963 71,833 6,805 NA 45,430 19,100 26,290 20,240 NA 3,725 24,940 1964 73,091 6,994 4,559 46,040 19,430 26,270 20,220 NA 3,720 25,070 1965 74,455 7,207 4,689 46,780 19,650 26,360 19,900 NA 3,744 25,240 1966 75,770 7,493 4,862 47,850 19,850 26,290 19,620 NA 3,795 25,320 1967 77,347 7,747 5,022 48,810 20,070 25,730 19,800 NA 3,773 25,290 1968 78,737 7,951 5,140 49,690 20,190 25,690 19,780 NA 3,822 25,180 1969 80,734 8,194 5,284 50,140 20,470 25,960 19,620 NA 3,851 25,160 1970 82,771 8,395 5,478 50,730 20,800 26,240 19,720 NA 3,909 25,110 1971 84,382 8,639 5,624 51,120 21,000 26,380 19,660 NA 3,955 24,950 1972 (5)87,034 8,897 5,752 51,320 21,150 26,470 19,450 NA 3,963 25,190 1973 (5)89,429 9,276 5,901 52,590 21,430 26,780 19,590 5,210 3,971 25,440 1974 91,949 9,639 6,053 52,440 21,660 26,660 19,900 5,290 4,036 25,470 1975 93,775 9,974 6,169 52,530 21,770 26,430 20,090 5,340 4,123 25,730 1976 96,158 (5)10,391 6,244 53,100 22,050 26,290 20,290 5,390 4,148 25,900 1977 99,009 10,650 6,358 53,820 22,380 26,330 20,510 5,480 4,168 26,050 1978 (5)102,251 11,006 6,443 54,610 22,540 26,520 20,570 5,540 4,203 26,260 1979 104,962 11,377 6,519 55,210 22,780 26,860 20,850 5,640 4,262 26,350 1980 106,940 11,707 6,693 55,740 22,930 27,260 21,120 5,870 4,312 26,520 1981 108,670 12,067 6,810 56,320 23,090 27,540 21,320 6,090 4,327 26,590 1982 110,204 12,139 6,910 56,980 23,320 27,710 21,410 6,150 4,350 26,560 1983 111,550 12,368 6,997 58,110 23,400 (5)27,670 21,590 (5)6,120 4,369 26,610 1984 113,544 12,579 7,135 58,480 23,560 27,800 21,670 6,200 4,385 27,110 1985 115,461 12,825 7,300 58,820 23,620 28,020 21,800 6,250 4,418 27,350 1986 (5)117,834 13,075 7,588 59,410 23,760 28,240 (5)22,290 6,380 4,443 27,550 1987 119,865 13,331 (5)7,754 60,050 23,890 28,390 22,350 6,500 (5)4,437 27,870 1988 121,669 13,589 7,970 60,860 23,980 28,610 22,660 (5)6,340 4,494 28,270 1989 123,869 13,848 8,224 61,920 24,170 28,840 22,530 6,410 4,552 28,580 1990 (5)125,840 14,044 8,440 63,050 24,290 29,410 22,670 6,660 4,597 28,730 1991 126,346 14,135 8,486 64,280 24,440 (5)39,080 (5)22,940 6,750 4,591 28,610 1992 128,105 14,177 8,557 65,040 (5)24,440 39,010 22,910 6,920 4,520 28,410 1993 129,200 14,308 8,613 65,470 24,480 39,100 (5)22,570 7,020 4,443 28,050 1994 (5)131,056 14,400 8,771 65,780 24,670 39,070 22,450 7,150 4,418 27,990 1995 132,304 14,517 8,995 65,990 24,750 38,980 22,460 7,200 4,460 28,040 1996 133,943 14,669 9,115 66,450 25,000 39,140 22,570 7,390 4,459 28,140 1997 (5)136,297 14,958 9,204 67,200 25,130 39,420 22,680 7,530 4,418 28,270 1998 (5)137,673 15,237 9,339 67,240 25,440 39,750 22,960 7,610 4,402 28,380 1999 (5)139,368 15,536 9,466 67,090 25,800 39,800 23,130 7,830 4,430 28,610 2000 (5)142,583 15,789 9,678 66,990 26,050 39,750 23,340 8,130 4,489 28,780 2001 143,734 16,027 9,817 66,870 26,340 39,780 23,540 8,290 4,530 28,870 2002 144,863 16,475 9,964 p66,240 NA NA 23,750 NA p4,542 NA Continued on the following page. 9 Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) (1) (3) Labor Force (thousands) As published by originating country (6) 1959 68,369 6,242 NA 44,330 18,883 26,337 21,879 4,144 (4)3,603 23,745 1960 (5)69,628 6,411 NA 45,110 18,887 26,518 21,545 4,192 (4)3,662 24,072 1961 70,459 6,521 NA 45,620 18,870 26,772 21,535 4,235 3,688 24,351 1962 (5)70,614 6,615 NA 46,140 19,024 26,845 21,306 4,319 3,712 24,628 1963 71,833 6,748 NA 46,520 19,377 26,930 20,852 4,381 3,720 24,767 1964 73,091 6,933 4,559 47,100 19,664 26,922 20,870 4,467 3,718 24,953 1965 74,455 7,141 4,689 47,870 19,857 27,034 20,612 4,512 3,742 25,139 1966 75,770 (5)7,493 4,862 48,910 20,014 26,962 20,367 4,555 3,792 25,237 1967 77,347 7,747 5,022 49,830 20,198 26,409 20,507 4,580 3,775 25,105 1968 78,737 7,951 5,140 50,610 20,286 26,291 20,555 4,620 3,822 25,022 1969 80,734 8,194 5,284 50,980 20,525 26,535 20,369 4,670 3,855 25,028 1970 82,771 8,395 5,478 51,530 20,857 26,817 20,436 4,725 3,913 25,001 1971 84,382 8,639 5,624 51,860 21,024 26,957 20,404 4,762 3,961 24,820 1972 (5)87,034 8,897 5,752 51,990 21,182 27,121 20,272 4,781 3,970 25,007 1973 (5)89,429 9,276 5,901 53,260 21,456 27,433 20,448 4,780 3,977 25,254 1974 91,949 9,639 6,053 53,100 21,690 27,411 20,650 4,807 4,043 25,340 1975 93,775 9,974 6,169 53,230 21,783 27,184 20,861 4,900 4,129 25,478 1976 96,158 (5)10,514 6,244 53,780 22,062 27,034 21,177 4,932 4,155 25,603 1977 99,009 10,774 6,358 54,520 22,391 27,038 21,476 4,972 4,174 25,701 1978 (5)102,251 11,138 6,443 55,320 22,549 27,212 21,577 5,030 4,209 25,901 1979 104,962 11,521 6,519 55,960 22,779 27,528 21,898 5,101 4,268 26,157 1980 106,940 11,860 6,693 56,500 22,935 27,948 22,171 5,296 4,318 26,183 1981 108,670 12,222 6,810 57,070 23,096 28,305 22,439 5,552 4,332 26,122 1982 110,204 12,296 6,910 57,740 23,325 28,558 22,416 5,665 4,356 26,043 1983 111,550 12,523 6,997 58,890 23,400 28,605 22,697 5,624 4,375 26,242 1984 113,544 12,739 7,135 59,270 23,560 28,659 22,933 5,669 4,391 26,888 1985 115,461 13,002 7,300 59,630 23,620 28,897 23,117 5,710 4,424 27,261 1986 (5)117,834 13,257 7,588 60,200 23,766 29,188 (5)23,467 5,760 4,386 27,410 1987 119,865 13,512 (5)7,754 60,840 23,895 29,386 23,669 (5)6,395 (5)4,373 27,678 1988 121,669 13,779 7,970 61,660 23,984 29,607 23,988 6,543 4,420 28,009 1989 123,869 14,047 8,224 62,700 24,169 29,799 23,870 6,623 4,475 28,200 1990 (5)125,840 14,241 8,440 63,840 24,279 30,369 23,925 6,784 4,524 28,430 1991 126,346 14,330 8,486 65,050 24,448 (5)39,165 (5)24,245 6,934 4,506 28,216 1992 128,105 14,362 8,557 65,780 24,562 38,838 24,257 (5)7,054 4,428 28,095 1993 129,200 14,505 8,613 66,150 24,605 38,640 (5)22,783 7,009 4,320 28,037 1994 (5)131,056 14,627 8,771 66,450 24,804 38,670 22,662 7,124 4,266 28,273 1995 132,304 14,750 8,995 66,660 24,841 38,429 22,664 7,361 4,320 28,163 1996 133,943 14,900 9,115 67,110 25,125 40,116 22,778 7,472 4,310 28,673 1997 (5)136,297 15,153 9,204 67,870 25,311 41,578 22,895 7,629 4,264 28,660 1998 (5)137,673 15,418 9,339 67,930 25,578 41,890 23,180 7,761 4,255 29,767 1999 (5)139,368 15,721 9,466 67,790 25,941 42,180 23,361 7,898 4,309 29,916 2000 (5)142,583 15,999 9,678 67,660 26,188 42,595 23,575 8,020 4,362 30,152 2001 143,734 16,246 9,817 67,520 26,424 42,625 23,781 8,109 4,414 30,245 2002 144,863 16,689 9,964 66,890 NA NA 23,993 NA 4,420 NA Continued on the following page. 10 Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) (1) (3) Civilian Employment (thousands) Approximating U.S. concepts 1959 64,630 5,936 NA 42,340 18,190 25,340 20,020 NA (4)3,549 23,220 1960 (5)65,778 6,042 NA 43,370 18,250 25,710 20,060 NA (4)3,606 23,600 1961 65,746 6,136 NA 43,950 18,300 26,000 20,160 NA 3,640 23,900 1962 (5)66,702 6,302 NA 44,450 18,450 26,060 20,100 NA 3,663 24,050 1963 67,762 6,454 NA 44,840 18,800 26,170 19,760 NA 3,663 24,120 1964 69,305 6,688 4,496 45,500 19,190 26,170 19,680 NA 3,662 24,450 1965 71,088 6,944 4,628 46,210 19,340 26,290 19,210 NA 3,700 24,700 1966 72,895 7,242 4,785 47,200 19,530 26,220 18,890 NA 3,736 24,760 1967 74,372 7,451 4,928 48,180 19,650 25,390 19,130 NA 3,693 24,470 1968 75,920 7,593 5,046 49,100 19,640 25,400 19,080 NA 3,737 24,370 1969 77,902 7,832 5,188 49,570 19,990 25,790 18,940 NA 3,778 24,390 1970 78,678 7,919 5,388 50,140 20,270 26,100 19,080 NA 3,850 24,330 1971 79,367 8,104 5,517 50,480 20,420 26,220 19,020 NA 3,854 23,970 1972 (5)82,153 8,344 5,601 50,590 20,540 26,280 18,710 NA 3,856 24,120 1973 (5)85,064 8,761 5,765 51,910 20,840 26,590 18,870 5,050 3,873 24,610 1974 86,794 9,125 5,891 51,710 21,030 26,240 19,280 5,100 3,956 24,680 1975 85,846 9,284 5,866 51,530 20,860 25,540 19,400 5,070 4,056 24,560 1976 88,752 (5)9,680 5,946 52,020 21,030 25,400 19,500 5,100 4,082 24,360 1977 92,017 9,822 6,000 52,720 21,220 25,430 19,670 5,210 4,093 24,400 1978 (5)96,048 10,115 6,038 53,370 21,320 25,650 19,720 5,260 4,109 24,610 1979 98,824 10,550 6,111 54,040 21,390 26,080 19,930 5,350 4,174 24,940 1980 99,303 10,857 6,284 54,600 21,440 26,490 20,200 5,520 4,226 24,670 1981 100,397 11,184 6,416 55,060 21,330 26,450 20,280 5,550 4,219 23,800 1982 99,526 10,850 6,415 55,620 21,390 26,150 20,250 5,520 4,213 23,560 1983 100,834 10,940 6,300 56,550 21,380 (5)25,770 20,320 (5)5,420 4,218 23,470 1984 105,005 11,209 6,494 56,870 21,200 25,830 20,390 5,490 4,249 23,930 1985 107,150 11,516 6,697 57,260 21,150 26,010 20,490 5,650 4,293 24,290 1986 (5)109,597 11,866 6,974 57,740 21,240 26,380 (5)20,610 5,740 4,326 24,470 1987 112,440 12,209 (5)7,142 58,320 21,320 26,590 20,590 5,850 (5)4,340 25,010 1988 114,968 12,591 7,413 59,310 21,520 26,800 20,870 (5)5,880 4,410 25,850 1989 117,342 12,866 7,734 60,500 21,850 27,200 20,770 5,990 4,480 26,510 1990 (5)118,793 12,961 7,877 61,710 22,080 27,950 21,080 6,270 4,513 26,740 1991 117,718 12,747 7,698 62,920 22,120 (5)36,870 (5)21,360 6,380 4,447 26,090 1992 118,492 12,672 7,660 63,620 22,000 36,390 21,230 6,550 4,265 25,530 1993 120,259 12,770 7,699 63,810 21,710 35,990 (5)20,270 6,570 4,028 25,120 1994 (5)123,060 13,027 7,942 63,860 21,750 35,760 19,940 6,660 3,992 25,320 1995 124,900 13,271 8,256 63,890 21,950 35,780 19,820 6,730 4,056 25,600 1996 126,708 13,380 8,364 64,200 22,040 35,640 19,920 6,950 4,019 25,850 1997 (5)129,558 13,705 