Table 10. Education of reference person: Average annual expenditures and characteristics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1998 Less than college graduate College graduate All Less High Item consumer than High school Master's, units Total high school graduate Associate Total Bachelor's professional, school graduate with degree degree doctorate graduate some college ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Number of consumer units (in thousands)...... 107,182 80,042 17,918 31,082 22,522 8,520 27,140 17,435 9,704 Income before taxes a/ ...................... $41,622 $33,035 $20,712 $34,005 $37,853 $42,663 $67,102 $60,078 $79,863 Income after taxes a/ ....................... 38,358 30,978 19,935 32,036 35,167 39,276 60,258 54,294 71,093 Age of the reference person.................. 47.6 48.4 56.1 48.7 43.6 44.3 45.3 43.8 48.0 Average number in consumer unit: Persons..................................... 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 Children under 18........................... .7 .7 .7 .7 .6 .8 .6 .7 .6 Persons 65 and over......................... .3 .3 .5 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Earners..................................... 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 Vehicles.................................... 2.0 1.9 1.5 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.2 Percent distribution: Male........................................ 58 56 52 57 57 56 64 62 69 Female...................................... 42 44 48 43 43 44 36 38 31 Homeowner................................... 64 62 58 64 59 67 72 70 78 With mortgage.............................. 39 34 21 34 39 46 53 51 56 Without mortgage........................... 26 28 36 30 20 22 20 19 22 Renter...................................... 36 38 42 36 41 33 28 30 22 Black....................................... 12 14 18 14 12 12 6 7 6 White and other............................. 88 86 82 86 88 88 94 93 94 Elementary (1-8)............................ 7 9 40 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. High school (9-12).......................... 39 52 58 100 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. College..................................... 54 39 n.a. n.a. 100 100 100 100 100 Never attended and other.................... b/ b/ 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. At least one vehicle owned or leased........ 87 85 75 87 87 93 94 93 95 Average annual expenditures.................. $35,535 $30,106 $21,429 $30,052 $34,045 $37,988 $51,547 $47,350 $59,027 Food........................................ 4,810 4,389 3,547 4,439 4,573 5,409 6,053 5,759 6,566 Food at home............................. 2,780 2,667 2,519 2,699 2,566 3,071 3,113 2,955 3,381 Cereals and bakery products............ 425 408 372 412 391 499 475 455 509 Cereals and cereal products.......... 146 141 136 139 141 158 162 156 173 Bakery products...................... 278 267 236 273 251 340 313 299 336 Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs......... 723 728 746 736 680 777 709 671 773 Beef................................. 218 226 228 241 198 233 195 179 223 Pork................................. 146 154 176 158 133 142 122 119 127 Other meats.......................... 92 93 93 92 86 113 90 88 93 Poultry.............................. 137 133 123 130 143 139 149 145 156 Fish and seafood..................... 98 89 85 82 91 118 125 113 145 Eggs................................. 32 34 40 34 29 32 29 28 30 Dairy products............................ 301 287 269 291 276 332 344 325 374 Fresh milk and cream................. 120 119 118 122 110 128 124 116 137 Other dairy products................. 181 168 151 169 166 204 220 209 237 Fruits and vegetables.................. 472 436 430 433 408 521 579 539 647 Fresh fruits......................... 149 134 136 131 120 174 193 178 218 Fresh vegetables..................... 145 133 146 130 121 145 180 163 210 Processed fruits..................... 101 93 78 92 94 121 127 122 136 Processed vegetables................. 76 76 70 79 73 80 79 77 83 Other food at home..................... 858 808 701 826 811 942 1,006 964 1,077 Sugar and other sweets............... 109 103 92 103 103 125 127 122 135 Fats and oils........................ 77 76 79 79 71 72 79 71 93 Miscellaneous foods.................. 388 360 288 372 373 423 471 452 505 Nonalcoholic beverages............... 231 230 215 237 215 262 234 232 238 Food prepared by consumer unit on out-of-town trips....................... 53 40 26 35 49 61 94 87 105 Food away from home...................... 2,030 1,722 1,028 1,740 2,007 2,338 2,940 2,804 3,186 Alcoholic beverages......................... 309 242 125 256 295 296 505 496 521 Housing..................................... 11,713 9,763 7,366 9,741 10,760 12,208 17,466 15,978 20,108 Shelter.................................. 