8,444 64,900 22,170 35,510 19,990 7,160 3,973 26,290 1998 (5)131,463 14,068 8,618 64,450 22,580 36,060 20,210 7,310 4,034 26,600 1999 (5)133,488 14,456 8,808 63,920 23,070 36,360 20,460 7,580 4,117 26,890 2000 (5)136,891 14,827 9,068 63,790 23,670 36,540 20,840 7,900 4,229 27,200 2001 136,933 14,997 9,157 63,470 24,100 36,590 21,270 8,090 4,303 27,400 2002 136,485 15,325 9,334 p62,650 NA NA 21,580 NA p4,308 NA Continued on the following page. 11 Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) (1) (3) Employment (thousands) As published by originating country (6) 1959 64,630 5,870 NA 43,350 18,584 25,797 20,349 4,092 (4)3,543 23,315 1960 (5)65,778 5,965 NA 44,360 18,611 26,247 20,330 4,162 (4)3,599 23,711 1961 65,746 6,055 NA 44,980 18,629 26,591 20,427 4,213 3,633 24,011 1962 (5)66,702 6,225 NA 45,560 18,748 26,690 20,337 4,297 3,657 24,156 1963 67,762 6,375 NA 45,950 19,066 26,744 20,045 4,356 3,659 24,226 1964 69,305 6,609 4,496 46,550 19,413 26,753 19,966 4,445 3,660 24,570 1965 71,088 6,862 4,628 47,300 19,541 26,887 19,502 4,487 3,698 24,800 1966 72,895 (5)7,242 4,785 48,270 19,688 26,801 19,175 4,519 3,733 24,869 1967 74,372 7,451 4,928 49,200 19,762 25,950 19,401 4,505 3,695 24,548 1968 75,920 7,593 5,046 50,020 19,732 25,968 19,383 4,552 3,737 24,447 1969 77,902 7,832 5,188 50,400 20,041 26,356 19,209 4,621 3,782 24,453 1970 78,678 7,919 5,388 50,940 20,328 26,668 19,325 4,679 3,854 24,389 1971 79,367 8,104 5,517 51,210 20,440 26,772 19,295 4,700 3,860 24,165 1972 (5)82,153 8,344 5,601 51,260 20,571 26,875 18,976 4,673 3,862 24,281 1973 (5)85,064 8,761 5,765 52,590 20,863 27,160 19,145 4,670 3,879 24,737 1974 86,794 9,125 5,891 52,370 21,059 26,829 19,539 4,672 3,962 24,820 1975 85,846 9,284 5,866 52,230 20,871 26,110 19,635 4,640 4,062 24,680 1976 88,752 (5)9,776 5,946 52,710 21,040 25,974 19,757 4,654 4,088 24,510 1977 92,017 9,915 6,000 53,420 21,231 26,008 19,938 4,701 4,099 24,538 1978 (5)96,048 10,212 6,038 54,080 21,327 26,219 20,017 4,757 4,115 24,755 1979 98,824 10,658 6,111 54,790 21,392 26,657 20,212 4,821 4,180 25,081 1980 99,303 10,970 6,284 55,360 21,443 27,059 20,487 4,970 4,232 24,817 1981 100,397 11,297 6,416 55,810 21,335 27,033 20,544 5,072 4,225 23,948 1982 99,526 10,947 6,415 56,380 21,396 26,725 20,493 5,010 4,219 23,496 1983 100,834 11,027 6,300 57,330 21,381 26,347 20,557 4,950 4,224 23,452 1984 105,005 11,300 6,494 57,660 21,203 26,393 20,629 4,980 4,255 23,967 1985 107,150 11,617 6,697 58,070 21,146 26,593 20,735 5,076 4,299 24,225 1986 (5)109,597 11,979 6,974 58,530 21,246 26,960 (5)20,857 5,155 4,269 24,303 1987 112,440 12,321 (5)7,142 59,110 21,328 27,157 20,837 (5)5,773 (5)4,281 24,872 1988 114,968 12,710 7,413 60,110 21,528 27,364 21,103 5,934 4,342 25,734 1989 117,342 12,986 7,734 61,280 21,846 27,761 21,004 6,065 4,408 26,416 1990 (5)118,793 13,084 7,877 62,490 22,081 28,486 21,304 6,268 4,449 26,769 1991 117,718 12,851 7,698 63,690 22,120 (5)36,563 (5)21,592 6,444 4,373 25,930 1992 118,492 12,760 7,660 64,360 22,002 35,860 21,459 (5)6,576 4,195 25,330 1993 120,259 12,858 7,699 64,500 21,714 35,221 (5)20,484 6,571 3,964 25,136 1994 (5)123,060 13,112 7,942 64,530 21,750 34,972 20,154 6,631 3,926 25,654 1995 124,900 13,357 8,256 64,570 21,954 34,817 20,026 6,838 3,988 25,873 1996 126,708 13,463 8,364 64,860 22,036 36,151 20,125 6,983 3,963 26,585 1997 (5)129,558 13,774 8,444 65,570 22,167 37,194 20,207 7,206 3,922 27,075 1998 (5)131,463 14,140 8,618 65,140 22,575 37,611 20,435 7,425 3,979 28,419 1999 (5)133,488 14,531 8,808 64,620 23,070 38,081 20,692 7,622 4,068 28,668 2000 (5)136,891 14,910 9,068 64,460 23,670 38,706 21,080 7,758 4,159 29,063 2001 136,933 15,077 9,157 64,120 24,099 38,773 21,514 7,888 4,239 29,275 2002 136,485 15,412 9,334 63,300 NA NA 21,829 NA 4,244 NA Continued on the following page. 12 Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) (1) (3) Unemployment (thousands) Approximating U.S. concepts 1959 3,740 350 NA 980 290 510 1,000 NA (4)60 660 1960 (5)3,852 420 NA 750 270 280 760 NA (4)63 530 1961 4,714 439 NA 660 230 160 670 NA 55 480 1962 (5)3,911 368 NA 590 270 150 580 NA 55 670 1963 4,070 351 NA 590 300 120 480 NA 62 830 1964 3,786 306 63 540 240 100 540 NA 58 620 1965 3,366 263 61 570 310 70 690 NA 44 540 1966 2,875 251 76 650 320 70 730 NA 59 570 1967 2,975 296 94 630 420 340 670 NA 80 830 1968 2,817 358 94 590 550 290 700 NA 85 810 1969 2,832 362 96 570 480 170 680 NA 73 770 1970 4,093 476 91 590 530 140 640 NA 59 770 1971 5,016 535 107 640 580 160 640 NA 101 980 1972 (5)4,882 553 150 730 610 190 740 NA 107 1,070 1973 (5)4,365 515 136 680 590 190 720 160 98 820 1974 5,156 514 162 730 630 420 620 190 80 790 1975 7,929 690 302 1,000 910 890 690 270 67 1,180 1976 7,406 (5)711 298 1,080 1,020 890 790 290 66 1,540 1977 6,991 829 358 1,100 1,160 900 840 270 75 1,660 1978 (5)6,202 890 405 1,240 1,220 870 850 280 94 1,650 1979 6,137 827 408 1,170 1,390 780 920 290 88 1,420 1980 7,637 849 409 1,140 1,490 770 920 350 86 1,850 1981 8,273 883 394 1,260 1,760 1,090 1,040 540 108 2,790 1982 10,678 1,289 495 1,360 1,930 1,560 1,160 630 137 3,000 1983 10,717 1,428 697 1,560 2,020 (5)1,900 1,270 (5)700 151 3,140 1984 8,539 1,370 641 1,610 2,360 1,970 1,280 710 136 3,180 1985 8,312 1,309 603 1,560 2,470 2,010 1,310 600 125 3,060 1986 (5)8,237 1,209 613 1,670 2,520 1,860 (5)1,680 640 117 3,080 1987 7,425 1,122 (5)612 1,730 2,570 1,800 1,760 650 (5)97 2,860 1988 6,701 998 558 1,550 2,460 1,810 1,790 (5)460 84 2,420 1989 6,528 982 490 1,420 2,320 1,640 1,760 430 72 2,070 1990 (5)7,047 1,082 563 1,340 2,210 1,460 1,590 390 84 1,990 1991 8,628 1,388 788 1,360 2,330 (5)2,200 (5)1,580 370 144 2,520 1992 9,613 1,505 897 1,420 (5)2,430 2,620 1,680 370 255 2,880 1993 8,940 1,539 914 1,660 2,770 3,110 (5)2,300 440 415 2,930 1994 (5)7,996 1,373 829 1,920 2,920 3,320 2,510 490 426 2,670 1995 7,404 1,246 739 2,100 2,800 3,200 2,640 480 404 2,440 1996 7,236 1,289 751 2,250 2,970 3,510 2,650 440 440 2,290 1997 (5)6,739 1,252 760 2,300 2,960 3,910 2,690 370 445 1,980 1998 (5)6,210 1,169 721 2,790 2,870 3,690 2,750 300 368 1,780 1999 (5)5,880 1,080 658 3,170 2,730 3,440 2,670 250 313 1,720 2000 (5)5,692 962 611 3,200 2,380 3,210 2,500 220 260 1,580 2001 6,801 1,031 661 3,400 2,240 3,190 2,270 200 227 1,470 2002 8,378 1,150 629 p3,590 NA NA 2,160 NA p234 NA Continued on the following page. 13 Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) (1) (3) Unemployment (thousands) As published by originating country (7) 1959 3,740 372 NA 980 299 540 1,530 49 (4)60 430 1960 (5)3,852 446 NA 750 276 271 1,215 29 (4)63 361 1961 4,714 466 NA 660 241 181 1,108 21 55 340 1962 (5)3,911 390 NA 590 276 154 969 21 55 472 1963 4,070 374 NA 590 311 186 807 24 62 541 1964 3,786 324 63 540 251 169 904 21 58 383 1965 3,366 280 61 570 316 147 1,110 25 44 339 1966 2,875 (5)251 76 650 326 161 1,192 36 59 368 1967 2,975 296 94 630 436 459 1,106 75 80 557 1968 2,817 358 94 590 554 323 1,172 68 85 575 1969 2,832 362 96 570 484 179 1,160 49 73 575 1970 4,093 476 91 590 530 149 1,111 45 59 612 1971 5,016 535 107 640 585 185 1,109 62 101 655 1972 (5)4,882 553 150 730 611 246 1,296 108 107 726 1973 (5)4,365 515 136 680 593 273 1,303 110 98 517 1974 5,156 514 162 730 632 582 1,111 135 80 520 1975 7,929 690 302 1,000 912 1,074 1,226 (5)260 67 798 1976 7,406 (5)738 298 1,080 1,022 1,060 1,420 278 66 1,093 1977 6,991 860 358 1,100 1,160 1,030 1,538 271 75 1,163 1978 (5)6,202 926 405 1,240 1,222 993 1,560 273 94 1,146 1979 6,137 863 408 1,170 1,387 876 1,686 281 88 1,076 1980 7,637 890 409 1,140 1,492 889 1,684 325 86 1,366 1981 8,273 926 394 1,260 1,761 1,272 1,895 480 108 2,174 1982 10,678 1,349 495 1,360 1,929 1,833 1,923 655 137 2,547 1983 10,717 1,496 697 1,560 2,019 2,258 2,140 801 151 2,790 1984 8,539 1,439 641 1,610 2,357 2,265 2,304 822 136 2,921 1985 8,312 1,385 603 1,560 2,474 2,304 2,381 761 125 3,036 1986 (5)8,237 1,278 613 1,670 2,520 2,228 (5)2,611 711 117 3,107 1987 7,425 1,191 (5)612 1,730 2,567 2,229 2,832 686 (5)92 2,806 1988 6,701 1,068 558 1,550 2,456 2,242 2,885 (5)433 78 2,275 1989 6,528 1,060 490 1,420 2,323 2,038 2,865 390 67 1,784 1990 (5)7,047 1,157 563 1,340 2,197 1,883 2,621 346 75 1,661 1991 8,628 1,480 788 1,360 2,339 (5)2,602 (5)2,653 334 133 2,286 1992 9,613 1,602 897 1,420 2,570 2,979 2,799 336 233 2,765 1993 8,940 1,647 914 1,660 2,907 3,419 (5)2,299 415 356 2,901 1994 (5)7,996 1,515 829 1,920 3,049 3,698 2,508 486 340 2,619 1995 7,404 1,393 739 2,100 2,886 3,612 2,638 464 332 2,290 1996 7,236 1,437 751 2,250 3,083 3,965 2,653 440 347 2,088 1997 (5)6,739 1,379 760 2,300 3,107 4,384 2,688 375 342 1,585 1998 (5)6,210 1,277 721 2,790 2,989 4,279 2,745 287 276 1,348 1999 (5)5,880 1,190 658 3,170 2,834 4,099 2,669 221 241 1,248 2000 (5)5,692 1,090 611 3,200 2,505 3,889 2,495 188 203 1,089 2001 6,801 1,170 661 3,400 2,321 3,852 2,267 146 175 970 2002 8,378 1,278 629 3,590 p2,409 NA 2,163 NA 176 NA Continued on the following page. 14 Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) (1) (3) Civilian Unemployment Rate (percent) Approximating U.S. concepts 1959 5.5 5.6 (8)2.1 2.3 1.6 2.0 4.8 NA (4)1.7 2.8 1960 (5)5.5 6.5 (8)1.6 1.7 1.5 1.1 3.7 NA (4)1.7 2.2 1961 6.7 6.7 (8)3.0 1.5 1.2 0.6 3.2 NA 1.5 2.0 1962 (5)5.5 5.5 (8)2.9 1.3 1.4 0.6 2.8 NA 1.5 2.7 1963 5.7 5.2 (8)2.3 1.3 1.6 0.5 2.4 NA 1.7 3.3 1964 5.2 4.