6,680 5,460 3,963 5,371 6,230 6,893 10,280 9,468 11,740 Owned dwellings........................ 4,245 3,250 1,918 3,188 3,914 4,520 7,180 6,415 8,555 Mortgage interest and charges........ 2,455 1,803 869 1,712 2,316 2,741 4,378 3,980 5,094 Property taxes....................... 1,015 796 571 845 856 931 1,663 1,457 2,032 Maintenance, repairs, insurance,other expenses............................ 775 651 479 631 742 848 1,139 977 1,429 Rented dwellings....................... 1,978 1,934 1,925 1,924 1,942 1,966 2,108 2,215 1,914 Other lodging.......................... 458 276 119 260 374 408 993 838 1,271 Utilities, fuels, and public services...... 2,405 2,260 2,053 2,295 2,287 2,495 2,832 2,725 3,024 Natural gas............................ 284 261 260 267 254 259 351 338 375 Electricity............................ 921 893 831 931 876 933 1,003 955 1,088 Fuel oil and other fuels............... 85 84 79 90 79 86 88 86 93 Telephone services..................... 830 758 651 744 804 913 1,041 1,017 1,084 Water and other public services........ 285 263 232 263 274 304 349 329 384 Household operations..................... 546 385 222 372 460 576 1,020 854 1,316 Personal services...................... 260 204 118 204 224 333 424 384 494 Other household expenses............... 286 181 105 168 237 243 596 469 823 Housekeeping supplies...................... 482 398 303 398 425 517 730 567 1,007 Laundry and cleaning supplies.......... 118 115 112 118 103 134 127 129 123 Other household products............... 232 178 127 177 194 247 392 244 641 Postage and stationery................. 132 105 63 103 128 136 212 194 243 Household furnishings and equipment...... 1,601 1,261 825 1,304 1,357 1,726 2,604 2,363 3,020 Household textiles..................... 105 83 50 81 109 96 170 159 190 Furniture.............................. 377 277 167 286 316 374 672 673 672 Floor coverings........................ 144 110 93 162 48 94 245 165 382 Major appliances....................... 164 151 143 162 137 170 203 184 236 Small appliances, miscellaneous housewares............................ 80 68 42 66 81 94 117 105 136 Miscellaneous household equipment...... 729 571 330 548 665 899 1,196 1,078 1,404 Apparel and services........................ 1,674 1,401 1,008 1,357 1,605 1,843 2,478 2,340 2,720 Men and boys............................. 399 332 231 348 333 465 595 551 673 Men, 16 and over....................... 314 252 168 272 255 342 495 452 568 Boys, 2 to 15.......................... 85 80 63 77 79 123 100 98 105 Women and girls.......................... 651 534 354 503 651 731 997 960 1,060 Women, 16 and over..................... 548 442 282 417 542 615 861 830 913 Girls, 2 to 15......................... 103 92 72 86 109 116 136 130 147 Children under 2......................... 73 71 62 71 75 80 77 75 82 Footwear................................. 281 259 212 257 284 302 344 332 363 Other apparel products and services...... 270 204 149 178 260 264 465 422 542 Transportation.............................. 6,616 5,829 4,035 5,941 6,685 6,919 8,938 8,364 9,970 Vehicle purchases (net outlay)........... 2,964 2,665 1,863 2,725 3,124 2,922 3,846 3,597 4,295 Cars and trucks, new................... 1,383 1,105 657 986 1,636 1,083 2,202 2,154 2,288 Cars and trucks, used.................. 1,532 1,518 1,200 1,674 1,436 1,834 1,576 1,410 1,875 Other vehicles......................... 49 42 c/ 7 65 53 c/ 5 68 c/ 32 c/ 132 Gasoline and motor oil................... 1,017 968 756 994 1,025 1,169 1,160 1,134 1,208 Other vehicle expenses................... 2,206 1,919 1,238 1,976 2,161 2,493 3,052 2,913 3,301 Vehicle finance charges................ 319 307 180 339 327 400 356 389 297 Maintenance and repairs................ 641 561 404 575 607 707 876 801 1,012 Vehicle insurance...................... 739 671 486 703 708 846 938 884 1,034 Vehicle rental, leases, licenses, other charges.................................. 507 380 168 359 518 540 882 839 958 Public transportation.................... 429 277 178 246 375 336 880 720 1,166 Health care................................. 1,903 1,757 1,605 1,756 1,802 1,957 2,333 2,214 2,545 Health insurance......................... 913 860 797 865 866 962 1,069 1,015 1,167 Medical services......................... 542 463 327 454 524 621 775 734 849 Drugs.................................... 346 345 410 350 307 285 349 324 392 Medical supplies......................... 102 89 71 86 105 89 140 142 137 Entertainment............................... 1,746 1,453 745 1,436 1,783 2,120 2,608 2,346 3,078 Fees and admissions...................... 449 299 121 264 426 468 890 798 1,057 Television, radios, sound equipment...... 535 487 362 466 559 631 677 599 816 Pets, toys, and playground equipment..... 329 278 155 289 324 380 479 469 499 Other entertainment supplies, equipment,and services.................. 433 389 108 417 474 642 561 480 706 Personal care products and services......... 