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.4 2.7 NA 1.6 2.5 1965 4.5 3.6 1.3 1.2 1.6 0.3 3.5 NA 1.2 2.1 1966 3.8 3.4 1.6 1.4 1.6 0.3 3.7 NA 1.6 2.3 1967 3.8 3.8 1.9 1.3 2.1 1.3 3.4 NA 2.1 3.3 1968 3.6 4.5 1.8 1.2 2.7 1.1 3.5 NA 2.2 3.2 1969 3.5 4.4 1.8 1.1 2.3 0.6 3.5 NA 1.9 3.1 1970 4.9 5.7 1.6 1.2 2.5 0.5 3.2 NA 1.5 3.1 1971 5.9 6.2 1.9 1.3 2.8 0.6 3.3 NA 2.6 3.9 1972 (5)5.6 6.2 2.6 1.4 2.9 0.7 3.8 NA 2.7 4.2 1973 (5)4.9 5.5 2.3 1.3 2.8 0.7 3.7 3.1 2.5 3.2 1974 5.6 5.3 2.7 1.4 2.9 1.6 3.1 3.6 2.0 3.1 1975 8.5 6.9 4.9 1.9 4.2 3.4 3.4 5.1 1.6 4.6 1976 7.7 (5)6.8 4.8 2.0 4.6 3.4 3.9 5.4 1.6 5.9 1977 7.1 7.8 5.6 2.0 5.2 3.4 4.1 4.9 1.8 6.4 1978 (5)6.1 8.1 6.3 2.3 5.4 3.3 4.1 5.1 2.2 6.3 1979 5.8 7.3 6.3 2.1 6.1 2.9 4.4 5.1 2.1 5.4 1980 7.1 7.3 6.1 2.0 6.5 2.8 4.4 6.0 2.0 7.0 1981 7.6 7.3 5.8 2.2 7.6 4.0 4.9 8.9 2.5 10.5 1982 9.7 10.6 7.2 2.4 8.3 5.6 5.4 10.2 3.1 11.3 1983 9.6 11.5 10.0 2.7 8.6 (5)6.9 5.9 (5)11.4 3.5 11.8 1984 7.5 10.9 9.0 2.8 10.0 7.1 5.9 11.5 3.1 11.7 1985 7.2 10.2 8.3 2.6 10.5 7.2 6.0 9.6 2.8 11.2 1986 (5)7.0 9.2 8.1 2.8 10.6 6.6 (5)7.5 10.0 2.6 11.2 1987 6.2 8.4 (5)7.9 2.9 10.8 6.3 7.9 10.0 (5)2.2 10.3 1988 5.5 7.3 7.0 2.5 10.3 6.3 7.9 (5)7.3 1.9 8.6 1989 5.3 7.1 6.0 2.3 9.6 5.7 7.8 6.7 1.6 7.2 1990 (5)5.6 7.7 6.7 2.1 9.1 5.0 7.0 5.9 1.8 6.9 1991 6.8 9.8 9.3 2.1 9.5 (5)5.6 (5)6.9 5.5 3.1 8.8 1992 7.5 10.6 10.5 2.2 (5)9.9 6.7 7.3 5.3 5.6 10.1 1993 6.9 10.8 10.6 2.5 11.3 8.0 (5)10.2 6.3 9.3 10.4 1994 (5)6.1 9.5 9.4 2.9 11.8 8.5 11.2 6.9 9.6 9.5 1995 5.6 8.6 8.2 3.2 11.3 8.2 11.8 6.7 9.1 8.7 1996 5.4 8.8 8.2 3.4 11.9 9.0 11.7 6.0 9.9 8.1 1997 (5)4.9 8.4 8.3 3.4 11.8 9.9 11.9 4.9 10.1 7.0 1998 (5)4.5 7.7 7.7 4.1 11.3 9.3 12.0 3.9 8.4 6.3 1999 (5)4.2 7.0 7.0 4.7 10.6 8.6 11.5 3.2 7.1 6.0 2000 (5)4.0 6.1 6.3 4.8 9.1 8.1 10.7 2.7 5.8 5.5 2001 4.7 6.4 6.7 5.1 8.5 8.0 9.6 2.4 5.0 5.1 2002 5.8 7.0 6.3 p5.4 p8.8 p8.4 9.1 NA p5.2 p5.2 Continued on the following page. 15 Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) (1) (3) Unemployment Rate (percent) As published by originating country (9) 1959 5.5 6.0 (8)2.1 2.2 1.6 2.6 7.0 1.5 (4)1.7 2.2 1960 (5)5.5 7.0 (8)1.6 1.7 1.5 1.3 5.6 0.9 (4)1.7 1.6 1961 6.7 7.2 (8)3.0 1.4 1.3 0.8 5.1 0.6 1.5 1.5 1962 (5)5.5 5.9 (8)2.9 1.3 1.5 0.7 4.5 0.6 1.5 2.0 1963 5.7 5.5 (8)2.3 1.3 1.6 0.8 3.9 0.7 1.7 2.4 1964 5.2 4.7 1.4 1.1 1.3 0.8 4.3 0.6 1.6 1.8 1965 4.5 3.9 1.3 1.2 1.6 0.7 5.4 0.7 1.2 1.5 1966 3.8 (5)3.4 1.6 1.3 1.6 0.7 5.9 1.0 1.6 1.5 1967 3.8 3.8 1.9 1.3 2.2 2.1 5.4 2.0 2.1 2.3 1968 3.6 4.5 1.8 1.2 2.7 1.5 5.7 1.8 2.2 2.5 1969 3.5 4.4 1.8 1.1 2.4 0.9 5.7 1.3 1.9 2.5 1970 4.9 5.7 1.6 1.1 2.5 0.7 5.4 1.1 1.5 2.6 1971 5.9 6.2 1.9 1.2 2.8 0.8 5.4 1.6 2.5 2.6 1972 (5)5.6 6.2 2.6 1.4 2.9 1.1 6.4 2.8 2.7 2.9 1973 (5)4.9 5.5 2.3 1.3 2.8 1.2 6.4 2.8 2.5 2.0 1974 5.6 5.3 2.7 1.4 2.9 2.6 5.4 3.5 2.0 2.0 1975 8.5 6.9 4.9 1.9 4.2 4.7 5.9 (5)5.0 1.6 3.1 1976 7.7 (5)7.0 4.8 2.0 4.6 4.6 6.7 5.3 1.6 4.2 1977 7.1 8.0 5.6 2.0 5.2 4.5 7.2 5.1 1.8 4.4 1978 (5)6.1 8.3 6.3 2.2 5.4 4.3 7.2 5.1 2.2 4.3 1979 5.8 7.5 6.3 2.1 6.1 3.8 7.7 5.1 2.1 4.0 1980 7.1 7.5 6.1 2.0 6.5 3.8 7.6 5.9 2.0 5.1 1981 7.6 7.6 5.8 2.2 7.6 5.5 8.4 9.1 2.5 8.1 1982 9.7 11.0 7.2 2.4 8.3 7.5 8.6 12.6 3.1 9.5 1983 9.6 11.9 10.0 2.6 8.6 9.1 9.4 17.0 3.5 10.5 1984 7.5 11.3 9.0 2.7 10.0 9.1 10.1 17.3 3.1 10.7 1985 7.2 10.7 8.3 2.6 10.5 9.3 10.3 15.9 2.8 10.9 1986 (5)7.0 9.6 8.1 2.8 10.6 9.0 (5)11.1 14.7 2.7 11.2 1987 6.2 8.8 (5)7.9 2.8 10.7 8.9 12.0 13.9 (5)2.1 10.0 1988 5.5 7.8 7.0 2.5 10.2 8.7 12.0 (5)6.5 1.8 8.1 1989 5.3 7.5 6.0 2.3 9.6 7.9 12.0 5.8 1.5 6.3 1990 (5)5.6 8.1 6.7 2.1 9.1 7.2 11.0 5.0 1.7 5.8 1991 6.8 10.3 9.3 2.1 9.5 (5)7.3 (5)10.9 5.4 3.0 8.0 1992 7.5 11.2 10.5 2.2 10.4 8.5 11.5 5.3 5.3 9.7 1993 6.9 11.4 10.6 2.5 11.7 9.8 (5)10.1 6.5 8.2 10.3 1994 (5)6.1 10.4 9.4 2.9 12.3 10.6 11.1 7.5 8.0 9.4 1995 5.6 9.4 8.2 3.2 11.6 10.4 11.6 7.0 7.7 7.6 1996 5.4 9.6 8.2 3.4 12.3 11.5 11.6 6.6 8.1 7.0 1997 (5)4.9 9.1 8.3 3.4 12.4 12.7 11.7 5.5 8.0 5.3 1998 (5)4.5 8.3 7.7 4.1 11.7 12.3 11.8 4.1 6.5 4.5 1999 (5)4.2 7.6 7.0 4.7 11.1 11.7 11.4 3.1 5.6 4.2 2000 (5)4.0 6.8 6.3 4.7 9.6 10.7 10.6 2.6 4.7 3.6 2001 4.7 7.2 6.7 5.0 8.8 p10.4 9.5 2.0 4.0 3.2 2002 5.8 7.7 6.3 5.4 NA NA 9.0 NA 4.0 NA Continued on the following page. 16 Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-2002--Continued Footnotes: NA = Not available. p = Preliminary. (1) Published and adjusted data are identical. (2) Published and adjusted data are identical from 1966 to 1975. There is a break in the "as published" series for Canada as of 1966, resulting from sampling changes and a raising of the lower age limit from 14 to 15. The effect was to lower the "as published" unemployment rate by about 0.4 percentage point. The adjusted series for Canada prior to 1966 are based on BLS estimates and do not show a break in series. (3) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany. (4) The Swedish labor force survey was initiated in 1961. The published data for 1959-1960 are estimates made by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (5) Break in series. See section on breaks in the Country Notes on pages 3-7 for more information. (6) Including military personnel for Japan, Germany, Italy, and Sweden. (7) For the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, Italy, and Sweden, unemployment as recorded by labor force surveys; for France, annual estimates of unemployment; and for Germany and the Netherlands (until 1989), the registered unemployed; and for the United Kingdom, the count of claimants for unemployment benefits. Beginning with 1989 for the Netherlands, figures are based on a combination of registered unemployed and unemployment as recorded by labor force surveys. (8) The Australian labor force survey was initiated in 1964. Unemployment rates for 1959-1963 are estimates made by an Australian researcher. (9) For the United States, Canada, Australia, and France, unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force; for Japan, Italy, and Sweden, unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force plus career military personnel; for Germany, registered unemployed as a percent of civilian employed wage and salary workers plus the unemployed; for the Netherlands, until 1988, registered unemployed as a percent of wage and salary workers plus the unemployed and beginning with 1988, national estimates of the unemployed as a percent of the total labor force; for the United Kingdom, registered claimants for unemployment benefits as a percent of the civilian labor force plus military personnel. "As published" unemployment rates shown for Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom cannot be derived by dividing the "as published" unemployment by the "as published" labor force because of these differences in the definition of the national unemployment rate. 17 Table 3. Quarterly Civilian Unemployment Rates, Seasonally Adjusted, 1996-2002 United United Period States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy Sweden Kingdom (1) (1) (1, 2) (3) (1) (1) 1996 5.4 8.8 8.2 3.4 11.9 9.0 11.7 9.9 8.1 I 5.5 8.7 8.2 3.4 11.7 8.8 11.7 9.4 8.3 II 5.5 8.5 8.2 3.5 11.9 8.8 11.8 9.6 8.3 III 5.3 8.8 8.3 3.4 11.9 9.0 11.8 9.9 8.1 IV 5.3 9.2 8.3 3.3 11.9 9.3 11.8 10.5 7.9 1997 (4)4.9 8.4 8.3 3.4 11.8 9.9 11.9 10.1 7.0 I 5.2 8.6 8.4 3.3 11.9 9.6 11.9 10.9 7.4 II 5.0 8.6 8.3 3.4 11.9 10.0 11.9 10.7 7.2 III 4.9 8.1 8.2 3.4 11.8 10.0 11.7 9.7 6.9 IV 4.7 8.1 8.0 3.5 11.6 10.0 11.9 9.0 6.6 1998 (4)4.5 7.7 7.7 4.1 11.3 9.3 12.0 8.4 6.3 I 4.6 8.0 7.9 3.7 11.5 9.8 11.9 8.7 6.4 II 4.4 7.7 7.8 4.2 11.3 9.4 12.0 8.7 6.3 III 4.5 7.6 7.8 4.3 11.2 9.1 12.0 8.5 6.3 IV 4.4 7.4 7.5 4.5 11.1 8.9 12.0 7.6 6.2 1999 (4)4.2 7.0 7.0 4.7 10.6 8.6 11.5 7.1 6.0 I 4.3 7.3 7.2 4.7 11.0 8.8 11.8 7.1 6.2 II 4.3 7.3 7.0 4.8 10.8 8.7 11.7 7.0 6.1 III 4.3 6.9 6.9 4.8 10.5 8.6 11.5 7.1 5.9 IV 4.1 6.3 6.7 4.7 10.1 8.5 11.3 7.1 5.9 2000 (4)4.0 6.1 6.3 4.8 9.1 8.1 10.7 5.8 5.5 I 4.0 6.1 6.5 4.8 9.6 8.3 11.2 6.6 5.8 II 4.0 6.1 6.4 4.7 9.3 8.1 10.9 6.0 5.5 III 4.0 6.1 6.1 4.7 9.0 8.0 10.5 5.6 5.4 IV 3.9 6.1 6.2 4.8 8.7 7.8 10.1 5.2 5.2 2001 4.7 6.4 6.7 5.1 8.5 8.0 9.6 5.0 5.1 I 4.2 6.2 6.5 4.8 8.5 7.9 10.0 5.1 5.1 II 4.4 6.3 6.8 4.9 8.4 8.0 9.7 5.0 5.0 III 4.8 6.5 6.8 5.2 8.5 8.0 9.5 5.0 5.1 IV 5.6 6.8 6.8 5.5 8.6 8.1 9.4 5.1 5.2 2002 5.8 7.0 6.3 5.4 8.8 8.4 9.1 5.2 5.2 I 5.6 7.1 6.6 5.3 8.7 8.2 9.2 5.0 5.1 II 5.9 6.9 6.3 5.4 8.7 8.4 9.1 5.0 5.2 III 5.8 7.0 6.2 5.5 8.9 8.5 9.1 5.2 5.3 IV 5.9 6.9 6.1 5.5 8.9 8.6 9.0 5.4 5.1 (1) Preliminary for 2002 for Japan, France, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom. (2) Unified Germany. (3) Quarterly data are for January, April, July, and October. (4) Break in series. See section on breaks in the Country Notes on pages 3-7 for more information. Note: Quarterly figures for France and Germany are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to quarterly published data, and therefore should be viewed as only approximate indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts. 18 Table 4. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex, 1960-2002 United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Both Sexes 1960 59.4 56.2 NA 67.9 59.5 59.8 56.1 NA 66.5 61.9 1961 59.3 56.2 NA 67.8 58.9 59.9 55.8 NA 66.3 62.1 1962 (2)58.8 55.9 NA 66.9 57.9 59.6 54.7 NA 65.9 62.1 1963 58.7 55.9 NA 65.7 57.5 59.4 53.1 NA 65.3 62.3 1964 58.7 56.2 59.5 64.8 57.6 59.0 52.5 NA 64.5 62.2 1965 58.9 56.5 59.9 64.4 57.4 58.7 51.4 NA 64.1 62.4 1966 59.2 57.3 60.6 64.6 57.3 58.2 50.0 NA 64.2 62.3 1967 59.6 57.6 61.2 64.8 57.4 57.0 50.2 NA 63.3 62.0 1968 59.6 57.6 61.2 64.9 57.1 56.9 49.7 NA 63.8 61.6 1969 60.1 57.9 61.4 64.6 57.3 57.0 49.3 NA 63.8 61.4 1970 60.4 57.8 62.1 64.5 57.5 56.9 49.0 NA 64.0 61.1 1971 60.2 58.1 62.2 64.3 57.4 56.5 48.7 NA 64.2 60.4 1972 (2)60.4 58.6 62.3 63.8 57.2 56.2 47.7 NA 64.1 60.8 1973 (2)60.8 59.7 62.6 64.0 57.3 56.3 47.6 53.4 64.1 62.4 1974 61.2 60.5 63.0 63.1 57.4 55.7 47.7 53.5 64.8 62.2 1975 61.2 61.1 63.2 62.4 57.2 55.0 47.7 54.5 65.9 62.6 1976 61.6 (2)62.5 62.7 62.4 57.5 54.6 48.0 54.1 66.0 62.7 1977 62.3 62.8 62.7 62.5 57.8 54.4 48.2 54.2 65.9 62.7 1978 (2)63.2 63.6 61.9 62.8 57.7 54.4 47.8 54.0 66.1 62.8 1979 63.7 64.4 61.6 62.7 57.8 54.5 48.0 54.2 66.6 62.5 1980 63.8 64.9 62.1 62.6 57.5 54.7 48.2 55.4 66.9 62.5 1981 63.9 65.6 61.9 62.6 57.5 54.7 48.3 56.7 66.8 62.3 1982 64.0 64.8 61.7 62.7 57.5 54.6 47.7 56.6 66.8 61.9 1983 64.0 65.1 61.4 63.1 57.2 (2)54.3 47.5 (2)55.7 66.7 61.6 1984 64.4 65.4 61.5 62.7 57.2 54.4 47.3 55.7 66.6 62.3 1985 64.8 65.9 61.6 62.3 56.8 54.7 47.2 55.5 66.9 62.4 1986 (2)65.3 66.3 62.8 62.1 56.7 54.9 (2)47.8 56.0 67.0 62.5 1987 65.6 66.7 (2)62.9 61.9 56.5 55.0 47.6 56.3 (2)66.4 62.9 1988 65.9 67.0 63.3 61.9 56.2 55.1 47.4 (2)54.4 66.9 63.5 1989 66.5 67.4 64.1 62.2 56.1 55.2 47.3 54.6 67.3 64.0 1990 (2)66.5 67.3 64.7 62.6 56.0 55.3 47.2 56.3 67.4 64.1 1991 66.2 66.7 64.2 63.2 55.9 (2)58.8 (2)47.7 56.5 67.0 63.7 1992 66.4 65.9 63.9 63.4 (2)55.6 58.2 47.5 57.5 65.7 63.1 1993 66.3 65.5 63.5 63.3 55.4 57.7 (2)47.9 58.0 64.5 62.5 1994 (2)66.6 65.2 63.9 63.1 55.5 57.4 47.3 58.6 63.7 62.3 1995 66.6 64.9 64.6 62.9 55.4 57.1 47.1 58.7 64.1 62.3 1996 66.8 64.7 64.6 63.0 55.6 57.1 47.1 60.0 64.0 62.3 1997 (2)67.1 65.0 64.3 63.2 55.5 57.3 47.2 60.8 63.3 62.4 1998 (2)67.1 65.4 64.3 62.8 55.9 57.7 47.6 61.0 62.8 62.5 1999 (2)67.1 65.8 64.2 62.4 56.3 57.6 47.8 62.4 62.8 62.7 2000 (2)67.1 65.9 64.7 62.0 56.5 57.4 48.1 64.4 63.8 62.8 2001 66.8 66.0 64.7 61.6 56.8 57.2 48.3 65.4 63.7 62.7 2002 66.6 66.8 p64.7 p60.8 NA NA 48.6 NA p63.6 NA Continued on the following page. 19 Table 4. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex, 1960-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Male 1960 83.3 82.8 NA 84.2 NA 82.4 82.4 NA NA 86.8 1961 82.9 81.8 NA 84.3 NA 82.7 81.8 NA 87.1 86.6 1962 (2)82.0 81.1 NA 83.6 81.0 82.2 80.6 NA 85.4 86.2 1963 81.4 80.5 NA 82.5 79.8 81.9 79.2 NA 83.7 86.4 1964 81.0 80.1 85.3 81.5 79.9 81.4 78.7 NA 82.7 85.8 1965 80.7 79.9 85.1 81.1 79.2 80.9 77.5 NA 82.2 85.4 1966 80.4 79.8 85.2 81.1 79.1 80.5 76.0 NA 81.6 84.9 1967 80.4 79.3 84.9 81.0 78.8 79.3 76.1 NA 80.5 84.5 1968 80.1 78.6 84.5 81.7 77.8 79.0 75.2 NA 80.1 83.6 1969 79.8 78.3 84.2 81.5 77.7 78.9 74.4 NA 79.3 82.9 1970 79.7 77.8 84.1 81.5 77.4 78.8 73.7 NA 78.5 82.1 1971 79.1 77.3 83.8 81.9 76.5 77.4 73.4 NA 78.0 80.8 1972 (2)79.0 77.5 83.6 81.9 75.7 76.3 72.0 NA 77.3 80.7 1973 (2)78.8 78.2 83.1 81.9 75.5 75.7 71.2 79.4 76.8 82.1 1974 78.7 78.7 82.7 81.6 75.3 74.6 71.0 79.3 76.7 80.5 1975 77.9 78.4 82.2 81.2 74.4 73.4 70.6 80.0 77.0 80.7 1976 77.5 (2)79.1 81.5 81.0 74.1 72.5 70.4 79.2 76.5 80.6 1977 77.7 79.1 81.0 80.4 73.9 71.9 69.5 78.7 75.6 80.1 1978 (2)77.9 79.3 79.8 80.1 73.3 71.6 68.7 77.8 75.1 79.6 1979 77.8 79.6 79.4 79.9 72.8 71.5 68.3 77.0 75.1 78.9 1980 77.4 79.4 79.1 79.6 72.0 71.3 67.9 77.4 74.9 78.7 1981 77.0 79.4 78.8 79.6 71.5 70.8 67.8 77.5 73.8 78.4 1982 76.6 77.9 78.4 79.3 70.8 70.6 66.9 76.1 73.5 77.3 1983 76.4 77.7 77.6 79.2 69.9 (2)70.2 66.2 (2)75.2 72.9 76.5 1984 76.4 77.5 77.3 78.5 69.2 70.1 65.6 74.3 72.4 76.4 1985 76.3 77.4 76.5 77.9 68.4 70.1 65.3 73.8 72.5 76.1 1986 (2)76.3 77.5 76.6 77.6 67.9 70.2 (2)65.2 72.4 72.5 75.5 1987 76.2 77.4 (2)76.1 77.1 67.1 70.0 64.5 71.4 (2)71.3 75.5 1988 76.2 77.1 76.0 76.9 66.5 69.6 63.9 (2)68.7 71.6 75.9 1989 76.4 77.1 76.3 76.8 66.1 69.1 63.4 68.1 72.0 76.1 1990 (2)76.4 76.6 76.4 77.0 65.9 68.4 63.0 70.0 72.0 75.9 1991 75.8 75.4 75.6 77.4 65.5 (2)71.1 (2)63.7 69.6 71.7 75.2 1992 75.8 74.3 75.0 77.8 (2)64.6 70.1 63.1 70.3 70.4 74.1 1993 75.4 73.7 74.4 77.8 64.1 69.3 (2)63.8 70.0 69.2 72.6 1994 (2)75.1 73.4 74.4 77.6 63.9 68.8 62.8 70.4 68.5 72.3 1995 75.0 72.8 74.7 77.5 63.6 68.1 62.1 69.7 68.9 71.9 1996 74.9 72.4 74.4 77.5 63.8 67.8 61.8 71.1 68.8 71.7 1997 (2)75.0 72.6 74.0 77.6 63.5 67.6 62.0 71.5 68.2 71.4 1998 (2)74.9 72.6 73.7 77.1 63.6 67.9 61.6 71.0 68.0 71.1 1999 (2)74.7 72.9 73.6 76.7 63.9 67.3 61.6 71.6 67.7 71.3 2000 (2)74.8 72.7 73.4 76.2 64.0 66.8 61.6 74.9 68.6 71.1 2001 74.4 72.6 73.1 75.5 64.2 66.3 61.4 75.4 68.1 70.8 2002 74.1 73.3 p72.9 p74.5 NA NA 61.5 NA p67.8 NA Continued on the following page. 20 Table 4. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex, 1960-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Female 1960 37.7 30.1 NA 52.7 NA 41.1 32.3 NA NA 39.8 1961 38.1 31.0 NA 52.4 NA 41.0 32.5 NA 46.1 40.1 1962 (2)37.9 31.3 NA 51.3 38.2 40.7 31.6 NA 47.1 40.5 1963 38.3 31.9 NA 50.0 38.2 40.7 29.7 NA 47.6 40.7 1964 38.7 32.9 33.8 49.3 38.2 40.3 28.8 NA 46.8 41.2 1965 39.3 33.8 34.8 48.8 38.2 40.0 27.8 NA 46.6 41.7 1966 40.3 35.4 36.3 49.2 38.2 39.4 26.5 NA 47.3 42.1 1967 41.1 36.5 37.8 49.6 38.5 38.4 26.6 NA 46.7 41.9 1968 41.6 37.1 38.3 49.2 38.8 38.5 26.5 NA 48.0 41.9 1969 42.7 38.0 39.0 48.8 39.2 38.5 26.6 NA 48.8 42.0 1970 43.3 38.3 40.4 48.7 39.8 38.4 26.4 NA 50.0 42.2 1971 43.4 39.4 41.0 47.7 40.2 38.5 26.3 NA 50.9 42.0 1972 (2)43.9 40.2 41.2 46.8 40.6 39.0 25.6 NA 51.5 42.8 1973 (2)44.7 41.9 42.4 47.3 41.0 39.5 26.1 28.5 51.7 44.6 1974 45.7 43.0 43.5 45.7 41.4 39.4 26.5 28.7 53.3 45.7 1975 46.3 44.4 44.5 44.8 41.7 39.3 26.8 29.5 55.2 46.2 1976 47.3 (2)46.3 44.3 44.9 42.6 39.3 27.6 29.9 55.9 46.5 1977 48.4 46.8 44.8 45.7 43.3 39.3 28.9 30.6 56.7 47.0 1978 (2)50.0 48.3 44.5 46.4 43.7 39.6 28.8 31.1 57.5 47.6 1979 50.9 49.7 44.3 46.6 44.3 39.9 29.5 32.1 58.5 47.7 1980 51.5 50.8 45.5 46.6 44.5 40.3 30.1 34.3 59.3 47.8 1981 52.1 52.2 45.5 46.7 45.0 40.7 30.4 36.7 60.1 47.7 1982 52.6 52.2 45.4 47.0 45.6 40.7 30.3 37.9 60.5 47.8 1983 52.9 53.0 45.5 48.0 45.8 (2)40.5 30.5 (2)37.1 60.8 48.1 1984 53.6 53.8 46.1 47.8 46.3 40.7 30.5 38.0 61.1 49.4 1985 54.5 54.7 47.0 47.6 46.4 41.1 30.7 37.9 61.5 50.0 1986 (2)55.3 55.5 49.2 47.6 46.7 41.4 (2)31.9 40.2 61.7 50.6 1987 56.0 56.3 (2)49.9 47.6 47.0 41.7 32.1 41.8 (2)61.8 51.3 1988 56.6 57.3 50.8 47.9 47.0 42.3 32.3 (2)40.7 62.4 52.1 1989 57.4 58.0 52.2 48.5 47.0 42.7 32.5 41.6 62.7 52.8 1990 (2)57.5 58.4 53.2 49.1 47.0 43.6 32.7 43.1 63.0 53.2 1991 57.4 58.3 53.0 49.7 47.4 (2)47.7 (2)33.2 43.9 62.4 53.0 1992 57.8 57.8 53.0 49.9 (2)47.6 47.4 33.3 45.4 61.2 52.9 1993 57.9 57.7 52.9 49.6 47.7 47.2 (2)33.4 46.2 60.1 53.2 1994 (2)58.8 57.3 53.6 49.5 47.7 47.1 33.2 47.3 59.2 53.2 1995 58.9 57.3 54.7 49.3 47.6 47.1 33.4 48.2 59.5 53.5 1996 59.3 57.3 54.9 49.3 48.0 47.4 33.8 49.0 59.4 53.8 1997 (2)59.8 57.7 54.8 49.6 47.9 47.8 34.0 50.5 58.7 54.2 1998 (2)59.8 58.4 55.1 49.4 48.1 48.2 34.7 51.4 58.0 54.4 1999 (2)60.0 59.0 55.1 48.9 48.5 48.6 35.2 53.6 58.1 54.8 2000 (2)59.9 59.4 56.0 48.6 48.7 48.7 35.7 54.2 59.3 55.2 2001 59.8 59.5 56.4 48.5 49.2 48.8 36.3 55.7 59.6 55.2 2002 59.6 60.4 p56.6 p47.9 NA NA 36.7 NA p59.6 NA NA = Not available.p = Preliminary. (1) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany. (2) Break in series. See section on breaks in the Country Notes on pages 3-7 for more information. 21 Table 5. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios by Sex, 1960-2002 United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Both Sexes 1960 56.1 52.6 NA 66.7 58.6 59.2 54.0 NA 65.4 60.6 1961 55.4 52.4 NA 66.8 58.2 59.6 54.0 NA 65.3 60.8 1962 (2)55.5 52.8 NA 66.0 57.1 59.3 53.2 NA 64.9 60.4 1963 55.4 53.0 NA 64.8 56.6 59.2 51.9 NA 64.2 60.2 1964 55.7 53.7 58.6 64.1 56.9 58.8 51.1 NA 63.5 60.7 1965 56.2 54.4 59.1 63.6 56.4 58.5 49.6 NA 63.4 61.0 1966 56.9 55.4 59.6 63.7 56.4 58.0 48.1 NA 63.2 60.9 1967 57.3 55.4 60.0 64.0 56.2 56.3 48.5 NA 62.0 60.0 1968 57.5 55.0 60.1 64.1 55.5 56.2 47.9 NA 62.3 59.6 1969 58.0 55.3 60.2 63.9 55.9 56.6 47.6 NA 62.6 59.5 1970 57.4 54.5 61.1 63.8 56.0 56.6 47.4 NA 63.1 59.2 1971 56.6 54.5 61.0 63.4 55.8 56.2 47.1 NA 62.6 58.0 1972 (2)57.0 54.9 60.6 62.9 55.5 55.8 45.9 NA 62.4 58.2 1973 (2)57.8 56.4 61.2 63.2 55.8 55.9 45.8 51.8 62.5 60.3 1974 57.8 57.3 61.3 62.2 55.7 54.8 46.2 51.6 63.6 60.2 1975 56.1 56.9 60.1 61.2 54.8 53.2 46.0 51.7 64.8 59.7 1976 56.8 (2)58.2 59.7 61.1 54.8 52.8 46.1 51.2 64.9 59.0 1977 57.9 57.9 59.2 61.2 54.8 52.5 46.3 51.6 64.8 58.7 1978 (2)59.3 58.5 58.0 61.3 54.6 52.6 45.9 51.3 64.6 58.8 1979 59.9 59.7 57.8 61.4 54.2 52.9 45.9 51.4 65.3 59.2 1980 59.2 60.2 58.3 61.3 53.8 53.1 46.1 52.1 65.6 58.1 1981 59.0 60.8 58.4 61.2 53.1 52.5 45.9 51.7 65.1 55.7 1982 57.8 58.0 57.3 61.2 52.7 51.6 45.2 50.8 64.7 54.9 1983 57.9 57.6 55.3 61.4 52.3 (2)50.6 44.7 (2)49.3 64.4 54.3 1984 59.5 58.3 56.0 61.0 51.4 50.5 44.5 49.3 64.5 55.0 1985 60.1 59.2 56.5 60.6 50.9 50.7 44.4 50.1 65.0 55.5 1986 (2)60.7 60.2 57.7 60.4 50.7 51.3 (2)44.2 50.3 65.2 55.5 1987 61.5 61.1 (2)57.9 60.1 50.4 51.5 43.8 50.7 (2)65.0 56.4 1988 62.3 62.2 58.9 60.4 50.4 51.6 43.7 (2)50.5 65.7 58.1 1989 63.0 62.6 60.3 60.8 50.7 52.0 43.6 51.0 66.2 59.3 1990 (2)62.8 62.2 60.4 61.3 50.9 52.6 43.9 53.0 66.1 59.6 1991 61.7 60.2 58.2 61.8 50.6 (2)55.5 (2)44.5 53.4 64.9 58.0 1992 61.5 58.9 57.2 62.0 50.1 54.2 44.0 54.5 62.0 56.7 1993 61.7 58.5 56.8 61.7 49.1 53.2 (2)43.0 54.2 58.5 56.0 1994 (2)62.5 59.0 57.8 61.3 49.0 52.6 42.0 54.6 57.6 56.4 1995 62.9 59.4 59.2 60.9 49.1 52.4 41.5 54.9 58.3 56.9 1996 63.2 59.1 59.3 60.9 49.0 52.0 41.6 56.4 57.7 57.3 1997 (2)63.8 59.7 59.0 61.0 49.0 51.6 41.6 57.8 56.9 58.1 1998 (2)64.1 60.4 59.3 60.2 49.6 52.3 41.9 58.6 57.6 58.6 1999 (2)64.3 61.3 59.8 59.4 50.4 52.6 42.3 60.4 58.4 59.0 2000 (2)64.4 62.1 60.6 59.0 51.4 52.7 42.9 62.6 60.1 59.4 2001 63.7 61.9 60.4 58.4 51.9 52.6 43.6 63.9 60.5 59.5 2002 62.7 62.4 p60.6 p57.5 NA NA 44.1 NA p60.3 NA Continued on the following page. 22 Table 5. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios by Sex, 1960-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Male 1960 78.9 76.9 NA 82.8 NA 81.8 79.5 NA NA 85.0 1961 77.6 75.8 NA 83.2 NA 82.3 79.4 NA 86.3 84.9 1962 (2)77.7 76.3 NA 82.7 80.1 81.8 78.6 NA 84.2 83.9 1963 77.1 76.1 NA 81.5 79.0 81.6 77.6 NA 82.6 83.5 1964 77.3 76.5 84.5 80.6 79.2 81.1 77.0 NA 81.6 83.7 1965 77.5 76.9 84.4 80.2 78.4 80.7 75.2 NA 81.5 83.5 1966 77.9 77.1 84.2 80.1 78.2 80.3 73.5 NA 80.6 82.9 1967 78.0 76.3 83.8 80.0 77.7 78.2 73.9 NA 78.9 81.5 1968 77.8 75.1 83.5 80.7 76.3 78.1 73.0 NA 78.2 80.6 1969 77.6 74.9 83.2 80.5 76.5 78.5 72.4 NA 77.8 80.0 1970 76.2 73.4 83.2 80.5 76.3 78.4 71.9 NA 77.4 79.2 1971 74.9 72.7 82.7 80.9 75.3 77.1 71.6 NA 76.2 77.3 1972 (2)75.0 73.0 82.0 80.6 74.4 75.8 69.9 NA 75.4 76.8 1973 (2)75.5 74.3 81.8 80.8 74.2 75.3 69.3 77.3 75.1 79.1 1974 74.9 74.9 81.1 80.5 73.9 73.5 69.4 77.1 75.5 77.9 1975 71.7 73.5 79.1 79.5 72.1 70.9 68.8 76.9 76.0 76.7 1976 72.0 (2)74.2 78.3 79.2 71.8 70.3 68.5 75.9 75.6 75.5 1977 72.8 73.4 77.3 78.7 71.2 69.9 67.5 75.7 74.5 74.7 1978 (2)73.8 73.4 75.5 78.2 70.4 69.7 66.8 75.0 73.5 74.5 1979 73.8 74.3 75.3 78.2 69.6 69.8 66.3 74.3 73.7 74.5 1980 72.0 74.0 75.1 77.9 68.9 69.6 66.0 74.1 73.6 72.8 1981 71.3 73.9 75.1 77.8 67.5 68.5 65.6 72.2 72.0 69.4 1982 69.0 69.4 73.4 77.4 66.3 67.0 64.4 69.5 71.3 68.1 1983 68.8 68.3 70.1 77.1 65.2 (2)65.8 63.5 (2)67.4 70.4 67.0 1984 70.7 68.9 70.6 76.4 63.6 65.7 62.9 66.6 70.2 67.2 1985 70.9 69.5 70.4 75.9 62.4 65.8 62.5 67.6 70.5 67.3 1986 (2)71.0 70.3 70.7 75.4 61.9 66.4 (2)61.8 66.7 70.6 66.8 1987 71.5 71.0 (2)70.3 74.9 61.2 66.2 60.9 66.1 (2)69.7 67.4 1988 72.0 71.6 71.0 75.0 61.1 66.0 60.4 (2)65.0 70.3 69.2 1989 72.5 71.7 72.1 75.1 61.2 65.9 59.9 65.0 70.9 70.4 1990 (2)72.0 70.6 71.4 75.4 61.3 65.6 60.0 67.0 70.6 70.3 1991 70.4 67.5 68.3 75.8 60.6 (2)67.9 (2)60.6 66.9 69.2 67.8 1992 69.8 65.7 66.6 76.1 59.4 66.3 59.8 67.4 65.7 65.3 1993 70.0 65.3 66.0 75.9 57.8 64.7 (2)58.9 66.3 61.6 63.6 1994 (2)70.4 66.0 67.2 75.4 57.4 63.8 57.4 66.2 61.0 64.2 1995 70.8 66.2 68.2 75.0 57.6 63.1 56.5 65.9 62.1 64.6 1996 70.9 65.8 68.1 74.9 57.2 62.0 56.1 67.7 61.6 64.8 1997 (2)71.3 66.3 67.7 74.9 57.0 61.3 56.3 68.7 61.0 65.8 1998 (2)71.6 66.8 67.9 73.9 57.4 61.9 56.0 68.7 62.1 66.2 1999 (2)71.6 67.6 68.3 73.0 58.1 61.7 56.1 69.9 62.7 66.5 2000 (2)71.9 68.3 68.7 72.5 59.2 61.6 56.5 73.3 64.3 66.8 2001 70.9 67.9 68.0 71.5 59.6 61.1 56.8 74.0 64.5 66.8 2002 69.7 68.2 p68.2 p70.4 NA NA 57.2 NA p64.0 NA Continued on the following page. 23 Table 5. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios by Sex, 1960-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Female 1960 35.5 28.6 NA 51.8 NA 40.4 31.0 NA NA 38.9 1961 35.4 29.4 NA 51.6 NA 40.7 31.1 NA 45.0 39.3 1962 (2)35.6 29.9 NA 50.6 37.4 40.4 30.4 NA 46.3 39.4 1963 35.8 30.5 NA 49.3 37.2 40.4 28.8 NA 46.5 39.4 1964 36.3 31.6 32.9 48.7 37.5 40.1 27.7 NA 46.0 40.1 1965 37.1 32.6 34.0 48.1 37.3 39.9 26.6 NA 45.8 40.8 1966 38.3 34.2 35.4 48.4 37.2 39.3 25.2 NA 46.4 41.2 1967 39.0 35.1 36.6 48.9 37.2 38.0 25.3 NA 45.6 40.7 1968 39.6 35.5 37.1 48.7 37.1 38.0 25.1 NA 47.0 40.8 1969 40.7 36.2 37.7 48.3 37.7 38.2 25.1 NA 47.9 41.1 1970 40.8 36.1 39.3 48.2 38.1 38.1 25.0 NA 49.1 41.2 1971 40.4 36.8 39.7 47.2 38.4 38.2 24.9 NA 49.5 40.7 1972 (2)41.0 37.4 39.6 46.2 38.7 38.6 24.1 NA 50.0 41.4 1973 (2)42.0 39.1 40.9 46.8 39.2 39.1 24.5 27.3 50.3 43.4 1974 42.6 40.2 41.7 45.1 39.4 38.7 25.1 27.1 52.0 44.3 1975 42.0 40.8 41.4 44.0 39.2 37.9 25.3 27.1 54.0 44.3 1976 43.2 (2)42.7 41.5 44.1 39.6 37.8 25.8 27.3 54.7 44.1 1977 44.5 42.8 41.5 44.9 40.0 37.7 26.9 28.2 55.4 44.3 1978 (2)46.4 43.9 41.0 45.5 40.4 37.9 26.9 28.4 56.1 44.6 1979 47.5 45.6 40.7 45.7 40.5 38.4 27.3 29.2 57.2 45.3 1980 47.7 46.8 41.9 45.7 40.3 38.9 27.9 31.0 58.0 44.8 1981 48.0 48.1 42.1 45.7 40.2 38.7 28.0 31.9 58.5 43.4 1982 47.7 46.9 41.5 45.9 40.5 38.1 27.7 32.8 58.4 42.9 1983 48.0 47.3 40.8 46.7 40.7 (2)37.3 27.6 (2)31.9 58.6 42.8 1984 49.5 48.1 41.7 46.5 40.6 37.3 27.6 32.7 59.1 43.9 1985 50.4 49.3 42.9 46.3 40.5 37.6 27.8 33.4 59.7 44.7 1986 (2)51.4 50.5 44.9 46.2 40.7 38.0 (2)28.1 34.7 60.1 45.2 1987 52.5 51.5 (2)45.8 46.2 40.7 38.5 28.3 35.8 (2)60.5 46.4 1988 53.4 53.0 47.0 46.6 40.9 39.0 28.4 (2)36.5 61.2 47.9 1989 54.3 53.9 48.8 47.4 41.2 39.7 28.6 37.6 61.7 49.1 1990 (2)54.3 54.1 49.6 48.0 41.5 40.9 29.2 39.4 61.8 49.8 1991 53.7 53.1 48.4 48.6 41.7 (2)44.3 (2)29.7 40.5 60.6 49.1 1992 53.8 52.4 48.0 48.7 41.7 43.4 29.7 42.1 58.4 48.9 1993 54.1 52.0 47.7 48.3 41.4 42.7 (2)28.5 42.8 55.5 49.0 1994 (2)55.3 52.4 48.8 48.0 41.4 42.3 28.1 43.4 54.3 49.3 1995 55.6 52.8 50.5 47.7 41.6 42.7 28.0 44.1 54.7 49.8 1996 56.0 52.7 50.6 47.7 41.6 42.8 28.3 45.2 53.9 50.3 1997 (2)56.8 53.2 50.5 47.9 41.8 42.7 28.5 47.2 53.0 51.0 1998 (2)57.1 54.3 51.0 47.4 42.6 43.5 29.0 48.8 53.4 51.4 1999 (2)57.4 55.2 51.4 46.6 43.5 44.3 29.7 51.4 54.2 52.0 2000 (2)57.5 56.1 52.6 46.4 44.4 44.6 30.5 52.2 56.1 52.5 2001 57.0 56.2 52.8 46.2 45.0 44.8 31.6 54.0 56.8 52.7 2002 56.3 56.9 p53.1 p45.4 NA NA 32.2 NA p56.8 NA NA = Not available.p = Preliminary. (1) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany. (2) Break in series. See section on breaks in the Country Notes on pages 3-7 for more information. 24 Table 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002 (in thousands) United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Civilian Employment (2) 1960 65,778 5,965 NA 43,370 18,595 25,877 20,064 4,576 3,581 23,660 1965 (3)71,088 6,862 4,614 46,200 19,540 26,368 19,210 4,933 3,680 24,776 1970 78,678 7,919 5,388 50,140 20,328 26,107 19,083 5,156 3,836 24,381 1971 79,367 8,104 5,517 50,470 20,440 26,222 19,016 5,152 3,842 24,165 1972 (3)82,153 8,344 5,601 50,580 20,571 26,290 18,710 5,136 3,845 24,139 1973 (3)85,064 8,761 5,765 51,900 20,863 26,593 18,874 5,135 3,861 24,716 1974 86,794 9,125 5,891 51,710 21,059 26,247 19,284 5,119 3,944 24,803 1975 85,846 9,284 5,867 51,530 20,871 25,536 19,395 5,109 4,044 24,720 1976 88,752 (3)9,776 5,946 52,020 21,040 25,395 19,504 5,142 4,070 24,509 1977 92,017 9,915 6,000 52,720 21,231 25,426 19,668 5,199 4,081 24,538 1978 (3)96,048 10,212 6,038 53,360 21,327 25,646 19,725 5,265 4,097 24,697 1979 98,824 10,658 6,111 54,040 21,392 26,074 19,932 5,382 4,162 25,079 1980 99,303 10,970 6,284 54,600 21,443 26,486 20,195 5,520 4,214 25,004 1981 100,397 11,297 6,416 55,060 21,335 26,453 20,279 5,542 4,207 24,011 1982 99,526 10,947 6,415 55,620 21,396 26,150 20,246 5,475 4,201 23,584 1983 100,834 11,027 6,300 56,550 21,381 25,765 20,320 5,459 4,206 23,304 1984 105,005 11,300 6,494 56,870 21,203 25,826 20,392 5,528 4,237 23,854 1985 107,150 11,617 6,697 57,260 21,146 26,018 20,492 5,624 4,281 24,250 1986 (3)109,597 11,979 6,974 57,740 21,246 26,383 20,614 5,720 4,314 24,380 1987 112,440 12,321 (3)7,142 58,320 21,328 26,584 20,591 (3)5,773 (3)4,328 24,754 1988 114,968 12,710 7,413 59,310 21,528 26,799 20,868 5,934 4,398 25,708 1989 117,342 12,986 7,734 60,500 21,841 27,201 20,773 6,065 4,468 26,549 1990 (3)118,793 13,084 7,877 61,710 22,081 27,952 21,080 6,268 4,501 26,818 1991 117,718 12,851 7,698 62,910 22,120 (3)36,871 (3)21,364 6,444 4,435 26,302 1992 118,492 12,760 7,660 63,630 22,002 36,390 21,233 (3)6,519 4,253 25,671 1993 120,259 12,858 7,699 63,810 21,714 35,989 (3)20,268 6,571 4,015 25,381 1994 (3)123,060 13,112 7,942 63,860 21,750 35,756 19,937 6,631 3,981 25,599 1995 124,900 13,357 8,256 63,900 21,954 35,780 19,820 6,838 4,044 25,891 1996 126,708 13,463 8,364 64,200 22,036 35,637 19,921 6,983 4,007 26,192 1997 (3)129,558 13,774 8,444 64,900 22,167 35,508 19,992 7,206 3,961 26,695 1998 (3)131,463 14,140 8,618 64,450 22,575 36,059 20,214 7,425 4,023 27,005 1999 (3)133,488 14,531 8,808 63,920 23,070 36,360 20,462 7,622 4,105 27,314 2000 (3)136,891 14,910 9,068 63,790 23,670 36,541 20,843 7,758 4,217 27,677 2001 136,933 15,077 9,157 63,470 24,099 36,590 21,269 7,888 4,291 27,967 2002 136,485 15,412 9,334 p62,650 NA NA NA NA NA NA Continued on the following page. 25 Table 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002 (in thousands)--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Agriculture (4) 1960 5,552 795 NA 12,800 4,305 3,567 6,514 469 564 1,118 1965 (3)4,477 694 448 10,500 3,473 2,840 5,031 391 418 952 1970 3,567 604 434 8,490 2,751 2,218 3,839 329 314 784 1971 3,510 607 426 7,840 2,612 NA 3,817 322 300 764 1972 (3)3,598 575 442 7,310 2,468 NA 3,546 317 287 735 1973 (3)3,572 573 424 6,810 2,345 NA 3,431 311 276 736 1974 3,613 579 410 6,540 2,242 NA 3,362 306 264 699 1975 3,507 564 407 6,380 2,152 NA 3,231 303 261 687 1976 3,453 NA 392 6,210 2,072 NA 3,201 295 254 685 1977 3,426 NA 400 6,110 1,996 NA 3,100 292 248 684 1978 (3)3,550 NA 384 6,100 1,932 NA 3,032 297 250 680 1979 3,508 NA 399 5,860 1,880 NA 2,962 291 242 666 1980 3,529 NA 410 5,510 1,821 1,373 2,870 285 237 654 1981 3,519 NA 419 5,330 1,754 1,335 2,704 288 237 639 1982 3,570 NA 415 5,250 1,691 1,292 2,502 288 236 632 1983 3,541 NA 418 5,060 1,640 1,247 2,500 287 230 622 1984 3,469 NA 405 4,860 1,586 1,206 2,390 288 218 616 1985 3,338 NA 414 4,820 1,530 1,163 2,262 289 208 568 1986 (3)3,350 NA 429 4,700 1,480 1,141 2,214 287 204 538 1987 3,400 (3)582 (3)415 4,640 1,423 1,093 2,139 (3)285 (3)194 569 1988 3,326 573 435 4,480 1,367 1,050 2,037 285 193 598 1989 3,378 564 429 4,390 1,309 1,000 1,927 287 192 589 1990 (3)3,394 559 441 4,270 1,262 965 1,879 292 178 573 1991 3,429 567 423 3,990 1,214 (3)1,514 (3)1,807 295 168 592 1992 3,425 552 406 3,910 1,152 1,392 1,734 (3)268 162 567 1993 3,300 558 411 3,650 1,096 1,269 (3)1,477 263 159 518 1994 (3)3,586 560 406 3,560 1,046 1,187 1,401 271 154 532 1995 3,592 546 410 3,510 1,013 1,127 1,324 265 143 532 1996 3,570 540 421 3,390 987 1,073 1,268 278 131 510 1997 (3)3,538 532 433 3,320 971 1,035 1,235 275 122 495 1998 (3)3,509 543 424 3,240 961 1,022 1,193 252 119 465 1999 (3)3,416 522 435 3,160 943 1,036 1,127 247 128 425 2000 (3)3,538 492 441 3,080 918 996 1,113 265 122 426 2001 3,367 435 435 2,970 891 965 1,118 237 111 390 2002 3,479 433 406 p2,800 NA NA NA NA NA NA Continued on the following page. 26 Table 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002 (in thousands)--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Industry (5) 1960 21,995 1,906 NA 12,380 6,976 11,905 6,855 1,786 1,419 10,900 1965 (3)24,311 2,233 1,653 15,010 7,486 12,497 7,174 1,952 1,550 11,117 1970 26,080 2,360 1,866 17,880 7,812 12,706 7,586 1,933 1,456 10,531 1971 25,182 2,383 1,895 18,140 7,869 NA 7,613 1,881 1,424 10,156 1972 (3)25,828 2,439 1,877 18,290 7,929 NA 7,463 1,829 1,396 9,940 1973 (3)27,258 2,586 1,924 19,210 8,076 NA 7,450 1,801 1,401 10,110 1974 27,213 2,688 1,942 19,020 8,131 NA 7,609 1,755 1,434 10,080 1975 25,302 2,613 1,850 18,370 7,889 NA 7,630 1,697 1,449 9,632 1976 26,310 NA 1,846 18,520 7,826 NA 7,521 1,662 1,416 9,345 1977 27,343 NA 1,825 18,510 7,800 NA 7,612 1,666 1,375 9,324 1978 (3)28,810 NA 1,772 18,550 7,682 NA 7,570 1,673 1,328 9,312 1979 29,797 NA 1,770 18,740 7,581 NA 7,578 1,670 1,326 9,344 1980 29,136 NA 1,798 19,180 7,523 11,373 7,694 1,642 1,327 9,059 1981 28,995 NA 1,814 19,300 7,322 11,162 7,642 1,573 1,286 8,242 1982 27,070 NA 1,759 19,210 7,192 10,806 7,523 1,505 1,237 7,817 1983 27,016 NA 1,634 19,470 7,009 10,473 7,347 1,488 1,223 7,453 1984 28,617 NA 1,657 19,630 6,758 10,400 7,036 1,508 1,228 7,736 1985 28,805 NA 1,694 19,820 6,556 10,437 6,890 1,494 1,244 7,788 1986 (3)29,130 NA 1,717 19,760 6,456 10,521 6,816 1,493 1,258 7,749 1987 29,209 (3)2,959 (3)1,757 19,560 6,358 10,493 6,710 (3)1,517 (3)1,242 7,635 1988 29,676 3,072 1,817 20,120 6,318 10,463 6,783 1,524 1,246 7,927 1989 30,051 3,138 1,919 20,600 6,372 10,588 6,749 1,568 1,269 8,152 1990 (3)29,834 3,063 1,879 20,890 6,344 10,875 6,842 1,620 1,268 8,128 1991 28,452 2,812 1,741 21,520 6,256 (3)14,661 (3)6,913 1,613 1,207 7,686 1992 27,853 2,706 1,707 21,850 6,040 14,152 6,847 (3)1,599 1,087 7,237 1993 27,659 2,644 1,730 21,670 5,732 13,611(3,6)6,773 1,579 982 7,034 1994 (3)28,319 2,713 1,778 21,490 5,576 13,098 6,658 1,520 956 6,895 1995 28,788 2,807 1,809 21,160 5,575 12,648 6,540 1,557 1,011 6,905 1996 29,030 2,823 1,811 21,130 5,492 12,273 6,492 1,559 1,008 7,017 1997 (3)29,771 2,937 1,810 21,260 5,413 12,033 6,463 1,605 992 7,009 1998 (3)29,871 3,032 1,817 20,410 5,409 12,119 6,530 1,607 1,001 7,037 1999 (3)29,622 3,149 1,827 19,990 5,426 11,946 6,567 1,643 996 6,936 2000 (3)30,371 3,259 1,933 19,710 5,512 11,907 6,594 1,657 999 6,855 2001 29,680 3,305 1,873 19,120 5,586 11,617 6,673 1,680 995 6,783 2002 28,332 3,378 1,919 p18,360 NA NA NA NA NA NA Continued on the following page. 27 Table 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002 (in thousands)--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Manufacturing 1960 17,149 1,471 NA 9,430 5,250 8,901 4,813 1,326 1,133 8,517 1965 (3)19,190 1,636 1,207 11,450 5,373 9,480 4,894 1,410 1,200 8,666 1970 20,746 1,768 1,312 13,750 5,593 10,305 5,293 1,381 1,064 8,465 1971 19,606 1,766 1,330 13,820 5,676 NA 5,329 1,348 1,054 8,202 1972 (3)19,943 1,823 1,316 13,810 5,749 NA 5,217 1,310 1,046 7,934 1973 (3)21,054 1,927 1,346 14,420 5,882 NA 5,259 1,298 1,066 7,979 1974 21,025 1,978 1,351 14,250 5,953 NA 5,420 1,287 1,120 8,030 1975 19,457 1,871 1,249 13,430 5,802 NA 5,424 1,251 1,138 7,654 1976 20,261 NA 1,262 13,440 5,757 NA 5,406 1,214 1,100 7,411 1977 20,889 NA 1,254 13,350 5,741 NA 5,437 1,206 1,060 7,461 1978 (3)21,784 NA 1,199 13,220 5,664 NA 5,380 1,196 1,023 7,427 1979 22,459 NA 1,198 13,290 5,586 NA 5,364 1,183 1,026 7,395 1980 21,942 NA 1,222 13,630 5,530 8,998 5,433 1,176 1,025 7,081 1981 21,817 NA 1,230 13,800 5,362 8,828 5,328 1,155 984 6,365 1982 20,286 NA 1,190 13,740 5,288 8,567 5,228 1,098 946 6,005 1983 19,946 NA 1,122 14,010 5,186 8,284 5,074 1,069 941 5,668 1984 20,995 NA 1,125 14,330 5,046 8,285 4,876 1,084 953 (7)5,894 1985 20,879 NA 1,114 14,480 4,906 8,403 4,761 1,094 968 (7)5,972 1986 (3)20,962 NA 1,124 14,390 4,817 8,515 4,715 1,100 984 (7)5,979 1987 20,935 (3)2,040 (3)1,149 14,200 4,709 8,506 4,636 (3)1,121 (3)953 (7)5,737 1988 21,320 2,104 1,184 14,500 4,651 8,479 4,719 1,113 956 (7)5,999 1989 21,652 2,130 1,215 14,800 4,680 8,594 4,726 1,157 968 (7)6,011 1990 (3)21,346 2,053 1,184 15,010 NA 8,839 4,755 1,196 943 (7)5,971 1991 20,580 1,892 1,107 15,460 NA (3)11,315 (3)4,729 1,178 884 (7)5,720 1992 20,120 1,822 1,094 15,650 NA 10,731 4,676 (3)1,191 804 (7)5,441 1993 19,711 1,786 1,087 15,260 NA 10,099 (3)4,834 1,161 734 (7)5,338 1994 (3)20,157 1,820 1,118 14,920 NA 9,525 4,821 1,105 726 4,906 1995 20,493 1,906 1,119 14,520 NA 9,017 4,760 1,123 770 4,943 1996 20,518 1,931 1,123 14,420 NA 8,643 4,748 1,108 773 5,076 1997 (3)20,835 2,022 1,143 14,390 NA 8,521 4,723 1,129 763 5,023 1998 (3)20,733 2,114 1,106 13,780 NA 8,687 4,805 1,130 770 5,024 1999 (3)20,070 2,217 1,082 13,410 NA 8,610 4,924 1,148 759 4,900 2000 (3)20,256 2,280 1,148 13,180 NA 8,611 4,914 1,161 761 4,753 2001 19,332 2,274 1,113 12,800 NA 8,559 4,903 1,148 751 4,616 2002 18,147 2,326 1,123 p12,180 NA NA NA NA NA NA Continued on the following page. 28 Table 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002 (in thousands)--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Services (8) 1960 38,212 3,264 NA 18,190 7,314 10,405 6,696 2,322 1,598 11,642 1965 (3)42,301 3,934 2,514 20,690 8,581 11,031 7,005 2,587 1,713 12,709 1970 49,031 4,955 3,088 23,770 9,765 11,183 7,658 2,895 2,066 13,066 1971 50,675 5,114 3,197 24,510 9,959 NA 7,584 2,950 2,118 13,246 1972 (3)52,727 5,330 3,282 24,980 10,173 NA 7,701 2,991 2,162 13,466 1973 (3)54,234 5,602 3,417 25,880 10,442 NA 7,992 3,024 2,185 13,870 1974 55,968 5,858 3,539 26,140 10,686 NA 8,313 3,059 2,246 14,024 1975 57,037 6,107 3,610 26,770 10,830 NA 8,533 3,108 2,334 14,404 1976 58,989 NA 3,708 27,290 11,142 NA 8,782 3,186 2,400 14,474 1977 61,248 NA 3,775 28,100 11,435 NA 8,956 3,241 2,458 14,530 1978 (3)63,688 NA 3,877 28,720 11,713 NA 9,122 3,294 2,519 14,705 1979 65,519 NA 3,939 29,440 11,931 NA 9,392 3,422 2,594 15,068 1980 66,638 NA 4,072 29,910 12,099 13,740 9,631 3,593 2,650 15,291 1981 67,883 NA 4,180 30,430 12,259 13,956 9,933 3,681 2,684 15,129 1982 68,886 NA 4,239 31,160 12,513 14,052 10,220 3,682 2,728 15,135 1983 70,277 NA 4,246 32,020 12,732 14,045 10,473 3,684 2,753 15,229 1984 72,919 NA 4,431 32,380 12,859 14,220 10,966 3,732 2,792 15,502 1985 75,006 NA 4,588 32,620 13,060 14,418 11,340 3,841 2,828 15,894 1986 (3)77,117 NA 4,828 33,280 13,310 14,721 11,584 3,940 2,852 16,093 1987 79,832 (3)8,780 (3)4,970 34,120 13,547 14,998 11,742 (3)3,971 (3)2,892 16,550 1988 81,966 9,066 5,160 34,710 13,843 15,286 12,047 4,125 2,958 17,183 1989 83,913 9,285 5,386 35,510 14,160 15,614 12,097 4,210 3,008 17,808 1990 (3)85,565 9,462 5,557 36,550 14,475 16,112 12,355 4,356 3,056 18,117 1991 85,837 9,472 5,535 37,400 14,650 (3)20,696 (3)12,646 4,536 3,060 18,024 1992 87,214 9,502 5,547 37,870 14,810 20,846 12,651 (3)4,652 3,004 17,867 1993 89,300 9,656 5,559 38,490 14,886 21,109 (3)12,017 4,730 2,875 17,829 1994 (3)91,155 9,839 5,758 38,810 15,128 21,471 11,879 4,840 2,871 18,172 1995 92,520 10,004 6,037 39,230 15,366 22,005 11,956 5,016 2,891 18,454 1996 94,108 10,100 6,132 39,680 15,557 22,291 12,161 5,147 2,868 18,665 1997 (3)96,249 10,306 6,201 40,320 15,783 22,440 12,294 5,325 2,847 19,191 1998 (3)98,083 10,565 6,378 40,800 16,205 22,918 12,491 5,565 2,903 19,503 1999 (3)100,450 10,861 6,546 40,770 16,701 23,378 12,766 5,732 2,981 19,953 2000 (3)102,982 11,158 6,694 41,000 17,240 23,638 13,137 5,837 3,096 20,396 2001 103,886 11,337 6,849 41,380 17,622 24,008 13,477 5,971 3,185 20,794 2002 104,674 11,601 7,010 p41,490 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA = Not available. p = Preliminary. (1) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany. (2) Employment totals differ from those in Table 2 for some countries because sectoral data have not been fully adjusted for comparability with U.S. definitions. Because of rounding, subtotals may not add to totals. (3) Break in series. See section on breaks in the Country Notes on pages 3-7 for more information. (4) Agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing. (5) Manufacturing, mining, and construction. (6) Prior to 1993, public utilities are included in industry. In 1993, public utilities accounted for 1 percent of total employment. (7) Includes mining. In 1983 and 1994, employment in mining accounted, respectively, for 1.4 and 0.4 percent of total employment. (8) Transportation, communication, public utilities, trade, finance, public administration, private household services, and miscellaneous services. 29 Table 7. Percent Distribution of Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002 United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Civilian Employment (2) Each Year 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Agriculture (3) 1960 8.5 13.3 NA 29.5 23.2 13.9 32.5 10.3 15.8 4.7 1965 (4)6.3 10.1 9.7 22.7 17.8 10.7 26.2 7.9 11.4 3.8 1970 4.5 7.6 8.1 16.9 13.5 8.5 20.1 6.4 8.2 3.2 1971 4.4 7.5 7.7 15.5 12.8 NA 20.1 6.3 7.8 3.2 1972 (4)4.4 6.9 7.9 14.4 12.0 NA 19.0 6.2 7.5 3.0 1973 (4)4.2 6.5 7.4 13.1 11.2 NA 18.2 6.1 7.1 3.0 1974 4.2 6.4 7.0 12.6 10.6 NA 17.4 6.0 6.7 2.8 1975 4.1 6.1 6.9 12.4 10.3 NA 16.7 5.9 6.5 2.8 1976 3.9 NA 6.6 11.9 9.8 NA 16.4 5.7 6.2 2.8 1977 3.7 NA 6.7 11.6 9.4 NA 15.8 5.6 6.1 2.8 1978 (4)3.7 NA 6.4 11.4 9.1 NA 15.4 5.7 6.1 2.8 1979 3.6 NA 6.5 10.8 8.8 NA 14.9 5.4 5.8 2.7 1980 3.6 NA 6.5 10.1 8.5 5.2 14.2 5.2 5.6 2.6 1981 3.5 NA 6.5 9.7 8.2 5.0 13.3 5.2 5.6 2.7 1982 3.6 NA 6.5 9.4 7.9 4.9 12.4 5.3 5.6 2.7 1983 3.5 NA 6.6 8.9 7.7 4.8 12.3 5.3 5.5 2.7 1984 3.3 NA 6.2 8.5 7.5 4.7 11.7 5.2 5.2 2.6 1985 3.1 NA 6.2 8.4 7.2 4.5 11.0 5.1 4.9 2.3 1986 (4)3.1 NA 6.1 8.1 7.0 4.3 10.7 5.0 4.7 2.2 1987 3.0 (4)4.7 (4)5.8 8.0 6.7 4.1 10.4 (4)4.9 (4)4.5 2.3 1988 2.9 4.5 5.9 7.6 6.3 3.9 9.8 4.8 4.4 2.3 1989 2.9 4.3 5.5 7.3 6.0 3.7 9.3 4.7 4.3 2.2 1990 (4)2.9 4.3 5.6 6.9 5.7 3.5 8.9 4.7 4.0 2.1 1991 2.9 4.4 5.5 6.3 5.5 (4)4.1 (4)8.5 4.6 3.8 2.3 1992 2.9 4.3 5.3 6.1 5.2 3.8 8.2 (4)4.1 3.8 2.2 1993 2.7 4.3 5.3 5.7 5.0 3.5 (4)7.3 4.0 4.0 2.0 1994 (4)2.9 4.3 5.1 5.6 4.8 3.3 7.0 4.1 3.9 2.1 1995 2.9 4.1 5.0 5.5 4.6 3.1 6.7 3.9 3.5 2.1 1996 2.8 4.0 5.0 5.3 4.5 3.0 6.4 4.0 3.3 1.9 1997 (4)2.7 3.9 5.1 5.1 4.4 2.9 6.2 3.8 3.1 1.9 1998 (4)2.7 3.8 4.9 5.0 4.3 2.8 5.9 3.4 2.9 1.7 1999 (4)2.6 3.6 4.9 4.9 4.1 2.8 5.5 3.2 3.1 1.6 2000 (4)2.6 3.3 4.9 4.8 3.9 2.7 5.3 3.4 2.9 1.5 2001 2.5 2.9 4.8 4.7 3.7 2.6 5.3 3.0 2.6 1.4 2002 2.5 2.8 4.3 p4.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA Continued on the following page. 30 Table 7. Percent Distribution of Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Industry (5) 1960 33.4 32.0 NA 28.5 37.5 46.0 34.2 39.0 39.6 46.1 1965 (4)34.2 32.5 35.8 32.5 38.3 47.4 37.4 39.6 42.1 44.9 1970 33.1 29.8 34.6 35.7 38.4 48.7 39.8 37.5 38.0 43.2 1971 31.7 29.4 34.3 35.9 38.5 NA 40.0 36.5 37.1 42.0 1972 (4)31.4 29.2 33.5 36.2 38.5 NA 39.9 35.6 36.3 41.2 1973 (4)32.0 29.5 33.4 37.0 38.7 NA 39.5 35.1 36.3 40.9 1974 31.4 29.5 33.0 36.8 38.6 NA 39.5 34.3 36.4 40.6 1975 29.5 28.1 31.5 35.6 37.8 NA 39.4 33.2 35.8 39.0 1976 29.6 NA 31.0 35.6 37.2 NA 38.6 32.3 34.8 38.1 1977 29.7 NA 30.4 35.1 36.7 NA 38.7 32.0 33.7 38.0 1978 (4)30.0 NA 29.4 34.8 36.0 NA 38.4 31.8 32.4 37.7 1979 30.2 NA 29.0 34.7 35.4 NA 38.0 31.0 31.9 37.3 1980 29.3 NA 28.6 35.1 35.1 42.9 38.1 29.7 31.5 36.2 1981 28.9 NA 28.3 35.0 34.3 42.2 37.7 28.4 30.6 34.3 1982 27.2 NA 27.4 34.5 33.6 41.3 37.2 27.5 29.4 33.1 1983 26.8 NA 25.9 34.4 32.8 40.6 36.2 27.3 29.1 32.0 1984 27.2 NA 25.5 34.5 31.9 40.3 34.5 27.3 29.0 32.4 1985 26.9 NA 25.3 34.6 31.0 40.1 33.6 26.6 29.1 32.1 1986 (4)26.6 NA 24.6 34.2 30.4 39.9 33.1 26.1 29.2 31.8 1987 26.0 (4)24.0 (4)24.6 33.5 29.8 39.5 32.6 (4)26.3 (4)28.7 30.8 1988 25.8 24.2 24.5 33.9 29.3 39.0 32.5 25.7 28.3 30.8 1989 25.6 24.2 24.8 34.0 29.2 38.9 32.5 25.9 28.4 30.7 1990 (4)25.1 23.4 23.9 33.9 28.7 38.9 32.5 25.8 28.2 30.3 1991 24.2 21.9 22.6 34.2 28.3 (4)39.8 (4)32.4 25.0 27.2 29.2 1992 23.5 21.2 22.3 34.3 27.5 38.9 32.2 (4)24.5 25.6 28.2 1993 23.0 20.6 22.5 34.0 26.4 37.8 (4,6)33.4 24.0 24.5 27.7 1994 (4)23.0 20.7 22.4 33.7 25.6 36.6 33.4 22.9 24.0 26.9 1995 23.0 21.0 21.9 33.1 25.4 35.3 33.0 22.8 25.0 26.7 1996 22.9 21.0 21.7 32.9 24.9 34.4 32.6 22.3 25.1 26.8 1997 (4)23.0 21.3 21.4 32.8 24.4 33.9 32.3 22.3 25.0 26.3 1998 (4)22.7 21.4 21.1 31.7 24.0 33.6 32.3 21.6 24.9 26.1 1999 (4)22.2 21.7 20.7 31.3 23.5 32.9 32.1 21.6 24.3 25.4 2000 (4)22.2 21.9 21.3 30.9 23.3 32.6 31.6 21.4 23.7 24.8 2001 21.7 21.9 20.5 30.1 23.2 31.7 31.4 21.3 23.2 24.3 2002 20.8 21.9 20.6 p29.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA Continued on the following page. 31 Table 7. Percent Distribution of Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Manufacturing 1960 26.1 24.7 NA 21.7 28.2 34.4 24.0 29.0 31.6 36.0 1965 (4)27.0 23.8 26.2 24.8 27.5 36.0 25.5 28.6 32.6 35.0 1970 26.4 22.3 24.4 27.4 27.5 39.5 27.7 26.8 27.7 34.7 1971 24.7 21.8 24.1 27.4 27.8 NA 28.0 26.2 27.4 33.9 1972 (4)24.3 21.8 23.5 27.3 27.9 NA 27.9 25.5 27.2 32.9 1973 (4)24.8 22.0 23.3 27.8 28.2 NA 27.9 25.3 27.6 32.3 1974 24.2 21.7 22.9 27.6 28.3 NA 28.1 25.1 28.4 32.4 1975 22.7 20.2 21.3 26.1 27.8 NA 28.0 24.5 28.1 31.0 1976 22.8 NA 21.2 25.8 27.4 NA 27.7 23.6 27.0 30.2 1977 22.7 NA 20.9 25.3 27.0 NA 27.6 23.2 26.0 30.4 1978 (4)22.7 NA 19.9 24.8 26.6 NA 27.3 22.7 25.0 30.1 1979 22.7 NA 19.6 24.6 26.1 NA 26.9 22.0 24.6 29.5 1980 22.1 NA 19.4 25.0 25.8 34.0 26.9 21.3 24.3 28.3 1981 21.7 NA 19.2 25.1 25.1 33.4 26.3 20.8 23.4 26.5 1982 20.4 NA 18.6 24.7 24.7 32.8 25.8 20.1 22.5 25.5 1983 19.8 NA 17.8 24.8 24.3 32.2 25.0 19.6 22.4 24.3 1984 20.0 NA 17.3 25.2 23.8 32.1 23.9 19.6 22.5 (7)24.7 1985 19.5 NA 16.6 25.3 23.2 32.3 23.2 19.5 22.6 (7)24.6 1986 (4)19.1 NA 16.1 24.9 22.7 32.3 22.9 19.4 22.8 (7)24.5 1987 18.6 (4)16.6 (4)16.1 24.3 22.1 32.0 22.5 (4)19.4 (4)22.0 (7)23.2 1988 18.5 16.6 16.0 24.4 21.6 31.6 22.6 18.8 21.8 (7)23.3 1989 18.5 16.4 15.7 24.5 21.4 31.6 22.8 19.1 21.7 (7)22.6 1990 (4)18.0 15.7 15.0 24.3 NA 31.6 22.6 19.1 20.9 (7)22.3 1991 17.5 14.7 14.4 24.6 NA (4)30.7 (4)22.1 18.3 19.9 (7)21.7 1992 17.0 14.3 14.3 24.6 NA 29.5 22.0 (4)18.3 18.9 (7)21.2 1993 16.4 13.9 14.1 23.9 NA 28.1 (4)23.9 17.7 18.3 (7)21.0 1994 (4)16.4 13.9 14.1 23.4 NA 26.6 24.2 16.7 18.2 19.2 1995 16.4 14.3 13.6 22.7 NA 25.2 24.0 16.4 19.0 19.1 1996 16.2 14.3 13.4 22.5 NA 24.3 23.8 15.9 19.3 19.4 1997 (4)16.1 14.7 13.5 22.2 NA 24.0 23.6 15.7 19.3 18.8 1998 (4)15.8 14.9 12.8 21.4 NA 24.1 23.8 15.2 19.2 18.6 1999 (4)15.0 15.3 12.3 21.0 NA 23.7 24.1 15.1 18.5 17.9 2000 (4)14.8 15.3 12.7 20.7 NA 23.6 23.6 15.0 18.1 17.2 2001 14.1 15.1 12.2 20.2 NA 23.4 23.1 14.6 17.5 16.5 2002 13.3 15.1 12.0 p19.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA Continued on the following page. 32 Table 7. Percent Distribution of Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) Services (8) 1960 58.1 54.7 NA 41.9 39.3 40.2 33.4 50.8 44.6 49.2 1965 (4)59.5 57.3 54.5 44.8 43.9 41.8 36.5 52.4 46.5 51.3 1970 62.3 62.6 57.3 47.4 48.0 42.8 40.1 56.2 53.9 53.6 1971 63.8 63.1 57.9 48.6 48.7 NA 39.9 57.3 55.1 54.8 1972 (4)64.2 63.9 58.6 49.4 49.5 NA 41.2 58.2 56.2 55.8 1973 (4)63.8 63.9 59.3 49.9 50.1 NA 42.3 58.9 56.6 56.1 1974 64.5 64.2 60.1 50.6 50.7 NA 43.1 59.8 56.9 56.5 1975 66.4 65.8 61.5 52.0 51.9 NA 44.0 60.8 57.7 58.3 1976 66.5 NA 62.4 52.5 53.0 NA 45.0 62.0 59.0 59.1 1977 66.6 NA 62.9 53.3 53.9 NA 45.5 62.3 60.2 59.2 1978 (4)66.3 NA 64.2 53.8 54.9 NA 46.2 62.6 61.5 59.5 1979 66.3 NA 64.5 54.5 55.8 NA 47.1 63.6 62.3 60.1 1980 67.1 NA 64.8 54.8 56.4 51.9 47.7 65.1 62.9 61.2 1981 67.6 NA 65.1 55.3 57.5 52.8 49.0 66.4 63.8 63.0 1982 69.2 NA 66.1 56.0 58.5 53.7 50.5 67.3 64.9 64.2 1983 69.7 NA 67.4 56.6 59.5 54.5 51.5 67.5 65.5 65.3 1984 69.4 NA 68.2 56.9 60.6 55.1 53.8 67.5 65.9 65.0 1985 70.0 NA 68.5 57.0 61.8 55.4 55.3 68.3 66.1 65.5 1986 (4)70.4 NA 69.2 57.6 62.6 55.8 56.2 68.9 66.1 66.0 1987 71.0 (4)71.3 (4)69.6 58.5 63.5 56.4 57.0 (4)68.8 (4)66.8 66.9 1988 71.3 71.3 69.6 58.5 64.3 57.0 57.8 69.5 67.3 66.8 1989 71.5 71.5 69.6 58.7 64.8 57.4 58.2 69.4 67.3 67.1 1990 (4)72.0 72.3 70.5 59.2 65.6 57.6 58.6 69.5 67.9 67.6 1991 72.9 73.7 71.9 59.5 66.2 (4)56.1 (4)59.2 70.4 69.0 68.5 1992 73.6 74.5 72.4 59.5 67.3 57.3 59.6 (4)71.4 70.6 69.6 1993 74.3 75.1 72.2 60.3 68.6 58.7 (4)59.3 72.0 71.6 70.2 1994 (4)74.1 75.0 72.5 60.8 69.6 60.0 59.6 73.0 72.1 71.0 1995 74.1 74.9 73.1 61.4 70.0 61.5 60.3 73.4 71.5 71.3 1996 74.3 75.0 73.3 61.8 70.6 62.6 61.0 73.7 71.6 71.3 1997 (4)74.3 74.8 73.4 62.1 71.2 63.2 61.5 73.9 71.9 71.9 1998 (4)74.6 74.7 74.0 63.3 71.8 63.6 61.8 75.0 72.2 72.2 1999 (4)75.3 74.7 74.3 63.8 72.4 64.3 62.4 75.2 72.6 73.0 2000 (4)75.2 74.8 73.8 64.3 72.8 64.7 63.0 75.2 73.4 73.7 2001 75.9 75.2 74.8 65.2 73.1 65.6 63.4 75.7 74.2 74.4 2002 76.7 75.3 75.1 p66.