401 353 252 347 418 418 543 517 587 Reading..................................... 161 120 64 115 153 166 282 238 361 Education................................... 580 403 124 266 720 648 1,102 992 1,299 Tobacco products and smoking supplies....... 273 316 321 354 263 305 147 164 117 Miscellaneous............................... 860 790 592 812 850 959 1,068 971 1,242 Cash contributions.......................... 1,109 776 436 759 989 989 2,093 1,762 2,689 Personal insurance and pensions............. 3,381 2,517 1,208 2,474 3,150 3,750 5,929 5,209 7,224 Life and other personal insurance........ 398 305 219 287 351 430 674 536 923 Pensions and Social Security............. 2,982 2,212 989 2,187 2,799 3,320 5,255 4,673 6,301 Sources of income and personal taxes: a/ Money income before taxes................ 41,622 33,035 20,712 34,005 37,853 42,663 67,102 60,078 79,863 Wages and salaries....................... 32,889 25,261 12,272 26,397 29,781 36,467 55,524 50,289 65,035 Self-employment income................... 2,239 1,568 813 1,458 2,461 1,193 4,230 2,880 6,683 Social Security, private and government retirement................... 4,618 4,645 6,064 4,692 3,927 3,407 4,539 4,053 5,423 Interest, dividends, rental income, other property income................... 871 529 281 546 674 606 1,886 1,838 1,972 Unemployment and workers'' compensation, veterans'' benefits..................... 193 228 207 257 176 305 89 109 52 Public assistance, supplemental security, income, food stamps..................... 330 413 837 354 219 248 84 95 65 Regular contributions for support........ 260 222 98 171 368 277 372 441 245 Other income............................. 221 168 140 129 246 160 378 373 388 Personal taxes.............................. 3,264 2,057 778 1,968 2,685 3,387 6,844 5,784 8,770 Federal income taxes..................... 2,472 1,516 547 1,398 2,054 2,539 5,308 4,399 6,959 State and local income taxes............. 630 408 164 401 503 693 1,287 1,143 1,548 Other taxes.............................. 162 132 67 169 128 154 250 242 263 Income after taxes.......................... 38,358 30,978 19,935 32,036 35,167 39,276 60,258 54,294 71,093 Net change in total assets and liabilities... -1,919 -1,595 1,058 -1,684 -2,818 -3,613 -2,874 -2,927 -2,777 Net change in total assets............... 6,116 3,728 2,631 3,676 4,885 3,169 13,158 13,110 13,243 Net change in total liabilities.......... 8,035 5,323 1,573 5,360 7,703 6,782 16,031 16,038 16,020 Other financial information: Other money receipts....................... 463 309 144 255 391 635 916 585 1,512 Mortgage principal paid on owned property................................ -1,160 -828 -405 -891 -946 -1,175 -2,137 -1,735 -2,859 Estimated market value of owned home..... 80,523 63,662 45,771 63,887 70,950 81,201 130,250 113,673 160,031 Estimated monthly rental value of owned home.............................. 570 473 356 474 523 585 858 776 1,005 Gifts of goods and services................. 1,068 766 504 743 933 955 1,959 1,599 2,596 Food..................................... 84 46 28 46 55 60 198 131 319 Housing.................................. 314 235 146 225 280 344 546 412 781 Housekeeping supplies.................. 41 31 20 31 37 43 71 66 78 Household textiles..................... 16 14 5 12 27 5 24 25 22 Appliances and miscellaneous housewares............................... 30 25 12 24 28 45 44 39 53 Major appliances..................... 7 7 3 9 7 9 7 7 6 Small appliances and miscellaneous housewares........................... 22 17 8 14 21 36 38 32 47 Miscellaneous household equipment...... 71 55 30 43 65 126 117 96 153 Other housing.......................... 156 111 79 116 123 126 291 186 475 Apparel and services..................... 225 186 103 200 229 190 339 303 400 Males, 2 and over...................... 60 47 30 56 45 54 96 85 116 Females, 2 and over.................... 80 63 31 74 76 58 129 127 131 Children under 2....................... 32 30 16 33 37 33 39 34 48 Other apparel products and services.... 52 45 25 38 71 45 74 57 104 Jewelry and watches.................. 25 18 4 14 39 13 45 37 61 All other apparel products and services............................ 27 27 22 24 32 32 29 20 43 Transportation........................... 49 36 46 35 36 20 87 74 111 Health care.............................. 38 25 30 27 21 20 74 54 110 Entertainment............................ 85 70 44 72 78 94 131 119 153 Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles.... 30 26 18 30 26 27 42 39 47 Other entertainment.................... 55 44 26 42 52 66 89 80 105 Education................................ 154 77 37 56 131 97 381 310 510 All other gifts.......................... 119 90 72 81 102 132 202 196 213 ______________________________________________ a/ Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only; see glossary. b/ Value less than 0.5. c/ Data are likely to have large sampling errors. n.a. Not applicable.