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA = Not available. p = Preliminary. (1) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany. (2) Because of rounding, subtotals may not add to totals. (3) Agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing. (4) Break in series. See section on breaks in the Country Notes on pages 3-7 for more information. (5) Manufacturing, mining, and construction. (6) Prior to 1993, public utilities are included in industry. In 1993, public utilities accounted for 1 percent of total employment. (7) Includes mining. In 1983 and 1994, employment in mining accounted, respectively, for 1.4 and 0.4 percent of total employment. (8) Transportation, communication, public utilities, trade, finance, public administration, private household services, and miscellaneous services. 33 Table 8. Civilian Unemployment Rates by Sex, 1960-2002 United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) Male 1960 5.4 7.1 NA NA NA 0.8 3.4 NA NA 2.1 1961 6.4 7.3 NA NA NA 0.5 2.9 NA 1.0 1.9 1962 (3)5.2 6.0 NA NA 1.0 0.4 2.4 NA 1.4 2.7 1963 5.2 5.5 NA NA 1.1 0.4 2.1 NA 1.4 3.4 1964 4.6 4.5 0.9 NA 0.9 0.3 2.2 NA 1.4 2.4 1965 4.0 3.7 0.9 NA 1.0 0.2 3.0 NA 0.8 2.1 1966 3.2 3.3 1.1 NA 1.1 0.3 3.2 NA 1.3 2.3 1967 3.1 3.9 1.3 NA 1.5 1.4 2.9 NA 2.0 3.5 1968 2.9 4.6 1.2 NA 1.9 1.0 2.9 NA 2.3 3.6 1969 2.8 4.3 1.2 NA 1.5 0.6 2.7 NA 1.8 3.5 1970 4.4 5.6 1.1 1.2 1.5 0.5 2.5 NA 1.4 3.5 1971 5.3 6.0 1.3 1.2 1.7 0.5 2.5 NA 2.4 4.3 1972 (3)5.0 5.8 1.9 1.5 1.8 0.7 2.9 NA 2.5 4.8 1973 (3)4.2 4.9 1.6 1.3 1.6 0.6 2.7 2.6 2.2 3.6 1974 4.9 4.8 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.5 2.3 2.8 1.7 3.2 1975 7.9 6.2 3.8 1.8 3.0 3.3 2.5 3.9 1.4 5.0 1976 7.1 (3)6.3 3.9 2.2 3.1 3.0 2.7 4.1 1.3 6.4 1977 6.3 7.2 4.6 2.0 3.6 2.9 2.8 3.8 1.5 6.7 1978 (3)5.3 7.5 5.4 2.2 3.9 2.7 2.8 3.6 2.1 6.3 1979 5.1 6.6 5.2 1.9 4.4 2.3 3.0 3.6 1.9 5.6 1980 6.9 6.9 5.1 1.7 4.4 2.3 2.9 4.2 1.7 7.4 1981 7.4 7.0 4.8 2.0 5.5 3.3 3.3 6.9 2.4 11.5 1982 9.9 11.0 6.4 2.1 6.3 5.0 3.8 8.6 3.0 11.9 1983 9.9 12.1 9.7 2.5 6.7 (3)6.2 4.1 (3)10.4 3.4 12.4 1984 7.4 11.1 8.7 2.5 8.2 6.2 4.2 10.4 3.0 12.0 1985 7.0 10.3 7.9 2.4 8.8 6.2 4.3 8.4 2.8 11.6 1986 (3)6.9 9.3 7.7 2.4 8.9 5.5 (3)5.2 7.9 2.6 11.6 1987 6.2 8.3 (3)7.6 2.5 8.7 5.4 5.5 7.4 (3)2.2 10.7 1988 5.5 7.2 6.6 2.5 8.1 5.3 5.5 (3)5.4 1.8 8.8 1989 5.2 7.1 5.6 2.0 7.4 4.6 5.4 4.8 1.5 7.4 1990 (3)5.7 7.9 6.6 1.9 7.0 4.2 4.8 4.2 1.9 7.4 1991 7.2 10.5 9.7 1.8 7.5 (3)4.6 (3)4.9 3.9 3.4 9.9 1992 7.9 11.6 11.2 1.8 (3)8.0 5.5 5.3 4.1 6.7 12.0 1993 7.2 11.5 11.3 1.9 9.7 6.8 (3)7.6 5.5 11.0 12.4 1994 (3)6.2 10.2 9.8 2.3 10.2 7.3 8.7 6.2 11.0 11.3 1995 5.6 9.1 8.6 2.5 9.5 7.3 9.1 5.5 9.9 10.1 1996 5.4 9.3 8.5 2.8 10.2 8.5 9.1 4.6 10.4 9.6 1997 (3)4.9 8.7 8.5 2.8 10.2 9.4 9.1 3.7 10.4 7.9 1998 (3)4.4 8.1 8.0 3.2 9.6 8.9 9.2 3.0 8.7 7.0 1999 (3)4.1 7.3 7.1 3.9 9.1 8.4 8.9 2.3 7.4 6.7 2000 (3)3.9 6.3 6.5 4.3 7.6 7.8 8.3 2.1 6.2 6.0 2001 4.8 6.8 7.0 4.0 7.0 7.9 7.5 1.9 5.3 5.7 2002 5.9 7.5 6.5 4.7 NA NA 7.1 NA p5.6 NA Continued on the following page. 34 Table 8. Civilian Unemployment Rates by Sex, 1960-2002--Continued United Nether- United Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) Female 1960 5.9 4.9 NA NA NA 1.5 4.1 NA NA 2.3 1961 7.2 5.0 NA NA NA 0.8 4.1 NA 2.4 2.0 1962 (3)6.2 4.4 NA NA 2.3 0.8 3.8 NA 1.7 2.7 1963 6.5 4.4 NA NA 2.5 0.6 3.2 NA 2.2 3.3 1964 6.2 4.1 2.6 NA 1.9 0.5 3.8 NA 1.8 2.5 1965 5.5 3.5 2.4 NA 2.4 0.3 4.4 NA 1.7 2.1 1966 4.8 3.4 2.7 NA 2.6 0.3 4.9 NA 2.0 2.1 1967 5.2 3.7 3.2 NA 3.4 1.1 4.7 NA 2.3 2.9 1968 4.8 4.4 3.2 NA 4.3 1.3 5.2 NA 2.1 2.5 1969 4.7 4.7 3.2 NA 3.8 0.7 5.4 NA 1.9 2.3 1970 5.9 5.8 2.8 2.2 4.2 0.6 5.2 NA 1.7 2.3 1971 6.9 6.6 3.1 3.0 4.6 0.8 5.2 NA 2.8 3.3 1972 (3)6.6 7.0 3.9 3.4 4.7 0.8 5.9 NA 3.0 3.3 1973 (3)6.0 6.7 3.6 2.6 4.6 0.9 6.2 4.3 2.8 2.6 1974 6.7 6.4 4.1 3.2 4.7 1.8 5.2 5.6 2.4 3.0 1975 9.3 8.1 7.0 3.9 6.1 3.5 5.8 8.2 2.0 4.0 1976 8.6 (3)7.8 6.4 3.9 7.0 3.9 6.5 8.6 2.0 5.3 1977 8.2 8.7 7.5 4.3 7.6 4.3 6.8 7.6 2.2 5.8 1978 (3)7.2 9.1 7.9 4.3 7.7 4.2 6.8 8.6 2.4 6.2 1979 6.8 8.2 8.2 4.1 8.6 3.9 7.3 8.8 2.3 5.0 1980 7.4 7.8 7.9 3.3 9.5 3.6 7.4 9.7 2.3 6.3 1981 7.9 7.8 7.4 3.5 10.6 4.8 8.1 12.9 2.7 9.0 1982 9.4 10.1 8.5 3.5 11.1 6.5 8.6 13.3 3.4 10.4 1983 9.2 10.8 10.4 3.7 11.2 (3)7.9 9.4 (3)13.9 3.5 10.9 1984 7.6 10.6 9.5 3.3 12.4 8.5 9.4 13.9 3.2 11.3 1985 7.4 10.0 8.8 3.1 12.8 8.6 9.4 11.9 2.9 10.6 1986 (3)7.1 9.2 8.7 3.3 12.9 8.1 (3)11.8 13.7 2.7 10.6 1987 6.2 8.6 (3)8.3 3.7 13.4 7.8 12.2 14.2 (3)2.2 9.6 1988 5.6 7.5 7.5 3.2 12.9 7.8 12.3 (3)10.3 1.9 8.2 1989 5.4 7.1 6.5 3.0 12.3 7.2 12.1 9.6 1.7 7.0 1990 (3)5.5 7.4 6.8 2.7 11.6 6.1 10.8 8.5 1.8 6.4 1991 6.4 8.9 8.7 2.4 12.0 (3)7.1 (3)10.4 7.9 2.8 7.4 1992 7.0 9.4 9.5 2.5 (3)12.3 8.4 10.8 7.2 4.5 7.7 1993 6.6 9.8 9.7 3.0 13.1 9.6 (3)14.7 7.7 7.6 8.0 1994 (3)6.0 8.7 9.0 3.4 13.9 10.0 15.4 7.8 8.2 7.4 1995 5.6 8.0 7.7 3.3 13.6 9.4 16.3 8.0 8.1 6.9 1996 5.4 8.2 7.8 3.7 13.9 9.6 16.2 7.8 9.3 6.4 1997 (3)5.0 7.9 7.9 3.8 13.7 10.6 16.2 6.6 9.7 5.9 1998 (3)4.6 7.2 7.4 3.7 13.4 9.8 16.3 4.9 8.0 5.4 1999 (3)4.3 6.5 6.7 4.7 12.7 9.0 15.7 4.4 6.7 5.2 2000 (3)4.1 5.8 6.1 4.9 11.2 8.4 14.6 3.7 5.3 4.9 2001 4.7 5.9 6.4 4.6 10.4 8.1 13.0 3.1 4.7 4.5 2002 5.6 6.4 6.1 5.4 NA NA 12.3 NA p4.7 NA NA = Not available. p = Preliminary. (1) Data are for February or March. Data for 1993-2000 are from Toshihiko Yamagami and published in the Monthly Labor Review, April 2002. Data for 2001-2 were updated and provided to BLS by Mr. Yamagami. See Country Notes on page 4. (2) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany. (3) Break in series. See section on breaks in the Country Notes on pages 3-7 for more information. 35 Table 9. Civilian Unemployment Rates by Age, 1998-2002 Age United United Group States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy Sweden Kingdom (1) (2) (1) 1998 All working ages 4.5 7.7 7.7 4.1 12.2 9.3 12.0 8.4 6.1 Under 25 years 10.4 14.6 15.1 7.8 26.5 9.3 34.1 17.2 12.3 Teenagers (3) 14.6 19.6 20.0 10.9 NA 8.1 41.7 21.2 NA 20-24 years 7.9 11.7 11.8 7.2 NA 9.9 31.9 15.9 NA 25 years and over 3.4 6.4 5.9 3.6 10.7 9.3 8.9 7.3 5.0 1999 All working ages (4)4.2 7.0 7.0 4.7 12.2 8.7 11.5 7.1 6.0 Under 25 years (4)9.9 13.4 13.9 9.2 26.8 8.4 33.1 14.6 12.3 Teenagers (3) (4)13.9 17.7 18.5 12.8 NA 7.3 40.7 18.8 NA 20-24 years (4)7.5 10.8 10.6 8.5 NA 9.0 31.1 13.0 NA 25 years and over (4)3.1 5.7 5.2 4.1 10.6 8.7 8.8 6.2 4.9 2000 All working ages (4)4.0 6.1 6.3 4.8 10.4 8.1 10.7 5.8 5.5 Under 25 years (4)9.3 11.7 12.6 9.3 20.9 7.9 31.5 12.1 11.8 Teenagers (3) (4)13.1 15.3 17.0 12.3 NA 6.9 38.9 18.1 NA 20-24 years (4)7.2 9.5 9.5 8.7 NA 8.4 29.5 9.6 NA 25 years and over (4)3.0 5.0 4.7 4.2 9.2 8.2 8.2 5.1 4.4 2001 All working ages 4.7 6.4 6.7 5.1 NA NA 9.6 5.0 4.8 Under 25 years 10.6 11.8 13.6 9.7 NA NA 28.5 11.8 10.5 Teenagers (3) 14.7 15.4 17.9 12.4 NA NA 34.7 16.9 NA 20-24 years 8.3 9.6 10.4 9.1 NA NA 26.9 9.6 NA 25 years and over 3.7 5.4 5.0 4.5 NA NA 7.6 4.2 3.8 2002 All working ages 5.8 7.0 6.3 p5.4 NA NA NA NA NA Under 25 years 12.0 12.8 12.6 p10.0 NA NA NA NA NA Teenagers (3) 16.5 17.0 16.7 p13.0 NA NA NA NA NA 20-24 years 9.7 10.3 9.7 p9.3 NA NA NA NA NA 25 years and over 4.6 5.9 4.8 p4.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA = Not available. p = Preliminary. (1) Data are for the Spring. (2) Unified Germany. (3) 16-to 19-year-olds in the United States, Canada, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom; 15-to 19-year-olds in Australia, Japan, Germany, and Italy. (4) Break in series. See section on breaks in the Country Notes on pages 3-7 for more information. 36 Table 10. BLS and OECD (1) Comparative Civilian Unemployment Rates, Selected Countries, 2000-2002 BLS Series OECD SURS (1,2) 2000 United States 4.0 4.0 Canada 6.1 6.8 Australia 6.3 6.3 Japan 4.8 4.7 France 9.1 9.3 Germany (3) 8.1 7.7 Italy 10.7 10.4 Netherlands 2.7 2.8 Sweden 5.8 5.6 United Kingdom 5.5 5.4 2001 United States 4.7 4.7 Canada 6.4 7.2 Australia 6.7 6.7 Japan 5.1 5.0 France 8.5 8.5 Germany (3) 8.0 7.7 Italy 9.6 9.4 Netherlands 2.4 2.4 Sweden 5.0 4.9 United Kingdom 5.1 5.0 2002 United States 5.8 5.8 Canada 7.0 7.7 Australia 6.3 6.3 Japan p5.4 5.4 France p8.8 8.7 Germany (3) p8.4 8.2 Italy 9.1 NA Netherlands NA 2.7 Sweden p5.2 4.9 United Kingdom p5.2 NA NA = Not available. p = Preliminary. (1) Beginning in Autumn 1996, the OECD's Standardized Unemployment Rates (SURS) program adopted the comparable unemployment rates produced by EUROSTAT for the European Union countries. OECD has revised its historical series as well to be in accord with EUROSTAT. The OECD and EUROSTAT standardized unemployment rates are now identical for the European Union countries. (2) For the European Union countries, the denominator of the rate excludes conscripts but includes career military residing in private households. (3) Unified Germany. 37